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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_of_prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_of_prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Act of prayer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Act_of_prayer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Act of prayer subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Act_of_prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typologies_and_modalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typologies_and_modalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Typologies and modalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typologies_and_modalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins and early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approaches_to_prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaches_to_prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Approaches to prayer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Approaches_to_prayer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Approaches to prayer subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Approaches_to_prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_petitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_petitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Direct petitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_petitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Educational approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationalist_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationalist_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rationalist approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationalist_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experiential_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experiential_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Experiential approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experiential_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abrahamic religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hebrew Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rationalist_approach_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationalist_approach_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Rationalist approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationalist_approach_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_approach_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_approach_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Educational approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_approach_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kabbalistic_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabbalistic_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Kabbalistic approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabbalistic_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pentecostalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentecostalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Pentecostalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentecostalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Christian Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Baptism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eastern religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eastern_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Eastern religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eastern_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Iranian religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iranian_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iranian religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iranian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_religious_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_religious_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>New religious movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_religious_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prayer_healing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayer_healing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Prayer healing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prayer_healing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prayer healing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prayer_healing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Efficacy_of_prayer_healing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficacy_of_prayer_healing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Efficacy of prayer healing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficacy_of_prayer_healing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efficacy_of_prayer_for_fertility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficacy_of_prayer_for_fertility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Efficacy of prayer for fertility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficacy_of_prayer_for_fertility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence_of_prayer_for_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence_of_prayer_for_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Prevalence of prayer for health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence_of_prayer_for_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 116 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-116" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">116 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebet" title="Gebet – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gebet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%B8%E1%88%8E%E1%89%B5" title="ጸሎት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጸሎት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="صلاة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صلاة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rug%C3%A2ciuni" title="Rugâciuni – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Rugâciuni" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiamihewina" title="Aiamihewina – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Aiamihewina" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua" title="Dua – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dua" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ناماز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ناماز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE)" title="প্রার্থনা (উপাসনা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রার্থনা (উপাসনা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AE-t%C3%B3" title="Kî-tó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kî-tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Малітва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малітва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Малітва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Малітва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamibi" title="Pamibi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pamibi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молитва – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Молитва" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="སྨོན་ལམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྨོན་ལམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molitva" title="Molitva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Molitva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedenn" title="Pedenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pedenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preg%C3%A0ria" title="Pregària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pregària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%95%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Кĕлĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кĕлĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modlitba" title="Modlitba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Modlitba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munamato" title="Munamato – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Munamato" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preghere" title="Preghere – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Preghere" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweddi" title="Gweddi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweddi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8n" title="Bøn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bøn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebet" title="Gebet – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Gebet" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebet" title="Gebet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gebet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palve" title="Palve – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Palve" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AE" title="Προσευχή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προσευχή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orasi%C3%B2un_(religi%C3%B2un)" title="Orasiòun (religiòun) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Orasiòun (religiòun)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraci%C3%B3n_(religi%C3%B3n)" title="Oración (religión) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oración (religión)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C4%9Do" title="Preĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Preĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoitz" title="Otoitz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Otoitz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="نماز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نماز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pri%C3%A8re" title="Prière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebed" title="Gebed – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gebed" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juulde" title="Juulde – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Juulde" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urna%C3%AD" title="Urnaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Urnaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padjer" title="Padjer – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Padjer" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99rnaigh" title="Ùrnaigh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ùrnaigh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraci%C3%B3n_(relixi%C3%B3n)" title="Oración (relixión) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oración (relixión)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AC-t%C3%B3" title="Khì-tó – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khì-tó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%84" title="기도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%A9%D6%84" title="Աղոթք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աղոթք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रार्थना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रार्थना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molitva" title="Molitva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Molitva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doa" title="Doa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Doa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oration_religiose" title="Oration religiose – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oration religiose" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umthandazo" title="Umthandazo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Umthandazo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preghiera" title="Preghiera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Preghiera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="תפילה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תפילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donga" title="Donga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Donga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ლოცვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლოცვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2dl%C3%ABtwa" title="Mòdlëtwa – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Mòdlëtwa" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Мінәжат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мінәжат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igisabisho" title="Igisabisho – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Igisabisho" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sala" title="Sala – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sala" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapriy%C3%A8r" title="Lapriyèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lapriyèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia" title="Dia – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dia" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraziun" title="Oraziun – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Oraziun" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preces" title="Preces – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Preces" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%ABg%C5%A1ana" title="Lūgšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lūgšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malda" title="Malda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Malda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangandr%C3%B6" title="Fangandrö – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Fangandrö" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebed" title="Gebed – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gebed" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%C3%A1mbo" title="Losámbo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Losámbo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orazzion" title="Orazzion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Orazzion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima" title="Ima – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ima" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молитва – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Молитва" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vavaka" title="Vavaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vavaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रार्थना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रार्थना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sembahyang" title="Sembahyang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sembahyang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doa" title="Doa – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Doa" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oura%C3%A7on" title="Ouraçon – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ouraçon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Залбирал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Залбирал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebed" title="Gebed – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gebed" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E3%82%8A" title="祈り – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="祈り" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8nn" title="Bønn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bønn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8n" title="Bøn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bøn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preguiera" title="Preguiera – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Preguiera" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Кумалтыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кумалтыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibodat" title="Ibodat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ibodat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DA%81" title="لمونځ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لمونځ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praya" title="Praya – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Praya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="អធិដ្ឋាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អធិដ្ឋាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modlitwa" title="Modlitwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Modlitwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Oração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rug%C4%83ciune" title="Rugăciune – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rugăciune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraziun" title="Uraziun – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Uraziun" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молитва – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Молитва" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молитва – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молитва" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregadoria" title="Pregadoria – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pregadoria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Prayer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutja" title="Lutja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lutja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Prayer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modlitba" title="Modlitba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Modlitba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molitev" title="Molitev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Molitev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzyka%C5%84y" title="Rzykańy – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rzykańy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98" title="نوێژ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نوێژ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молитва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Молитва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molitva" title="Molitva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Molitva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukoilu" title="Rukoilu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rukoilu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6n" title="Bön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasal" title="Dasal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dasal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="பிரார்த்தனை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரார்த்தனை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%BA%93allit" title="Taẓallit – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taẓallit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%BA%93allit" title="Taẓallit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taẓallit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дога – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дога" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="การอธิษฐาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การอธิษฐาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua" title="Dua – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dua" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naai_A%CC%B1gwaza" title="Naai A̱gwaza – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Naai A̱gwaza" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молитва – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молитва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7u_nguy%E1%BB%87n" title="Cầu nguyện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cầu nguyện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%B7%E5%91%8A" title="祷告 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="祷告" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E7%A6%B1" title="祈禱 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="祈禱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%B7%E5%91%8A" title="祷告 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="祷告" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40953#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Invocation or act that seeks to activate a rapport with a deity</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Prayer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Prayer (disambiguation)">Prayer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pray" and "Praying" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pray_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pray (disambiguation)">Pray (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Praying_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Praying (disambiguation)">Praying (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img alt="Collage of various religionists praying – Clickable Image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Prayers-collage.png/300px-Prayers-collage.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Prayers-collage.png/450px-Prayers-collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Prayers-collage.png/600px-Prayers-collage.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" usemap="#ImageMap_a42f07afaced4050" resource="/wiki/File:Prayers-collage.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_a42f07afaced4050"><area href="/wiki/Shinto" shape="rect" coords="0,0,100,100" alt="Shinto festivalgoer praying in front of the Tagata fertility shrine" title="Shinto festivalgoer praying in front of the Tagata fertility shrine" /><area href="/wiki/Hinduism" shape="rect" coords="100,0,200,100" alt="Balinese Hindu bride praying during a traditional wedding ceremony" title="Balinese Hindu bride praying during a traditional wedding ceremony" /><area href="/wiki/Islam" shape="rect" coords="200,0,300,100" alt="Muslim pilgrim praying at the Masjid al-Haram" title="Muslim pilgrim praying at the Masjid al-Haram" /><area href="/wiki/Catholic_church" shape="rect" coords="0,100,100,200" alt="Catholic Trappist monk praying before a crucifix" title="Catholic Trappist monk praying before a crucifix" /><area href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodoxy" shape="rect" coords="100,100,200,200" alt="Ethiopian priest praying in Lalibela" title="Ethiopian priest praying in Lalibela" /><area href="/wiki/Buddhism" shape="rect" coords="200,100,300,200" alt="Buddhists praying in Leh" title="Buddhists praying in Leh" /><area href="/wiki/Sikhism" shape="rect" coords="0,200,100,300" alt="Sikh praying in Front of the Golden Temple in Amritsar" title="Sikh praying in Front of the Golden Temple in Amritsar" /><area href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" shape="rect" coords="100,200,200,300" alt="Members of the Mengjia Longshan Temple Association gather for a traditional Chinese prayer service" title="Members of the Mengjia Longshan Temple Association gather for a traditional Chinese prayer service" /><area href="/wiki/Judaism" shape="rect" coords="200,200,300,300" alt="Jewish people praying at the Western Wall" title="Jewish people praying at the Western Wall" /></map><figcaption>Collage of various religionists praying <small><i>(Clickable image – use cursor to identify.)</i></small></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prayer</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbbbbb;"> Variants and related concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">Recitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a> (cf. "<a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praise" title="Praise">Praise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbbbbb;"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deification" class="mw-redirect" title="Deification">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession" title="Intercession">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbbbbb;"> Fundamental concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine love">Divine love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbbbbb;"> Prayer in various traditions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prayers" title="List of prayers">List</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer in Buddhism">Buddhist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Christian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Islamic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Jewish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Sikh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_prayer" title="Zoroastrian prayer">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prayer" title="Template:Prayer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prayer" title="Template talk:Prayer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prayer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prayer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Prayer</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">invocation</a> or act that seeks to activate a <a href="/wiki/Rapport" title="Rapport">rapport</a> with an object of worship through deliberate <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>. In the narrow sense, the term refers to an act of <a href="/wiki/Supplication" title="Supplication">supplication</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intercession" title="Intercession">intercession</a> directed towards a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> or a deified <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor</a>. More generally, prayer can also have the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">thanksgiving</a> or <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">praise</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a> is closely associated with more abstract forms of <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">charms or spells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prayer can take a variety of forms: it can be part of a set <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>, and it can be performed alone or in groups. Prayer may take the form of a <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">incantation</a>, formal <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creedal</a> statement, or a spontaneous utterance in the praying person. </p><p>The act of prayer is attested in written sources as early as five thousand years ago. Today, most major <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a> involve prayer in one way or another; some ritualize the act, requiring a strict sequence of actions or placing a restriction on who is permitted to pray, while others teach that prayer may be practised spontaneously by anyone at any time. </p><p>Scientific studies regarding the use of prayer have mostly concentrated on its effect on the healing of sick or injured people. The <a href="/wiki/Efficacy_of_prayer" title="Efficacy of prayer">efficacy of prayer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">faith healing</a> has been evaluated in numerous studies, with contradictory results.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English term <i>prayer</i> is from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Latin language">Medieval Latin</a>: <i lang="la">precaria</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'petition, prayer'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> Latin is <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oratio" class="extiw" title="wikt:oratio">oratio</a></i></span>, which translates Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:προσευχή">προσευχή</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in turn the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> translation of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:תפילה">תְּפִלָּה</a></span></span> <i>tĕphillah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Act_of_prayer">Act of prayer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Act of prayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various spiritual traditions offer a wide variety of devotional acts. There are morning and evening prayers, <a href="/wiki/Grace_(prayer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace (prayer)">graces said over meals</a>, and reverent physical gestures. Some Christians bow their heads and fold their hands. Some <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> regard dancing as a form of prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindus chant mantras.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish prayer may involve <a href="/wiki/Shuckling" title="Shuckling">swaying</a> back and forth and bowing.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> prayer involves bowing, kneeling and <a href="/wiki/Prostration" title="Prostration">prostration</a>, while some <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">whirl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quakers</a> often keep silent.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some pray according to standardized rituals and liturgies, while others prefer <a href="/wiki/Extemporaneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Extemporaneous">extemporaneous</a> prayers; others combine the two. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typologies_and_modalities">Typologies and modalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Typologies and modalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christian circles often look to <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Heiler" title="Friedrich Heiler">Friedrich Heiler</a> (1892-1967), whose systematic <i>Typology of Prayer</i> lists six types of prayer: primitive, ritual, Greek cultural, philosophical, mystical, and prophetic.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some forms of prayer require a prior ritualistic form of cleansing or purification, such as in <a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">ghusl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wudhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wudhu">wudhu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prayer may occur privately and individually (sometimes called <b>affective prayer</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or collectively, shared by or led on behalf of fellow-believers of either a specific faith tradition or a broader grouping of people.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prayer can be incorporated into a daily "thought life", in which one is in constant communication with a god. Some people pray throughout all that is happening during the day and seek guidance as the day progresses. This is actually regarded as a requirement in several Christian denominations,<sup id="cite_ref-catholic_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although enforcement is neither possible nor desirable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Opinion" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ"><span title="This statement may be opinion presented as fact. (May 2024)">opinion</span></a></i>]</sup> There can be many different answers to prayer, just as there are many ways to interpret an answer to a question, if there in fact comes an answer.<sup id="cite_ref-catholic_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some may experience audible, physical, or mental epiphanies. If indeed an answer comes, the time and place it comes is considered random.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some traditions distinguish between <b>contemplative</b> and <b>meditative</b> prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outward acts that may accompany prayer include <a href="/wiki/Anointing_with_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing with oil">anointing with oil</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ringing a bell;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> burning <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> or paper;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lighting a candle or candles; facing a specific direction (e.g., towards <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a><sup id="cite_ref-Emerick_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emerick-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Ad_orientem" title="Ad orientem"> the East</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and making the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a>. One less noticeable act related to prayer is <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>. </p><p>A variety of body postures may be assumed, often with specific meaning (mainly respect or adoration) associated with them: standing; sitting; kneeling; prostrate on the floor; eyes opened; eyes closed; <a href="/wiki/Hand_clasping" title="Hand clasping">hands folded or clasped</a>; hands upraised; <a href="/wiki/Holding_hands" title="Holding hands">holding hands</a> with others; a laying on of hands and others. Prayers may be recited from memory, read from a book of prayers, or composed spontaneously or "impromptu".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may be said, chanted, or sung. They may or may not have a musical accompaniment. There may be a time of outward silence while prayers are offered mentally. Often, there are prayers to fit specific occasions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Grace_(meals)" title="Grace (meals)">blessing of a meal</a>, the birth or death of a loved one, other significant events in the life of a believer, or days of the year that have special religious significance. Details corresponding to specific traditions are outlined below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_early_history">Origins and early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins and early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curse_tablet" title="Curse tablet">Curse tablet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Do_ut_des" class="mw-redirect" title="Do ut des">Do ut des</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European religion">Indo-European religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">Oath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of religion">Origin of religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praying_Germanic_man_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Praying_Germanic_man_1890.jpg/220px-Praying_Germanic_man_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Praying_Germanic_man_1890.jpg/330px-Praying_Germanic_man_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Praying_Germanic_man_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>A kneeling position with raised hands expressed "supplication" in classical antiquity. The word for "prayer" and for "supplication" is identical in ancient languages (<i>oratio</i>, προσευχή, תְּפִלָּה etc.), with no terminological distinction between supplications addressed to human as opposed to divine powers. Statuette known as "Praying German" or "supplicating barbarian". It is not known if this figure was originally set in a context of religious prayer or of military surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Anthropologically, the concept of prayer is closely related to that of <a href="/wiki/Submission" class="mw-redirect" title="Submission">surrender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supplication" title="Supplication">supplication</a>. The traditional posture of prayer in medieval Europe is kneeling or supine with clasped hands, in antiquity more typically with raised hands. The early Christian prayer posture was standing, looking up to heaven, with outspread arms and bare head. This is the pre-Christian, pagan prayer posture (except for the bare head, which was prescribed for males in I Corinthians 11:4, in Roman paganism, the head had to be covered in prayer). Certain Cretan and Cypriote figures of the Late Bronze Age, with arms raised, have been interpreted as worshippers. Their posture is similar to the "flight" posture, a crouching posture with raised hands related to the universal <a href="/wiki/List_of_gestures" title="List of gestures">"hands up" gesture</a> of surrender. The kneeling posture with clasped hands appears to have been introduced only with the beginning high medieval period, presumably adopted from a gesture of feudal homage.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although prayer in its literal sense is not used in <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, communication with the spirit world is vital to the animist way of life. This is usually accomplished through a <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shaman</a> who, through a <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trance</a>, gains access to the spirit world and then shows the spirits' thoughts to the people. Other ways to receive messages from the spirits include using <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> or contemplating <a href="/wiki/Fortune_telling" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortune telling">fortune tellers</a> and healers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the oldest extant literature, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kesh_temple_hymn" title="Kesh temple hymn">Kesh temple hymn</a> (c. 26th century BC), is liturgy addressed to deities and thus technically "prayer". The Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a> of about the same period similarly contain <a href="/wiki/Spell_(ritual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spell (ritual)">spells</a> or <a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">incantations</a> addressed to the gods. In the loosest sense, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">magical thinking</a> combined with <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, prayer has been argued as representing a <a href="/wiki/Human_cultural_universal" class="mw-redirect" title="Human cultural universal">human cultural universal</a>, which would have been present since the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">behavioral modernity</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologists</a> such as Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reliable records are available for the <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> religions of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a>, which strongly influenced <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman religion</a>. These religious traditions were direct developments of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion#Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Prehistoric religion">Bronze Age religions</a>. Ceremonial prayer was highly formulaic and <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritualized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient polytheism, <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a> is indistinguishable from theistic worship (see also <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">euhemerism</a>). Vestiges of ancestor worship persist, to a greater or lesser extent, in modern religious traditions throughout the world, most notably in Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ancestor worship">Chinese folk religion</a>. The practices involved in <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> prayer are heavily influenced by Buddhism; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese Buddhism</a> has also been strongly influenced by Shinto in turn. Shinto prayers quite frequently consist of wishes or favors asked of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a></i>, rather than lengthy praises or devotions. The practice of <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive offering</a> is universal and is attested at least since the Bronze Age. In Shinto, this takes the form of a small wooden tablet, called an <i><a href="/wiki/Ema_(Shint%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ema (Shintō)">ema</a></i>. </p><p>Prayers in <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> were used in the Roman world by <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">augurs</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracles</a> long after Etruscan became a dead language. The <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Arvale" title="Carmen Arvale">Carmen Arvale</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Saliare" title="Carmen Saliare">Carmen Saliare</a> are two specimens of partially preserved prayers that seem to have been unintelligible to their scribes and whose language is full of <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaisms</a> and difficult passages.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman prayers and <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifices</a> were envisioned as <a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">legal</a> bargains between deity and worshipper. The Roman principle was expressed as <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#do_ut_des" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">do ut des</a></i>: "I give, so that you may give." <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a>'s treatise on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> contains many examples of preserved traditional prayers; in one, a farmer addresses the unknown deity of a possibly sacred grove, and sacrifices a pig in order to placate the god or goddess of the place and beseech his or her permission to cut down some trees from the grove.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ring48.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ring48.jpg/170px-Ring48.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ring48.jpg/255px-Ring48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ring48.jpg/340px-Ring48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">valkyrie</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigrdrífa">Sigrdrífa</a> says a <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">pagan Norse</a> prayer in <i><a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfum%C3%A1l" title="Sigrdrífumál">Sigrdrífumál</a></i>; illustration by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a> religions are recorded much later, and much more fragmentarily, than the religions of classical antiquity. They nevertheless show substantial parallels to the better-attested religions of the Iron Age. In the case of Germanic religion, the practice of prayer is reliably attested, but no actual liturgy is recorded from the early (Roman era) period. An Old Norse prayer is on record in the form of a dramatization in <a href="/wiki/Skaldic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic poetry">skaldic poetry</a>. This prayer is recorded in stanzas<span class="nowrap"> </span>2 and<span class="nowrap"> </span>3 of the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfum%C3%A1l" title="Sigrdrífumál">Sigrdrífumál</a></i>, compiled in the 13th century <i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i> from earlier traditional sources, where the <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">valkyrie</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigrdrífa">Sigrdrífa</a> prays to the gods and the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">earth</a> after being woken by the hero <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prayer to <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> is mentioned in chapter<span class="nowrap"> </span>2 of the <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a></i> where King <a href="/wiki/Rerir" title="Rerir">Rerir</a> prays for a child. In stanza<span class="nowrap"> </span>9 of the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Oddr%C3%BAnargr%C3%A1tr" title="Oddrúnargrátr">Oddrúnargrátr</a></i>, a prayer is made to "kind <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">wights</a>, Frigg and <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>, and many gods,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In chapter 21 of <i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga" title="Jómsvíkinga saga">Jómsvíkinga saga</a></i>, wishing to turn the tide of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hj%C3%B6rungav%C3%A1gr" title="Battle of Hjörungavágr">Battle of Hjörungavágr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haakon_Sigurdsson" title="Haakon Sigurdsson">Haakon Sigurdsson</a> eventually finds his prayers answered by the goddesses <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HOLLANDER100_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOLLANDER100-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a> in the medieval period produced <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretisms</a> between pre-Christian and Christian traditions. An example is the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> charm <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86cerbot" title="Æcerbot">Æcerbot</a></i> for the fertility of crops and land, or the medical <i><a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Wessobrunn_Prayer" title="Wessobrunn Prayer">Wessobrunn Prayer</a> has been proposed as a Christianized pagan prayer and compared to the pagan <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-LAMBDIN227_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAMBDIN227-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Merseburg_Incantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Merseburg Incantations">Merseburg Incantations</a>, the latter recorded in the 9th or 10th century but of much older traditional origins.<sup id="cite_ref-WELLS51_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WELLS51-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal mythology</a>, prayers to the "Great Wit" are performed by the "clever men" and "clever women", or <i>kadji</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines">Aboriginal</a> shamans use <a href="/wiki/Maban" title="Maban">maban</a> or mabain, the material that is believed to give them their powers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Puebloan_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloan peoples">Pueblo</a> Indians are known to have used <a href="/wiki/Prayer_stick" title="Prayer stick">prayer sticks</a>, that is, sticks with feathers attached as supplicatory offerings. The <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> Indians used prayer sticks as well, but they attached to it a small bag of sacred meal.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches_to_prayer">Approaches to prayer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Approaches to prayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_petitions">Direct petitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Direct petitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are different forms of prayer. One of them is to directly appeal to a deity to grant one's requests.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have termed this as the social approach to prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">Atheist</a> arguments against prayer are mostly directed against <a href="/wiki/Supplication" title="Supplication">petitionary prayer</a> in particular. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> argued that petitionary prayer might have the undesirable psychological effect of relieving a person of the need to take active measures.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This potential drawback manifests in extreme forms in such cases as <a href="/wiki/Christian_Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Scientists">Christian Scientists</a> who rely on prayers instead of seeking medical treatment for family members for easily curable conditions which later result in death.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> (2012) argued that praying to a god which is omnipotent and all-knowing would be presumptuous. For example, he interprets <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce">Ambrose Bierce</a>'s definition of prayer by stating that "the man who prays is the one who thinks that god has arranged matters all wrong, but who also thinks that he can instruct god how to put them right."<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchens_2012_n.p_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchens_2012_n.p-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_approach">Educational approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Educational approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this view, prayer is not a conversation. Rather, it is meant to inculcate certain attitudes in the one who prays, but not to influence. Among Jews, this has been the approach of Rabbenu Bachya, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehuda Halevi">Yehuda Halevi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph B. Soloveitchik</a>. This view is expressed by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Nosson_Scherman" title="Nosson Scherman">Nosson Scherman</a> in the overview to the <a href="/wiki/Artscroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscroll">Artscroll</a> <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a> (p. XIII). </p><p>Among Christian theologians, <a href="/wiki/Edward_McKendree_Bounds" title="Edward McKendree Bounds">E.M. Bounds</a> stated the educational purpose of prayer in every chapter of his book, <i>The Necessity of Prayer</i>. Prayer books such as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> are both a result of this approach and an exhortation to keep it.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rationalist_approach">Rationalist approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rationalist approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this view, the ultimate goal of prayer is to help train a person to focus on divinity through philosophy and intellectual contemplation (<a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>). This approach was taken by the Jewish scholar and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the other medieval rationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became popular in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic intellectual circles, but never became the most popular understanding of prayer among the laity in any of these faiths. In all three of these faiths today, a significant minority of people still hold to this approach. </p><p>In a rationalist approach, praying encompasses three aspects. First, '<a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a>', as the "idea" of the sender, secondly '<a href="/wiki/Rhema" title="Rhema">rhemata</a>' as the words to express the idea, and thirdly 'rhemata' and 'logos', to where the idea is sent (e.g. to God, <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>). Thus praying is not a conversation with God, or Jesus but a one-way direction to the divine.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a> are likely most adhering to this concept, also because it does not allow secondary mythologies, and has taken its spiritual roots from <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a>, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the different divinities are manifestations of one God with associated prayers. However, many Indians – particularly Hindus – believe that God can be manifest in people, including in people of lower castes, such as <a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experiential_approach">Experiential approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Experiential approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theophile_Lybaert_-_Old_Flanders.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Theophile_Lybaert_-_Old_Flanders.jpeg/220px-Theophile_Lybaert_-_Old_Flanders.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Theophile_Lybaert_-_Old_Flanders.jpeg/330px-Theophile_Lybaert_-_Old_Flanders.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Theophile_Lybaert_-_Old_Flanders.jpeg/440px-Theophile_Lybaert_-_Old_Flanders.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption><i>Old woman praying</i> by <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Lybaert" title="Théophile Lybaert">Théophile Lybaert</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In this approach, the purpose of prayer is to enable the person praying to gain a direct experience of the recipient of the prayer (or as close to direct as a specific theology permits). This approach is very significant in Christianity and widespread in Judaism (although less popular theologically). In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, this approach is known as <a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">hesychasm</a>. It is also widespread in <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> Islam, and in some forms of <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>. It has some similarities with the rationalist approach, since it can also involve <a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">contemplation</a>, although the contemplation is not generally viewed as being as rational or intellectual. </p><p> Christian and Roman Catholic traditions also include an experiential approach to prayer within the practice of <i><a href="/wiki/Lectio_divina" class="mw-redirect" title="Lectio divina">lectio divina</a></i>. Historically a <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> practice, <i>lectio divina</i> involves the following steps: a short scripture passage is read aloud; the passage is meditated upon using the mind to place the listener within a relationship or dialogue with the text; recitation of a prayer; and concludes with <a href="/wiki/Lectio_Divina#Contemplatio_("contemplation")" title="Lectio Divina">contemplation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> describes prayer and meditation as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>Meditation engages thought, imagination, emotion, and desire. This mobilization of faculties is necessary in order to deepen our convictions of faith, prompt the conversion of our heart, and strengthen our will to follow Christ. Christian prayer tries above all to meditate on the mysteries of Christ, as in <a href="/wiki/Lectio_divina" class="mw-redirect" title="Lectio divina">lectio divina</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a>. This form of prayerful reflection is of great value, but Christian prayer should go further: to the knowledge of the love of the Lord Jesus, to union with him.</p></blockquote> <p>The experience of God within <a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Christian mysticism</a> has been contrasted with the concept of experiential religion or <a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">mystical experience</a> because of a long history or authors living and writing about experience with the divine in a manner that identifies God as unknowable and ineffable, the language of such ideas could be characterized paradoxically as "experiential", as well as without the phenomena of experience.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notion of "religious experience" can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, who used a term called "religious experience" in his book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Varieties_of_Religious_Experience" title="The Varieties of Religious Experience">The Varieties of Religious Experience</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori199947_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori199947-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="Template:Harvard citation documentation#Wikilink to citation does not work">citation not found</span></a></i>]</sup> The origins of the use of this term can be dated further back. </p><p>In the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, several historical figures put forth very influential views that religion and its beliefs can be grounded in experience itself. While <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> held that <a href="/wiki/Moral_obligation" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral obligation">moral experience</a> justified <a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">religious beliefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> in addition to stressing individual moral exertion thought that the religious experiences in the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist movement">Methodist movement</a> (paralleling the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic Movement">Romantic Movement</a>) were foundational to religious commitment as a way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">catholic doctrine</a>, Methodists lack a ritualistic and rational approach to praying but rely on individualistic and moralistic forms of worship in direct conversation with God. This approach is rejected by most <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox religion">Orthodox religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Proudfoot" title="Wayne Proudfoot">Wayne Proudfoot</a> traces the roots of the notion of "religious experience" to the German theologian <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a> (1768–1834), who argued that religion is based on a feeling of the infinite. The notion of "religious experience" was used by Schleiermacher and <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albert Ritschl</a> to defend religion against the growing scientific and secular critique, and defend the view that human (moral and religious) experience justifies <a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">religious beliefs</a>. </p><p>Such religious empiricism would be later seen as highly problematic and was – during the period in-between world wars – famously rejected by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, religious as well as moral experience as justification for religious beliefs still holds sway. Some influential modern scholars holding this <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal theological</a> view are <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Raven" title="Charles E. Raven">Charles Raven</a> and the Oxford physicist/theologian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coulson" title="Charles Coulson">Charles Coulson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notion of "religious experience" was adopted by many scholars of religion, of whom William James was the most influential.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notion of "experience" has been criticised.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohr2000282–86_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohr2000282–86-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="Template:Harvard citation documentation#Wikilink to citation does not work">citation not found</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow200612_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow200612-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="Template:Harvard citation documentation#Wikilink to citation does not work">citation not found</span></a></i>]</sup> Robert Sharf points out that "experience" is a typical Western term, which has found its way into Asian religiosity via western influences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf1995_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notion of "experience" introduces a false notion of duality between "experiencer" and "experienced", whereas the essence of kensho is the realisation of the "non-duality" of observer and observed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori199430_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori199430-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="Template:Harvard citation documentation#Wikilink to citation does not work">citation not found</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamy199882_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamy199882-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="Template:Harvard citation documentation#Wikilink to citation does not work">citation not found</span></a></i>]</sup> "Pure experience" does not exist; all experience is mediated by intellectual and cognitive activity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohr2000282_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohr2000282-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="Template:Harvard citation documentation#Wikilink to citation does not work">citation not found</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamy199880–82_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamy199880–82-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="Template:Harvard citation documentation#Wikilink to citation does not work">citation not found</span></a></i>]</sup> The specific teachings and practices of a specific tradition may even determine what "experience" someone has, which means that this "experience" is not the <i>proof</i> of the teaching, but a <i>result</i> of the teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamy199880_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamy199880-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="Template:Harvard citation documentation#Wikilink to citation does not work">citation not found</span></a></i>]</sup> A pure consciousness without concepts, reached by "cleaning the doors of perception",<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would be an overwhelming chaos of sensory input without coherence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohr2000284_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohr2000284-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="Template:Harvard citation documentation#Wikilink to citation does not work">citation not found</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Prayer in the Hebrew Bible">Prayer in the Hebrew Bible</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_136.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_136.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_136.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_136.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_136.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_136.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_136.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption><i>David Prays for Deliverance</i>, 1860 woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Hebrew Bible prayer is an evolving means of interacting with <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, most frequently through a spontaneous, individual, unorganized form of petitioning and/or thanking. Standardized prayer such as is done today is non-existent, although beginning in <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>, the Bible lays the groundwork for organized prayer, including basic liturgical guidelines, and by the Bible's later books, prayer has evolved to a more standardized form, although still radically different from the <a href="/wiki/Tefillah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tefillah">form practiced</a> by modern <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>. </p><p>Individual prayer is described by the Tanakh two ways. The first of these is when prayer is described as occurring, and a result is achieved, but no further information regarding a person's prayer is given. In these instances, such as with <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Job_(Biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Job (Biblical figure)">Job</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the act of praying is a method of changing a situation for the better. The second way in which prayer is depicted is through fully fleshed out episodes of prayer, where a person's prayer is related in full. Many famous biblical personalities have such a prayer, including every major character from <a href="/wiki/Hannah_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannah (Bible)">Hannah</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer in the New Testament">Prayer in the New Testament</a></div> <p>In the New Testament prayer is presented as a positive command.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a> are challenged to include <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Christian prayer</a> in their everyday life, even in the busy struggles of marriage<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it brings people closer to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> encouraged his <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> to pray in secret in their private rooms, using the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>, as a humble response to the prayer of the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, whose practices in prayer were regarded as impious by the New Testament writers.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelists</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Christian_sect" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian sect">Christian sects</a>, prayer is shown to be God's appointed method by which we obtain what He has to bestow.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of James">Book of James</a> says that the lack of <a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">blessings</a> in life results from a failure to pray.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus healed through prayer and expected his followers to do so also.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apostle Paul wrote to the churches of Thessalonica to "Pray continually."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Jewish prayer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_Canadian_soldiers_during_WWII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jewish_Canadian_soldiers_during_WWII.jpg/170px-Jewish_Canadian_soldiers_during_WWII.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jewish_Canadian_soldiers_during_WWII.jpg/255px-Jewish_Canadian_soldiers_during_WWII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jewish_Canadian_soldiers_during_WWII.jpg/340px-Jewish_Canadian_soldiers_during_WWII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Captain Samuel Cass, a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>, conducting the first prayer service celebrated on German territory by Jewish personnel of the <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">First Canadian Army</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kleve" title="Kleve">Cleve</a>, Germany, 18 March 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Observant Jews pray three times a day, <a href="/wiki/Shacharit" title="Shacharit">Shacharit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mincha" title="Mincha">Mincha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ariv" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ariv">Ma'ariv</a> with lengthier prayers on special days, such as the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays</a> including <a href="/wiki/Musaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaf">Musaf</a> and the reading of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">siddur</a> is the prayerbook used by Jews all over the world, containing a set order of daily prayers. Jewish prayer is usually described as having two aspects: <i><a href="/wiki/Kavanah" title="Kavanah">kavanah</a></i> (intention) and <i>keva</i> (the ritualistic, structured elements). </p><p>The most important Jewish prayers are the <a href="/wiki/Shema_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Shema Yisrael">Shema Yisrael</a> ("Hear O Israel") and the <a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a> ("the standing prayer"). </p><p>Communal prayer is preferred over solitary prayer, and a quorum of ten adult males (a <i><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a></i>) is considered by <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> a prerequisite for several communal prayers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muro_de_las_Lamentaciones,_Jerusal%C3%A9n,_2017.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Muro_de_las_Lamentaciones%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9n%2C_2017.gif/220px-Muro_de_las_Lamentaciones%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9n%2C_2017.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Muro_de_las_Lamentaciones%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9n%2C_2017.gif/330px-Muro_de_las_Lamentaciones%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9n%2C_2017.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Muro_de_las_Lamentaciones%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9n%2C_2017.gif/440px-Muro_de_las_Lamentaciones%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9n%2C_2017.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jewish">Orthodox Jewish</a> men praying in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are also many other ritualistic prayers a Jew performs during their day, such as washing before eating bread, washing after one wakes up in the morning, and doing grace after meals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rationalist_approach_2">Rationalist approach</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rationalist approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this view, the ultimate goal of prayer is to help train a person to focus on divinity through philosophy and intellectual contemplation. This approach was taken by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> and the other medieval rationalists. One example of this approach to prayer is noted by Rabbi Steven Weil, who was appointed the Orthodox Union's Executive-Vice President in 2009. He notes that the word "prayer" is a derivative of the Latin "precari", which means "to beg". The Hebrew equivalent "tefilah", however, along with its root "pelel" or its reflexive "l'hitpallel", means the act of self-analysis or self-evaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach is sometimes described as the person praying having a dialogue or conversation with God.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Educational_approach_2">Educational approach</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Educational approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this view, prayer is not a conversation. Rather, it is meant to inculcate certain attitudes in the one who prays, but not to influence. This has been the approach of Rabbenu Bachya, <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Halevy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehuda Halevy">Yehuda Halevy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dov_Soloveitchik" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Dov Soloveitchik">Joseph Dov Soloveitchik</a>. This view is expressed by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Nosson_Scherman" title="Nosson Scherman">Nosson Scherman</a> in the overview to the <a href="/wiki/Artscroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscroll">Artscroll</a> Siddur (p. XIII); note that Scherman goes on to also affirm the Kabbalistic view (see below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kabbalistic_approach">Kabbalistic approach</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Kabbalistic approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> uses a series of <i><a href="/wiki/Kavanah" title="Kavanah">kavanot</a></i>, directions of intent, to specify the path the prayer ascends in the dialog with God, to increase its chances of being answered favorably. Kabbalists ascribe a higher meaning to the purpose of prayer, which is no less than affecting the very fabric of reality itself, restructuring and repairing the universe in a real fashion. In this view, every word of every prayer, and indeed, even every letter of every word, has a precise meaning and a precise effect. Prayers thus literally affect the mystical forces of the universe, and repair the fabric of creation.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among Jews, this approach has been taken by the <a href="/wiki/Chassidei_Ashkenaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Chassidei Ashkenaz">Chassidei Ashkenaz</a> (German pietists of the Middle-Ages), the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Arizal's</a> Kabbalist tradition, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto" title="Moshe Chaim Luzzatto">Ramchal</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hassidism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">Jacob Emden</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Christian prayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Christian worship</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come. Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And do not bring us to the time of trial, but rescue us from the evil one. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Lord%27s_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord's Prayer">The Lord's Prayer</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_in_Gethsemane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Christ_in_Gethsemane.jpg/170px-Christ_in_Gethsemane.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Christ_in_Gethsemane.jpg/255px-Christ_in_Gethsemane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Christ_in_Gethsemane.jpg/340px-Christ_in_Gethsemane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> praying in <a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a>. Depicted by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hofmann_(painter)" title="Heinrich Hofmann (painter)">Heinrich Hofmann</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Christian prayers are quite varied. They can be completely spontaneous, or read entirely from a text, like the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>. The most common prayer among Christians is the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>, which according to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> accounts (e.g. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#6:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 6:9–13</a>) is how <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> taught his <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> to pray.<sup id="cite_ref-Geldart108_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geldart108-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lord's Prayer is a model for prayers of adoration, confession and petition in Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Geldart108_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geldart108-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second century <i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Tradition" title="Apostolic Tradition">Apostolic Tradition</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus</a> instructed Christians to pray at <a href="/wiki/Fixed_prayer_times" title="Fixed prayer times">seven fixed prayer times</a>: "on rising, at the lighting of the evening lamp, at bedtime, at midnight" and "the third, sixth and ninth hours of the day, being hours associated with Christ's Passion."<sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick1993_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick1993-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lössl2010_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lössl2010-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">Breviaries</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Shehimo" title="Shehimo">Shehimo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agpeya" title="Agpeya">Agpeya</a> are used by <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Christians">Oriental Orthodox Christians</a> to pray these <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">seven canonical hours</a> while facing in the <a href="/wiki/Direction_of_prayer" title="Direction of prayer">eastward direction of prayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurian2020_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurian2020-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amherst1906_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amherst1906-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In medieval England, prayers (particularly the <i><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">paternoster</a></i>) were frequently used as a measure of time in medical and culinary recipe books.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christians generally pray to God. Some Christians, such as Catholics, Lutherans, Orthodox, and Methodists <a href="/wiki/Pray_for_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Pray for the dead">pray for the dead</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Gould_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a>, will also ask the righteous in heaven and "in Christ," such as the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> or other saints to intercede by praying on their behalf (<a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercession of saints</a>). Formulaic closures in many Christian denominations, such as Lutheranism and Catholicism include "through our Lord Jesus Christ, Your Son, who lives and reigns with You, in the unity of the Holy Spirit, God, through all the ages of ages," and "in the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-King2006_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2006-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is customary among Christians to end prayers with "In <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' name, Amen" or more commonly, with the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a> while saying the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-King2006_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2006-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most commonly used closure of prayer in Christianity is "<a href="/wiki/Amen" title="Amen">Amen</a>" (from a Hebrew adverb used as a statement of affirmation or agreement, usually translated as <i>so be it</i>). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, probably the most common is the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> of the Catholic Church and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a>. The Jesus Prayer is also often repeated as part of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">meditative</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">hesychasm</a> practice in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Latin Catholic tradition includes specific prayers and devotions as <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_reparation" title="Acts of reparation">acts of reparation</a> which do not involve a petition for a living or deceased beneficiary, but aim to repair the sins of others, e.g. for the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ">repair of the sin of blasphemy</a> performed by others.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pentecostalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> congregations, prayer is often accompanied by speaking in an unknown tongue, a practice now known as <a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">glossolalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Practitioners of Pentecostal glossolalia may claim that the languages they speak in prayer are real foreign languages, and that the ability to speak those languages spontaneously is a gift of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people outside of the movement, however, have offered dissenting views. <a href="/wiki/George_Barton_Cutten" title="George Barton Cutten">George Barton Cutten</a> suggested that glossolalia was a sign of mental illness.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Felicitas_Goodman" title="Felicitas Goodman">Felicitas Goodman</a> suggested that tongue speakers were under a form of hypnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others suggest that it is a learned behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these views have allegedly been refuted.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_Science">Christian Science</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Christian Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a> teaches that prayer is a spiritualization of thought or an understanding of God and of the nature of the underlying spiritual creation. Adherents believe that this can result in healing, by bringing spiritual reality into clearer focus in the human scene. The world as it appears to the senses is regarded as a distorted version of the world of spiritual ideas. Prayer can heal the distortion. Christian Scientists believe that prayer does not change the spiritual creation but gives a clearer view of it, and the result appears in the human scene as healing: the human picture adjusts to coincide more nearly with the divine reality.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian Scientists do not practice <a href="/wiki/Intercessory_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercessory prayer">intercessory prayer</a> as it is commonly understood, and they generally avoid combining prayer with medical treatment in the belief that the two practices tend to work against each other. Prayer works through <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a>: the recognition of God's creation as spiritual, intact, and inherently lovable.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Dua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mosque.jpg/220px-Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mosque.jpg/330px-Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mosque.jpg/440px-Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Muslims in prostration at the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a> in Syria</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> word for prayer is <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">salah</a></i>. The daily obligatory prayers collectively form the second of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">five pillars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, observed three<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or five times every day at <a href="/wiki/Salah_times" title="Salah times">prescribed times</a>. The command of ritual prayer repeatedly occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. The person performs the prayer while they are facing the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. There is the "call for prayer" (<i><a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">the adhan</a></i>), where the <i><a href="/wiki/Muezzin" title="Muezzin">muezzin</a></i> calls for all the followers to stand together for the prayer. The prayer consists of actions such as glorifying and praising God (such as mentioning 'Allāhu Akbar' (God is Great)) while standing, recitation of chapters of the Quran (such as the opening chapter of the book (<i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">Al-Fatiha</a></i>)), <a href="/wiki/Ruku" title="Ruku">bowing down</a> then praising God, <a href="/wiki/Prostration" title="Prostration">prostrating</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">sujud</a></i>) then again praising God. It ends with the words: "Peace be with you and God's mercy." During the prayer, a Muslim cannot talk or do anything else besides pray. Once the prayer is complete, one can offer personal prayers or supplications to God for their needs, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">dua</a></i>. There are many standard invocations in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> to be recited at various times (<i>e.g.</i> after the prayer) and for various occasions (<i>e.g.</i> for one's parents) with manners and etiquette such as before eating. Muslims may also say <i>dua</i> in their own words and languages for any issue they wish to communicate with God in the hope that God will answer their prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-Emerick_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emerick-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> sects pray the five daily prayers divided into three separate parts of the day, providing several Hadith as supporting evidence;<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although according to <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a Islam</a>, it is also permissible to pray at five times.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mandaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Daily_prayer_in_Mandaeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily prayer in Mandaeism">Daily prayer in Mandaeism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Daily_prayer_in_Mandaeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily prayer in Mandaeism">Daily prayer in Mandaeism</a> called <i>brakha</i> consists of a set prayers that are recited three times per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley2010_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley2010-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandaeans stand facing north while reciting daily prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_2002_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike in Islam and Coptic Orthodox Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Prostration" title="Prostration">prostration</a> is not practiced. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_priest" title="Mandaean priest">Mandaean priests</a> recite <a href="/wiki/Rahma_(Mandaeism)" title="Rahma (Mandaeism)">rahma</a> prayers<sup id="cite_ref-Drower_1959_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drower_1959-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liturgien_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liturgien-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three times every day, while laypeople also recite the <i><a href="/wiki/Rushuma" title="Rushuma">Rushuma</a></i> (signing prayer) and <i><a href="/wiki/Asut_Malkia" title="Asut Malkia">Asut Malkia</a></i> ("Healing of Kings") daily.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley2010_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley2010-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three prayer times in <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-Drower_1937_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drower_1937-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drower_1959_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drower_1959-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>dawn (sunrise)</li> <li>noontime (the "seventh hour")</li> <li>evening (sunset)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Prayer in the Baháʼí Faith">Prayer in the Baháʼí Faith</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="`Abdu'l-Bahá">`Abdu'l-Bahá</a> wrote many prayers for general use, and some for specific occasions, including for unity, detachment, spiritual upliftment, and healing among others. Followers of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> are also required to recite each day one of three <a href="/wiki/Obligatory_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_prayers" title="Obligatory Baháʼí prayers">obligatory prayers</a> composed by Bahá'u'lláh. The believers have been enjoined to face in the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Qiblih" title="Qiblih">Qiblih</a> when reciting their Obligatory Prayer. The longest obligatory prayer may be recited at any time during the day; another, of medium length, is recited once in the morning, once at midday, and once in the evening; and the shortest can be recited anytime between noon and sunset. Baháʼís also read from and meditate on the scriptures every morning and evening.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptism">Baptism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Baptism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></div> <p>Baptists (not to be confused with the Protestant Christian denomination of Baptists) and their prayers play a special role in Christianity, and represent the more theologic and rational approach to Christian praying. <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> was a scholar of the original <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Hebrew scrolls</a> and was likely exposed to <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">hellenistic philosophy</a>. Baptism is a Hebraic rite of purification that preceded John the Baptist. He is a subject mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Koran" class="mw-redirect" title="Koran">Koran</a> and is thus accepted in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox religion">Orthodox religions</a>. Modern Baptists also practice social representation (e.g. work, or altruistic activities) as a form of prayer. In essence, it can be said that Baptists are socialized Christians that themselves accept the <a href="/wiki/Koran" class="mw-redirect" title="Koran">Koran</a> and the practice of Muslim prayers. Islam has preserved the tradition of baptizing in the form of ablution and ritual <a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a> for purification purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_religions">Eastern religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Eastern religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></div> <p>In both <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the repetition of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a> is closely related to the practice of repetitive prayer in Western religion (<a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus prayer">Jesus prayer</a>) but Buddhists do not pray to a higher deity. Many of the most widespread Hindu and Buddhist mantras are in origin invocations of deities, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Savitr" title="Savitr">Savitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavamana_Mantra" title="Pavamana Mantra">Pavamana Mantra</a> to <a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma Pavamana</a>, and many of the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhāraṇī">Dhāraṇī</a> originate as recitations of lists of names or attributes of deities. Most of the shorter Buddhist mantras originate as the invocation of the name of a specific deity or <i><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a></i>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></i> being in origin the invocation of a <i>bodhisattva</i> called <i>Maṇipadma</i>. However, from an early time these mantras were interpreted in the context of mystical <a href="/wiki/Sound_symbolism" title="Sound symbolism">sound symbolism</a>. The most extreme example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">om</a> syllable, which as early as in the <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya Brahmana</a> was claimed as equivalent to the entire <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> (collection of ritual hymns).<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incense-LE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Incense-LE.jpg/220px-Incense-LE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Incense-LE.jpg/330px-Incense-LE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Incense-LE.jpg/440px-Incense-LE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Buddhists praying with incense at <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew">Wat Phra Kaew</a>, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>In the earliest Buddhist tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a>, and in the later <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Chán">Chán</a>), prayer plays only an ancillary role. It is largely a ritual expression of wishes for success in the practice and in helping all beings.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (June 2018)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāya">skillful means</a> (Sanskrit: <i>upāya</i>) of the transfer of merit (Sanskrit: <i><a href="/wiki/Pari%E1%B9%87%C4%81man%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariṇāmanā">pariṇāmanā</a></i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">evocation</a> and prayer. Moreover, indeterminate buddhas are available for intercession as they reside in awoken-fields (Sanskrit: <i>buddha-kshetra</i>). </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">nirmānakāya</a></i> of an awoken-field is what is generally known and understood as a <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a>. The opening and closing of the ring (Sanskrit: <i>maṇḍala</i>) is an active prayer. An active prayer is a mindful activity, an activity in which <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindfulness (Buddhism)">mindfulness</a> is not just cultivated but <i>is</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common prayer is "May the merit of my practice, adorn Buddhas' Pure Lands, requite the fourfold kindness from above, and relieve the suffering of the three life-journeys below. Universally wishing sentient beings, Friends, foes, and <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karmic creditors</a>, all to activate the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a> mind, and all to be reborn in the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss." (願以此功德莊嚴佛淨土上報四重恩下濟三途苦普願諸眾生冤親諸債主悉發菩提心同生極樂國)<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Generation_Stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation Stage">Generation Stage</a> (Sanskrit: <i>utpatti-krama</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> involves prayer elements.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> tradition emphasizes an instructive and devotional relationship to a guru; this may involve devotional practices known as <a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">guru yoga</a> which are congruent with prayer. It also appears that Tibetan Buddhism posits the existence of various deities, but the peak view of the tradition is that the deities or <i><a href="/wiki/Yidam" title="Yidam">yidam</a></i> are no more existent or real than the continuity (Sanskrit: <i>santana</i>; refer <a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">mindstream</a>) of the practitioner, environment and activity. But how practitioners engage <i>yidam</i> or <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutelary deities">tutelary deities</a> will depend upon the level or more appropriately <i><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">yana</a></i> at which they are practicing. At one level, one may pray to a deity for protection or assistance, taking a more subordinate role. At another level, one may invoke the deity, on a more equal footing. And at a higher level one may deliberately cultivate the idea that one has become the deity, whilst remaining aware that its ultimate nature is <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">śūnyatā</a></i>. The views of the more esoteric <i>yana</i> are impenetrable for those without direct experience and empowerment. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> emphasizes the recitation by devotees of prayer-like <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>, a practice often called <i><a href="/wiki/Nembutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nembutsu">Nembutsu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-smithnovak03_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithnovak03-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> On one level it is said that reciting these mantras can ensure rebirth into a <i><a href="/wiki/Sambhogak%C4%81ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambhogakāya">Sambhogakāya</a></i> land (Sanskrit: <i>buddha-kshetra</i>) after bodily dissolution, a sheer ball spontaneously co-emergent to a Buddha's <a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">enlightened intention</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> tradition that is most prevalent in the US,<sup id="cite_ref-smithnovak03_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithnovak03-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 193">: 193 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "for the long haul nothing is as efficacious as the Nembutsu."<sup id="cite_ref-smithnovak03_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithnovak03-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 197">: 197 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On another, the practice is a form of meditation aimed at achieving realization.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But beyond all these practices the Buddha emphasized the primacy of individual practice and experience. He said that supplication to gods or deities was not necessary. Nevertheless, today many lay people in East Asian countries pray to the Buddha in ways that resemble Western prayer—asking for intervention and offering devotion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prayer in Hinduism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_Prayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bangladesh_Prayer.jpg/220px-Bangladesh_Prayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bangladesh_Prayer.jpg/330px-Bangladesh_Prayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bangladesh_Prayer.jpg/440px-Bangladesh_Prayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a> Hindus in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, Bangladesh, pray to the goddess during <i><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></i>. October 2003.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> has incorporated many kinds of prayer (Sanskrit: <i>prārthanā</i>), from fire-based <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">rituals</a> to philosophical musings. While chanting involves 'by dictum' recitation of timeless verses or verses with timings and notations, <i><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">dhyanam</a></i> involves deep meditation (however short or long) on the preferred deity/God. Again the object to which prayers are offered could be a persons referred as <i>devtas</i>, trinity or incarnation of either <i>devtas</i> or trinity or simply plain formless meditation as practiced by the ancient sages. These prayers can be directed to fulfilling personal needs or <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation</a>, and also for the benefit of others. Ritual <a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">invocation</a> was part and parcel of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a> and as such permeated their sacred texts. Indeed, the highest sacred texts of the Hindus, the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, are a large collection of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a> and prayer rituals. Classical Hinduism came to focus on extolling a single supreme force, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, that is made manifest in several lower forms as the familiar gods of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu pantheon">Hindu pantheon</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2009)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Prayer#Dubious" title="Talk:Prayer">discuss</a></i>]</sup>. Hindus in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> have numerous devotional movements. Hindus may pray to the highest absolute God Brahman, or more commonly to its three manifestations, a creator god called <a href="/wiki/Brahma_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahma (god)">Brahma</a>, a preserver god called <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and a destroyer god (so that the creation cycle can start afresh) <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, and at the next level to Vishnu's avatars (earthly appearances) <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> or to many other male or female deities. Typically, Hindus pray with their hands (the palms) joined in <i><a href="/wiki/Pranam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranam">pranam</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hand gesture is similar to the popular Indian greeting <i><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">namaste</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BhaiSahibJiArdas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/BhaiSahibJiArdas.jpg/220px-BhaiSahibJiArdas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/BhaiSahibJiArdas.jpg/330px-BhaiSahibJiArdas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/BhaiSahibJiArdas.jpg/440px-BhaiSahibJiArdas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> holy man, doing Sikh prayer (<a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></i> (Punjabi: ਅਰਦਾਸ) is a <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> prayer that is done before performing or after undertaking any significant task; after reciting the daily <i><a href="/wiki/Banis" class="mw-redirect" title="Banis">Banis</a></i> (prayers); or completion of a service like the <i><a href="/wiki/Paath" title="Paath">Paath</a></i> (scripture reading/recitation), <i><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a></i> (hymn-singing) program or any other religious program. In Sikhism, these prayers are also said before and after eating. The prayer is a plea to God to support and help the devotee with whatever he or she is about to undertake or has done. </p><p>The <i>Ardas</i> is usually always done standing up with folded hands. The beginning of the <i>Ardas</i> is strictly set by the tenth Sikh Guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>. When it comes to conclusion of this prayer, the devotee uses words like "<a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a> please bless me in the task that I am about to undertake" when starting a new task or "<a href="/wiki/Akal_Purakh" title="Akal Purakh">Akal Purakh</a>, having completed the hymn-singing, we ask for your continued blessings so that we can continue with your memory and remember you at all times", etc. The word "Ardās" is derived from Persian word 'Arazdashat', meaning a request, supplication, prayer, petition or an address to a superior authority. </p><p>Ardās is a unique prayer based on the fact that it is one of the few well-known prayers in the Sikh religion that was not written in its entirety by the Gurus. The Ardās cannot be found within the pages of the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> because it is a continually changing devotional text that has evolved over time in order for it to encompass the feats, accomplishments, and feelings of all generations of Sikhs within its lines. Taking the various derivation of the word Ardās into account, the basic purpose of this prayer is an appeal to Waheguru for his protection and care, as well as being a plea for the welfare and prosperity of all mankind, and a means for the Sikhs to thank Waheguru for all that he has done.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iranian_religions">Iranian religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Iranian religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_prayer" title="Zoroastrian prayer">Zoroastrian prayer</a></div> <p>Zoroastrians believe that the elements are pure and that fire represents <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">God's</a> light or wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zoroastrian worship practices have evolved from ancient times to the present day. Over time, Zoroastrians developed the concept of worshipping in temples, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_religious_movements">New religious movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: New religious movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccan</a> prayers can include meditation, rituals and incantations. Wiccans see prayers as a form of communication with the God and Goddess. Such communication may include prayers for <i><a href="/wiki/Esbat" title="Esbat">esbat</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sabbat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbat">sabbat</a></i> celebrations, for dinner, for pre-dawn times or for one's own or others' safety, for healing or for the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a> rites and practises vary from initiation ceremonies to sensual meditation. An initiation ceremony usually involves a Raelian putting water on the forehead of a new member. Such ceremonies take place on certain special days on the Raelian calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sensual meditation techniques include breathing exercises and various forms of erotic meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a>, one of the basic forms of prayer includes singing the word "HU" (pronounced as "hue"), a holy name of God. ECKists may do this with eyes closed or open, aloud or silently. Practitioners may experience the divine ECK or Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Theurgy#Esoteric_Christianity" title="Theurgy">theurgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a> may practice a form of ritual which uses both pre-sanctioned prayers and names of God, and prayers "from the heart" that, when combined, allow the participant to ascend spiritually, and in some instances, induce a trance in which God or other spiritual beings may be realized. Very much as in <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</a> and orthodox Kabbalah, it is believed that prayer can influence both the physical and non-physical worlds. The use of ritualistic signs and names are believed to be archetypes in which the subconscious may take form as the <a href="/wiki/Inner_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner God">Inner God</a>, or another spiritual being, and the "prayer from the heart" to be that spiritual force speaking through the participant. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stelae_of_Ankh-af-na-khonsu_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Stelae_of_Ankh-af-na-khonsu_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Stelae_of_Ankh-af-na-khonsu_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Stelae_of_Ankh-af-na-khonsu_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>Many Thelemites recite "Resh" (Liber Resh vel Helios, or "Liber CC") facing the direction of the ever-present sun as it rises in the East, triumphs in the (northern-hemisphere) South, sets in the West, and "hides" in the North. Image shows a close-up of the <a href="/wiki/Stele_of_Revealing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stele of Revealing">Stele of Revealing</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> (which includes both theist as well as atheist practitioners) adherents share a number of practices that are forms of individual prayer, including basic yoga; (asana and pranayama); various forms of ritual <a href="/wiki/Magick_(Aleister_Crowley)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magick (Aleister Crowley)">magick</a>; rituals of one's own devising (often based upon a syncretism of religions, or Western Esotericism, such as the Lesser Banishing Ritual of the Pentagram and Star Ruby); and performance of Liber Resh vel Helios (aka Liber 200), which consists of four daily adorations to the sun (often consisting of four hand/body positions and recitation of a memorized song, normally spoken, addressing different <a href="/w/index.php?title=Godform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Godform (page does not exist)">godforms</a> identified with the sun).<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While no dogma within Thelema expresses the purpose behind any individual aspirant who chooses to perform "Resh", note that the practice of "Resh" is not a simple petition toward the sun, nor a form of "worshiping" the celestial body that we call the Sun, but instead uses the positioning of that source of light, which enables life on our planet, as well as using mythological images of that solar force, so that the individual can perform the prayer, possibly furthering a self-identification with the sun, so "that repeated application of the Liber Resh adorations expands the consciousness of the individual by compelling him to take a different perspective, by inducing him to 'look at things from the point of view of the Sun' [...]".<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prayer_healing">Prayer healing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Prayer healing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></div> <p>Prayer is often used as a means of <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">faith healing</a> in an attempt to use <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> means to prevent illness, cure <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, or improve health. </p><p>Scientific studies regarding the use of prayer have mostly concentrated on its effect on the healing of sick or injured people. <a href="/wiki/Meta-study" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-study">Meta-studies</a> have been performed showing evidence only for no effect or a potentially small effect. For instance, a 2006 meta analysis on 14 studies concluded that there is "no discernable effect" while a 2007 systemic review of <a href="/wiki/Studies_on_intercessory_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Studies on intercessory prayer">studies on intercessory prayer</a> reported inconclusive results, noting that seven of 17 studies had "small, but significant, effect sizes" but the review noted that the most methodologically rigorous studies failed to produce significant findings.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies have indicated increased medical complications in groups receiving prayer over those without.<sup id="cite_ref-Saletan_2006_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saletan_2006-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-STEP_2006_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEP_2006-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The efficacy of petition in prayer for physical healing to a deity has been evaluated in numerous other studies, with contradictory results.<sup id="cite_ref-Galton_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galton-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SouthMedJ_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SouthMedJ-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harris_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Laoire_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Laoire-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been some criticism of the way the studies were conducted.<sup id="cite_ref-STEP_2006_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEP_2006-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Infidels_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infidels-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some attempt to heal by prayer, mental practices, spiritual insights, or other techniques, claiming they can summon divine or supernatural intervention on behalf of the ill. Others advocate that ill people may achieve healing through prayer performed by themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the varied beliefs of those who practice it, faith healing may be said to afford gradual relief from pain<sup id="cite_ref-Jarego2022_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarego2022-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or sickness or to bring about a sudden "miracle cure", and it may be used in place of, or in tandem with, conventional medical techniques for alleviating or curing diseases. Faith healing has been criticized on the grounds that those who use it may delay seeking potentially curative conventional medical care. This is particularly problematic when parents use faith healing techniques on children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efficacy_of_prayer_healing">Efficacy of prayer healing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Efficacy of prayer healing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Efficacy_of_prayer" title="Efficacy of prayer">Efficacy of prayer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Healing_%22laying_on_of_hands%22_ceremony_in_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._Lejunior,_Harlan_County,_Kentucky._-_NARA_-_541337.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Healing_%22laying_on_of_hands%22_ceremony_in_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._Lejunior%2C_Harlan_County%2C_Kentucky._-_NARA_-_541337.jpg/220px-Healing_%22laying_on_of_hands%22_ceremony_in_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._Lejunior%2C_Harlan_County%2C_Kentucky._-_NARA_-_541337.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Healing_%22laying_on_of_hands%22_ceremony_in_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._Lejunior%2C_Harlan_County%2C_Kentucky._-_NARA_-_541337.jpg/330px-Healing_%22laying_on_of_hands%22_ceremony_in_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._Lejunior%2C_Harlan_County%2C_Kentucky._-_NARA_-_541337.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Healing_%22laying_on_of_hands%22_ceremony_in_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._Lejunior%2C_Harlan_County%2C_Kentucky._-_NARA_-_541337.jpg/440px-Healing_%22laying_on_of_hands%22_ceremony_in_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._Lejunior%2C_Harlan_County%2C_Kentucky._-_NARA_-_541337.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2309" /></a><figcaption>To pray over an individual while <a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">laying hands on them</a> is a form of faith healing in Christianity.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1872, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> conducted a famous <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</a> experiment to determine whether prayer had a physical effect on the external environment. Galton hypothesized that if prayer was effective, members of the British Royal family would live longer, given that thousands prayed for their wellbeing every Sunday. He therefore compared longevity in the British Royal family with that of the general population, and found no difference.<sup id="cite_ref-Galton_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galton-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the experiment was probably intended to satirize, and suffered from a number of <a href="/wiki/Confounding_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Confounding variable">confounders</a>, it set the precedent for a number of different studies, the results of which are contradictory. </p><p>Two studies claimed that patients who are being prayed for recover more quickly or more frequently although critics have claimed that the methodology of such studies are flawed, and the perceived effect disappears when controls are tightened.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such study, with a <a href="/wiki/Double-blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-blind">double-blind</a> design and about 500 subjects per group, was published in 1988; it suggested that intercessory prayer by born again Christians had a statistically significant positive effect on a coronary care unit population.<sup id="cite_ref-SouthMedJ_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SouthMedJ-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics contend that there were severe methodological problems with this study.<sup id="cite_ref-Infidels_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infidels-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another such study was reported by Harris et al.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics also claim that the 1988 study was not fully double-blinded, and that in the Harris study, patients actually had a longer hospital stay in the prayer group, if one discounts the patients in both groups who left before prayers began,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the Harris study did demonstrate the prayed for patients on average received lower course scores (indicating better recovery). </p><p>One of the largest randomized, blind clinical trials was a remote <i>retroactive</i> intercessory prayer study conducted in Israel by Leibovici. This study used 3393 patient records from 1990 to 1996, and blindly assigned some of these to an intercessory prayer group. The prayer group had shorter hospital stays and duration of fever.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several studies of prayer effectiveness have yielded null results.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Laoire_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Laoire-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2001 double-blind study of the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> found no significant difference in the recovery rates between people who were (unbeknownst to them) assigned to a group that prayed for them and those who were not.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the MANTRA study conducted by Duke University found no differences in outcome of cardiac procedures as a result of prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another similar study published in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Journal" title="American Heart Journal">American Heart Journal</a></i> in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-STEP_2006_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEP_2006-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian intercessory prayer when reading a scripted prayer was found to have no effect on the recovery of heart surgery patients; however, the study found patients who had knowledge of receiving prayer had slightly higher instances of complications than those who did not know if they were being prayed for or those who did not receive prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-Saletan_2006_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saletan_2006-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-STEP_2006_151-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEP_2006-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 2006 study suggested that prayer actually had a significant negative effect on the recovery of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac bypass">cardiac bypass</a> patients, resulting in more frequent deaths and slower recovery time for those patient who received prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-STEP_2006_151-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEP_2006-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many believe that prayer can aid in recovery, not due to divine influence but due to psychological and physical benefits. It has also been suggested that if a person knows that he or she is being prayed for it can be uplifting and increase morale, thus aiding recovery. (See <a href="/wiki/Subject-expectancy_effect" title="Subject-expectancy effect">Subject-expectancy effect</a>.) Many studies have suggested that prayer can reduce physical stress, regardless of the god or gods a person prays to, and this may be true for many worldly reasons. According to a study by Centra State Hospital, "the psychological benefits of prayer may help reduce stress and anxiety, promote a more positive outlook, and strengthen the will to live."<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other practices such as <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">tai chi</a>, and meditation may also have a positive impact on physical and psychological health. </p><p> Others feel that the concept of conducting prayer experiments reflects a misunderstanding of the purpose of prayer. The previously mentioned study published in the <i>American Heart Journal</i> indicated that some of the intercessors who took part in it complained about the scripted nature of the prayers that were imposed to them,<sup id="cite_ref-STEP_2006_151-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEP_2006-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying that this is not the way they usually conduct prayer: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Prior to the start of this study, intercessors reported that they usually receive information about the patient's age, gender and progress reports on their medical condition; converse with family members or the patient (not by fax from a third party); use individualized prayers of their own choosing; and pray for a variable time period based on patient or family request.</p></blockquote> <p>One scientific movement attempts to track the physical effects of prayer through <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>. Leaders in this movement include <a href="/wiki/Andrew_B._Newberg" title="Andrew B. Newberg">Andrew Newberg</a>, an associate professor at the University of Pennsylvania. In Newberg's brain scans, monks, priests, nuns, <a href="/wiki/Nun#Distinction_between_a_nun_and_a_religious_sister" title="Nun">sisters</a> and gurus alike have exceptionally focused attention and compassion sites. This is a result of the frontal lobe of the brain's engagement (Newberg, 2009). Newburg believes that anybody can connect to the supernatural with practice. Those without religious affiliations benefit from the connection to the metaphysical as well. Newberg also states that further evidence towards humans' need for metaphysical relationships is that as science had increased spirituality has not decreased. Newburg believes that at the end of the 18th century, when the scientific method began to consume<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the human mind, religion could have vanished. However, two hundred years later, the perception of spirituality, in many instances, appears to be gaining in strength (2009). Newberg's research also provides the connection between prayer and meditation and health. By understanding how the brain works during religious experiences and practices Newberg's research shows that the brain changes during these practices allowing an understanding of how religion affects psychological and physical health (2009). For example, brain activity during meditation indicates that people who frequently practice prayer or meditation experience lower blood-pressure, lower heart rates, decreased anxiety, and decreased depression.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another paradigm of research returns to the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Engineering_Anomalies_Research_Lab" title="Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab">Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research</a> (1979-2007) which has provided an explanatory model for mind-matter interactions. <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Jahn" title="Robert G. Jahn">Jahn</a> and his colleagues explain the local and nonlocal effects of consciousness by an explanation of the normal pathways, through those intentions life prayer, can change the praying person's emotion and behavior, and anomalous pathways which can affect another one through the unconscious-<a href="/wiki/Implicate_and_explicate_order" title="Implicate and explicate order">implicit order</a> trajectory via <a href="/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality" title="Quantum nonlocality">quantum nonlocality</a> mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efficacy_of_prayer_for_fertility">Efficacy of prayer for fertility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Efficacy of prayer for fertility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One study faked results in order to imply that prayer combined with <a href="/wiki/IVF" class="mw-redirect" title="IVF">IVF</a> treatment nearly doubled the number of women who were successfully pregnant, and more than doubled the number of successful implantations.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fraud was revealed three years after publication.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevalence_of_prayer_for_health">Prevalence of prayer for health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Prevalence of prayer for health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some modalities of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> employ prayer. A survey released in May 2004<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine">National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> in the United States, found that in 2002, 43% of Americans pray for their own health, 24% pray for others' health, and 10% participate in a prayer group for their own health. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_prayer" title="Affirmative prayer">Affirmative prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Christian contemplation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_devotional_literature" title="Christian devotional literature">Christian devotional literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continual_prayer" title="Continual prayer">Continual prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Prayer_for_Peace" title="Daily Prayer for Peace">Daily Prayer for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%CA%BBoponopono" title="Hoʻoponopono">Hoʻoponopono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_life_(Catholic_theology)" title="Interior life (Catholic theology)">Interior life (Catholic theology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings" title="List of Jewish prayers and blessings">Jewish prayers and blessings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Jewish prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prayers" title="List of prayers">List of prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_stone" title="Mani stone">Mani stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_silence" title="Moment of silence">Moment of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Prayer" title="National Day of Prayer">National Day of Prayer (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novena" title="Novena">Novena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orans" title="Orans">Orans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_beads" title="Prayer beads">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_LDS_theology_and_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer in LDS theology and practice">Prayer in LDS theology and practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Prayer in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer in school">Prayer in school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prie-dieu" title="Prie-dieu">Prie-dieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuckling" title="Shuckling">Shuckling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_prayer_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan prayer flag">Tibetan prayer flag</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBellarmine1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine, Robert</a> (1902). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Sermons from the Latins/Sermon 43"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sermons_from_the_Latins/Sermon_43">"Eleventh Sunday: The Necessity and Proper Method of Prayer" </a></span>. <i>Sermons from the Latins</i>. Benziger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eleventh+Sunday%3A+The+Necessity+and+Proper+Method+of+Prayer&rft.btitle=Sermons+from+the+Latins&rft.pub=Benziger+Brothers&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Bellarmine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellarmine1847" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine, Robert</a> (1847). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Art of Dying Well/Chapter 7"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Dying_Well/Chapter_7">"The Seventh Precept, Which Is on Prayer." </a></span>. <i>The Art of Dying Well</i>. Translated by John Dalton. Richardson and Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Seventh+Precept%2C+Which+Is+on+Prayer.&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Dying+Well&rft.pub=Richardson+and+Son&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Bellarmine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeharbe1912" class="citation book cs1">Deharbe, Joseph (1912). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion/Chap. III. Prayer"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Complete_Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Religion/Chap._III._Prayer">"Chapter. III. Prayer" </a></span>. <i>A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion</i>. Translated by John Fander. Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter.+III.+Prayer&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Religion&rft.pub=Schwartz%2C+Kirwin+%26+Fauss&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Deharbe&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorstius1877" class="citation book cs1">Horstius, Jacob Merlo (1877). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The paradise of the Christian soul/Chap. I. Colloquy between Christ and Man on the right use of Prayer."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_paradise_of_the_Christian_soul/Chap._I._Colloquy_between_Christ_and_Man_on_the_right_use_of_Prayer.">"Colloquy between Christ and Man on the right use of Prayer" </a></span>. <i>The paradise of the Christian soul</i>. London: Burns & Oates.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colloquy+between+Christ+and+Man+on+the+right+use+of+Prayer&rft.btitle=The+paradise+of+the+Christian+soul&rft.pub=London%3A+Burns+%26+Oates&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Horstius&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Merlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiguori1868" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori, Alphonsus</a> (1868). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Preparation for death/XXX. OF PRAYER"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Preparation_for_death/XXX._OF_PRAYER">"Chapter XXX: Of Prayer" </a></span>. <i>Preparation for Death</i>. Rivingtons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XXX%3A+Of+Prayer&rft.btitle=Preparation+for+Death&rft.pub=Rivingtons&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Liguori&rft.aufirst=Alphonsus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynne1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wynne, John Joseph (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Prayer"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Prayer">"Prayer" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prayer&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=John+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The catechism of the Council of Trent/Part 4"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_catechism_of_the_Council_of_Trent/Part_4">"Part 4: On Prayer" </a></span>. <i>The catechism of the Council of Trent</i>. Translated by James Donovan. Lucas Brothers. 1829.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+4%3A+On+Prayer&rft.btitle=The+catechism+of+the+Council+of+Trent&rft.pub=Lucas+Brothers&rft.date=1829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James also gives descriptions of conversion experiences. The Christian model of dramatic conversions, based on the role-model of Paul's conversion, may also have served as a model for Western interpretations and expectations regarding "enlightenment", similar to Protestant influences on Theravada Buddhism, as described by Carrithers: "It rests upon the notion of the primacy of religious experiences, preferably spectacular ones, as the origin and legitimation of religious action. But this presupposition has a natural home, not in Buddhism, but in Christian and especially Protestant Christian movements which prescribe a radical conversion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrithers198318_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrithers198318-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="Template:Harvard citation documentation#Wikilink to citation does not work">citation not found</span></a></i>]</sup> See Sekida for an example of this influence of William James and Christian conversion stories, mentioning Luther<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekida1985196–97_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekida1985196–97-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="Template:Harvard citation documentation#Wikilink to citation does not work">citation not found</span></a></i>]</sup> and St. Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekida1985251_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekida1985251-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also McMahan for the influence of Christian thought on Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="Template:Harvard citation documentation#Wikilink to citation does not work">citation not found</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Sharf: "[T]he role of experience in the history of Buddhism has been greatly exaggerated in contemporary scholarship. Both historical and ethnographic evidence suggests that the privileging of experience may well be traced to certain twentieth-century reform movements, notably those that urge a return to <i><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">zazen</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">vipassana</a></i> meditation, and these reforms were profoundly influenced by religious developments in the west [...] While some adepts may indeed experience "altered states" in the course of their training, critical analysis shows that such states do not constitute the reference point for the elaborate Buddhist discourse pertaining to the "path".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>: "If the doors of perception were cleansed every thing would appear to man as it is, infinite. For man has closed himself up, till he sees all things thru' narrow chinks of his cavern."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F.B. Jevons, <i>An Introduction to the Study of Comparative Religion</i> (1908), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HgddDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">p. 73</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2011" class="citation journal cs1">Harrington, Anne (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2010.01188.x">"The Placebo Effect: What's Interesting for Scholars of Religion?"</a>. <i>Zygon</i>. <b>46</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">265–</span>280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9744.2010.01188.x">10.1111/j.1467-9744.2010.01188.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-9744">1467-9744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zygon&rft.atitle=The+Placebo+Effect%3A+What%27s+Interesting+for+Scholars+of+Religion%3F&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9744.2010.01188.x&rft.issn=1467-9744&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9744.2010.01188.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pray">"pray (v.)"</a>. <i>etymonline.com</i>. Online Etymology Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=pray+%28v.%29&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dpray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span> Via Old French <i>prier</i>, nominalised use of the Latin adjective <i>precaria</i> "something obtained by entreating, something given as a favour", from <i>precari</i> "to ask for, entreat".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biblical synonyms or alternatives for προσευχή: εὐχή, δέησις, ἔντευξις, εὐχαριστία, αἴτημα, ἱκετηρία. Richard C. Trench, Synonyms of the New Testament, s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/trench/section.cfm?sectionID=51">εὐχή</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Strong's Concordance</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H8605&t=KJV">H8605</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlebird2008" class="citation cs1">Littlebird, Sarracina (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120126212840/http://dance.barnard.edu/sites/default/files/inline/sarracina_littlebird.pdf"><i>Sacred Movement: Dance as Prayer in the Pueblo Cultures of the American Southwest</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Barnard College Department of Dance. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dance.barnard.edu/sites/default/files/inline/sarracina_littlebird.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Movement%3A+Dance+as+Prayer+in+the+Pueblo+Cultures+of+the+American+Southwest&rft.pub=Barnard+College+Department+of+Dance&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Littlebird&rft.aufirst=Sarracina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdance.barnard.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Finline%2Fsarracina_littlebird.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmkaranandan.d." class="citation cs1">Omkarananda, Swami (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omkarananda-ashram.org/Publications/how_to_pray.htm"><i>How to Pray</i></a>. Omkarananda Ashram Himalayas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104195625/http://www.omkarananda-ashram.org/Publications/how_to_pray.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Pray&rft.pub=Omkarananda+Ashram+Himalayas&rft.aulast=Omkarananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omkarananda-ashram.org%2FPublications%2Fhow_to_pray.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2013" class="citation web cs1">Anonymous (2013-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/practices/worship_prayer.htm">"Judaism: Jewish Rituals and Practices – Jewish Worship and Prayer"</a>. <i>ReligionFacts.com</i>. ReligionFacts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104200647/http://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/practices/worship_prayer.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReligionFacts.com&rft.atitle=Judaism%3A+Jewish+Rituals+and+Practices+%E2%80%93+Jewish+Worship+and+Prayer&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Fjudaism%2Fpractices%2Fworship_prayer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span>. This practice is known, in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, as <i>shuckling</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whirlingdervishes.org/whirlingdervishes.htm">"The Whirling Dervishes of Rumi – Sufism and Dervishes"</a>. <i>WhirlingDervishes.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104195830/http://www.whirlingdervishes.org/whirlingdervishes.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WhirlingDervishes.org&rft.atitle=The+Whirling+Dervishes+of+Rumi+%E2%80%93+Sufism+and+Dervishes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whirlingdervishes.org%2Fwhirlingdervishes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery" class="citation web cs1">Avery, Chel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728090606/http://www.quakerinfo.org/quakerism/worship.html">"Quaker Worship"</a>. Quaker Information Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakerinfo.org/quakerism/worship.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quaker+Worship&rft.pub=Quaker+Information+Center&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=Chel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakerinfo.org%2Fquakerism%2Fworship.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson,_Millard_J.1998" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Millard J. (1998). <i>Christian theology</i>. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2182-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-2182-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+theology&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2182-4&rft.au=Erickson%2C+Millard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Encyclopedia of Islam. p. 20, Cyril Glassé (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolheiser2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Rolheiser" title="Ronald Rolheiser">Rolheiser, Ronald</a> (4 November 2013). "Practicing Affective Prayer". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eHrAQAAQBAJ"><i>Prayer: Our Deepest Longing</i></a>. Cincinnati, Ohio: Franciscan Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781616366575" title="Special:BookSources/9781616366575"><bdi>9781616366575</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>Private or 'affective' prayer has many forms — meditation, centering prayer, praying the rosary, and devotional prayers of all kinds. But affective prayer has a single aim: to draw us and our loved ones into deeper intimacy with Christ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Practicing+Affective+Prayer&rft.btitle=Prayer%3A+Our+Deepest+Longing&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Franciscan+Media&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft.isbn=9781616366575&rft.aulast=Rolheiser&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4eHrAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Encyclical_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclical letter">encyclical letter</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i> makes two prayers available, one which "we can share with all who believe in a God who is the all-powerful Creator", and another through which Christians can "ask for inspiration": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf"><i>Laudato si</i></a>, paragraph 246, published 24 May 2015, accessed 29 May 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catholic-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-catholic_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catholic_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynne1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wynne, John (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12345b.htm">"Prayer"</a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prayer&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F12345b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keating" title="Thomas Keating">Keating, Thomas</a> (1 January 2002) [1986]. "The History of Contemplative Prayer in the Christian Tradition". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pINxHWGTa6EC"><i>Open Mind, Open Heart: The Contemplative Dimension of the Gospel</i></a> (reprint ed.). New York: A&C Black. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826414205" title="Special:BookSources/9780826414205"><bdi>9780826414205</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>As the Sixteenth Century progressed, mental prayer came to be divided into discursive meditation if thoughts predominated; affective prayer if the emphasis was on acts of the will; and contemplation if graces infused by God were predominant. Discursive meditation, affective prayer, and contemplation were no longer different acts found in a single period of prayer, but distinct forms of prayer, each with its own proper aim, method and purpose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Contemplative+Prayer+in+the+Christian+Tradition&rft.btitle=Open+Mind%2C+Open+Heart%3A+The+Contemplative+Dimension+of+the+Gospel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=9780826414205&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpINxHWGTa6EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:James%205:14">James 5:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheckel2004" class="citation web cs1">Scheckel, Roger J. (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623093915/http://www.mariancatechist.com/html/spiritualdevelopment/prayer/sanctifyingyourdaywiththeangelus.htm">"The Angelus"</a>. The Marian Catechists. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mariancatechist.com/html/spiritualdevelopment/prayer/sanctifyingyourdaywiththeangelus.htm">the original</a> on 2008-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Angelus&rft.pub=The+Marian+Catechists&rft.date=2004-01&rft.aulast=Scheckel&rft.aufirst=Roger+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mariancatechist.com%2Fhtml%2Fspiritualdevelopment%2Fprayer%2Fsanctifyingyourdaywiththeangelus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704073342/http://www.pacificasiamuseum.org/buddhism/html/essay4.htm">"Buddhist Art"</a>. Pacific Asia Museum. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificasiamuseum.org/buddhism/html/essay4.htm">the original</a> on 2008-07-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Art&rft.pub=Pacific+Asia+Museum&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificasiamuseum.org%2Fbuddhism%2Fhtml%2Fessay4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emerick-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emerick_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emerick_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerick2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yahiya_Emerick" title="Yahiya Emerick">Emerick, Yahiya</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeidiotsgu00emer/page/127"><i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Islam</i></a></span>. Indianapolis, IN: Alpha Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeidiotsgu00emer/page/127">127–28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864233-8"><bdi>978-0-02-864233-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Islam&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN&rft.pages=127-28&rft.pub=Alpha+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-02-864233-8&rft.aulast=Emerick&rft.aufirst=Yahiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteidiotsgu00emer%2Fpage%2F127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See for example <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> <i>On Prayer</i>, cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2009" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Uwe Michael (1 January 2009). "Direction of Prayer, Liturgy, and Church Architecture in the Early Church: Facing East: The Christian Direction of Prayer". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=568JDgAAQBAJ"><i>Turning Towards the Lord: Orientation in Liturgical Prayer</i></a>. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781681496085" title="Special:BookSources/9781681496085"><bdi>9781681496085</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2023</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It should be immediately clear that the direction of the rising sun obviously indicates that we ought to pray inclining in that direction, an act which symbolizes the soul looking towards where <i>the true light</i> rises.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Direction+of+Prayer%2C+Liturgy%2C+and+Church+Architecture+in+the+Early+Church%3A+Facing+East%3A+The+Christian+Direction+of+Prayer&rft.btitle=Turning+Towards+the+Lord%3A+Orientation+in+Liturgical+Prayer&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=9781681496085&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Uwe+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D568JDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grosclaude, J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/1229">The Book of Common Prayer in Methodism: a Cherished Heritage or a Corrupting Influence?</a>, <i>Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique</i>, XXII-1, 2017, accessed 29 May 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Image from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artscraftsofourt00brow">"The arts and crafts of our Teutonic forefathers"</a> by G.B. Brown (1910), where it is glossed as "Bronze figure of a German, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris". "the existence of other bronze barbarians in similar attitudes of prayer and subjection suggests that the composition was a popular one" (Melissa Barden Dowling, Clemency and cruelty in the Roman world, 2006, p. 151)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellRussell1989" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, Claire; Russell, W.M.S. (1989). "Cultural Evolution of Behaviour". <i>Netherlands Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>40</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">745–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156854290X00190">10.1163/156854290X00190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Netherlands+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Cultural+Evolution+of+Behaviour&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E745-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156854290X00190&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Russell%2C+W.M.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070912124231/http://www.omf.org/omf/cambodia/about_cambodia/animism_profile">"Animism Profile in Cambodia"</a>. OMF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omf.org/omf/cambodia/about_cambodia/animism_profile">the original</a> on 2007-09-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Animism+Profile+in+Cambodia&rft.pub=OMF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omf.org%2Fomf%2Fcambodia%2Fabout_cambodia%2Fanimism_profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaleski,_CarolZaleski,_Philip2006" class="citation book cs1">Zaleski, Carol; Zaleski, Philip (2006). <i>Prayer: A History</i>. Boston: Mariner Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-77360-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-77360-2"><bdi>978-0-618-77360-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prayer%3A+A+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-618-77360-2&rft.au=Zaleski%2C+Carol&rft.au=Zaleski%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayor" class="citation web cs1">Rayor, Diane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017095410/http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9232/9232.intro.php">"The Homeric Hymns"</a>. University of California Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9232/9232.intro.php">the original</a> on 2008-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Homeric+Hymns&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.aulast=Rayor&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbooks%2Fpages%2F9232%2F9232.intro.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/posture.html">"Religio Romana"</a>. Nova Roma<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religio+Romana&rft.pub=Nova+Roma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novaroma.org%2Freligio_romana%2Fposture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_de_Forest_Allen" title="Frederic de Forest Allen">Frederic de Forest Allen</a>, <i>Remnants of Early Latin</i> (Boston: Ginn & Heath 1880 and Ginn & Co 1907).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g.: <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato</a>'s Mars Prayer, found in <i><a href="/wiki/De_Agri_Cultura" class="mw-redirect" title="De Agri Cultura">De Agri Cultura</a></i> (141), English translation at: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_SlocumCarol_Justus2014" class="citation cs1">Jonathan Slocum; Carol Justus, eds. (13 May 2014). "Cato's Mars Prayer". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903231425/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/iedocctr/ie-texts/Mars-prayer.html"><i>Indo-European Texts: Old Latin</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Linguistics_Research_Center_at_UT_Austin" title="Linguistics Research Center at UT Austin">Linguistics Research Center at UT Austin</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/iedocctr/ie-texts/Mars-prayer.html">the original</a> on 3 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cato%27s+Mars+Prayer&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Texts%3A+Old+Latin&rft.pub=Linguistics+Research+Center+at+UT+Austin&rft.date=2014-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utexas.edu%2Fcola%2Fcenters%2Flrc%2Fiedocctr%2Fie-texts%2FMars-prayer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe25.htm">"The Poetic Edda: Sigrdrifumol"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Poetic+Edda%3A+Sigrdrifumol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fneu%2Fpoe%2Fpoe25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">" although since the poem is often considered one of the youngest poems in the Poetic Edda, the passage has been the matter of some debate." <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Grundy" title="Stephan Grundy">Grundy, Stephan</a> (1998). "Freyja and Frigg" as collected in Billington, Sandra. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IoW9yhkrFJoC">The Concept of the Goddess</a></i>, p. 60. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-19789-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-19789-9">0-415-19789-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HOLLANDER100-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HOLLANDER100_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollander, Lee (trans.) (1955). <i>The saga of the Jómsvíkings</i>, p. 100. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-77623-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-77623-3">0-292-77623-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/R._K._Gordon" title="R. K. Gordon">Gordon, R. K.</a> (1962). <i>Anglo-Saxon Poetry</i>. Everyman's Library #794. M. Dent & Sons<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAMBDIN227-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LAMBDIN227_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lambdin, Laura C and Robert T. (2000). <i>Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature</i>, p. 227. Greenwood Publishing Group <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30054-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30054-2">0-313-30054-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WELLS51-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WELLS51_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wells, C.J." (1985). <i>German, a Linguistic History to 1945: A Linguistic History to 1945</i>, p. 51. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815795-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815795-9">0-19-815795-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkin1973" class="citation book cs1">Elkin, Adolphus P. (1973). <i>Aboriginal Men of High Degree: Initiation and Sorcery in the World's Oldest Tradition</i>. Inner Traditions – Bear & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-421-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-421-3"><bdi>978-0-89281-421-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+Men+of+High+Degree%3A+Initiation+and+Sorcery+in+the+World%27s+Oldest+Tradition&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%E2%80%93+Bear+%26+Company&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-421-3&rft.aulast=Elkin&rft.aufirst=Adolphus+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Prayer stick". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prayer+stick&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Eleventh+Edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurianIII2010" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, George Thomas; III, James D. Smith (2010-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dk4G-52QT-8C&q=The+most+common+form+of+prayer&pg=PA137"><i>The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7283-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7283-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-7283-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christian+Literature&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010-04-16&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7283-7&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George+Thomas&rft.au=III%2C+James+D.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddk4G-52QT-8C%26q%3DThe%2Bmost%2Bcommon%2Bform%2Bof%2Bprayer%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenberg, Moshe. Biblical Prose Prayer: As a Window to the Popular Religion of Ancient Israel. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1983 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8b69p1w7/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennett2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Dennett, Daniel C.</a> (2007). "Thank Goodness!". In <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Hitchens, Christopher</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Portable_Atheist" title="The Portable Atheist"><i>The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever</i></a>. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81608-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81608-6"><bdi>978-0-306-81608-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/156811900">156811900</a>. <q>Surely it does the world no harm if those who can honestly do so pray for me! No, I'm not at all sure about that. For one thing, if they <em>really</em> wanted to do something useful, they could devote their prayer time and energy to some pressing project that they can do something about.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thank+Goodness%21&rft.btitle=The+Portable+Atheist%3A+Essential+Readings+for+the+Nonbeliever&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F156811900&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81608-6&rft.aulast=Dennett&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolick1990" class="citation news cs1">Margolick, David (6 August 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/06/us/in-child-deaths-a-test-for-christian-science.html?pagewanted=all">"In Child Deaths, a Test for Christian Science"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104202219/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/06/us/in-child-deaths-a-test-for-christian-science.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Child+Deaths%2C+a+Test+for+Christian+Science&rft.date=1990-08-06&rft.aulast=Margolick&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F08%2F06%2Fus%2Fin-child-deaths-a-test-for-christian-science.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitchens_2012_n.p-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hitchens_2012_n.p_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Hitchens, Christopher</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/Mortality_(book)" title="Mortality (book)"><i>Mortality</i></a>. New York: Twelve. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4555-0275-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4555-0275-2"><bdi>978-1-4555-0275-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/776526158">776526158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mortality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Twelve&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F776526158&rft.isbn=978-1-4555-0275-2&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBounds1907" class="citation book cs1">Bounds, Edward McKendree (1907). <i>The Necessity of Prayer</i>. AGES Software. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-0659-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-0659-3"><bdi>978-0-8010-0659-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Necessity+of+Prayer&rft.pub=AGES+Software&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-0659-3&rft.aulast=Bounds&rft.aufirst=Edward+McKendree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guide to the Perplexed 3:51<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (January 2020)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_ha-Ikkarim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer ha-Ikkarim">Sefer ha-Ikkarim</a></i> 4:18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reeves R. (JUNE 11, 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2015/june-web-only/no-prayer-isnt-really-conversation.html">"No, Prayer Isn’t Really a Conversation"</a> <i>Christianity Today</i>. Accessed 9 April 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ULFAT AZIZ-US-SAMAD (2003). Islam & Christianity. <i>islambasics</i>. Accessed 9 April 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/beliefs-about-god-in-india/">"RELIGION IN INDIA: TOLERANCE AND SEGREGATION"</a> <i>Pew Research Center</i>. Accessed 9 April 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p4s1c3a1.htm"><i>The Catechism of the Catholic Church</i></a>. Vatican. ¶ 2708<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=%C2%B6+2708&rft.pub=Vatican&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp4s1c3a1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Darkness of God: Negativity in Christian Mysticism</i> by Denys Turner 1998 Cambridge University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64561-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64561-1">0-521-64561-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori199947-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori199947_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHori1999">Hori 1999</a>, p. 47.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHori1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Issues in Science and Religion, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Barbour" title="Ian Barbour">Ian Barbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prentice-Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall">Prentice-Hall</a>, 1966, pp. 68, 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=9359">"Gestures of Worship: Relearning Our Ritual Language"</a> <i>catholicculture</i>. Accessed 9 April 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_Science_and_Religion" title="Issues in Science and Religion">Issues in Science and Religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Barbour" title="Ian Barbour">Ian Barbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prentice-Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall">Prentice-Hall</a>, 1966, pp. 114, 116–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_Science_and_Religion" title="Issues in Science and Religion">Issues in Science and Religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Barbour" title="Ian Barbour">Ian Barbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prentice-Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall">Prentice-Hall</a>, 1966, pp. 126–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sharf, Robert H. (2000). "The rhetoric of experience and the study of religion". <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">267–</span>287.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&rft.atitle=The+rhetoric+of+experience+and+the+study+of+religion&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E287&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrithers198318-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrithers198318_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarrithers1983">Carrithers 1983</a>, p. 18.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFCarrithers1983 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekida1985196–97-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekida1985196–97_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekida1985">Sekida 1985</a>, pp. 196–97.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSekida1985 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekida1985251-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekida1985251_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekida1985">Sekida 1985</a>, p. 251.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSekida1985 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMahan2008">McMahan 2008</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcMahan2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sharf, Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/nu/42/3/article-p228_2.xml">"Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience"</a>. <i>Numen</i>. <b>42</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">228–</span>283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568527952598549">10.1163/1568527952598549</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F43810">2027.42/43810</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Modernism+and+the+Rhetoric+of+Meditative+Experience&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E283&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F43810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568527952598549&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fnu%2F42%2F3%2Farticle-p228_2.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohr2000282–86-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohr2000282–86_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohr2000">Mohr 2000</a>, pp. 282–86.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMohr2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELow200612-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow200612_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLow2006">Low 2006</a>, p. 12.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFLow2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf1995_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharf1995">Sharf 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori199430-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori199430_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHori1994">Hori 1994</a>, p. 30.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHori1994 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamy199882-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamy199882_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamy1998">Samy 1998</a>, p. 82.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSamy1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohr2000282-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohr2000282_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohr2000">Mohr 2000</a>, p. 282.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMohr2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamy199880–82-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamy199880–82_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamy1998">Samy 1998</a>, pp. 80–82.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSamy1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamy199880-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamy199880_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamy1998">Samy 1998</a>, p. 80.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSamy1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22648328#:~:text=William%20Blake%20wrote%20that%20%22if,Machen%20expressed%20the%20same%20thought.">"A Point Of View: The doors of perception"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 26 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=A+Point+Of+View%3A+The+doors+of+perception&rft.date=2013-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-22648328%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWilliam%2520Blake%2520wrote%2520that%2520%2522if%2CMachen%2520expressed%2520the%2520same%2520thought.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohr2000284-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohr2000284_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohr2000">Mohr 2000</a>, p. 284.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMohr2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gen.%2025:21&version=NIV">"Gen. 25: 21"</a>. Biblegateway.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gen.+25%3A+21&rft.pub=Biblegateway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DGen.%252025%3A21%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%2011:2&version=NIV">"Num. 11:2"</a>. Biblegateway.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Num.+11%3A2&rft.pub=Biblegateway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DNumbers%252011%3A2%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Samuel+8:6&version=NIV">"1 Samuel 8:6"</a>. Biblegateway.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+Samuel+8%3A6&rft.pub=Biblegateway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3D1%2520Samuel%2B8%3A6%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+42:10&version=NIV">"Job. 42:10"</a>. Biblegateway.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Job.+42%3A10&rft.pub=Biblegateway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DJob%2B42%3A10%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jewish Encyclopedia, "Prayer," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=496&letter=P">http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=496&letter=P</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%204:2&version=nrsv">Colossians 4:2</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Thessalonians%205:17&version=nrsv">1 Thessalonians 5:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%207:5&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 7:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%206:6&version=nrsv">Matthew 6:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%207:7–11&version=nrsv">Matthew 7:7–11</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%209:24–29&version=nrsv">Matthew 9:24–29</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2011:13&version=nrsv">Luke 11:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%204:2&version=nrsv">James 4:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:17–18&version=nrsv">Mark 16:17–18</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2010:8&version=nrsv">Matthew 10:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Thessalonians%205:17&version=nrsv">1 Thessalonians 5:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil2010" class="citation cs1">Weil, Steven (September 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.org/torah/article/why_tefilah_doesn">"Why Tefilah Doesn't Mean Prayer: Redefining our Relationship with G-d"</a>. <i>ou.org</i> (video presentation). <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ou.org&rft.atitle=Why+Tefilah+Doesn%27t+Mean+Prayer%3A+Redefining+our+Relationship+with+G-d&rft.date=2010-09-14&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Ftorah%2Farticle%2Fwhy_tefilah_doesn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilberbergn.d." class="citation cs1">Silberberg, Naftali (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/862508/jewish/Talking-With-Gd.htm">"Jewish Practice " Mitzvahs & Traditions " Prayer " Insights – Talking With G‑d"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chabad.org&rft.atitle=Jewish+Practice+%22+Mitzvahs+%26+Traditions+%22+Prayer+%22+Insights+%E2%80%93+Talking+With+G%E2%80%91d&rft.aulast=Silberberg&rft.aufirst=Naftali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F862508%2Fjewish%2FTalking-With-Gd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/114937/jewish/The-Kabbalah.htm">The Kabbalah of Prayer</a> on Chabad.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%206:9–13">Matthew 6:9–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geldart108-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geldart108_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geldart108_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Examining Religions: Christianity Foundation Edition</i> by Anne Geldart 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-30324-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-435-30324-4">0-435-30324-4</a> p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwick1993-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick1993_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Chadwick1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Henry Chadwick</a> (1993). <i>The Early Church</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-16042-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-16042-8"><bdi>978-1-101-16042-8</bdi></a>. <q>Hippolytus in the <i>Apostolic Tradition</i> directed that Christians should pray seven times a day - on rising, at the lighting of the evening lamp, at bedtime, at midnight, and also, if at home, at the third, sixth and ninth hours of the day, being hours associated with Christ's Passion. Prayers at the third, sixth, and ninth hours are similarly mentioned by Tertullian, Cyprian, Clement of Alexandria and Origen, and must have been very widely practised. These prayers were commonly associated with private Bible reading in the family.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Church&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-101-16042-8&rft.au=Henry+Chadwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lössl2010-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lössl2010_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLössl2010" class="citation book cs1">Lössl, Josef (17 February 2010). <i>The Early Church: History and Memory</i>. A&C Black. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-16561-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-16561-9"><bdi>978-0-567-16561-9</bdi></a>. <q>Not only the content of early Christian prayer was rooted in Jewish tradition; its daily structure too initially followed a Jewish pattern, with prayer times in the early morning, at noon and in the evening. Later (in the course of the second century), this pattern combined with another one; namely prayer times in the evening, at midnight and in the morning. As a result seven 'hours of prayer' emerged, which later became the monastic 'hours' and are still treated as 'standard' prayer times in many churches today. They are roughly equivalent to midnight, 6 a.m., 9 a.m., noon, 3 p.m., 6 p.m. and 9 p.m. Prayer positions included prostration, kneeling and standing. ... Crosses made of wood or stone, or painted on walls or laid out as mosaics, were also in use, at first not directly as objections of veneration but in order to 'orientate' the direction of prayer (i.e. towards the east, Latin <i>oriens</i>).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Church%3A+History+and+Memory&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010-02-17&rft.isbn=978-0-567-16561-9&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6ssl&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurian2020-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurian2020_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurian" class="citation web cs1">Kurian, Jake. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ds-wa.org/seven-times-a-day-i-praise-you-the-sheema-prayers.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Seven Times a Day I Praise You" – The Shehimo Prayers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Southwest_America" title="Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Southwest America">Diocese of South-West America of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Seven+Times+a+Day+I+Praise+You%22+%E2%80%93+The+Shehimo+Prayers&rft.pub=Diocese+of+South-West+America+of+the+Malankara+Orthodox+Syrian+Church&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ds-wa.org%2Fseven-times-a-day-i-praise-you-the-sheema-prayers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amherst1906-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amherst1906_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney" title="Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney">Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney</a> (1906). <i>A Sketch of Egyptian History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day</i>. Methuen. p. 399. <q>Prayers 7 times a day are enjoined, and the most strict among the Copts recite one of more of the Psalms of David each time they pray. They always wash their hands and faces before devotions, and turn to the East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sketch+of+Egyptian+History+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Mary+Cecil%2C+2nd+Baroness+Amherst+of+Hackney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaavitsainen2001" class="citation journal cs1">Taavitsainen, Irma (2001). "Middle English Recipes: Genre Characteristics, Text Type Features and Underlying Traditions of Writing". <i>Journal of Historical Pragmatics</i>. <b>2</b>: 85–113 [103]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjhp.2.1.05taa">10.1075/jhp.2.1.05taa</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Pragmatics&rft.atitle=Middle+English+Recipes%3A+Genre+Characteristics%2C+Text+Type+Features+and+Underlying+Traditions+of+Writing&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=85-113+103&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjhp.2.1.05taa&rft.aulast=Taavitsainen&rft.aufirst=Irma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gould_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2016" class="citation book cs1">Gould, James B. (4 August 2016). <i>Understanding Prayer for the Dead: Its Foundation in History and Logic</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620329887" title="Special:BookSources/9781620329887"><bdi>9781620329887</bdi></a>. <q>The Roman Catholic and English Methodist churches both pray for the dead. Their consensus statement confirms that "over the centuries in the Catholic tradition praying for the dead has developed into a variety of practices, especially through the Mass. ...The Methodist church ... has prayers for the dead. ...Methodists who pray for the dead thereby commend them to the continuing mercy of God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Prayer+for+the+Dead%3A+Its+Foundation+in+History+and+Logic&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft.isbn=9781620329887&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2017" class="citation book cs1">Gould, James B. (2017). <i>Understanding Prayer for the Dead: Its Foundation in History and Logic</i>. The Lutterworth Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-4599-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-4599-5"><bdi>978-0-7188-4599-5</bdi></a>. <q>The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America remembers the faithful departed in the Prayers of the People every Sunday, including those who have recently died and those commemorated on the church calendar of saints.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Prayer+for+the+Dead%3A+Its+Foundation+in+History+and+Logic&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=The+Lutterworth+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7188-4599-5&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King2006-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King2006_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King2006_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2006" class="citation book cs1">King, Mike (29 August 2006). <i>Presence-Centered Youth Ministry: Guiding Students Into Spiritual Formation</i>. InterVarsity Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3383-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3383-2"><bdi>978-0-8308-3383-2</bdi></a>. <q>Luther instructed his followers to make the sign of the cross at both the beginning and end of the day as a beginning to daily prayers. In the Small Catechism, the section on morning and evening prayers, Luther says: "When you get out of bed, bless yourself with the holy cross and say, 'In the name of God, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Amen.'" This same instruction is given for bedtime.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presence-Centered+Youth+Ministry%3A+Guiding+Students+Into+Spiritual+Formation&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2006-08-29&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-3383-2&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See John 16:23, 26; John 14:13; John 15:16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parry, Ken; David Melling (editors) (1999). <i>The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-23203-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-23203-6">0-631-23203-6</a> p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Slater, Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Reparation"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Reparation">"Reparation" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reparation&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, 2nd ed, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/religion/stories/s820631.htm">"Library – Religion – Christianity – Pentecostalism"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104194445/http://www.abc.net.au/religion/stories/s820631.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+%E2%80%93+Religion+%E2%80%93+Christianity+%E2%80%93+Pentecostalism&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Freligion%2Fstories%2Fs820631.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%202:1–13">Acts 2:1–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2010:45–47">Acts 10:45–47</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Barton Cutten, <i>Speaking with Tongues Historically and Psychologically Considered</i>, Yale University Press, 1927.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodman, Felicitas D., <i>Speaking in Tongues: A Cross-Cultural Study in Glossolalia</i>. University of Chicago Press, 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hine, Virginia H.: 'Pentecostal Glossolalia toward a Functional Interpretation.' <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i> 8, 2: (1969) 211–26: quote on p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samarin, William J., <i>Tongues of Men and Angels: The Religious Language of Pentecostalism</i>. Macmillan, New York, 1972, quote on p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hine, Virginia H.: 'Pentecostal Glossolalia toward a Functional Interpretation.' <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i> 8, 2: (1969) 211–26: quote on p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanos, Nicholas P.; Hewitt, Erin C.: Glossolalia: 'A test of the 'trance' and psychopathology hypotheses.' <i>Journal of Abnormal Psychology</i>: 1979 Aug Vol 88(4) 427–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a>, "Prayer," in Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, Boston, Trustees Under the Will of Mary Baker Eddy, 1934 [etc.] pp. 1–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/19990830121655/http://www.christianscience.org/QAIsthereintercesprayer.html">"Is there no intercessory prayer?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianscience.org/QAIsthereintercesprayer.html">the original</a> on 1999-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+there+no+intercessory+prayer%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianscience.org%2FQAIsthereintercesprayer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaNaʻīm2009" class="citation book cs1">Na, Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im; Naʻīm, ʻabd Allāh Aḥmad (30 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aKenKtONX2MC&dq=muslims+pray+three+times+a+day&pg=PA238"><i>Islam and the Secular State</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674033764" title="Special:BookSources/9780674033764"><bdi>9780674033764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Secular+State&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.isbn=9780674033764&rft.aulast=Na&rft.aufirst=Abdullahi+Ahmed+An-Na%27im&rft.au=Na%CA%BB%C4%ABm%2C+%CA%BBabd+All%C4%81h+A%E1%B8%A5mad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaKenKtONX2MC%26dq%3Dmuslims%2Bpray%2Bthree%2Btimes%2Ba%2Bday%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis_Iv2009" class="citation book cs1">Curtis Iv, Edward E. (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIzC9N8-7Z0C&dq=some+muslims+pray+three+times+a+day&pg=PT23"><i>Muslims in America: A Short History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974567-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974567-8"><bdi>978-0-19-974567-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+America%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-10&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974567-8&rft.aulast=Curtis+Iv&rft.aufirst=Edward+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZIzC9N8-7Z0C%26dq%3Dsome%2Bmuslims%2Bpray%2Bthree%2Btimes%2Ba%2Bday%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlaBw3MUGBEC&dq=shia+pray+3+times&pg=PA91">Muslim cultures today: a reference guide</a> By Kathryn M. Coughlin, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamquest.net/en/archive/question/fa2334">Why do we the Shia pray at three times while the Quran tells us to pray at five times?</a> islamquest.net Retrieved 19 Oct 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley2010-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley2010_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley2010_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2010" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010). <i>The great stem of souls: reconstructing Mandaean history</i>. Piscataway, N.J: Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-621-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-621-9"><bdi>978-1-59333-621-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+stem+of+souls%3A+reconstructing+Mandaean+history&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+N.J&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-621-9&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley_2002-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). <i>The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5"><bdi>0-19-515385-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65198443">65198443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+ancient+texts+and+modern+people&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65198443&rft.isbn=0-19-515385-5&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drower_1959-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drower_1959_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drower_1959_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1959" class="citation book cs1">Drower, E. S. (1959). <i>The Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canonical+Prayerbook+of+the+Mandaeans&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=E.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liturgien-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liturgien_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lidzbarski, Mark. 1920. <i>Mandäische Liturgien</i>. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, phil.-hist. Klasse, NF 17.1. Berlin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drower_1937-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drower_1937_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drower, Ethel Stefana. 1937. <i>The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran</i>. Oxford At The Clarendon Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation book cs1">Smith, P. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/274"><i>A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith</i></a>. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/274">274–75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6"><bdi>978-1-85168-184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=274-75&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-184-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope0000smit%2Fpage%2F274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Souter A. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logos.com/product/41602/tertullians-treatises-concerning-prayer-concerning-baptism">Tertullian’s Treatises: Concerning Prayer, Concerning Baptism</a> <i>SPCK; Macmillan Co</i>. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muzammil H. Siddiqi (20 December 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-the-scholar/muslim-creed/how-does-islam-view-baptism/">"How Does Islam View Baptism?"</a> <i>aboutislam.net</i>. Accessed 9 April 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aitareya Brahmana 5.32, Arthur Berriedale Keith, <i>The Aitareya and Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇas of the Rigveda</i>. Harvard University Press, 1920, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1982" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Steven (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selflesspersonsi0000coll"><i>Selfless Persons</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selflesspersonsi0000coll/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1"><bdi>978-0-521-39726-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selfless+Persons&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39726-1&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselflesspersonsi0000coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangharakshita1993" class="citation book cs1">Sangharakshita, Bhikshu (1993). <i>A Survey of Buddhism</i>. Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom: Windhorse Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">449–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904766-65-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904766-65-3"><bdi>978-0-904766-65-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Guildford%2C+Surrey%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E449-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=Windhorse+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-904766-65-3&rft.aulast=Sangharakshita&rft.aufirst=Bhikshu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sutrasmantras.info/prayers.html">"Buddhist Prayers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Prayers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sutrasmantras.info%2Fprayers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keown, Damien (ed.) with Hodge, Stephen; Jones, Charles; Tinti, Paola (2003). <i>A Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 100. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860560-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860560-9">0-19-860560-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithnovak03-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smithnovak03_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithnovak03_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithnovak03_133-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Flowering of Faith: Buddhism's Pure Land Tradition" (pp. 185–98) in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithPhilip_Novak2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Huston_Smith" title="Huston Smith">Smith, Huston</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Novak" title="Philip Novak">Philip Novak</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Smith+novak+isbn%3A0060506962+&btnG=Search+Books"><i>Buddhism: A concise introduction</i></a>. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-050696-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-050696-4"><bdi>978-0-06-050696-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+A+concise+introduction&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-06-050696-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Huston&rft.au=Philip+Novak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DSmith%2Bnovak%2Bisbn%253A0060506962%2B%26btnG%3DSearch%2BBooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith and Novak (2003) state that "Pure Land Buddhism has entered America almost exclusively from Japan, and the church Shinran founded is the largest Pure Land presence on this continent" (p. 193).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This quotation is Smith and Novak's paraphrase of Shinran's teaching.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caldwell, Xenia (2016). "All About Importance of Prayers in Religion". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-283-49986-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-283-49986-6">978-1-283-49986-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2010" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Stephen (24 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5732hIV03kC&dq=false&pg=PA44"><i>Stephen Jacobs (2010), </i>Hinduism Today: An Introduction<i>, Continuum International Publishing Group, p. 44</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826430656" title="Special:BookSources/9780826430656"><bdi>9780826430656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stephen+Jacobs+%282010%29%2C+Hinduism+Today%3A+An+Introduction%2C+Continuum+International+Publishing+Group%2C+p.+44&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft.isbn=9780826430656&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da5732hIV03kC%26dq%3Dfalse%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060806235347/http://www.sgpc.net/ardas/index.asp">"Ardas"</a>. <i>sgpc.net</i>. <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgpc.net/ardas/index.asp">the original</a> on 2006-08-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=sgpc.net&rft.atitle=Ardas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgpc.net%2Fardas%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.sgpc.net/ardas/#">"Learn and recite the Holy Ardas"</a>. <i>sgpc.net</i>. <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=sgpc.net&rft.atitle=Learn+and+recite+the+Holy+Ardas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.sgpc.net%2Fardas%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/zoroastrian/worship/worship.shtml#:~:text=Prayers%20are%20primarily%20invocational,%20calling,strongly%20emphasised%20in%20Zoroastrian%20rituals.">"BBC - Religions - Zoroastrian: Worship"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+-+Religions+-+Zoroastrian%3A+Worship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fzoroastrian%2Fworship%2Fworship.shtml%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPrayers%2520are%2520primarily%2520invocational%2C%2520calling%2Cstrongly%2520emphasised%2520in%2520Zoroastrian%2520rituals.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/worship/index.htm">"Zoroastrian Worship, Eternal Flame, Prayer"</a>. <i>www.heritageinstitute.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heritageinstitute.com&rft.atitle=Zoroastrian+Worship%2C+Eternal+Flame%2C+Prayer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritageinstitute.com%2Fzoroastrianism%2Fworship%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Wiccan Prayer Book: Daily, Mark Ventimiglia (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, Susan J., <i>Aliens Adored</i>. Rutgers University Press, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raël, Sensual Meditation. Tagman Press, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eckankar: Ancient Wisdom for Today. p. 20, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuQuette, Lon Milo. <i>The Magick of Aleister Crowley: A Handbook of the Rituals of Thelema</i>, p. 12. 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Melbourne. 2009-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Pell+adamant+prayer+cures+cancer&rft.date=2009-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fpell-adamant-prayer-cures-cancer-20091221-l8fy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jarego2022-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jarego2022_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaregoFerreira-ValenteQueiroz-GarciaDay2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jarego, M; Ferreira-Valente, A; Queiroz-Garcia, I; Day, MA; Pais-Ribeiro, J; Costa, RM; Pimenta, F; Jensen, MP (3 December 2022). "Are Prayer-Based Interventions Effective Pain Management Options? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". <i>Journal of Religion and Health</i>. <b>62</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1780–</span>1809. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10943-022-01709-z">10.1007/s10943-022-01709-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10400.12%2F8895">10400.12/8895</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36462092">36462092</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254179534">254179534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Health&rft.atitle=Are+Prayer-Based+Interventions+Effective+Pain+Management+Options%3F+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-analysis+of+Randomized+Controlled+Trials.&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1780-%3C%2Fspan%3E1809&rft.date=2022-12-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10400.12%2F8895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254179534%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36462092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10943-022-01709-z&rft.aulast=Jarego&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Ferreira-Valente%2C+A&rft.au=Queiroz-Garcia%2C+I&rft.au=Day%2C+MA&rft.au=Pais-Ribeiro%2C+J&rft.au=Costa%2C+RM&rft.au=Pimenta%2C+F&rft.au=Jensen%2C+MP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2005" class="citation cs1">Anonymous (July 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skeptico.blogs.com/skeptico/2005/07/prayer_still_us.html">"Skeptico – Prayer still useless"</a>. <i>skeptico.blogs.com</i> (blog). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104203127/http://skeptico.blogs.com/skeptico/2005/07/prayer_still_us.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=skeptico.blogs.com&rft.atitle=Skeptico+%E2%80%93+Prayer+still+useless&rft.date=2005-07-20&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskeptico.blogs.com%2Fskeptico%2F2005%2F07%2Fprayer_still_us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tessman I and Tessman J "Efficacy of Prayer: A Critical Examination of Claims," Skeptical Inquirer, March/April 2000,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeibovici2001" class="citation journal cs1">Leibovici, L (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC61047">"Effects of remote, retroactive intercessory prayer on outcomes in patients with bloodstream infection: randomized controlled trial"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>323</b> (7327): <span class="nowrap">1450–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.323.7327.1450">10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1450</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC61047">61047</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751349">11751349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Effects+of+remote%2C+retroactive+intercessory+prayer+on+outcomes+in+patients+with+bloodstream+infection%3A+randomized+controlled+trial&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=7327&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1450-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC61047%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11751349&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.323.7327.1450&rft.aulast=Leibovici&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC61047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvilesWhelanHernkeWilliams2001" class="citation journal cs1">Aviles, JM; Whelan, SE; Hernke, DA; Williams, BA; Kenny, KE; O'Fallon, WM; Kopecky, SL (2001). "Intercessory prayer and cardiovascular disease progression in a coronary care unit population: a randomized controlled trial". <i>Mayo Clin Proc</i>. <b>76</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1192–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4065%2F76.12.1192">10.4065/76.12.1192</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11761499">11761499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clin+Proc&rft.atitle=Intercessory+prayer+and+cardiovascular+disease+progression+in+a+coronary+care+unit+population%3A+a+randomized+controlled+trial&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1192-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4065%2F76.12.1192&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11761499&rft.aulast=Aviles&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Whelan%2C+SE&rft.au=Hernke%2C+DA&rft.au=Williams%2C+BA&rft.au=Kenny%2C+KE&rft.au=O%27Fallon%2C+WM&rft.au=Kopecky%2C+SL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrucoffCraterGallupBlankenship2005" class="citation journal cs1">Krucoff, MW; Crater, SW; Gallup, D; Blankenship, JC; Cuffe, M; Guarneri, M; Krieger, RA; Kshettry, VR; Morris, K; Oz, M; Pichard, A; Sketch, MH Jr; Koenig, HG; Mark, D; Lee, KL (2005). "Music, imagery, touch, and prayer as adjuncts to interventional cardiac care: the Monitoring and Actualisation of Noetic Trainings (MANTRA) II randomised study". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>366</b> (9481): <span class="nowrap">211–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2805%2966910-3">10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66910-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16023511">16023511</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18281837">18281837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Music%2C+imagery%2C+touch%2C+and+prayer+as+adjuncts+to+interventional+cardiac+care%3A+the+Monitoring+and+Actualisation+of+Noetic+Trainings+%28MANTRA%29+II+randomised+study&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=9481&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18281837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16023511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2805%2966910-3&rft.aulast=Krucoff&rft.aufirst=MW&rft.au=Crater%2C+SW&rft.au=Gallup%2C+D&rft.au=Blankenship%2C+JC&rft.au=Cuffe%2C+M&rft.au=Guarneri%2C+M&rft.au=Krieger%2C+RA&rft.au=Kshettry%2C+VR&rft.au=Morris%2C+K&rft.au=Oz%2C+M&rft.au=Pichard%2C+A&rft.au=Sketch%2C+MH+Jr&rft.au=Koenig%2C+HG&rft.au=Mark%2C+D&rft.au=Lee%2C+KL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centrastate.com/body.cfm?id=520&action=detail&articlepath=/Atoz/dc/cen/canc/gen/mindspirit.html#7">Mind and Spirit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201075605/http://www.centrastate.com/body.cfm?id=520&action=detail&articlepath=%2FAtoz%2Fdc%2Fcen%2Fcanc%2Fgen%2Fmindspirit.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>from the Health Library section of</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centrastate.com">CentraState Healthcare System</a>. Accessed May 18, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newberg, Andrew. Interviewed by Barbra Bradley Hagerty. "Prayer May Re-Shape Your Brain". www.npr.org "All Things Considered." 20 May 2009. National Public Radio. Web. 30 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.npr.org/2009/05/20/104310443/prayer-may-reshape-your-brain-and-your-reality">https://www.npr.org/2009/05/20/104310443/prayer-may-reshape-your-brain-and-your-reality</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoli2010" class="citation book cs1">Goli, Farzad (2010). <i>Bioenergy economy: a methodological study on bioenergy-based therapies</i>. Xlibris Corporation LLC. pp. <span class="nowrap">128–</span>132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1453538661" title="Special:BookSources/978-1453538661"><bdi>978-1453538661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioenergy+economy%3A+a+methodological+study+on+bioenergy-based+therapies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation+LLC&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1453538661&rft.aulast=Goli&rft.aufirst=Farzad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaWirth2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cha, KY; Wirth, DP (2001). "Does prayer influence the success of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer? Report of a masked, randomized trial". <i>Journal of Reproductive Medicine</i>. <b>46</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">781–</span>787. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11584476">11584476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Reproductive+Medicine&rft.atitle=Does+prayer+influence+the+success+of+in+vitro+fertilization-embryo+transfer%3F+Report+of+a+masked%2C+randomized+trial.&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E781-%3C%2Fspan%3E787&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11584476&rft.aulast=Cha&rft.aufirst=KY&rft.au=Wirth%2C+DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span><span class="" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color: #555;"> (Erratum: <span class="error">Error: Bad DOI specified!</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11584476">11584476</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlamm2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Flamm, Bruce (September–October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2004/09/the-columbia-university-miracle-study-flawed-and-fraud/">"The Columbia University Study flawed and fraud"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>. Vol. 28, no. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+Columbia+University+Study+flawed+and+fraud&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2004-09%2F2004-10&rft.aulast=Flamm&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2F2004%2F09%2Fthe-columbia-university-miracle-study-flawed-and-fraud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041018194658/http://nccam.nih.gov/news/camsurvey.htm">"Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in the United States"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nccam.nih.gov/news/camsurvey.htm">the original</a> on 2004-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2004-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicine+Use+in+the+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnccam.nih.gov%2Fnews%2Fcamsurvey.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayer&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Prayer</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=prayer">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=prayer&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Prayer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Prayer">Prayer</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_shamanism" title="Gurung shamanism">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li>Demographics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">World</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_spirituality183" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Template:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Template talk:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_spirituality183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Modern spirituality</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_spirituality" title="Outline of spirituality">Outline of spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">Category:Spirituality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akashic_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashic Records">Akashic Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekam" title="Ekam">Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenesis_(creative_intelligences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenesis (creative intelligences)">Epigenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic of reciprocity">Ethic of reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_peace" title="Inner peace">Inner peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involution_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Involution (philosophy)">Involution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-sitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lataif-e-sitta">Lataif-e-sitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%27s_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind's eye">Mind's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (cosmology)">Planes of existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabd" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabd">Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">Shunyata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual possession">Spiritual possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatvas">Tatvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">Bearing testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">Being born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelling_(mediumistic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelling (mediumistic)">Channelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chanting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">Contemplation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconolatry" title="Iconolatry">Iconolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinomichi" title="Kinomichi">Kinomichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magick" class="mw-redirect" title="Magick">Magick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of religion">Ministering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Muraqaba">Muraqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaj_marg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaj marg">Sahaj marg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplication" title="Supplication">Supplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">Wabi-sabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Wearing vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belief systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana">Darshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutheism,_dystheism,_and_maltheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism">Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinism" title="Martinism">Martinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akilattirattu_Ammanai" class="mw-redirect" title="Akilattirattu Ammanai">Akilattirattu Ammanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scripture">Hindu scripture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_AL_vel_Legis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber AL vel Legis">Liber AL vel Legis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism#Literature" title="Sufism">Sufi texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">Virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meditation177" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meditation" title="Template:Meditation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meditation" title="Template talk:Meditation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meditation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meditation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meditation177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_activity_and_meditation" title="Brain activity and meditation">Brain activity and meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of meditation">History of meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditation in popular culture">Meditation in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Mind–body interventions">Mind–body interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_meditation" title="Effects of meditation">Research on meditation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati (Buddhist breathing meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Christian meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_meditation" title="Taoist meditation">Taoist meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancemeditation" title="Dancemeditation">Dancemeditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna (Buddhist meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyāna (Hindu meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis (Neoplatonic meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic meditation">Islamic meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Jain meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_meditation" title="Jewish meditation">Jewish meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah (Sufi meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation#New_Age" title="Meditation">New Age meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo (Sikism meditation)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neigong" title="Neigong">Neigong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama (yoga breathing practice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silva_Method" title="Silva Method">Silva Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental meditation (TM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha-vipassana">Vipassanā (Silent meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhan_zhuang" title="Zhan zhuang"><i>Zhan zhuang</i> (tai chi standing meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5Rhythms" title="5Rhythms">5Rhythms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwave_entrainment" title="Brainwave entrainment">Brainwave entrainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_breathing" title="Diaphragmatic breathing">Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chanting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscious_breathing" title="Conscious breathing">Conscious breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided meditation">Guided meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation_music" title="Meditation music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Oneness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_poetry" title="Meditative poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_postures" title="Meditative postures">Postures</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxation_technique" title="Relaxation technique">Relaxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyama" title="Samyama">Samyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha-vipassana">Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation#Sound-based_meditation" title="Meditation">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">Trance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">Visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Focused attention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thich Nhat Hanh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Open awareness <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pema_Ch%C3%B6dr%C3%B6n" title="Pema Chödrön">Pema Chödrön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Piver" title="Susan Piver">Susan Piver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Goenka" title="S. N. Goenka">S. N. Goenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein_(writer)" title="Joseph Goldstein (writer)">Joseph Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Yuval Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthieu_Ricard" title="Matthieu Ricard">Matthieu Ricard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Salzberg" title="Sharon Salzberg">Sharon Salzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goleman" title="Daniel Goleman">Daniel Goleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Chodron" title="Thubten Chodron">Thubten Chodron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martine_Batchelor" title="Martine Batchelor">Martine Batchelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Batchelor_(author)" title="Stephen Batchelor (author)">Stephen Batchelor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Varieties_of_the_Meditative_Experience" title="The Varieties of the Meditative Experience">The Varieties of the Meditative Experience</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meditation_and_pain" title="Meditation and pain">Meditation and pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>116 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-2q5kk","wgBackendResponseTime":194,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.589","walltime":"1.948","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14148,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":468222,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14878,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":47,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":449277,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1534.502 1 -total"," 36.09% 553.824 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.36% 251.010 36 Template:Cite_book"," 6.84% 104.993 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.06% 93.048 1 Template:Prayer"," 6.06% 92.987 10 Template:Fix"," 5.94% 91.186 1 Template:Sidebar"," 5.87% 90.069 1 Template:Langx"," 5.73% 87.972 15 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.42% 83.228 14 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.907","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17947384,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnonymous2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnonymous2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvery\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvilesWhelanHernkeWilliams2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellarmine1847\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellarmine1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBensonDusekSherwoodetal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBounds1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrd1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaWirth2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis_Iv2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeharbe1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennett2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrower1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElkin1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmerick2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson,_Millard_J.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlamm2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalton1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoli2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrington2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisGowdaKolbStrychacz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_Chadwick1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHessle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchens2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodge2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorstius1877\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaregoFerreira-ValenteQueiroz-GarciaDay2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_SlocumCarol_Justus2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeating2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrucoffCraterGallupBlankenship2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurianIII2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeibovici2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiguori1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittlebird2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLössl2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargolick1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaNaʻīm2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Laoire1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmkaranandan.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosner1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolheiser2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussellRussell1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaletan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSangharakshita1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheckel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharf1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharf2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilberbergn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlater1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithPhilip_Novak2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaavitsainen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeil2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynne1911\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZaleski,_CarolZaleski,_Philip2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 15,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholic\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 12,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation not found\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite Catholic Encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 22,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Prayer\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Em\"] = 1,\n [\"Erratum\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 10,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Meditation\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 4,\n [\"Nonspecific\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Opinion\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Prayer\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spirituality-related topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\nno target: CITEREFHori1999\nno target: CITEREFCarrithers1983\nno target: CITEREFSekida1985\nno target: CITEREFSekida1985\nno target: CITEREFMcMahan2008\nno target: CITEREFMohr2000\nno target: CITEREFLow2006\nno target: CITEREFHori1994\nno target: CITEREFSamy1998\nno target: CITEREFMohr2000\nno target: CITEREFSamy1998\nno target: CITEREFSamy1998\nno target: CITEREFMohr2000\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-7fqgh","timestamp":"20250214221532","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Prayer","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prayer","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q40953","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q40953","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-01-09T03:55:03Z","dateModified":"2025-02-14T22:15:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6b\/Prayers-collage.png","headline":"invocation or act that seeks to activate a rapport with a deity"}</script> </body> </html>