CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Yam (vegetable) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4ab072f2-9be7-4a15-95c8-6c410f5d1567","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Yam_(vegetable)","wgTitle":"Yam (vegetable)","wgCurRevisionId":1258496395,"wgRevisionId":1258496395,"wgArticleId":3152275,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2021","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2019","Articles needing additional references from December 2017","All articles needing additional references", "Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015","Articles needing additional references from June 2017","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Yams (vegetable)","Crops originating from Africa","Dioscorea","Flora of Jamaica","Igbo cuisine","Root vegetables","Staple foods","Tropical agriculture","Tubers","Yoruba cuisine","Crops","Plant dyes"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Yam_(vegetable)","wgRelevantArticleId":3152275,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0, "wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8047551","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Yams_species_called_Parkistan._The_size_is_for_eating_but_smaller_sizes_can_be_cultivated.jpg/1200px-Yams_species_called_Parkistan._The_size_is_for_eating_but_smaller_sizes_can_be_cultivated.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Yams_species_called_Parkistan._The_size_is_for_eating_but_smaller_sizes_can_be_cultivated.jpg/800px-Yams_species_called_Parkistan._The_size_is_for_eating_but_smaller_sizes_can_be_cultivated.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Yams_species_called_Parkistan._The_size_is_for_eating_but_smaller_sizes_can_be_cultivated.jpg/640px-Yams_species_called_Parkistan._The_size_is_for_eating_but_smaller_sizes_can_be_cultivated.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Yam (vegetable) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Yam_vegetable rootpage-Yam_vegetable skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Yam+%28vegetable%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Yam+%28vegetable%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Yam+%28vegetable%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Yam+%28vegetable%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_cultivated_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cultivated_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Major cultivated species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cultivated_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-D._rotundata_and_D._cayennensis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D._rotundata_and_D._cayennensis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span><i>D. rotundata</i> and <i>D. cayennensis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D._rotundata_and_D._cayennensis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D._alata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D._alata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span><i>D. alata</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D._alata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D._polystachya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D._polystachya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span><i>D. polystachya</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D._polystachya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D._bulbifera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D._bulbifera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span><i>D. bulbifera</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D._bulbifera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D._esculenta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D._esculenta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span><i>D. esculenta</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D._esculenta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D._dumetorum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D._dumetorum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span><i>D. dumetorum</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D._dumetorum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D._trifida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D._trifida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.7</span> <span><i>D. trifida</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D._trifida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wild_taxa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wild_taxa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Wild taxa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wild_taxa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-D._hirtiflora_subsp._pedicellata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D._hirtiflora_subsp._pedicellata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span><i>D. hirtiflora</i> subsp. <i>pedicellata</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D._hirtiflora_subsp._pedicellata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D._japonica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D._japonica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span><i>D. japonica</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D._japonica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Harvesting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_other_staple_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_other_staple_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Comparison to other staple foods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_other_staple_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.4</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.5</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.6</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.7</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.8</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.9</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.10</span> <span>Fiji Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.11</span> <span>Jamaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.12</span> <span>The West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemicals_and_use_in_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemicals_and_use_in_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Phytochemicals and use in medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemicals_and_use_in_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nigeria_and_Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria_and_Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Nigeria and Ghana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria_and_Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yam (vegetable)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="يام (نبات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يام (نبات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(bitki)" title="Yam (bitki) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yam (bitki)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku" title="Ku – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Ku" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Ямс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ямс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam" title="Yam – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Yam" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Ямс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ямс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཞོག་རྒོད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཞོག་རྒོད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam" title="Jam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyam" title="Nyam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nyam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yams" title="Yams – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yams" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamss" title="Jamss – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jamss" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC" title="Γιαμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιαμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91ame" title="Ñame – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ñame" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignamo" title="Ignamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ignamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91ame" title="Ñame – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ñame" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سیب‌زمینی هندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیب‌زمینی هندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igname" title="Igname – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Igname" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappe" title="Kappe – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Kappe" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionam" title="Ionam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ionam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88_(%EB%BF%8C%EB%A6%AC)" title="마 (뿌리) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마 (뿌리)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doya" title="Doya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Doya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam" title="Jam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyamo" title="Inyamo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Inyamo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AD" title="Jí – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Jí" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubi_rambat" title="Ubi rambat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ubi rambat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam" title="Yam – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Yam" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igname" title="Igname – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Igname" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D" title="יאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam" title="Yam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%9B%C9%9B" title="Hɛɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɛɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiazi_kikuu" title="Kiazi kikuu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiazi kikuu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbala_(ndunda)" title="Mbala (ndunda) – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mbala (ndunda)" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanm" title="Yanm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Yanm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapetaka" title="Tapetaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tapetaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="იამსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იამსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="يام (خضار) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يام (خضار)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91ami" title="Ñami – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ñami" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvi" title="Uvi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Uvi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam" title="Yam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%A0" title="ヤム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8E" title="ߞߎ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߎ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jams" title="Jams – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jams" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jams" title="Jams – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jams" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nham" title="Nham – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nham" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yams" title="Yams – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yams" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhame" title="Inhame – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inhame" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignam%C4%83" title="Ignamă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ignamă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Ямс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ямс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam" title="Yam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%9B%D0%B5)" title="Јам (поврће) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јам (поврће)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamssit" title="Jamssit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jamssit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jams" title="Jams – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jams" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="சேனைக்கிழங்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சேனைக்கிழங்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/sakuw" title="sakuw – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="sakuw" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Ямс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ямс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(sebze)" title="Yam (sebze) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yam (sebze)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1cyi" title="A̱cyi – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱cyi" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Ямс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ямс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoai_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Khoai từ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoai từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%E1%B9%A3u" title="Iṣu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Iṣu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%96%AF" title="大薯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大薯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%97%A5" title="山藥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="山藥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8047551#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Yam_(vegetable)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Yam_(vegetable)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Yam_(vegetable)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&oldid=1258496395" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Yam_%28vegetable%29&id=1258496395&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYam_%28vegetable%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYam_%28vegetable%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Yam_%28vegetable%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Yam" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Yam" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8047551" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Edible starchy tuber</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the large tuberous starchy root eaten as a staple food. For the sweet potato (<i>Ipomoea batatas</i>), also known as a <i>yam</i> in North America, see <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">Sweet potato</a>. For the oca, the vegetable called <i>yam</i> in New Zealand, see <a href="/wiki/Oxalis_tuberosa" title="Oxalis tuberosa">Oxalis tuberosa</a>. For elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius), see <a href="/wiki/Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius" title="Amorphophallus paeoniifolius">Amorphophallus paeoniifolius</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Yam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Yam (disambiguation)">Yam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yams_species_called_Parkistan._The_size_is_for_eating_but_smaller_sizes_can_be_cultivated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Yams_species_called_Parkistan._The_size_is_for_eating_but_smaller_sizes_can_be_cultivated.jpg/220px-Yams_species_called_Parkistan._The_size_is_for_eating_but_smaller_sizes_can_be_cultivated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Yams_species_called_Parkistan._The_size_is_for_eating_but_smaller_sizes_can_be_cultivated.jpg/330px-Yams_species_called_Parkistan._The_size_is_for_eating_but_smaller_sizes_can_be_cultivated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Yams_species_called_Parkistan._The_size_is_for_eating_but_smaller_sizes_can_be_cultivated.jpg/440px-Yams_species_called_Parkistan._The_size_is_for_eating_but_smaller_sizes_can_be_cultivated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Unknown yam variety, most likely of the <i>alata</i> species.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg/220px-YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg/330px-YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg/440px-YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>White yams at a retail market in <a href="/wiki/Brixton" title="Brixton">Brixton</a>, England, 2004</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Yam</b> is the common name for some plant species in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a></i> (family <a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a>) that form edible <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a> (some other species in the genus being toxic). </p><p>Yams are <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a> native to Africa, Asia, and the Americas and cultivated for the consumption of their <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starchy</a> tubers in many <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> regions. The tubers themselves, also called "yams", come in a variety of forms owing to numerous <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> and related species. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D.JPG/220px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D.JPG/330px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D.JPG/440px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">monocot</a> related to lilies and grasses, yams are vigorous <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennially</a> growing <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tuber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 870 species of yams are known,<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a few of which are widely grown for their edible tuber but others of which are toxic (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_communis" title="Dioscorea communis">D. communis</a></i>). </p><p>Yam plants can grow up to 15 metres (49 feet) in length and 7.6 to 15.2 centimetres (3 to 6 inches) high.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tuber may grow into the soil up to 1.5 m (5 ft) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant disperses by <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The edible tuber has a rough skin that is difficult to peel but readily softened by cooking. The skins vary in color from dark brown to light pink. The majority, or meat, of the vegetable is composed of a much softer substance ranging in color from white or yellow to purple or pink in mature yams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "yam" appears to derive from Portuguese <i>inhame</i> or <a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian Spanish</a> <i>ñame</i>, which derived from <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/West_African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="West African languages">West African languages</a> during trade.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in Portuguese, this name commonly refers to the <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a> plant (<i>Colocasia esculenta</i>) from the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Colocasia" title="Colocasia">Colocasia</a></i>, as opposed to <i>Dioscorea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-inhames_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inhames-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main derivations borrow from verbs meaning "to eat".<sup id="cite_ref-oed_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> True yams have various <a href="/wiki/Common_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Common names">common names</a> across multiple world regions.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some places, other (unrelated) root vegetables are sometimes referred to as "yams", including:<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet potatoes">sweet potatoes</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ipomoea" title="Ipomoea">Ipomoea</a> batatas</i>), especially those with orange flesh, are often referred to as "yams"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Australia, the tubers of the <i><a href="/wiki/Microseris_lanceolata" title="Microseris lanceolata">Microseris lanceolata</a></i>, or yam daisy, were a staple food of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> in some regions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In New Zealand, oca (<i><a href="/wiki/Oxalis_tuberosa" title="Oxalis tuberosa">Oxalis tuberosa</a></i>) is typically referred to as "yam".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jsfa_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsfa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a> (<i>Colocasia esculenta</i>) is referred to as "yam".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Africa, South and Southeast Asia as well as the tropical Pacific islands <i><a href="/wiki/Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius" title="Amorphophallus paeoniifolius">Amorphophallus paeoniifolius</a></i> is grown and known as "elephant foot yam".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yams are native to Africa, Asia, and the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three species were independently domesticated on those continents: <i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_rotundata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorea rotundata">D. rotundata</a></i> (Africa), <i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata">D. alata</a></i> (Asia), and <i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_trifida" title="Dioscorea trifida">D. trifida</a></i> (South America).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some yams are <a href="/wiki/Invasive_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive plant">invasive plants</a>, often considered a <a href="/wiki/Noxious_weed" title="Noxious weed">noxious weed</a> outside cultivated areas.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaachil_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kaachil_cut.jpg/220px-Kaachil_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kaachil_cut.jpg/330px-Kaachil_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kaachil_cut.jpg/440px-Kaachil_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>Freshly harvested purple yam (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata">D. alata</a></i>) sliced for cross-section</figcaption></figure> <p>Yams are cultivated for the consumption of their <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starchy</a> tubers in many <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> regions, especially in West Africa, South America and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, Asia, and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 95% of yam crops are grown in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A yam crop begins when whole seed tubers or tuber portions are planted into mounds or ridges, at the beginning of the rainy season. The crop yield depends on how and where the sets are planted, sizes of mounds, interplant spacing, provision of stakes for the resultant plants, yam species, and tuber sizes desired at harvest. Small-scale farmers in West and Central Africa often <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intercrop" class="extiw" title="wikt:intercrop">intercrop</a> yams with cereals and vegetables. The seed yams are perishable and bulky to transport. Farmers who do not buy new seed yams usually set aside up to 30% of their harvest for planting the next year. Yam crops face pressure from a range of insect pests and fungal and viral diseases, as well as <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>. Their growth and dormant phases correspond respectively to the wet season and the dry season. For maximum yield, the yams require a humid tropical environment, with an annual rainfall over 1,500 millimetres (59 in) distributed uniformly throughout the growing season. White, yellow, and water yams typically produce a single large tuber per year, generally weighing 5 to 10 kilograms (11 to 22 pounds).<sup id="cite_ref-stofao1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stofao1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yams suffer from relatively few pests and diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Anthracnose"></span><span class="vanchor-text"><a href="/wiki/Anthracnose" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthracnose">anthracnose</a></span></span> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Colletotrichum_gloeosporioides" class="mw-redirect" title="Colletotrichum gloeosporioides">Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</a></i> which is widely distributed around the world's growing regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winch <i>et al.</i>, 1984 finds <i>C. gloeosporioides</i> afflicts a large number of <i>Dioscorea</i> spp.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the high labor requirements and production costs, consumer demand for yam is high in certain subregions of Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making yam cultivation quite profitable to certain farmers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cultivated_species">Major cultivated species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Major cultivated species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many cultivated species of <i>Dioscorea</i> yams are found throughout the humid tropics.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most economically important are discussed below.<sup id="cite_ref-stofao1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stofao1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a></i> tubers that were historically important in Africa include <i><a href="/wiki/Plectranthus_rotundifolius" class="mw-redirect" title="Plectranthus rotundifolius">Plectranthus rotundifolius</a></i> (the Hausa potato) and <i><a href="/wiki/Plectranthus_esculentus" class="mw-redirect" title="Plectranthus esculentus">P. esculentus</a></i> (the Livingstone potato); these two tuber crops have now been largely displaced by the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AfricanPast_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AfricanPast-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D._rotundata_and_D._cayennensis"><i>D. rotundata</i> and <i>D. cayennensis</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: D. rotundata and D. cayennensis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_rotundata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorea rotundata">D. rotundata</a></i>, the white yam, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_cayenensis" title="Dioscorea cayenensis">D. cayenensis</a></i>, the yellow yam, are native to Africa. They are the most important cultivated yams. In the past, they were considered as two separate species, but most taxonomists now regard them as the same species. Over 200 varieties between them are cultivated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>White yam tuber is roughly cylindrical in shape, the skin is smooth and brown, and the flesh is usually white and firm. Yellow yam has yellow flesh, caused by the presence of carotenoids. It looks similar to the white yam in outer appearance; its tuber skin is usually a bit firmer and less extensively grooved. The yellow yam has a longer period of vegetation and a shorter dormancy than white yam. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kokoro_(vegetable)" title="Kokoro (vegetable)">Kokoro</a> variety is important in making dried yam chips.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are large plants; the vines can be as long as 10 to 12 m (33 to 39 ft). The tubers most often weigh about 2.5 to 5 kg (6 to 11 lb) each, but can weigh as much as 25 kg (55 lb). After 7 to 12 months' growth, the tubers are harvested. In Africa, most are pounded into a paste to make the traditional dish of "pounded yam", known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iyan (page does not exist)">Iyan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kay_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kay-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D._alata"><i>D. alata</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: D. alata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg/220px-Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg/330px-Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg/440px-Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Purple yam (<i>D. alata</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata">D. alata</a></i>, called purple yam (not to be confused with the Okinawan purple "yam", which is a <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>), greater yam, winged yam, water yam, and (ambiguously) white yam,<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was first cultivated in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not grown in the same quantities as the African yams, it has the largest distribution worldwide of any cultivated yam, being grown in Asia, the Pacific islands, Africa, and the West Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in Africa, the popularity of water yam is second only to white yam. The tuber shape is generally cylindrical, but can vary. Tuber flesh is white and watery in texture. </p><p><i>D. alata</i> and <i>D. esculenta</i> (lesser yam) were important staple crops to the seafaring <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> cultures. They were carried along with the Austronesian migrations as <a href="/wiki/Canoe_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoe plants">canoe plants</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> to as far as <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther2016_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beaujard2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaujard2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bevacqua1994_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevacqua1994-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D._polystachya"><i>D. polystachya</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: D. polystachya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioscorea_polystachya_(batatas).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Segment of a Chinese yam (D. polystachya)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dioscorea_polystachya_%28batatas%29.jpg/220px-Dioscorea_polystachya_%28batatas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dioscorea_polystachya_%28batatas%29.jpg/330px-Dioscorea_polystachya_%28batatas%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dioscorea_polystachya_%28batatas%29.jpg/440px-Dioscorea_polystachya_%28batatas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinese_yam" title="Chinese yam">Chinese yam</a> (<i>D. polystachya</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_polystachya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorea polystachya">D. polystachya</a></i>, Chinese yam, is native to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The Chinese yam plant is somewhat smaller than the African, with the vines about 3 m (10 ft) long. It is tolerant to frost and can be grown in much cooler conditions than other yams. It is also grown in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. </p><p>It was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the 19th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> crop there was falling victim to disease, and is still grown in France for the Asian food market. </p><p>The tubers are harvested after about 6 months of growth. Some are eaten right after harvesting and some are used as ingredients for other dishes, including noodles, and for traditional medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-kay_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kay-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D._bulbifera"><i>D. bulbifera</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: D. bulbifera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_030807-0054_Dioscorea_bulbifera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Starr_030807-0054_Dioscorea_bulbifera.jpg/170px-Starr_030807-0054_Dioscorea_bulbifera.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Starr_030807-0054_Dioscorea_bulbifera.jpg/255px-Starr_030807-0054_Dioscorea_bulbifera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Starr_030807-0054_Dioscorea_bulbifera.jpg/340px-Starr_030807-0054_Dioscorea_bulbifera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Air potato (<i>D. bulbifera</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MS_1960.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MS_1960.JPG/220px-MS_1960.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MS_1960.JPG/330px-MS_1960.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MS_1960.JPG/440px-MS_1960.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Wild yam (<i>D.</i> sp.)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_bulbifera" title="Dioscorea bulbifera">D. bulbifera</a></i>, the air potato, is found in both Africa and Asia, with slight differences between those found in each place. It is a large vine, 6 m (20 ft) or more in length. It produces tubers, but the <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbils</a> which grow at the base of its leaves are the more important food product. They are about the size of potatoes (hence the name "air potato"), weighing from 0.5 to 2.0 kg (1 lb 2 oz to 4 lb 7 oz). </p><p>Some varieties can be eaten raw, while some require soaking or boiling for detoxification before eating. It is not grown much commercially since the flavor of other yams is preferred by most people. However, it is popular in home vegetable gardens because it produces a crop after only four months of growth and continues producing for the life of the vine, as long as two years. Also, the bulbils are easy to harvest and cook.<sup id="cite_ref-kay_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kay-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1905, the air potato was introduced to Florida and has since become an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> in much of the state. Its rapid growth crowds out native vegetation and it is very difficult to remove since it can grow back from the tubers, and new vines can grow from the bulbils even after being cut down or burned.<sup id="cite_ref-schultz_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schultz-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D._esculenta"><i>D. esculenta</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: D. esculenta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioscorea_Bild1162.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wild bitter yam vines (D. dumetorum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Dioscorea_Bild1162.jpg/220px-Dioscorea_Bild1162.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Dioscorea_Bild1162.jpg/330px-Dioscorea_Bild1162.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Dioscorea_Bild1162.jpg/440px-Dioscorea_Bild1162.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Wild bitter vines (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_dumetorum" title="Dioscorea dumetorum">D. dumetorum</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_esculenta" title="Dioscorea esculenta">D. esculenta</a></i>, the lesser yam, was one of the first yam species cultivated. It is native to Southeast Asia and is the third-most commonly cultivated species there, although it is cultivated very little in other parts of the world. Its vines seldom reach more than 3 m (10 ft) in length and the tubers are fairly small in most varieties. </p><p>The tubers are eaten baked, boiled, or fried much like potatoes. Because of the small size of the tubers, mechanical cultivation is possible, which along with its easy preparation and good flavor, could help the lesser yam to become more popular in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-kay_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kay-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D._dumetorum"><i>D. dumetorum</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: D. dumetorum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_dumetorum" title="Dioscorea dumetorum">D. dumetorum</a></i>, the bitter yam, is popular as a vegetable in parts of West Africa, in part because their cultivation requires less labor than other yams. The wild forms are very toxic and are sometimes used to poison animals when mixed with bait. It is said<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2019)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that they have also been used for criminal purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-kay_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kay-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D._trifida"><i>D. trifida</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: D. trifida"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_trifida" title="Dioscorea trifida">D. trifida</a></i>, the cush-cush yam, is native to the <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> region of South America and is the most important cultivated New World yam. Since they originated in tropical <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> conditions, their growth cycle is less related to seasonal changes than other yams. Because of their relative ease of cultivation and their good flavor, they are considered to have a great potential for increased production.<sup id="cite_ref-kay_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kay-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wild_taxa">Wild taxa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wild taxa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D._hirtiflora_subsp._pedicellata"><i>D. hirtiflora</i> subsp. <i>pedicellata</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: D. hirtiflora subsp. pedicellata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_hirtiflora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioscorea hirtiflora (page does not exist)">D. hirtiflora</a></i> subsp. <i>pedicellata</i>, lusala, busala or lwidi, is native to <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Africa">Tropical Africa</a>. It is widely harvested and eaten in Southern Zambia where it grows in open forest areas. In Southern Zambia, it is an important addition to the March–September diets of almost all, and income of over half of rural households.<sup id="cite_ref-Zulu_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zulu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research on propagation of this subspecies to alleviate the threat from wild harvest has been successful.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D._japonica"><i>D. japonica</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: D. japonica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_japonica" title="Dioscorea japonica">D. japonica</a></i> – known as East Asian mountain yam, yamaimo, or Japanese mountain yam – is a type of yam (Dioscorea) native to Japan (including Ryukyu and Bonin Islands), Korea, China, Taiwan, and Assam. </p><p><i>D. japonica</i> is used for food. Jinenjo, also called the wild yam, is a related variety of Japanese yam that is used as an ingredient in soba noodles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Harvesting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tile_on_street_depicting_Aboriginal_women_gathering_yams._Cooktown,_Australia._2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tile_on_street_depicting_Aboriginal_women_gathering_yams._Cooktown%2C_Australia._2005.jpg/250px-Tile_on_street_depicting_Aboriginal_women_gathering_yams._Cooktown%2C_Australia._2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tile_on_street_depicting_Aboriginal_women_gathering_yams._Cooktown%2C_Australia._2005.jpg/375px-Tile_on_street_depicting_Aboriginal_women_gathering_yams._Cooktown%2C_Australia._2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tile_on_street_depicting_Aboriginal_women_gathering_yams._Cooktown%2C_Australia._2005.jpg/500px-Tile_on_street_depicting_Aboriginal_women_gathering_yams._Cooktown%2C_Australia._2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>Tile on street depicting Aboriginal women gathering yams. <a href="/wiki/Cooktown,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooktown, Australia">Cooktown, Australia</a>. 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Yams in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> are typically harvested by hand, using sticks, spades, or diggers.<sup id="cite_ref-opara_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opara-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood-based tools are preferred to metallic tools as they are less likely to damage the fragile tubers; however, wood tools need frequent replacement. Yam harvesting is labor-intensive and physically demanding. Tuber harvesting involves standing, bending, <a href="/wiki/Squatting_position" title="Squatting position">squatting</a>, and sometimes sitting on the ground depending on the size of mound, size of tuber, or depth of tuber penetration. Care must be taken to avoid damage to the tuber, because damaged tubers do not store well and spoil rapidly. Some farmers use staking and mixed cropping, a practice that complicates harvesting in some cases. </p><p>In forested areas, tubers grow in areas where other tree roots are present. Harvesting the tuber then involves the additional step of freeing them from other roots. This often causes tuber damage. </p><p>Aerial tubers or bulbils are harvested by manual plucking from the vine. </p><p>Yields may improve and cost of yam production be lower if mechanization were to be developed and adopted. However, current crop production practices and species used pose considerable hurdles to successful mechanization of yam production, particularly for small-scale rural farmers. Extensive changes in traditional cultivation practices, such as mixed cropping, may be required. Modification of current tuber harvesting equipment is necessary given yam tuber architecture and its different physical properties.<sup id="cite_ref-opara_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opara-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yam_production_in_Nigeria" title="Yam production in Nigeria">Yam production in Nigeria</a></div> <p>In 2020, world production of yams was 75 million metric tons (74,000,000 long tons; 83,000,000 short tons), led by <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> with 67% of the total (table). </p> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Yam production - 2020 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th abbr="Production">Production<br /><small>(millions of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">50.1</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">8.5</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">7.7</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">3.2</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">0.9</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td> <td><div style="float:right;">0.7</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><div style="float:right;"><b>74.8</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;">Source:UN Food and Agriculture Organization<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamoutput.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yamoutput.png/333px-Yamoutput.png" decoding="async" width="333" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yamoutput.png/500px-Yamoutput.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yamoutput.png/666px-Yamoutput.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Map of worldwide yam production showing limited production range (Caribbean, West Africa, and Polynesia)</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Special:EditPage/Yam (vegetable)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yam%22+vegetable">"Yam" vegetable</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yam%22+vegetable+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yam%22+vegetable&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yam%22+vegetable+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yam%22+vegetable">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yam%22+vegetable&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, most varieties of edible, mature, cultivated yam do not contain toxic compounds. However, there are exceptions. Bitter compounds tend to accumulate in immature tuber tissues of white and yellow yams. These may be polyphenols or <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a>-like compounds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Wild forms of bitter yams (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_dumetorum" title="Dioscorea dumetorum">D. dumetorum</a></i>) do contain some toxins, such as <a href="/wiki/Dihydrodioscorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydrodioscorine">dihydrodioscorine</a>, that taste bitter, hence are referred to as bitter yam.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bitter yams are not normally eaten except at times of desperation in poor countries and in times of local food scarcity. They are usually detoxified by soaking in a vessel of salt water, in cold or hot fresh water or in a stream. The bitter compounds in these yams are water-soluble alkaloids which, on ingestion, produce severe and distressing symptoms. Severe cases of alkaloid intoxication may prove fatal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Aerial or potato yams (<i>D. bulbifera</i>) have antinutritional factors. In Asia, detoxification methods, involving water extraction, fermentation, and roasting of the grated tuber, are used for bitter cultivars of this yam. The bitter compounds in yams also known locally as air potato include diosbulbin and possibly <a href="/wiki/Saponin" title="Saponin">saponins</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Diosgenin" title="Diosgenin">diosgenin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jesus_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jesus-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Indonesia, an extract of air potato is used in the preparation of arrow poison.<sup id="cite_ref-fao1990a_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao1990a-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Yam, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">494 kJ (118 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">27.9 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.5 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">4.1 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.17 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.5 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 7 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 0.112 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.032 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.552 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.314 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">17%</div> 0.293 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 23 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">19%</div> 17.1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.35 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 2.3 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 17 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.54 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 21 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">17%</div> 0.397 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 55 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">27%</div> 816 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.24 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170071/nutrients">"Link to USDA Database entry"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Link+to+USDA+Database+entry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Ffdc-app.html%23%2Ffood-details%2F170071%2Fnutrients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Raw yam has only moderate <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_density" title="Nutrient density">nutrient density</a>, with <i>appreciable content</i> (10% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) limited to <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">vitamin B6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamin">thiamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> (table).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But raw yam has the highest potassium levels amongst the 10 major staple foods of the world (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Comparison_to_other_staple_foods">see nutritional chart</a>). Yam supplies 118 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> per 100 grams. Yam generally has a lower <a href="/wiki/Glycemic_index" title="Glycemic index">glycemic index</a>, about 54% of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> per 150 gram serving, compared to potato products.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protein content and quality of roots and tubers is lower than other food staples, with the content of yam and potato being around 2% on a fresh-weight basis. Yams, with <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, provide a much greater proportion of the protein intake in Africa, ranging from 5.9% in East and South Africa to about 15.9% in humid West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a relatively low-protein food, yam is not a good source of <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acids</a>. Experts emphasize the need to supplement a yam-dominant diet with more protein-rich foods to support healthy growth in children.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yam is an important dietary element for Nigerian and West African people. It contributes more than 200 calories per person per day for more than 150 million people in West Africa, and is an important source of income. Yam is an attractive crop in poor farms with limited resources. It is rich in starch, and can be prepared in many ways. It is available all year round, unlike other, unreliable, seasonal crops. These characteristics make yam a preferred food and a culturally important food security crop in some sub-Saharan African countries.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparison_to_other_staple_foods">Comparison to other staple foods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Comparison to other staple foods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows the nutrient content of yam and major staple foods in a raw harvested form on a <a href="/wiki/Dry_matter#Dry_matter_basis" title="Dry matter">dry weight basis</a> to account for their different water contents. Raw forms, however, are not edible and cannot be digested. These must be sprouted, or prepared and cooked for human consumption. In sprouted or cooked form, the relative nutritional and antinutritional contents of each of these staples is remarkably different from that of raw form of these staples.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Nutrient content of 10 major <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple foods</a> per 100 g dry weight<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Staple </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> (corn)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_AA"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_AA">[A]</a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">Rice, white</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_BB"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_BB">[B]</a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_CC"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_CC">[C]</a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potatoes</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_DD"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_DD">[D]</a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_EE"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_EE">[E]</a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybeans</a>, green<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_FF"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_FF">[F]</a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">Sweet potatoes</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_GG"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_GG">[G]</a></sup> </th> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yams</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_YY"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_YY">[Y]</a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_HH"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_HH">[H]</a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cooking_banana" title="Cooking banana">Plantain</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_ZZ"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_ZZ">[Z]</a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Recommended_Dietary_Allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowance">RDA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;">Water content (%) </td> <td>10 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>13 </td> <td><b>79</b> </td> <td>60 </td> <td>68 </td> <td>77 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>65 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;">Raw grams per 100 g dry weight </td> <td>111</td> <td>114</td> <td>115</td> <td><b>476</b></td> <td>250</td> <td>313</td> <td>435</td> <td>333</td> <td>110</td> <td>286</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Nutrient</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;">Energy (kJ) </td> <td>1698</td> <td>1736</td> <td>1574</td> <td>1533</td> <td>1675</td> <td><b>1922</b></td> <td>1565</td> <td>1647</td> <td>1559</td> <td>1460</td> <td>8,368–10,460 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a> (g) </td> <td>10.4</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>14.5</td> <td>9.5</td> <td>3.5</td> <td><b>40.6</b></td> <td>7.0</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>12.4</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a> (g) </td> <td>5.3</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0.7</td> <td><b>21.6</b></td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>44–77 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate#Nutrition" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a> (g) </td> <td>82</td> <td>91</td> <td>82</td> <td>81</td> <td><b>95</b></td> <td>34</td> <td>87</td> <td>93</td> <td>82</td> <td>91</td> <td>130 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Fiber</a> (g) </td> <td>8.1</td> <td>1.5</td> <td><b>14.0</b></td> <td>10.5</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>13.1</td> <td>13.0</td> <td>13.7</td> <td>6.9</td> <td>6.6</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> (g) </td> <td>0.7</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>18.2</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>0.0</td> <td><b>42.9</b></td> <td>minimal </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Minerals </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_AA"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_AA">[A]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_BB"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_BB">[B]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_CC"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_CC">[C]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_DD"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_DD">[D]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_EE"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_EE">[E]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_FF"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_FF">[F]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_GG"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_GG">[G]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_YY"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_YY">[Y]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_HH"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_HH">[H]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_ZZ"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_ZZ">[Z]</a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Recommended_Dietary_Allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowance">RDA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a> (mg) </td> <td>8</td> <td>32</td> <td>33</td> <td>57</td> <td>40</td> <td><b>616</b></td> <td>130</td> <td>57</td> <td>31</td> <td>9</td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a> (mg) </td> <td>3.01</td> <td>0.91</td> <td>3.67</td> <td>3.71</td> <td>0.68</td> <td><b>11.09</b></td> <td>2.65</td> <td>1.80</td> <td>4.84</td> <td>1.71</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a> (mg) </td> <td>141</td> <td>28</td> <td>145</td> <td>110</td> <td>53</td> <td><b>203</b></td> <td>109</td> <td>70</td> <td>0</td> <td>106</td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Phosphorus</a> (mg) </td> <td>233</td> <td>131</td> <td>331</td> <td>271</td> <td>68</td> <td><b>606</b></td> <td>204</td> <td>183</td> <td>315</td> <td>97</td> <td>700 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a> (mg) </td> <td>319</td> <td>131</td> <td>417</td> <td>2005</td> <td>678</td> <td>1938</td> <td>1465</td> <td><b>2720</b></td> <td>385</td> <td>1426</td> <td>4700 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a> (mg) </td> <td>39</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>29</td> <td>35</td> <td>47</td> <td><b>239</b></td> <td>30</td> <td>7</td> <td>11</td> <td>1,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Zinc</a> (mg) </td> <td>2.46</td> <td>1.24</td> <td>3.05</td> <td>1.38</td> <td>0.85</td> <td><b>3.09</b></td> <td>1.30</td> <td>0.80</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>0.40</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a> (mg) </td> <td>0.34</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.49</td> <td>0.52</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.41</td> <td><b>0.65</b></td> <td>0.60</td> <td>-</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Manganese</a> (mg) </td> <td>0.54</td> <td>1.24</td> <td><b>4.59</b></td> <td>0.71</td> <td>0.95</td> <td>1.72</td> <td>1.13</td> <td>1.33</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a> (μg) </td> <td>17.2</td> <td>17.2</td> <td><b>81.3</b></td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Vitamins </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_AA"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_AA">[A]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_BB"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_BB">[B]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_CC"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_CC">[C]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_DD"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_DD">[D]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_EE"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_EE">[E]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_FF"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_FF">[F]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_GG"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_GG">[G]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_YY"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_YY">[Y]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_HH"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_HH">[H]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_ZZ"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_ZZ">[Z]</a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Recommended_Dietary_Allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowance">RDA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a> (mg) </td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td><b>93.8</b></td> <td>51.5</td> <td>90.6</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>57.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>52.6</td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamin">Thiamin</a> (B1) (mg) </td> <td>0.43</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>0.34</td> <td>0.38</td> <td>0.23</td> <td><b>1.38</b></td> <td>0.35</td> <td>0.37</td> <td>0.26</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin</a> (B2) (mg) </td> <td>0.22</td> <td>0.06</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.13</td> <td><b>0.56</b></td> <td>0.26</td> <td>0.10</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin</a> (B3) (mg) </td> <td>4.03</td> <td>1.82</td> <td><b>6.28</b></td> <td>5.00</td> <td>2.13</td> <td>5.16</td> <td>2.43</td> <td>1.83</td> <td>3.22</td> <td>1.97</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a> (B5) (mg) </td> <td>0.47</td> <td>1.15</td> <td>1.09</td> <td>1.43</td> <td>0.28</td> <td>0.47</td> <td><b>3.48</b></td> <td>1.03</td> <td>-</td> <td>0.74</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a> (mg) </td> <td>0.69</td> <td>0.18</td> <td>0.34</td> <td><b>1.43</b></td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.22</td> <td>0.91</td> <td>0.97</td> <td>-</td> <td>0.86</td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate</a> Total (B9) (μg) </td> <td>21</td> <td>9</td> <td>44</td> <td>76</td> <td>68</td> <td><b>516</b></td> <td>48</td> <td>77</td> <td>0</td> <td>63</td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a> (IU) </td> <td>238</td> <td>0</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>33</td> <td>563</td> <td><b>4178</b></td> <td>460</td> <td>0</td> <td>3220</td> <td>5000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a>, alpha-tocopherol (mg) </td> <td>0.54</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>1.16</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.48</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>1.13</td> <td><b>1.30</b></td> <td>0.00</td> <td>0.40</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin K1">Vitamin K1</a> (μg) </td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>2.2</td> <td><b>9.0</b></td> <td>4.8</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>7.8</td> <td>8.7</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>120 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">Beta-carotene</a> (μg) </td> <td>108</td> <td>0</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td>20</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>36996</b></td> <td>277</td> <td>0</td> <td>1306</td> <td>10500 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">Lutein</a>+<a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a> (μg) </td> <td><b>1506</b></td> <td>0</td> <td>253</td> <td>38</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>86</td> <td>6000 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Fats </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_AA"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_AA">[A]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_BB"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_BB">[B]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_CC"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_CC">[C]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_DD"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_DD">[D]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_EE"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_EE">[E]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_FF"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_FF">[F]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_GG"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_GG">[G]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_YY"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_YY">[Y]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_HH"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_HH">[H]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_ZZ"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_ZZ">[Z]</a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Recommended_Dietary_Allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowance">RDA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated fatty acids</a> (g) </td> <td>0.74</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>0.30</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.18</td> <td><b>2.47</b></td> <td>0.09</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>0.51</td> <td>0.40</td> <td>minimal </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated fatty acids</a> (g) </td> <td>1.39</td> <td>0.24</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>0.20</td> <td><b>4.00</b></td> <td>0.00</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>1.09</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>22–55 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated fatty acids</a> (g) </td> <td>2.40</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>0.72</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>0.13</td> <td><b>10.00</b></td> <td>0.04</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>1.51</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>13–19 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_AA"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_AA">[A]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_BB"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_BB">[B]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_CC"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_CC">[C]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_DD"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_DD">[D]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_EE"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_EE">[E]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_FF"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_FF">[F]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_GG"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_GG">[G]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_YY"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_YY">[Y]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_HH"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_HH">[H]</a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_reference_name_ZZ"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_ZZ">[Z]</a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Recommended_Dietary_Allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowance">RDA</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_reference_name_AA"><a href="#ref_reference_name_AA"><b><sup>A</sup></b></a></span> raw yellow dent corn<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_reference_name_BB"><a href="#ref_reference_name_BB"><b><sup>B</sup></b></a></span> raw unenriched long-grain white rice<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_reference_name_CC"><a href="#ref_reference_name_CC"><b><sup>C</sup></b></a></span> raw hard red winter wheat<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_reference_name_DD"><a href="#ref_reference_name_DD"><b><sup>D</sup></b></a></span> raw potato with flesh and skin<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_reference_name_EE"><a href="#ref_reference_name_EE"><b><sup>E</sup></b></a></span> raw cassava<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_reference_name_FF"><a href="#ref_reference_name_FF"><b><sup>F</sup></b></a></span> raw green soybeans<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_reference_name_GG"><a href="#ref_reference_name_GG"><b><sup>G</sup></b></a></span> raw sweet potato<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_reference_name_HH"><a href="#ref_reference_name_HH"><b><sup>H</sup></b></a></span> raw sorghum<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_reference_name_YY"><a href="#ref_reference_name_YY"><b><sup>Y</sup></b></a></span> raw yam<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_reference_name_ZZ"><a href="#ref_reference_name_ZZ"><b><sup>Z</sup></b></a></span> raw plantains<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_reference_name_star/*"><a href="#ref_reference_name_star/*"><b><sup>/*</sup></b></a></span> unofficial<br /> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roots and tubers such as yam are living organisms. When stored, they continue to respire, which results in the oxidation of the <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> (a polymer of glucose) contained in the cells of the tuber, which converts it into water, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and heat energy. During this transformation of the starch, the dry matter of the tuber is reduced. </p><p>Amongst the major roots and tubers, properly stored yam is considered to be the least perishable. Successful storage of yams requires:<sup id="cite_ref-fao1990a_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao1990a-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>initial selection of sound and healthy yams</li> <li>proper curing, if possible combined with fungicide treatment</li> <li>adequate ventilation to remove the heat generated by respiration of the tubers</li> <li>regular inspection during storage and removal of rotting tubers and any sprouts that develop</li> <li>protection from direct sunlight and rain</li></ul> <p>Storing yam at low temperature reduces the respiration rates. However, temperatures below 12 °C (54 °F) cause damage through chilling, causing a breakdown of internal tissues, increasing water loss and yam's susceptibility to decay. The symptoms of chilling injury are not always obvious when the tubers are still in cold storage. The injury becomes noticeable as soon as the tubers are restored to ambient temperatures. </p><p>The best temperature to store yams is between 14 and 16 °C (57 and 61 °F), with high-technology-controlled humidity and climatic conditions, after a process of curing. Most countries that grow yams as a staple food are too poor to afford high-technology storage systems. </p><p>Sprouting rapidly increases a tuber's respiration rates, and accelerates the rate at which its food value decreases.<sup id="cite_ref-fao1990a_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao1990a-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain cultivars of yams store better than others. The easier to store yams are those adapted to arid climate, where they tend to stay in a dormant low-respiration stage much longer than yam breeds adapted to humid tropical lands, where they do not need dormancy. Yellow yam and cush-cush yam, by nature, have much shorter dormancy periods than water yam, white yam, or lesser yam. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storage_loss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Storage loss (page does not exist)">Storage losses</a> for yams are very high in Africa, with bacteria, insects, nematodes, and mammals being the most common <a href="/wiki/Storage_pest" title="Storage pest">storage pests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 12-7">: 12-7 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumption">Consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Special:EditPage/Yam (vegetable)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yam%22+vegetable">"Yam" vegetable</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yam%22+vegetable+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yam%22+vegetable&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yam%22+vegetable+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yam%22+vegetable">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yam%22+vegetable&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igname_frite2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Igname_frite2.jpg/220px-Igname_frite2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Igname_frite2.jpg/330px-Igname_frite2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Igname_frite2.jpg/440px-Igname_frite2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Yams being fried in <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Yams are consumed in a variety of preparations, such as flour or whole vegetable pieces across their range of distribution in Asia, Africa, North America, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, South America, and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:227px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiekie_yams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tongan farmer showing off his prize yams" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kiekie_yams.jpg/161px-Kiekie_yams.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kiekie_yams.jpg/242px-Kiekie_yams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kiekie_yams.jpg/322px-Kiekie_yams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="645" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:227px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fufuprep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Young women preparing pounded yam (which includes mashed and pounded yam flour) in the Democratic Republic of Congo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fufuprep.jpg/153px-Fufuprep.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fufuprep.jpg/230px-Fufuprep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Fufuprep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pounded_yam" title="Pounded yam">Pounding yam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">DR Congo</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Yams of African species must be cooked to be safely eaten, because various natural substances in yams can cause illness if consumed raw. The most common cooking methods in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> are by boiling, frying or roasting.<sup id="cite_ref-bmgf_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmgf-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the Akan of Ghana, boiled yam can be mashed with palm oil into <i>eto</i> in a similar manner to the plantain dish <i><a href="/wiki/Matoke" title="Matoke">matoke</a></i>, and is served with eggs. The boiled yam can also be pounded with a traditional mortar and pestle to create a thick, starchy paste known as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iyan (page does not exist)">iyan</a></i> (pounded yam) which is eaten with traditional sauces such as <i><a href="/wiki/Egusi" title="Egusi">egusi</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">palm nut</a> soup.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another method of consumption is to leave the raw yam pieces to <a href="/wiki/Drying_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drying (food)">dry in the sun</a>. When dry, the pieces turn a dark brown color. These are then milled to create a brown powder known in Nigeria as <i>elubo</i>. The powder can be mixed with boiling water to create a thick starchy paste, a kind of pudding known as <a href="/wiki/Amala_(food)" title="Amala (food)"><i>amala</i></a>, which is then eaten with local soups and sauces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Yams are a staple agricultural <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> with cultural significance,<sup id="cite_ref-bmgf_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmgf-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where over 95% of the world's yam crop is harvested. Yams are still important for survival in these regions. Some varieties of these tubers can be stored up to six months without refrigeration, which makes them a valuable resource for the yearly period of food scarcity at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Rainy_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainy season">wet season</a>. Yam cultivars are also cultivated in other humid tropical countries.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yam is the main staple crop of the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbos</a> in south eastern Nigeria where for centuries it played a dominant role in both their agricultural and cultural life. It is celebrated with annual <a href="/wiki/New_Yam_Festival_of_the_Igbo" title="New Yam Festival of the Igbo">yam festivals</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yams are particularly consumed in the coastal area of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast region</a>, although they can be found in other parts of the country. In <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> state, it is usually boiled and served cut in slices at breakfast, along with <a href="/wiki/Requeij%C3%A3o" title="Requeijão">cheese spread</a> or <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia">Colombia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Colombia yam production has been specifically located in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_region_of_Colombia" title="Caribbean region of Colombia">Caribbean region</a>, where it has become a key product in the diet of the population of this area. In 2010, Colombia was among the 12 countries with the highest yam production worldwide, and ranked first in yield of tons per hectare planted. Although its main use is for food, several studies have shown its usefulness in the pharmaceutical industry and the manufacture of bioplastics. However, in Colombia, there is no evidence of the use of this product, other than food.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanuatu_march%C3%A9_igname.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Vanuatu_march%C3%A9_igname.JPG/220px-Vanuatu_march%C3%A9_igname.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Vanuatu_march%C3%A9_igname.JPG/330px-Vanuatu_march%C3%A9_igname.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Vanuatu_march%C3%A9_igname.JPG/440px-Vanuatu_march%C3%A9_igname.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption>Yams at <a href="/wiki/Port-Vila" class="mw-redirect" title="Port-Vila">Port-Vila</a> market (<a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ube_Cake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ube_Cake.jpg/220px-Ube_Cake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ube_Cake.jpg/330px-Ube_Cake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Ube_Cake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>A piece of cake made with ube (purple yam; <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Philippines, the purple <i>ube</i> species of yam (<i>D. alata</i>), is eaten as a sweetened dessert called <i><a href="/wiki/Ube_halaya" title="Ube halaya">ube halaya</a></i>, and is also used as an ingredient in another Filipino dessert, <i><a href="/wiki/Halo-halo" title="Halo-halo">halo-halo</a></i>. It is also used as a popular ingredient for ice cream.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Vietnam, yams are used to prepare dishes such as <i>canh khoai mỡ</i> or <i>canh khoai từ</i>. This involves mashing the yam and cooking it until very well done. The yam root was traditionally used by peasants in Vietnam to dye cotton clothes throughout the Red River and Mekong delta regions as late as the mid-20th century, and is still used by others in the <a href="/wiki/Sa_Pa_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Pa District">Sapa region</a> of northern Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Indonesia, the same purple yam is used for preparing desserts. This involves mashing the yam and mixing it with coconut milk and sugar. White- and off-white-fleshed yams are cut in cubes, cooked, lightly fermented, and eaten as afternoon snacks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamakake.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Yamakake.JPG/220px-Yamakake.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Yamakake.JPG/330px-Yamakake.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Yamakake.JPG/440px-Yamakake.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamakake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yamakake (page does not exist)">Yamakake</a></i>, Japanese dish prepared from <i><a href="/wiki/Tororo_(food)" title="Tororo (food)">tororo</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_polystachya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorea polystachya">D. polystachya</a></i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Maguro" class="mw-redirect" title="Maguro">maguro</a></i> (tuna)</figcaption></figure> <p>An exception to the cooking rule is the mountain yam (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_polystachya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorea polystachya">Dioscorea polystachya</a></i>), known as <i>nagaimo</i> and can be further classified into <i>ichōimo</i> (lit. 'ginkgo-leaf yam'; kanji: 銀杏芋), or <i>yamatoimo</i> (lit. Yamato yam; kanji: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%92%8C%E8%8A%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:大和芋">大和芋</a>), depending on the root shape.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mountain yam is eaten raw and grated, after only a relatively minimal preparation: the whole tubers are briefly soaked in a vinegar-water solution to neutralize irritant <a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalate</a> crystals found in their skin. The raw vegetable is starchy and bland, <a href="/wiki/Mucilaginous" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucilaginous">mucilaginous</a> when grated, and may be eaten plain as a side dish, or added to noodles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another variety of yam, <i>jinenjo</i>, is used in Japan as an ingredient in soba noodles. In Okinawa, purple yams (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata">Dioscorea alata</a></i>) are grown. This purple yam is popular as lightly deep-fried tempura, as well as being grilled or boiled. Additionally, the purple yam is a common ingredient of yam ice cream with the signature purple color. Purple yam is also used in other types of traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Wagashi" title="Wagashi">wagashi</a></i> sweets, cakes, and candy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In central parts of India, the yam is prepared by being finely sliced, seasoned with spices, and deep fried. In Southern India, the vegetable is a popular accompaniment to rice dishes and curry. The purple yam, <i>D. alata</i>, is also eaten in India, where it is also called the violet yam. Species may be called by the regional name "taradi", which can refer to <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_belophylla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioscorea belophylla (page does not exist)">D. belophylla</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-k.k._46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k.k.-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_deltoidea" title="Dioscorea deltoidea">Dioscorea deltoidea</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>D. bulbifera</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digging and selling taradi is a major source of income in the region of <a href="/wiki/Palampur" class="mw-redirect" title="Palampur">Palampur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepal">Nepal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Dioscorea</i> root is traditionally eaten on <i>Māgh Sankrānti</i> (a midwinter festival) in Nepal. It is usually steamed and then cooked with spices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiji_Islands">Fiji Islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Fiji Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yam<sup id="cite_ref-uvi_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uvi-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is, along with <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>, a staple food, and is consumed boiled, roasted in a <a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">lovo</a>, or steamed with fish or meat in <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a> sauce or <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a> and served with rice. The cost of yam is higher due to the difficulty in farming and relatively low volume of production.<sup id="cite_ref-uvi_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uvi-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of their abundance and importance to survival, yams were highly regarded in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaican</a> ceremonies and constitute part of many traditional <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_West">The West</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: The West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yam powder is available in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a> from grocers specializing in African products, and may be used in a similar manner to <a href="/wiki/Instant_mashed_potatoes" title="Instant mashed potatoes">instant mashed potato</a> powder, although preparation is a little more difficult because of the tendency of the yam powder to form lumps. The powder is sprinkled onto a pan containing a small amount of boiling water and stirred vigorously. The resulting mixture is served with a heated sauce, such as <a href="/wiki/Tomato_sauce" title="Tomato sauce">tomato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chili_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Chili sauce">chili</a>, poured onto it. </p><p>Skinned and cut frozen yams may also be available from specialty grocers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phytochemicals_and_use_in_medicine">Phytochemicals and use in medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Phytochemicals and use in medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tubers of certain wild yams, including a variant of '<a href="/wiki/Kokoro_(vegetable)" title="Kokoro (vegetable)">Kokoro</a>' yam and other species of <i>Dioscorea</i>, such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_nipponica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioscorea nipponica (page does not exist)">Dioscorea nipponica</a></i>, are a source for the extraction of <a href="/wiki/Diosgenin" title="Diosgenin">diosgenin</a>, a sapogenin steroid.<sup id="cite_ref-jesus_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jesus-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extracted diosgenin is used for the commercial synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">cortisone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">pregnenolone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>, and other steroid products.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such preparations were used in early <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">combined oral contraceptive pills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1481227_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1481227-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unmodified steroid has <a href="/wiki/Estrogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrogenic">estrogenic</a> activity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15372201_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15372201-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashanti_Yam_Ceremony_1817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ashanti_Yam_Ceremony_1817.jpg/280px-Ashanti_Yam_Ceremony_1817.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ashanti_Yam_Ceremony_1817.jpg/420px-Ashanti_Yam_Ceremony_1817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ashanti_Yam_Ceremony_1817.jpg/560px-Ashanti_Yam_Ceremony_1817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>1817 painting of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashanti_yam_ceremony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashanti yam ceremony (page does not exist)">Ashanti yam ceremony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historical records in West Africa and of African yams in Europe date back to the 16th century. Yams were taken to the Americas through precolonial Portuguese and Spanish on the borders of Brazil and Guyana, followed by a dispersion through the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yams are used in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, where they are called <i>kaukau</i>. Their cultivation and harvesting is accompanied by complex rituals and taboos. The coming of the yams (one of the numerous versions from <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Maré">Maré</a>) is described in Pene Nengone (<a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalty Islands">Loyalty Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria_and_Ghana">Nigeria and Ghana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Nigeria and Ghana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A yam festival is usually held in the beginning of <a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Rainy_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainy season">rainy season</a>. People offer yams to <a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">gods and ancestors</a> first, before distributing them to the villagers. This is their way of giving thanks to the spirits above them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The New Yam Festival celebrates the main agricultural crop of the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idoma_people" title="Idoma people">Idomas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tivs</a>. The New Yam Festival, known as <i>Orureshi</i> in Owukpa in Idoma west and <i>Ima-Ji</i>, <i>Iri-Ji</i> or <i>Iwa Ji</i> in <a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igbo land</a>, is a celebration depicting the prominence of yam in social and cultural life. The festival is prominent among southeastern states and major tribes in <a href="/wiki/Benue_State" title="Benue State">Benue State</a>, mainly around August.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Igbo people accord special respect to yam to the extent that no one eats the newly harvested yam until the New Yam celebrations / feast is marked. It is called Iri ji ọhụrụ. People return to their various communities for the celebrations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cabi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabi_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293">"<i>Dioscorea alata</i> (white yam)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International">Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International</a>. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dioscorea+alata+%28white+yam%29&rft.pub=Centre+for+Agriculture+and+Bioscience+International&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabi.org%2Fisc%2Fdatasheet%2F19293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/yam">"Yam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harper" title="Douglas Harper">Douglas Harper</a>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yam&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Douglas+Harper&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fyam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inhames-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inhames_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores">"Inhame dos Açores"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produtos_Tradicionais_Portugueses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses (page does not exist)">Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses</a>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inhame+dos+A%C3%A7ores&rft.pub=Produtos+Tradicionais+Portugueses&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftradicional.dgadr.gov.pt%2Fpt%2Fcat%2Foutros-produtos-vegetais%2F771-inhame-dos-acores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/">"Sabores dos Açores: Inhame"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clube_Vinhos_Portugueses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clube Vinhos Portugueses (page does not exist)">Clube Vinhos Portugueses</a>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sabores+dos+A%C3%A7ores%3A+Inhame&rft.pub=Clube+Vinhos+Portugueses&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clubevinhosportugueses.pt%2Fturismo%2Fsabores-dos-acores-inhame%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html">"What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams?"</a>. <i>LOC.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LOC.gov&rft.atitle=What+is+the+difference+between+sweet+potatoes+and+yams%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fscitech%2Fmysteries%2Fsweetpotato.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf">"Economic Research Service"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+Research+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ers.usda.gov%2Fpublications%2Fagoutlook%2FNov2002%2Fao296e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascoe2014" class="citation book cs1">Pascoe, Bruce (2014). <i>Dark Emu, Black Seeds: Agriculture or Accident?</i>. <a href="/wiki/Magabala_Books" title="Magabala Books">Magabala Books</a>. pp. 22–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922142-43-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-922142-43-6"><bdi>978-1-922142-43-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Emu%2C+Black+Seeds%3A+Agriculture+or+Accident%3F&rft.pages=22-24&rft.pub=Magabala+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-922142-43-6&rft.aulast=Pascoe&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garden-nz.co.nz/grow-your-own/grow-your-own/yams-grow-your-own.html"><i>"...but in New Zealand we call them yams."</i></a>, garden-nz.co.nz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jsfa-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jsfa_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbihn,_P.B.E.Savage,_G.P.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Albihn, P.B.E.; Savage, G.P. (18 June 2001). "The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (<i>Oxalis tuberosa</i> Mol)". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Science_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture">Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture</a></i>. <b>81</b> (10): 1027–1033. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjsfa.890">10.1002/jsfa.890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Science+of+Food+and+Agriculture&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+cooking+on+the+location+and+concentration+of+oxalate+in+three+cultivars+of+New+Zealand-grown+oca+%28Oxalis+tuberosa+Mol%29&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1027-1033&rft.date=2001-06-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjsfa.890&rft.au=Albihn%2C+P.B.E.&rft.au=Savage%2C+G.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLam" class="citation web cs1">Lam, Lim Chin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus">"I yam not taro"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=I+yam+not+taro&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=Lim+Chin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthestar.com.my%2Fenglish%2Fstory.asp%3Ffile%3D%2F2010%2F7%2F16%2Flifefocus%2F6651716%26sec%3Dlifefocus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantosaLianSugiyamaMisra2017" class="citation journal cs1">Santosa, Edi; et al. (28 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5489206">"Population structure of elephant foot yams (<i>Amorphophallus paeoniifolius</i> (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a></i>. <b>12</b> (6): e0180000. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1280000S">2017PLoSO..1280000S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0180000">10.1371/journal.pone.0180000</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5489206">5489206</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28658282">28658282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Population+structure+of+elephant+foot+yams+%28Amorphophallus+paeoniifolius+%28Dennst.%29+Nicolson%29+in+Asia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0180000&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5489206%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28658282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0180000&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PLoSO..1280000S&rft.aulast=Santosa&rft.aufirst=Edi&rft.au=Lian%2C+Chun+Lan&rft.au=Sugiyama%2C+Nobuo&rft.au=Misra%2C+Raj+Shekhar&rft.au=Boonkorkaew%2C+Patchareeya&rft.au=Thanomchit%2C+Kanokwan&rft.au=Chiang%2C+Tzen-Yuh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5489206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNora_Scarcelli2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nora Scarcelli; et al. (1 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6527260">"Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a></i>. <b>5</b> (5): eaaw1947. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SciA....5.1947S">2019SciA....5.1947S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aaw1947">10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6527260">6527260</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31114806">31114806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Yam+genomics+supports+West+Africa+as+a+major+cradle+of+crop+domestication&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=eaaw1947&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6527260%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31114806&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aaw1947&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019SciA....5.1947S&rft.au=Nora+Scarcelli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6527260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html">"Everyday Mysteries: Yam"</a>. Library of Congress, United States of America. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Everyday+Mysteries%3A+Yam&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress%2C+United+States+of+America&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fscitech%2Fmysteries%2Fsweetpotato.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stofao1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stofao1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stofao1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalverly1998" class="citation web cs1">Calverly (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm">"Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"</a>. United Nations <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storage+and+Processing+of+Roots+and+Tubers+in+the+Tropics&rft.pub=United+Nations+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Calverly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2FX5415E%2Fx5415e00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solomon-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchNewhookJacksonCole1984" class="citation journal cs1">Winch, J. E.; Newhook, F. J.; Jackson, G. V. H.; Cole, J. S. (1984). "Studies of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides disease on yam, Dioscorea alata, in Solomon Islands". <i><a href="/wiki/Plant_Pathology_(journal)" title="Plant Pathology (journal)">Plant Pathology</a></i>. <b>33</b> (4): 467–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3059.1984.tb02870.x">10.1111/j.1365-3059.1984.tb02870.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Pathology&rft.atitle=Studies+of+Colletotrichum+gloeosporioides+disease+on+yam%2C+Dioscorea+alata%2C+in+Solomon+Islands&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=467-477&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3059.1984.tb02870.x&rft.aulast=Winch&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.au=Newhook%2C+F.+J.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+G.+V.+H.&rft.au=Cole%2C+J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span> As cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hair1990" class="citation book cs1">O'Hair, Stephen K. (1990). "Tropical Root and Tuber Crops". In Janick, Jules (ed.). <i>Horticultural Reviews</i>. Vol. 12. <a href="/wiki/Timber_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber Press">Timber Press</a>. pp. 181–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118060858.ch3">10.1002/9781118060858.ch3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118060858" title="Special:BookSources/9781118060858"><bdi>9781118060858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tropical+Root+and+Tuber+Crops&rft.btitle=Horticultural+Reviews&rft.pages=181-182&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118060858.ch3&rft.isbn=9781118060858&rft.aulast=O%27Hair&rft.aufirst=Stephen+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AfricanPast-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AfricanPast_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2006" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger (2006). <i>Archaeology, language, and the African past</i>. <a href="/wiki/Altamira_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Altamira Press">Altamira Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759104655" title="Special:BookSources/9780759104655"><bdi>9780759104655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%2C+language%2C+and+the+African+past&rft.pub=Altamira+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780759104655&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumontVernier2000" class="citation journal cs1">Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (<i>Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata</i>) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outlook_on_Agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outlook on Agriculture (page does not exist)">Outlook on Agriculture</a></i>. <b>29</b> (2): 137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5367%2F000000000101293149">10.5367/000000000101293149</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154609802">154609802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook+on+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Domestication+of+yams+%28Dioscorea+cayenensis-rotundata%29+within+the+Bariba+ethnic+group+in+Benin&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5367%2F000000000101293149&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154609802%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dumont&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Vernier%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kay-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kay_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kay_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kay_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kay_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kay_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kay_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay,_D.E.1987" class="citation book cs1">Kay, D.E. (1987). <i>Root Crops</i>. <a href="/wiki/London,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="London, UK">London, UK</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Development_and_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropical Development and Research Institute (page does not exist)">Tropical Development and Research Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Root+Crops&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Tropical+Development+and+Research+Institute&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Kay%2C+D.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2014" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). <i>Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118654019" title="Special:BookSources/9781118654019"><bdi>9781118654019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fruit+and+Vegetables%3A+Harvesting%2C+Handling+and+Storage&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781118654019&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowther2016-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crowther2016_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowtherLucasHelmHorton2016" class="citation journal cs1">Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4914162">"Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i>. <b>113</b> (24): 6635–6640. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..113.6635C">2016PNAS..113.6635C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1522714113">10.1073/pnas.1522714113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4914162">4914162</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27247383">27247383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ancient+crops+provide+first+archaeological+signature+of+the+westward+Austronesian+expansion&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=6635-6640&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4914162%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27247383&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1522714113&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PNAS..113.6635C&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Lucas%2C+Leilani&rft.au=Helm%2C+Richard&rft.au=Horton%2C+Mark&rft.au=Shipton%2C+Ceri&rft.au=Wright%2C+Henry+T.&rft.au=Walshaw%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Pawlowicz%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Radimilahy%2C+Chantal&rft.au=Douka%2C+Katerina&rft.au=Picornell-Gelabert%2C+Lloren%C3%A7&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Dorian+Q.&rft.au=Boivin%2C+Nicole+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4914162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beaujard2011-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beaujard2011_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaujard2011" class="citation journal cs1">Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf">"The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azania:_Archaeological_Research_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa (page does not exist)">Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa</a></i>. <b>46</b> (2): 169–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0067270X.2011.580142">10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55763047">55763047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Azania%3A+Archaeological+Research+in+Africa&rft.atitle=The+first+migrants+to+Madagascar+and+their+introduction+of+plants%3A+linguistic+and+ethnological+evidence&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-189&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0067270X.2011.580142&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55763047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beaujard&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00706173%2Ffile%2FBeaujard.azania2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bevacqua1994-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bevacqua1994_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevacqua1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf">"Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/HortScience" class="mw-redirect" title="HortScience">HortScience</a></i>. <b>29</b> (11): 1226–1229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21273%2FHORTSCI.29.11.1226">10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HortScience&rft.atitle=Origin+of+Horticulture+in+Southeast+Asia+and+the+Dispersal+of+Domesticated+Plants+to+the+Pacific+Islands+by+Polynesian+Voyagers%3A+The+Hawaiian+Islands+Case+Study&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1226-1229&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21273%2FHORTSCI.29.11.1226&rft.aulast=Bevacqua&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhortsci.ashspublications.org%2Fcontent%2F29%2F11%2F1226.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite,_L.D.2003" class="citation web cs1">White, L.D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html">"Uhi"</a>. Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawai'i.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uhi&rft.series=Canoe+Plants+of+Ancient+Hawai%27i&rft.date=2003&rft.au=White%2C+L.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canoeplants.com%2Fuhi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schultz-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schultz_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz,_G.E.1993" class="citation web cs1">Schultz, G.E. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060918184430/http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/diosbul.html">"Element Stewardship Abstract for <i>Dioscorea bulbifera</i>, Air potato"</a>. Nature Conservancy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/diosbul.html">the original</a> on 18 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Element+Stewardship+Abstract+for+Dioscorea+bulbifera%2C+Air+potato&rft.pub=Nature+Conservancy&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Schultz%2C+G.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftncweeds.ucdavis.edu%2Fesadocs%2Fdocumnts%2Fdiosbul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zulu-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zulu_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuluEllisCulham2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12231-018-9433-3">"Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (<i>Dioscorea hirtiflora</i>) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_Botany" title="Economic Botany">Economic Botany</a></i>. <b>73</b> (1): 47–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12231-018-9433-3">10.1007/s12231-018-9433-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0001">0013-0001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Collection%2C+Consumption%2C+and+Sale+of+Lusala+%28Dioscorea+hirtiflora%29+%E2%80%94+a+Wild+Yam+%E2%80%94+by+Rural+Households+in+Southern+Province%2C+Zambia&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-63&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12231-018-9433-3&rft.issn=0013-0001&rft.aulast=Zulu&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Richard+H.&rft.au=Culham%2C+Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12231-018-9433-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuluEllisCulham2020" class="citation journal cs1">Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0014479720000083">"Propagation of lusala (<i>Dioscorea hirtiflora</i>), a wild yam, for <i>in situ</i> and <i>ex situ</i> conservation and potential domestication"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_Agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experimental Agriculture (page does not exist)">Experimental Agriculture</a></i>. <b>56</b> (3): 453–468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0014479720000083">10.1017/S0014479720000083</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216212360">216212360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experimental+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Propagation+of+lusala+%28Dioscorea+hirtiflora%29%2C+a+wild+yam%2C+for+in+situ+and+ex+situ+conservation+and+potential+domestication&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=453-468&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0014479720000083&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216212360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zulu&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Ellis%2C+R.+H.&rft.au=Culham%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0014479720000083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opara-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-opara_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opara_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinus_Opara2003" class="citation web cs1">Linus Opara (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Compendium_-_Yams.pdf">"YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YAMS%3A+Post-Harvest+Operation&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Linus+Opara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Finpho%2Fdocs%2FPost_Harvest_Compendium_-_Yams.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faostat-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faostat_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC">"Yam production in 2019"</a>. Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a>, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yam+production+in+2019&rft.series=Crops%2FRegions%2FWorld%2FProduction+Quantity&rft.pub=FAOSTAT%2C+Statistics+Division+of+the+UN+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Dioscorea+dumetorum"><i>Dioscorea dumetorum</i>: Useful Tropical Plants</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jesus-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jesus_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jesus_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesusMartinsGallardoSilvestre2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225340">"Diosgenin: Recent highlights on pharmacology and analytical methodology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Analytical_Methods_in_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry">Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry</a></i>. <b>2016</b>: 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2016%2F4156293">10.1155/2016/4156293</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225340">5225340</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28116217">28116217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Analytical+Methods+in+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Diosgenin%3A+Recent+highlights+on+pharmacology+and+analytical+methodology&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5225340%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28116217&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2016%2F4156293&rft.aulast=Jesus&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Martins%2C+A.+P&rft.au=Gallardo%2C+E.&rft.au=Silvestre%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5225340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fao1990a-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fao1990a_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fao1990a_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fao1990a_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOke,_O.L.1990" class="citation book cs1">Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rootstubersplant0000unse"><i>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition</i></a></span>. United Nations <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-102862-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-102862-9"><bdi>978-92-5-102862-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots%2C+tubers%2C+plantains+and+bananas+in+human+nutrition&rft.pub=United+Nations+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-92-5-102862-9&rft.au=Oke%2C+O.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frootstubersplant0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDADailyValues-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"</a>. <i>FDA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Daily+Value+on+the+Nutrition+and+Supplement+Facts+Labels&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fnutrition-facts-label%2Fdaily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_MedicineHealth_and_Medicine_DivisionFood_and_Nutrition_BoardCommittee_to_Review_the_Dietary_Reference_Intakes_for_Sodium_and_Potassium2019" class="citation book cs1">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/"><i>Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</i></a>. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1"><bdi>978-0-309-48834-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154">30844154</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509063633/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+National+Academies+Collection%3A+Reports+funded+by+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30844154&rft.isbn=978-0-309-48834-1&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.au=Health+and+Medicine+Division&rft.au=Food+and+Nutrition+Board&rft.au=Committee+to+Review+the+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK538102%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUwaegbute,_Osho_and_Obatolu1998" class="citation book cs1">Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). <i>Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference</i>. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-131-111-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-131-111-6"><bdi>978-978-131-111-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postharvest+technology+and+commodity+marketing%3A+Proceedings+of+a+postharvest+conference&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Tropical+Agriculture&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-978-131-111-6&rft.au=Uwaegbute%2C+Osho+and+Obatolu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsweek/Glycemic_index_and_glycemic_load_for_100_foods.htm">"Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Health_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvard Health Publications (page does not exist)">Harvard Health Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glycemic+index+and+glycemic+load+for+100%2B+foods&rft.series=Harvard+Health+Publications&rft.pub=Harvard+Medical+School&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.harvard.edu%2Fnewsweek%2FGlycemic_index_and_glycemic_load_for_100_foods.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/t0207e/T0207E05.htm">"Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value"</a>. <i>United Nations <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.atitle=Roots%2C+tubers%2C+plantains+and+bananas+in+human+nutrition+-+Nutritive+value&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Ft0207e%2FT0207E05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tmcr.usuhs.mil/tmcr/chapter16/Kwashiorkor.htm">"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Medicine_Central_Resource&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropical Medicine Central Resource (page does not exist)">Tropical Medicine Central Resource</a>. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kwashiorkor+%28Protein-Calorie+Malnutrition%29&rft.pub=Tropical+Medicine+Central+Resource&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftmcr.usuhs.mil%2Ftmcr%2Fchapter16%2FKwashiorkor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/disorders_of_nutrition/undernutrition/undernutrition.html">"Undernutrition"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Merck_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Merck Manual">Merck Manual</a>: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Undernutrition&rft.pub=The+Merck+Manual%3A+The+Home+Health+Handbook&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckmanuals.com%2Fhome%2Fdisorders_of_nutrition%2Fundernutrition%2Fundernutrition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOB_IzekorMI_Olumese2010" class="citation journal cs1">OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517063405/http://www.asopah.org/journals/ajga/ajga6/ajga640310091.pdf">"Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Journal_of_General_Agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Journal of General Agriculture (page does not exist)">African Journal of General Agriculture</a></i>. <b>6</b> (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asopah.org/journals/ajga/ajga6/ajga640310091.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+General+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Determinants+of+yam+production+and+profitability+in+Edo+State%2C+Nigeria&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2010-12&rft.au=OB+Izekor&rft.au=MI+Olumese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asopah.org%2Fjournals%2Fajga%2Fajga6%2Fajga640310091.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/">"Nutrient data laboratory"</a>. United States Department of Agriculture<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nutrient+data+laboratory&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Ffdc-app.html%23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific</i>. United Nations <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. 1989. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-102782-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-102782-0"><bdi>978-92-5-102782-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots%2C+Tubers%2C+and+Plantains+in+Food+Security%3A+In+Sub-Saharan+Africa%2C+in+Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean%2C+in+the+Pacific&rft.pub=United+Nations+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-92-5-102782-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsonLupien2008" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259999490">"Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques"</a>. <i>Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Food_Science_%26_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Food Science & Technology">International Union of Food Science & Technology</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:107695924">107695924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minimizing+Postharvest+Losses+in+Yam+%28Dioscorea+spp.%29%3A+Treatments+and+Techniques&rft.btitle=Using+food+science+and+technology+to+improve+nutrition+and+promote+national+development%3A+Selected+case+studies&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Food+Science+%26+Technology&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A107695924%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Lupien%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F259999490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bmgf-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bmgf_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bmgf_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNweke,_FelixAidoo,_RobertOkoye,_Benjamin2013" class="citation web cs1">Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agriknowledge.org/downloads/6969z081q">"Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa"</a>. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yam+Consumption+Patterns+in+West+Africa&rft.pub=Bill+and+Melinda+Gates+Foundation&rft.date=2013-07&rft.au=Nweke%2C+Felix&rft.au=Aidoo%2C+Robert&rft.au=Okoye%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagriknowledge.org%2Fdownloads%2F6969z081q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/node/26485">"El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano"</a>. <i>Banco de la República, Colombia</i>. 21 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banco+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica%2C+Colombia&rft.atitle=El+cultivo+de+%C3%B1ame+en+el+Caribe+colombiano&rft.date=2012-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.banrep.gov.co%2Fes%2Fnode%2F26485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kilomet109.com/our-ingredients-the-yam-root/">Yam Root Dye</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k.k.-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-k.k._46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CGcMAQAAMAAJ&q=taradi+Dioscorea">Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya</a>. 2000. p.18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharmatutorjournal.com/index.php/pt/article/view/272">Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya.</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=PharmaTutor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PharmaTutor (page does not exist)">PharmaTutor</a></i>. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajendra1993" class="citation journal cs1">Rajendra, Gupta (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijpgr&volume=6&issue=2&article=005">"Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Journal_of_Plant_Genetic_Resources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources (page does not exist)">Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources</a></i>. <b>6</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8184">0971-8184</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Plant+Genetic+Resources&rft.atitle=Conservation+and+utilization+of+Indian+Medicinal+Plants&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0971-8184&rft.aulast=Rajendra&rft.aufirst=Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianjournals.com%2Fijor.aspx%3Ftarget%3Dijor%3Aijpgr%26volume%3D6%26issue%3D2%26article%3D005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Chiranjit Parmar, in article "Taradi", <i>The Heirloom Gardener</i>, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uvi-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uvi_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uvi_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaleba,_Mere2015" class="citation web cs1">Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=303378">"Million dollar aim"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Times" title="Fiji Times">Fiji Times</a> Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Million+dollar+aim&rft.pub=The+Fiji+Times+Online&rft.date=2015-04-25&rft.au=Naleba%2C+Mere&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fijitimes.com%2Fstory.aspx%3Fid%3D303378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoody1996" class="citation book cs1">Goody, Jack (1996). <i>Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28696-1"><bdi>978-0-521-28696-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooking%2C+cuisine+and+class%3A+A+study+in+comparative+sociology&rft.pages=78-81&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28696-1&rft.aulast=Goody&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkerKrueger1940" class="citation journal cs1">Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" title="Journal of the American Chemical Society">Journal of the American Chemical Society</a></i>. <b>62</b> (12): 3349–3350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01869a023">10.1021/ja01869a023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Sterols.+CXII.+Sapogenins.+XLI.+The+Preparation+of+Trillin+and+its+Conversion+to+Progesterone&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3349-3350&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01869a023&rft.aulast=Marker&rft.aufirst=RE&rft.au=Krueger%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1481227-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid1481227_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjerassi,_C.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Djerassi, C. (December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-128X%2892%2990016-3">"Steroid research at Syntex: "the pill" and cortisone"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Steroids_(journal)" title="Steroids (journal)">Steroids</a></i>. <b>57</b> (12): 631–641. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-128X%2892%2990016-3">10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1481227">1481227</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5933910">5933910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Steroids&rft.atitle=Steroid+research+at+Syntex%3A+%22the+pill%22+and+cortisone&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=631-641&rft.date=1992-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5933910%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1481227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0039-128X%2892%2990016-3&rft.au=Djerassi%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0039-128X%252892%252990016-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15372201-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15372201_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuWangJuWong2005" class="citation journal cs1">Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis". <i><a href="/wiki/Cancer_Chemotherapy_and_Pharmacology" title="Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology">Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology</a></i>. <b>55</b> (1): 79–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00280-004-0849-3">10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15372201">15372201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11779821">11779821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Chemotherapy+and+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Diosgenin+induces+cell+cycle+arrest+and+apoptosis+in+human+leukemia+K562+cells+with+the+disruption+of+Ca%3Csup%3E2%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E+homeostasis&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-90&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11779821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15372201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00280-004-0849-3&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Wang%2C+Z&rft.au=Ju%2C+Y&rft.au=Wong%2C+RN&rft.au=Wu%2C+QY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" class="citation web cs1">United Nations <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E01.htm">"Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition"</a>. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roots%2C+tubers%2C+plantains+and+bananas+in+human+nutrition&rft.pages=Acknowledgments%2C+preface%2C+introduction%2C+origins%2C+and+distribution&rft.au=United+Nations+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Ft0207e%2FT0207E01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yam" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:yam"> yam</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iita.org/research/our-research-themes/improving-crops/yam-crop-improvement/">"Yam crop improvement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Tropical_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="International Institute for Tropical Agriculture">International Institute for Tropical Agriculture</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Institute+for+Tropical+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Yam+crop+improvement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iita.org%2Fresearch%2Four-research-themes%2Fimproving-crops%2Fyam-crop-improvement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYam+%28vegetable%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Yam" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Yam">Yam</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yam">Yams</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bioenergy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioenergy" title="Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioenergy" title="Template talk:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioenergy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy from<br />foodstock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa#Biodiesel_and_jet_fuel" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil#Industry" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">Non-food<br />energy crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arundo" title="Arundo">Arundo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">Big bluestem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina" title="Camelina">Camelina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadica_sebifera" title="Triadica sebifera">Chinese tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_%C3%97_giganteus" title="Miscanthus × giganteus"><i>Miscanthus</i> × <i>giganteus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pongamia" title="Pongamia">Pongamia pinnata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage">Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_heating_system" title="Biomass heating system">Biomass heating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">Biorefinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">stove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" title="Thermal depolymerization">Thermal depolymerization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agflation" title="Agflation">Agflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bioenergy" title="Category:Bioenergy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&oldid=1258496395">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&oldid=1258496395</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yams_(vegetable)" title="Category:Yams (vegetable)">Yams (vegetable)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crops_originating_from_Africa" title="Category:Crops originating from Africa">Crops originating from Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dioscorea" title="Category:Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Jamaica" title="Category:Flora of Jamaica">Flora of Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Igbo_cuisine" title="Category:Igbo cuisine">Igbo cuisine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Root_vegetables" title="Category:Root vegetables">Root vegetables</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Staple_foods" title="Category:Staple foods">Staple foods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tropical_agriculture" title="Category:Tropical agriculture">Tropical agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tubers" title="Category:Tubers">Tubers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yoruba_cuisine" title="Category:Yoruba cuisine">Yoruba cuisine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crops" title="Category:Crops">Crops</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_dyes" title="Category:Plant dyes">Plant dyes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2021">Use dmy dates from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2019">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2017">Articles needing additional references from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2017">Articles needing additional references from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 01:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yam_(vegetable)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pqfbt","wgBackendResponseTime":187,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.154","walltime":"1.369","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13114,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":274204,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17479,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":235371,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1153.250 1 -total"," 22.55% 260.048 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.54% 202.265 6 Template:Infobox"," 15.50% 178.809 24 Template:Cite_web"," 14.26% 164.480 1 Template:Nutritionalvalue"," 12.60% 145.262 19 Template:Citation_needed"," 10.30% 118.820 19 Template:Fix"," 7.31% 84.281 16 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.35% 73.224 3 Template:Sister_project"," 6.29% 72.590 1 Template:Bioenergy"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.660","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11123513,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7jdc6","timestamp":"20241122141435","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Yam (vegetable)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yam_(vegetable)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8047551","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8047551","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-14T00:56:14Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T01:54:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/db\/Yams_species_called_Parkistan._The_size_is_for_eating_but_smaller_sizes_can_be_cultivated.jpg","headline":"edible tuber"}</script> </body> </html>