CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta name="description" content="An MIT-led study shows that there is enough land to support efforts to cap global warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius while addressing competing needs for long-term food security and ecosystem health." /> <meta name="keywords" content="MIT Center for Sustainability Science and Strategy, MIT C3S, MITEI, land use policy, food production, carbon capture and storage (CCS), direct air capture (DAC), afforestation/reforestation, wind farms, solar farms, sustainable land use, global hectare (gha), Angelo Gurgel" /> <meta name="news_keywords" content="MIT Center for Sustainability Science and Strategy, MIT C3S, MITEI, land use policy, food production, carbon capture and storage (CCS), direct air capture (DAC), afforestation/reforestation, wind farms, solar farms, sustainable land use, global hectare (gha), Angelo Gurgel" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@mit" /> <meta property="twitter:site:id" content="15460048" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta property="twitter:title" content="Is there enough land on Earth to fight climate change and feed the world?" /> <meta property="twitter:image" content="https://news.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/202411/Biomass-Resources.png" /> <meta property="fb:page_id" content="126533127390327" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Is there enough land on Earth to fight climate change and feed the world?" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://news.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/202411/Biomass-Resources.png" /> <meta property="og:description" content="An MIT-led study shows that there is enough land to support efforts to cap global warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius while addressing competing needs for long-term food security and ecosystem health." /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://news.mit.edu/2024/there-enough-land-earth-fight-climate-change-and-feed-world-1126" /> <meta property="og:author" content="Mark Dwortzan | Center for Sustainability Science and Strategy" /> <link rel="image_src" href="https://news.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/202411/Biomass-Resources.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://news.mit.edu/2024/there-enough-land-earth-fight-climate-change-and-feed-world-1126" /> <title>Is there enough land on Earth to fight climate change and feed the world? | MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology</title> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/mit/assets/img/favicon/favicon.ico" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/mit/assets/img/favicon/favicon.svg" type="image/svg+xml"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/themes/mit/assets/img/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/themes/mit/assets/img/favicon/manifest.webmanifest"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/views/css/views.module.css?ss069k" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/paragraphs/css/paragraphs.unpublished.css?ss069k" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/mit/assets/css/main.css?ss069k" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/themes/mit/assets/css/print.css?ss069k" /> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KDTCBZD');</script> </head> <body class="news-article"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KDTCBZD" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <a href="#main" class="skip-to-content">Skip to content ↓</a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <section class="tle-header"> <div class="tle-logo"> <div class="tle-logo-mit"> <a class="logo-mit" href="http://web.mit.edu"> <svg class="mit-logo-name" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="400" height="92.249" viewBox="0 0 400 92.249"> <path class="mit-logo-name--color" id="mit_lockup_std-three-line_rgb_black" d="M349.2,160l3.389,12.047c.4,1.544.805,3.087,1.074,4.362.168.738.3,1.443.436,2.114h.067c.134-.671.268-1.376.436-2.114.268-1.275.6-2.819,1.04-4.362L359.028,160h6.946v23.993h-4.53V170.235c0-.973,0-2.181.1-3.221.034-.57.067-1.175.1-1.745h-.067c-.1.57-.235,1.107-.336,1.644-.235.94-.47,2.013-.7,2.92l-4.128,14.161h-4.664l-4.027-14.161c-.268-.906-.47-1.98-.7-2.92-.1-.537-.235-1.074-.336-1.644h-.067c.034.57.067,1.174.1,1.745.034,1.04.1,2.248.1,3.221v13.758H342.35V160Zm30.2,22.081h-.067a4.582,4.582,0,0,1-1.745,1.644,7.24,7.24,0,0,1-3.322.671c-3.557,0-6.007-1.812-6.007-5.268a4.437,4.437,0,0,1,2.013-3.993,11.88,11.88,0,0,1,4.9-1.544c2.886-.4,4.161-.638,4.161-1.946,0-1.275-.94-2.047-2.886-2.047-2.148,0-3.188.738-3.322,2.416h-4.06a5.254,5.254,0,0,1,1.879-3.96,8.256,8.256,0,0,1,5.537-1.711c5.168,0,7.248,2.282,7.248,6.342v8.758c0,1.309.2,2.081.6,2.383v.168h-4.4A4.838,4.838,0,0,1,379.4,182.081Zm-1.007-1.913a3.022,3.022,0,0,0,1.04-2.248v-2.584a11.133,11.133,0,0,1-3.188,1.007c-2.416.537-3.557,1.074-3.557,2.685s1.074,2.181,2.685,2.181A4.375,4.375,0,0,0,378.391,180.168Zm6.946-1.745h4.228c.3,2.013,1.678,2.852,3.758,2.852,2.013,0,3.154-.772,3.154-1.98,0-.805-.57-1.275-1.376-1.577a25.006,25.006,0,0,0-3.154-.7,11.258,11.258,0,0,1-4.195-1.409,4.154,4.154,0,0,1-1.913-3.792,4.8,4.8,0,0,1,2.047-4.161,8.5,8.5,0,0,1,4.966-1.342c4.6,0,7.014,2.181,7.383,5.7h-4.128c-.235-1.879-1.342-2.517-3.322-2.517-1.812,0-2.953.638-2.953,1.913,0,.772.57,1.141,1.477,1.409.872.3,2.047.436,3.255.7a12.029,12.029,0,0,1,4.128,1.409,4.474,4.474,0,0,1,1.946,4.027,4.843,4.843,0,0,1-2.013,4.06,8.875,8.875,0,0,1-5.235,1.477C388.357,184.5,385.606,182.114,385.337,178.423Zm16.308,0h4.228c.3,2.013,1.678,2.852,3.758,2.852,2.013,0,3.154-.772,3.154-1.98,0-.805-.571-1.275-1.376-1.577a25.011,25.011,0,0,0-3.154-.7,11.259,11.259,0,0,1-4.195-1.409,4.154,4.154,0,0,1-1.913-3.792,4.8,4.8,0,0,1,2.047-4.161,8.5,8.5,0,0,1,4.966-1.342c4.6,0,7.013,2.181,7.383,5.7h-4.128c-.235-1.879-1.342-2.517-3.322-2.517-1.812,0-2.953.638-2.953,1.913,0,.772.57,1.141,1.477,1.409.873.3,2.047.436,3.255.7A12.029,12.029,0,0,1,415,174.933a4.474,4.474,0,0,1,1.946,4.027,4.843,4.843,0,0,1-2.013,4.06A8.875,8.875,0,0,1,409.7,184.5C404.666,184.5,401.914,182.114,401.646,178.423Zm27.684,3.658h-.067a4.582,4.582,0,0,1-1.745,1.644,7.24,7.24,0,0,1-3.322.671c-3.557,0-6.007-1.812-6.007-5.268a4.437,4.437,0,0,1,2.013-3.993,11.88,11.88,0,0,1,4.9-1.544c2.886-.4,4.161-.638,4.161-1.946,0-1.275-.94-2.047-2.886-2.047-2.148,0-3.188.738-3.322,2.416h-4.06a5.254,5.254,0,0,1,1.879-3.96,8.256,8.256,0,0,1,5.537-1.711c5.168,0,7.248,2.282,7.248,6.342v8.758c0,1.309.2,2.081.6,2.383v.168h-4.4A4.838,4.838,0,0,1,429.33,182.081Zm-1.007-1.913a3.022,3.022,0,0,0,1.04-2.248v-2.584a11.134,11.134,0,0,1-3.188,1.007c-2.416.537-3.557,1.074-3.557,2.685s1.074,2.181,2.685,2.181A4.375,4.375,0,0,0,428.323,180.168Zm9.564,1.678A9.189,9.189,0,0,1,435.5,175.4a9.466,9.466,0,0,1,2.349-6.477,8.218,8.218,0,0,1,6.242-2.617,8.37,8.37,0,0,1,5.369,1.745,7.372,7.372,0,0,1,2.45,4.564h-4.463a3.1,3.1,0,0,0-3.154-2.651c-2.785,0-4.161,2.047-4.161,5.436,0,3.289,1.275,5.436,4.094,5.436a3.171,3.171,0,0,0,3.456-2.919h4.4a6.8,6.8,0,0,1-2.248,4.631,8.066,8.066,0,0,1-5.5,1.946A8.521,8.521,0,0,1,437.887,181.846Zm20.638-12.819a5.423,5.423,0,0,1,5-2.718,5.606,5.606,0,0,1,4.3,1.812,6.833,6.833,0,0,1,1.644,4.631v11.242H464.9V173.423a2.832,2.832,0,0,0-2.987-3.154c-2.013,0-3.49,1.577-3.49,3.96v9.765H453.86V160h4.564v9.027Zm24.43,12.953h-.1a5.524,5.524,0,0,1-4.933,2.483c-3.859,0-5.973-2.383-5.973-6.208V166.779h4.53v10.7c0,2.013.872,3.121,2.852,3.121,2.148,0,3.456-1.611,3.456-3.893v-9.933h4.564v17.215h-4.4Zm6.074-3.557h4.228c.3,2.013,1.678,2.852,3.758,2.852,2.013,0,3.154-.772,3.154-1.98,0-.805-.571-1.275-1.376-1.577a25.007,25.007,0,0,0-3.154-.7,11.258,11.258,0,0,1-4.195-1.409,4.154,4.154,0,0,1-1.913-3.792,4.8,4.8,0,0,1,2.047-4.161,8.5,8.5,0,0,1,4.966-1.342c4.6,0,7.013,2.181,7.383,5.7H499.8c-.235-1.879-1.342-2.517-3.322-2.517-1.812,0-2.953.638-2.953,1.913,0,.772.57,1.141,1.477,1.409.872.3,2.047.436,3.255.7a12.03,12.03,0,0,1,4.128,1.409,4.475,4.475,0,0,1,1.946,4.027,4.843,4.843,0,0,1-2.013,4.06,8.875,8.875,0,0,1-5.235,1.477C492.048,184.5,489.3,182.114,489.028,178.423Zm18.791,3.423a9.229,9.229,0,0,1-2.316-6.477,9.342,9.342,0,0,1,2.383-6.443,8.131,8.131,0,0,1,6.108-2.617,7.577,7.577,0,0,1,6.309,2.886,11.949,11.949,0,0,1,2.181,7.483H510c.369,2.685,1.779,4.3,4.4,4.3a3.187,3.187,0,0,0,3.322-2.114h4.5a6.656,6.656,0,0,1-2.45,3.96,8.512,8.512,0,0,1-5.336,1.678A8.693,8.693,0,0,1,507.819,181.846Zm2.248-8.322h7.651a3.59,3.59,0,0,0-3.658-3.691C511.645,169.832,510.47,171.242,510.068,173.524Zm15.369-6.745v-5.369H529.9v5.369h2.953v3.188H529.9v8.96c0,1.309.671,1.711,1.711,1.711h.872a2.214,2.214,0,0,0,.47-.034v3.356a5.206,5.206,0,0,1-.738.033c-.5.034-1.208.034-2.114.034a5.442,5.442,0,0,1-3.154-.839,3.747,3.747,0,0,1-1.51-3.289v-9.933h-2.383v-3.188Zm10.6,0v-5.369H540.5v5.369h2.953v3.188H540.5v8.96c0,1.309.671,1.711,1.711,1.711h.873a2.215,2.215,0,0,0,.47-.034v3.356a5.209,5.209,0,0,1-.738.033c-.5.034-1.208.034-2.114.034a5.443,5.443,0,0,1-3.154-.839,3.747,3.747,0,0,1-1.51-3.289v-9.933h-2.383v-3.188Zm8.657,11.644h4.228c.3,2.013,1.678,2.852,3.758,2.852,2.013,0,3.154-.772,3.154-1.98,0-.805-.57-1.275-1.376-1.577a25,25,0,0,0-3.154-.7,11.259,11.259,0,0,1-4.195-1.409,4.154,4.154,0,0,1-1.913-3.792,4.8,4.8,0,0,1,2.047-4.161,8.5,8.5,0,0,1,4.966-1.342c4.6,0,7.014,2.181,7.383,5.7H555.47c-.235-1.879-1.342-2.517-3.322-2.517-1.812,0-2.953.638-2.953,1.913,0,.772.57,1.141,1.476,1.409.873.3,2.047.436,3.255.7a12.03,12.03,0,0,1,4.128,1.409A4.474,4.474,0,0,1,560,178.96a4.843,4.843,0,0,1-2.013,4.06,8.875,8.875,0,0,1-5.235,1.477C547.718,184.5,544.966,182.114,544.7,178.423ZM347.216,191.192v23.993H342.35V191.192Zm7.718,9.128a5.5,5.5,0,0,1,5.1-2.819,5.605,5.605,0,0,1,4.3,1.812,6.832,6.832,0,0,1,1.644,4.631v11.242h-4.564V204.615a2.832,2.832,0,0,0-2.987-3.154c-2.013,0-3.49,1.577-3.49,3.96v9.765H350.37V197.97h4.463v2.349Zm12.584,9.3h4.228c.3,2.013,1.678,2.852,3.758,2.852,2.013,0,3.154-.772,3.154-1.98,0-.805-.57-1.275-1.376-1.577a25.015,25.015,0,0,0-3.154-.7,11.26,11.26,0,0,1-4.195-1.409A4.154,4.154,0,0,1,368.021,203a4.8,4.8,0,0,1,2.047-4.161,8.5,8.5,0,0,1,4.966-1.342c4.6,0,7.014,2.181,7.383,5.7H378.29c-.235-1.879-1.342-2.517-3.322-2.517-1.812,0-2.953.638-2.953,1.913,0,.772.57,1.141,1.477,1.409.873.3,2.047.436,3.255.7a12.028,12.028,0,0,1,4.127,1.409,4.474,4.474,0,0,1,1.946,4.027,4.843,4.843,0,0,1-2.013,4.06,8.875,8.875,0,0,1-5.235,1.477C370.538,215.688,367.787,213.306,367.518,209.615Zm18.188-11.644V192.6h4.463v5.369h2.953v3.188h-2.953v8.96c0,1.309.671,1.711,1.711,1.711h.872a2.217,2.217,0,0,0,.47-.034v3.356a5.2,5.2,0,0,1-.738.034c-.5.034-1.208.034-2.114.034a5.443,5.443,0,0,1-3.154-.839,3.747,3.747,0,0,1-1.51-3.289v-9.933h-2.383V197.97Zm14.127-6.141v4.094h-4.564v-4.094Zm0,6.141v17.215h-4.564V197.97Zm4.128,0V192.6h4.463v5.369h2.953v3.188h-2.953v8.96c0,1.309.671,1.711,1.711,1.711h.873a2.216,2.216,0,0,0,.47-.034v3.356a5.2,5.2,0,0,1-.738.034c-.5.034-1.208.034-2.114.034a5.442,5.442,0,0,1-3.154-.839,3.747,3.747,0,0,1-1.51-3.289v-9.933h-2.383V197.97Zm20.436,15.2h-.1a5.524,5.524,0,0,1-4.933,2.483c-3.859,0-5.973-2.383-5.973-6.208V197.97h4.53v10.7c0,2.013.872,3.121,2.852,3.121,2.148,0,3.456-1.611,3.456-3.893V197.97h4.564v17.215h-4.4Zm8.524-15.2V192.6h4.463v5.369h2.953v3.188h-2.953v8.96c0,1.309.671,1.711,1.711,1.711h.872a2.217,2.217,0,0,0,.47-.034v3.356a5.2,5.2,0,0,1-.738.034c-.5.034-1.208.034-2.114.034a5.443,5.443,0,0,1-3.154-.839,3.747,3.747,0,0,1-1.51-3.289v-9.933h-2.383V197.97Zm10.873,15.067a9.228,9.228,0,0,1-2.316-6.477,9.343,9.343,0,0,1,2.383-6.443,8.131,8.131,0,0,1,6.107-2.618,7.577,7.577,0,0,1,6.309,2.886,11.95,11.95,0,0,1,2.181,7.483H445.974c.369,2.685,1.779,4.3,4.4,4.3a3.186,3.186,0,0,0,3.322-2.114h4.5a6.656,6.656,0,0,1-2.45,3.96,8.512,8.512,0,0,1-5.336,1.678A8.693,8.693,0,0,1,443.793,213.037Zm2.248-8.322h7.651a3.59,3.59,0,0,0-3.658-3.691C447.618,201.024,446.444,202.433,446.041,204.715Zm21.443,8.322a9,9,0,0,1-2.517-6.443,9.133,9.133,0,0,1,2.517-6.477,8.865,8.865,0,0,1,6.477-2.618,9,9,0,0,1,6.51,2.618,9.254,9.254,0,0,1,2.483,6.477,9.113,9.113,0,0,1-2.483,6.443,8.892,8.892,0,0,1-6.51,2.651A8.759,8.759,0,0,1,467.484,213.037Zm10.839-6.443c0-3.389-1.544-5.638-4.362-5.638s-4.362,2.248-4.362,5.638c0,3.356,1.544,5.6,4.362,5.6S478.323,209.95,478.323,206.594Zm7.55-8.624v-1.544a4.716,4.716,0,0,1,2.181-4.362,8.937,8.937,0,0,1,5.47-.839v3.524c-2.148-.1-3.087.134-3.087,1.946v1.275h3.087v3.289h-3.087v13.926h-4.564V201.259h-2.349V197.97ZM354.431,222.383v4.094h-7.215v19.9H342.35v-19.9h-7.215v-4.094Zm-.5,21.846a9.228,9.228,0,0,1-2.316-6.477,9.343,9.343,0,0,1,2.383-6.443,8.131,8.131,0,0,1,6.108-2.618,7.577,7.577,0,0,1,6.309,2.886,11.949,11.949,0,0,1,2.181,7.483H356.109c.369,2.685,1.779,4.3,4.4,4.3a3.186,3.186,0,0,0,3.322-2.114h4.5a6.656,6.656,0,0,1-2.45,3.96,8.512,8.512,0,0,1-5.336,1.678A8.693,8.693,0,0,1,353.928,244.229Zm2.248-8.322h7.651a3.59,3.59,0,0,0-3.658-3.691C357.753,232.215,356.579,233.625,356.176,235.907Zm15.872,8.322a9.189,9.189,0,0,1-2.383-6.443,9.465,9.465,0,0,1,2.349-6.477,8.217,8.217,0,0,1,6.242-2.618,8.37,8.37,0,0,1,5.369,1.745,7.372,7.372,0,0,1,2.45,4.564h-4.463a3.1,3.1,0,0,0-3.154-2.651c-2.785,0-4.161,2.047-4.161,5.436,0,3.289,1.275,5.436,4.094,5.436a3.171,3.171,0,0,0,3.456-2.92h4.4a6.8,6.8,0,0,1-2.248,4.631,8.065,8.065,0,0,1-5.5,1.946A8.521,8.521,0,0,1,372.049,244.229Zm20.638-12.819a5.423,5.423,0,0,1,5-2.718,5.606,5.606,0,0,1,4.3,1.812,6.833,6.833,0,0,1,1.644,4.631v11.242h-4.564V235.806a2.832,2.832,0,0,0-2.987-3.154c-2.013,0-3.49,1.577-3.49,3.96v9.765h-4.564V222.383h4.564v9.027Zm18.121.1a5.5,5.5,0,0,1,5.1-2.819,5.606,5.606,0,0,1,4.3,1.812,6.833,6.833,0,0,1,1.644,4.631v11.242h-4.564V235.806a2.832,2.832,0,0,0-2.987-3.154c-2.013,0-3.49,1.577-3.49,3.96v9.765h-4.564V229.162h4.463v2.349Zm15.336,12.718a8.995,8.995,0,0,1-2.517-6.443,9.133,9.133,0,0,1,2.517-6.477,8.865,8.865,0,0,1,6.477-2.618,9,9,0,0,1,6.51,2.618,9.254,9.254,0,0,1,2.483,6.477,9.113,9.113,0,0,1-2.483,6.443,8.892,8.892,0,0,1-6.51,2.651A8.759,8.759,0,0,1,426.143,244.229Zm10.839-6.443c0-3.389-1.544-5.638-4.362-5.638s-4.362,2.248-4.362,5.638c0,3.356,1.544,5.6,4.362,5.6S436.982,241.142,436.982,237.786Zm11.174-15.4v23.993h-4.564V222.383Zm4.5,21.846a8.995,8.995,0,0,1-2.517-6.443,9.133,9.133,0,0,1,2.517-6.477,8.865,8.865,0,0,1,6.477-2.618,9,9,0,0,1,6.51,2.618,9.254,9.254,0,0,1,2.483,6.477,9.113,9.113,0,0,1-2.483,6.443,8.892,8.892,0,0,1-6.51,2.651A8.759,8.759,0,0,1,452.653,244.229Zm10.839-6.443c0-3.389-1.544-5.638-4.362-5.638s-4.362,2.248-4.362,5.638c0,3.356,1.544,5.6,4.362,5.6S463.492,241.142,463.492,237.786Zm6.074,9.094h4.53c.369,1.074,1.309,1.913,3.456,1.913,2.55,0,3.826-1.175,3.826-3.591v-1.879h-.1a5.467,5.467,0,0,1-4.5,2.013,7.181,7.181,0,0,1-5.2-2.181,8.172,8.172,0,0,1-2.383-6.04,8.954,8.954,0,0,1,2.114-6.141,6.865,6.865,0,0,1,5.336-2.282,5.548,5.548,0,0,1,4.765,2.282h.067v-1.812h4.4v15.906a6.569,6.569,0,0,1-2.047,5.235,9.008,9.008,0,0,1-6.208,1.946C472.854,252.249,470.069,250.236,469.566,246.88Zm11.107-6.577a5.375,5.375,0,0,0,.94-3.289,5.257,5.257,0,0,0-1.007-3.289,3.752,3.752,0,0,0-3.087-1.376c-2.349,0-3.859,1.779-3.859,4.7,0,2.953,1.51,4.631,3.893,4.631A3.775,3.775,0,0,0,480.673,240.3Zm9.933,8.121c1.846,0,2.55-.906,2.55-2.349a6.284,6.284,0,0,0-.268-1.711c-.235-.7-.537-1.644-1.04-2.953l-4.631-12.248h4.8l2.55,7.752c.268.805.5,1.711.738,2.483.1.436.235.839.369,1.275h.067c.1-.436.2-.839.3-1.275a25.347,25.347,0,0,1,.7-2.483l2.416-7.752h4.6l-6.007,17.651a9.269,9.269,0,0,1-2.215,4.027,5.378,5.378,0,0,1-3.859,1.175H489v-3.591Zm-244.229-2.047h19.195V188.792H246.377Zm28.792-67.182h47.987V160H275.169ZM246.377,160h19.195v19.195H246.377Zm-28.792,86.377h19.195V160H217.584Zm-28.792-19.195h19.195V160H188.792ZM160,246.377h19.195V160H160Zm115.169,0h19.195V188.792H275.169Z" transform="translate(-160 -160)"/> </svg> <svg class="mit-logo-name--alt-without-name" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="200" height="105.882" viewBox="0 0 200 105.882"> <path class="mit-logo-name--color" id="mit_logo_std_rgb_black" d="M265.882,265.882h23.529V195.294H265.882Zm35.294-82.353H360V160H301.176ZM265.882,160h23.529v23.529H265.882ZM230.588,265.882h23.529V160H230.588Zm-35.294-23.529h23.529V160H195.294ZM160,265.882h23.529V160H160Zm141.176,0h23.529V195.294H301.176Z" transform="translate(-160 -160)"/> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</span></a> </div> </div> <nav class="tle-nav"> <a class="tle-nav--title" href="#tle-nav--menu"><span class="visually-hidden">MIT Top </span><span class="title">Menu</span><span class="arrow">↓</span></a> <ul id="tle-nav--menu" class="tle-nav--list"> <li class="tle-nav--link-item"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/education">Education</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/research">Research</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/innovation">Innovation</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/admissions-aid">Admissions + Aid</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/campus-life">Campus Life</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item active"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="/">News</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/about">About MIT</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item tle-nav--link-item--more-block"> <button class="tle-nav--link tle-nav--link--more-button">More <span class="site-nav__arrow">↓</span></button> <ul class="tle-nav--more--list"></ul> </li> </ul> <div class="tle-nav--search-button"> <a class="tle-nav--search-button--trigger" href="http://web.mit.edu/search/"> <svg class="tle-nav--search-button--icon--open" width="0" viewBox="0 0 23 22"> <g stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" fill="none"> <circle cx="9.20757329" cy="8.99160695" r="8.50646589"></circle> <path d="M14.8522097,14.6362434 L20.7140392,20.4980728"></path> </g> </svg><svg class="tle-nav--search-button--icon--close" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0" viewBox="0 0 18 18"> <path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" d="M1 1L17 17M1 17L17 1"></path> </svg><span class="visually-hidden">Search MIT</span> </a> </div> </nav> </section> <section class="tle-search--wrapper"> <div class="tle-search"> <form method="GET" action="https://web.mit.edu/search/" id="tle-search-form" class="tle-search-form"> <label for="tle-search-form-input" class="tle-search-form--label">Search websites, locations, and people</label> <div class="tle-search-form--input-wrapper"> <svg width="30" viewBox="0 0 23 22" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" class="tle-search-form--search-icon"><g stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" fill="none"><circle cx="9.20757329" cy="8.99160695" r="8.50646589"></circle> <path d="M14.8522097,14.6362434 L20.7140392,20.4980728" id="Line-4"></path></g></svg> <input type="query" id="tle-search-form--input" autocomplete="off" name="q" aria-label="search MIT" placeholder="What are you looking for?" class="tle-search-form--input"> <button type="reset" for="tle-search-form" aria-label="reset" class="tle-search-form--button-reset"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" class="tle-search-form--button-reset--icon"> <circle fill="red" cx="13" cy="13" r="13"></circle> <path d="M9.9 9.9l6.5 6.5M16.4 9.9l-6.5 6.5" stroke="currentColor"></path> </svg> </button> </div> </form> <div class="tle-search--suggested-results--wrapper"> <div class="tle-search--suggested-results"> <div class="tle-search--suggested-results--top-links--placeholder"></div> <div class="tle-search--suggested-results--locations--placeholder"></div> <div class="tle-search--suggested-results--directory--placeholder"></div> <button type="submit" form="tle-search-form" class="tle-search--suggested-results--button-see-more"> <span class="tle-search--suggested-results--button-see-more--text">See More Results</span> </button> </div> <p class="tle-search--suggested-results--feedback"><a href="http://web.mit.edu/feedback" class="tle-search--suggested-results--feedback--link">Suggestions or feedback?</a></p> </div> </div> </section> <header class="site-header"> <div class="site-header--inner"> <div class="site-logo"> <div class="site-logo--mit-news"> <h2 class="site-logo--mit-news--heading"> <a class="logo--mit-news" href="/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0" viewBox="0 0 350.922 78.577" class="logo"> <g class="tagline" transform="translate(0.487 66.798)"> <g> <path d="M12.132,61.991a5.519,5.519,0,0,1-5.866,5.753A5.554,5.554,0,0,1,.4,61.854a5.809,5.809,0,0,1,1.816-4.383,6.04,6.04,0,0,1,4.05-1.37C9.9,55.965,12.132,58.43,12.132,61.991Zm-8.939-.137c0,2.328,1.117,3.7,3.073,3.7s3.073-1.37,3.073-3.7-1.117-3.835-3.073-3.835C4.45,58.156,3.193,59.526,3.193,61.854Z" transform="translate(-0.4 -55.965)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M17.884,67.531l-3.352-5.753-1.257-2.191v7.944H10.9V56.3h2.793l3.212,5.616c.419.822.7,1.37,1.257,2.328V56.3h2.374V67.531Z" transform="translate(3.765 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M32.441,59.972a2.177,2.177,0,0,0-2.374-1.644c-1.955,0-3.073,1.37-3.073,3.7s1.117,3.7,2.933,3.7a2.319,2.319,0,0,0,2.514-2.055h2.793c-.279,2.6-2.374,4.109-5.308,4.109-3.492,0-5.727-2.328-5.727-5.89S26.435,56,29.927,56c2.793,0,4.749,1.507,5.168,3.835H32.441Z" transform="translate(9.042 -56)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M36.731,65.2l-.7,2.328H33.1L37.29,56.3h3.352l3.771,11.231H41.341l-.7-2.328Zm2.1-6.438-1.4,4.383h2.654Z" transform="translate(12.572 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M47.209,67.531,45.533,61.5a6.062,6.062,0,0,1-.279-1.1,3.476,3.476,0,0,0-.279-.685v7.807H42.6V56.3h3.771l1.536,5.89a17.317,17.317,0,0,1,.559,2.6c0-.274.14-.274.14-.411l.14-.685a4.758,4.758,0,0,0,.14-.822,2.356,2.356,0,0,0,.14-.685l1.536-5.89h3.771V67.531H51.958V59.724a2.958,2.958,0,0,1-.419,1.233,1.343,1.343,0,0,0-.14.548l-1.676,6.027H47.209Z" transform="translate(16.341 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M56.054,67.531H53.4V56.3h4.609a4.736,4.736,0,0,1,3.212.822A3.7,3.7,0,0,1,62.479,60a3.373,3.373,0,0,1-.978,2.6,4.044,4.044,0,0,1-2.933,1.1H56.054Zm2.1-6.027a1.515,1.515,0,1,0,0-3.013h-2.1v3.15h2.1Z" transform="translate(20.626 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M71.2,56.2v7.67a3.174,3.174,0,0,1-1.257,2.876,5.531,5.531,0,0,1-3.492.959,5.8,5.8,0,0,1-3.492-.959A3.334,3.334,0,0,1,61.7,63.87V56.2h2.654v7.4c0,.822.14,1.1.419,1.37a3.034,3.034,0,0,0,1.676.548,1.759,1.759,0,0,0,1.536-.548c.419-.274.419-.685.419-1.37V56.2Z" transform="translate(23.918 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M77.684,59.8v-.137c0-.959-.838-1.507-2.1-1.507s-1.955.411-1.955,1.1c0,.411.419.822,1.117.959l2.374.548a5.282,5.282,0,0,1,2.654,1.1,2.861,2.861,0,0,1,.838,2.191c0,2.328-1.816,3.7-4.889,3.7-3.212,0-5.028-1.507-5.028-3.972h2.654c0,1.233.838,1.918,2.374,1.918,1.4,0,2.235-.411,2.235-1.233,0-.548-.419-.959-1.257-1.1l-2.374-.548a4.257,4.257,0,0,1-2.514-1.1,2.738,2.738,0,0,1-.978-2.191c0-2.191,1.816-3.424,4.749-3.424a4.661,4.661,0,0,1,4.05,1.644,4.541,4.541,0,0,1,.7,2.191H77.684Z" transform="translate(27.489 -55.963)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M86.931,65.2l-.7,2.328H83.3L87.49,56.3h3.352l3.771,11.231H91.541l-.7-2.328Zm2.1-6.438-1.4,4.383h2.654Z" transform="translate(32.487 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M99.784,67.531l-3.352-5.753-1.257-2.191v7.944H92.8V56.3h2.793l3.212,5.616c.419.822.7,1.37,1.257,2.328V56.3h2.374V67.531Z" transform="translate(36.256 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M102.1,56.2h4.05c2.374,0,3.631.411,4.749,1.507a5.554,5.554,0,0,1,1.4,3.972,6.348,6.348,0,0,1-1.536,4.246c-.978,1.1-2.374,1.507-4.469,1.507h-4.05V56.2Zm4.469,9.177c1.257,0,1.955-.274,2.374-1.1a5.132,5.132,0,0,0,0-4.657,2.161,2.161,0,0,0-2.235-1.1h-1.955v6.985h1.816Z" transform="translate(39.946 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M118.631,65.2l-.7,2.328H115L119.19,56.3h3.352l3.771,11.231h-3.073l-.7-2.328Zm2.1-6.438-1.4,4.383h2.654Z" transform="translate(45.063 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M127.154,67.531H124.5V56.3h5.168a4.621,4.621,0,0,1,3.073.685,2.9,2.9,0,0,1,1.117,2.328,2.8,2.8,0,0,1-1.955,2.739c1.117.411,1.536.959,1.676,2.465l.14,1.644a2.721,2.721,0,0,0,.419,1.507h-2.654a1.058,1.058,0,0,1-.419-.959l-.14-1.507c-.14-1.37-.7-2.055-2.1-2.055h-1.816v4.383Zm2.654-6.574c.978,0,1.536-.411,1.536-1.233s-.559-1.233-1.536-1.233h-2.654v2.6h2.654Z" transform="translate(48.832 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M144.832,61.991a5.867,5.867,0,0,1-11.732-.137,5.809,5.809,0,0,1,1.816-4.383,6.04,6.04,0,0,1,4.05-1.37C142.458,55.965,144.832,58.43,144.832,61.991Zm-8.939-.137c0,2.328,1.117,3.7,3.073,3.7s3.073-1.37,3.073-3.7-1.117-3.835-3.073-3.835C137.011,58.156,135.893,59.526,135.893,61.854Z" transform="translate(52.244 -55.965)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M153.1,56.2v7.67a3.174,3.174,0,0,1-1.257,2.876,5.531,5.531,0,0,1-3.492.959,5.8,5.8,0,0,1-3.492-.959A3.333,3.333,0,0,1,143.6,63.87V56.2h2.654v7.4c0,.822.14,1.1.419,1.37a3.034,3.034,0,0,0,1.676.548,1.759,1.759,0,0,0,1.536-.548c.419-.274.419-.685.419-1.37V56.2Z" transform="translate(56.409 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M159.784,67.531l-3.352-5.753-1.257-2.191v7.944H152.8V56.3h2.793l3.212,5.616c.419.822.7,1.37,1.257,2.328V56.3h2.374V67.531Z" transform="translate(60.059 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M162.1,56.2h4.05c2.374,0,3.631.411,4.749,1.507a5.553,5.553,0,0,1,1.4,3.972,6.348,6.348,0,0,1-1.536,4.246c-.978,1.1-2.374,1.507-4.469,1.507h-4.05V56.2Zm4.469,9.177c1.257,0,1.955-.274,2.374-1.1a5.132,5.132,0,0,0,0-4.657,2.161,2.161,0,0,0-2.235-1.1h-1.955v6.985h1.816Z" transform="translate(63.748 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M181.385,67.531h-2.654v-9.04H175.1V56.3h9.777v2.191h-3.631v9.04Z" transform="translate(68.906 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M186.454,62.6v4.931H183.8V56.3h2.654v4.246h4.33V56.3h2.654V67.531h-2.654V62.6Z" transform="translate(72.357 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M201.9,58.355h-6.146v2.191h5.308V62.6h-5.308V65.34h6.285v2.191H193.1V56.3h8.8Z" transform="translate(76.046 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M208.312,67.531,205.1,56.3h2.654l1.257,5.068c.279.959.419,1.507.7,2.739a11.82,11.82,0,0,1,.559-2.739l1.117-5.068H213.9l1.117,5.068a23.766,23.766,0,0,1,.559,2.739c.14-.548.279-1.37.559-2.739l1.257-5.068h2.654l-3.352,11.231h-2.514l-1.117-4.657A19.263,19.263,0,0,1,212.5,60c-.279,1.233-.419,1.918-.559,2.876l-1.117,4.657Z" transform="translate(80.807 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M228.532,61.991a5.867,5.867,0,0,1-11.732-.137,5.809,5.809,0,0,1,1.816-4.383,6.04,6.04,0,0,1,4.05-1.37C226.3,55.965,228.532,58.43,228.532,61.991Zm-8.939-.137c0,2.328,1.117,3.7,3.073,3.7s3.073-1.37,3.073-3.7-1.117-3.835-3.073-3.835C220.85,58.156,219.593,59.526,219.593,61.854Z" transform="translate(85.449 -55.965)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M229.954,67.531H227.3V56.3h5.168a4.621,4.621,0,0,1,3.073.685,2.9,2.9,0,0,1,1.117,2.328,2.8,2.8,0,0,1-1.955,2.739c1.117.411,1.536.959,1.676,2.465l.14,1.644a2.721,2.721,0,0,0,.419,1.507h-2.654a1.058,1.058,0,0,1-.419-.959l-.14-1.507c-.14-1.37-.7-2.055-2.1-2.055h-1.816v4.383Zm2.514-6.574c.978,0,1.536-.411,1.536-1.233s-.559-1.233-1.536-1.233h-2.654v2.6h2.654Z" transform="translate(89.614 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M238.954,65.34h5.726v2.191H236.3V56.3h2.654Z" transform="translate(93.184 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M244,56.2h4.05c2.374,0,3.631.411,4.749,1.507a5.553,5.553,0,0,1,1.4,3.972,6.348,6.348,0,0,1-1.536,4.246c-.978,1.1-2.374,1.507-4.469,1.507H244Zm4.47,9.177c1.257,0,1.955-.274,2.374-1.1a5.132,5.132,0,0,0,0-4.657,2.161,2.161,0,0,0-2.235-1.1h-1.955v6.985h1.816Z" transform="translate(96.239 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> </g> </g> <g class="mit-news"> <path d="M21.773,55.944,13.867,26.123c-.608-2.5-1.095-4.294-1.46-5.487-.487-1.789-.487-2.147-.973-3.7.122,2.028.122,3.459.122,4.413l.122,5.368V55.944H0V0H18l7.3,29.344c1.095,4.413,2.068,8.946,2.8,12.644q.365-1.61.365-1.789l.973-3.578c.122-.954.487-2.266.851-3.817.487-1.789.851-3.578.851-3.7L38.559,0H56.439V55.944H44.762V26.719l.122-5.368c0-1.074,0-2.386.122-4.413-.973,3.34-1.581,5.606-1.825,6.322-.487,1.551-.73,2.624-.851,2.743l-7.785,29.94Z" fill="#333"/> <path d="M64.294,55.944H51.4V0H64.294Z" transform="translate(11.121)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M97.166,55.944H84.272V10.735H67V0h47.438V10.735H97.166Z" transform="translate(14.497)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M158.372,55.944,142.194,27.316l-5.96-10.855c.122,2.982.122,5.01.122,6.68.122,2.982.122,6.322.122,9.781V55.944H124.8V0h13.38l15.691,27.912c2.189,4.175,3.649,7.157,5.839,11.332-.122-2.266-.122-3.817-.122-5.487l-.122-4.175V0h11.677V55.944Z" transform="translate(27.003)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M181.085,36.911c.73,5.487,4.136,8.588,9.366,8.588,3.284,0,5.6-1.074,7.177-3.578h12.285C207.6,49.793,199.939,54.8,190.086,54.8c-12.772,0-21.286-8.588-21.286-21.352,0-12.644,8.636-21.352,21.165-21.352,8.758,0,15.326,4.294,18.367,11.928,1.46,3.578,2.068,7.276,2.068,12.883Zm16.908-8.469c-.487-4.771-3.284-7.4-8.028-7.4s-7.785,2.624-8.758,7.4Z" transform="translate(36.523 2.333)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M217.485,53.456,205.2,12.9h12.285l3.527,13.24c.973,3.578,2.189,9.781,2.8,13.121,1.216-6.083,2.189-10.735,2.8-13.121l3.527-13.24h10.582l3.649,13.24c1.581,6.2,2.311,9.781,2.919,13.121.73-4.175,1.46-7.873,2.676-13.121l3.284-13.24h12.529L254.1,53.456H242.421l-4.014-14.195c-1.216-4.891-1.946-8.35-3.041-13.6-1.216,5.606-2.189,10.02-3.041,13.6l-3.406,14.195Z" transform="translate(44.398 2.487)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M282.944,25.379c-.487-2.982-3.041-4.652-7.055-4.652-3.527,0-5.839,1.312-5.839,3.34,0,1.551,1.216,2.266,5.109,3.1l7.663,1.551c5.109.954,7.663,2.147,9.366,3.936,1.946,1.789,3.041,4.891,3.041,8.111,0,8.588-7.055,13.956-18.61,13.956-11.434,0-18.61-5.248-19.219-14.314h11.434c.73,3.817,3.284,5.606,8.15,5.606,3.892,0,6.325-1.551,6.325-3.936,0-1.909-1.338-2.982-4.622-3.7l-7.541-1.67c-9.123-1.909-12.529-5.248-12.529-11.69,0-8.111,6.568-13.121,17.637-13.121,10.582,0,17.029,4.652,18.124,13.24H282.944Z" transform="translate(55.693 2.295)" fill="#333"/> </g> </svg><span class="visually-hidden">MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology</span></a> </h2> <div class="site-header--subscribe"> <svg class="icon--mail--subscribe" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="19.403" height="13.778" viewBox="0 0 19.403 13.778"> <g id="Group_2076" data-name="Group 2076" transform="translate(-952 -199)"> <g id="Page-1" transform="translate(949 193)"> <g id="icon-6-mail-envelope-closed" transform="translate(4 8)"> <path id="mail-envelope-closed" d="M4.968,8.938a.74.74,0,0,0-.232.54V18.3a.741.741,0,0,0,.23.541h0l5.7-4.953L4.968,8.938Zm16.469,0a.741.741,0,0,1,.23.541V18.3a.74.74,0,0,1-.232.54l-5.694-4.951,5.7-4.953Zm-6.246,5.431,5.372,4.674H5.84l5.372-4.674L13.2,16.1l1.989-1.729ZM5.475,8A1.472,1.472,0,0,0,4,9.468V18.31a1.468,1.468,0,0,0,1.475,1.468H20.928A1.472,1.472,0,0,0,22.4,18.31V9.468A1.468,1.468,0,0,0,20.928,8ZM13.2,15.14l7.361-6.4H5.84l7.361,6.4Z" transform="translate(-4 -8)" fill="#464646" fill-rule="evenodd"/> </g> </g> <circle id="Ellipse_1111" data-name="Ellipse 1111" cx="3" cy="3" r="3" transform="translate(952 199)" fill="#FF4646"/> </g> </svg> <a class="site-header--subscribe--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/mit-daily-weekly/" target="_blank">Subscribe<span class="visually-hidden"> to MIT News newsletter</span></a></a> </div> <nav class="site-nav"> <a class="site-nav--browse" href="#site-nav--browse"><i class="arrow down"></i><span class="title">Browse</span></a> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="site--browse--search"> <div class="site--browse--search--inner"> <div class="site--search"> <form action="/search" method="get" id="search-form" class="site-nav--search-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <label for="keyword" class="visually-hidden">Enter keywords to search for news articles:</label> <input type="text" id="keyword" name="keyword" class="site-nav--search-form--keyword" placeholder="Search News"> <button id="submit-search" class="site-nav--search-form--submit-button">Submit</button> </form> </div> <a name="site-nav--browse"></a> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-63feeedaec845c832c210d4502dad522a4dbb5914fc2fd7426b5dc643661d8e7"> <div><div class="site-browse"> <div class="site-browse--inner"> <div class="site-browse--recommended--head"> <h2 class="site-browse--recommended--head--title">Browse By</h2> </div> <div class="site-browse--recommended-section site-browse--recommended-section--topics"> <div> <div class="browse--recommended-head"> <h3 class="browse--recommended-head--title">Topics</h3> <span class="browse--recommended-head--title--view-all"><a href="/topics" class="browse--recommended-title--view-all--link">View All</a> →</span> </div> <div class="browse--recommended--descr"> <div class="browse--recommended--descr--title">Explore:</div> <ul class="browse--recommended-descr--list"> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/topic/machine-learning" hreflang="en">Machine learning</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/topic/sustainability" hreflang="en">Sustainability</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/topic/startups" hreflang="en">Startups</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/topic/black-holes" hreflang="en">Black holes</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/topic/classes-and-programs" hreflang="en">Classes and programs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-browse--recommended-section site-browse--recommended-section--departments"> <div> <div class="browse--recommended-head"> <h3 class="browse--recommended-head--title">Departments</h3> <span class="browse--recommended-head--title--view-all"><a href="/departments" class="browse--recommended-title--view-all--link">View All</a> →</span> </div> <div class="browse--recommended--descr"> <div class="browse--recommended--descr--title">Explore:</div> <ul class="browse--recommended-descr--list"> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/department/aeronautics-and-astronautics" hreflang="en">Aeronautics and Astronautics</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/department/brain-and-cognitive-sciences" hreflang="en">Brain and Cognitive Sciences</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/department/architecture" hreflang="en">Architecture</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/department/political-science" hreflang="en">Political Science</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/department/mechanical-engineering" hreflang="en">Mechanical Engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-browse--recommended-section site-browse--recommended-section--clp"> <div> <div class="browse--recommended-head"> <h3 class="browse--recommended-head--title">Centers, Labs, & Programs</h3> <span class="browse--recommended-head--title--view-all"><a href="/centers-labs-programs" class="browse--recommended-title--view-all--link">View All</a> →</span> </div> <div class="browse--recommended--descr"> <div class="browse--recommended--descr--title">Explore:</div> <ul class="browse--recommended-descr--list"> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/clp/abdul-latif-jameel-poverty-action-lab-j-pal" hreflang="en">Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL)</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/clp/picower-institute" hreflang="en">Picower Institute for Learning and Memory</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/clp/media-lab" hreflang="en">Media Lab</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/clp/lincoln-laboratory" hreflang="en">Lincoln Laboratory</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-browse--recommended-section site-browse--recommended-section--schools"> <div> <div class="browse--recommended-head"> <h3 class="browse--recommended-head--title">Schools</h3> </div> <div class="browse--recommended--descr"> <ul class="browse--recommended-descr--list"> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/school/architecture-and-planning" hreflang="en">School of Architecture + Planning</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/school/engineering" hreflang="en">School of Engineering</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/school/humanities-arts-and-social-sciences" hreflang="en">School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/school/management" hreflang="en">Sloan School of Management</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/school/science" hreflang="en">School of Science</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/school/mit-schwarzman-college-computing" hreflang="en">MIT Schwarzman College of Computing</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-browse--view-itm-section"> <span class="site-browse--view-itm"><a class="site-browse--view-itm--link" href="/in-the-media">View all news coverage of MIT in the media</a> →</span> </div> <div class="site-browse--view-podcasts-section"> <span class="site-browse--view-podcasts"><a class="site-browse--view-podcasts--link" href="/podcasts">Listen to audio content from MIT News</a> →</span> </div> <div class="site-browse--subscribe-section"> <span class="site-browse--subscribe"><a class="site-browse--subscribe--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/subscribe/">Subscribe to MIT newsletter</a> →</span> </div> <div class="site-browse--close--container"> <a href="#" class="site-browse--close--button-link"><span class="site-browse--close--button-icon"><svg class="icon--button--close" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 22 22"> <g transform="translate(-32 -33)"> <path id="Path_2543" data-name="Path 2543" d="M43,33A11,11,0,1,0,54,44,11,11,0,0,0,43,33Zm5.318,14.708a.386.386,0,0,1,.113.275.378.378,0,0,1-.113.275l-1.061,1.066a.382.382,0,0,1-.275.113.4.4,0,0,1-.275-.113L43,45.611l-3.7,3.717a.375.375,0,0,1-.275.113.4.4,0,0,1-.275-.113l-1.061-1.066a.386.386,0,0,1-.113-.275.378.378,0,0,1,.113-.275L41.4,43.98,37.677,40.3a.394.394,0,0,1,0-.555l1.061-1.066a.391.391,0,0,1,.55,0L43,42.345l3.717-3.668a.391.391,0,0,1,.55,0l1.061,1.066a.394.394,0,0,1,0,.555L44.606,43.98Z" fill="currentColor"/> </g> </svg> </span> Close</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <main class="site-main" id="main" aria-live="polite"> <div class="page--section"> <div class="page--section--inner"> <div id="block-mit-breadcrumbs"> <div class="block-inner"> <h4 class="breadcrumb--title visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h4> <ol class="breadcrumb--list"> <li class="breadcrumb--list-item"> <a class="breadcrumb--link" href="/">MIT News</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb--list-item"> Is there enough land on Earth to fight climate change and feed the world? </li> </ol> </div> </div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div id="block-mit-page-title"> <div class="block-inner"> <h1><span itemprop="name headline">Is there enough land on Earth to fight climate change and feed the world?</span> </span> </h1> </div> </div> <div id="block-mit-content"> <div class="block-inner"> <article> <div> <div itemprop="description" class="news-article--dek"> <span>Study shows how smart policies could address competing land-use needs.</span> </div> <div class="news-article--indicators"> </div> <div itemprop="author" class="news-article--authored-by"> <span class="news-article--author">Mark Dwortzan</span> <span class="news-article--authored-by--separator">|</span> <span class="news-article--source">Center for Sustainability Science and Strategy</span> </div> <div itemprop="datePublished" class="news-article--publication-date"> <div class="visually-hidden"> <span class="label">Publication Date</span><span class="visually-hidden">:</span> </div> <time datetime="2024-11-26T21:45:00Z">November 26, 2024</time> </div> <div data-nosnippet="true" class="news-article--press-inquiries"> <div class="news-article--press-inquiries--header"><a href="#press-inquiries" class="news-article--press-inquiries--title--link"><span class="arrow down"></span><svg class="icon--info" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20"> <path id="iconfinder_icon-information_2867914" d="M12,22A10,10,0,1,1,22,12,10,10,0,0,1,12,22Zm0-2a8,8,0,1,0-8-8A8,8,0,0,0,12,20Zm0-9a1,1,0,0,1,1,1v4a1,1,0,0,1-2,0V12A1,1,0,0,1,12,11Zm0-4a1,1,0,1,1-1,1A1,1,0,0,1,12,7Z" transform="translate(-2 -2)" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> <span class="link-text">Press Inquiries</span></a></div> <div id="press-inquiries" class="news-article--press-inquiries--descr"> <div class="news-article--press-inquiries--press-contacts"> <h3 > <span class="label">Press Contact</span><span class="visually-hidden">:</span> </h3> <div class="press-contact"> <div class="news-article--press-inquiries--press-contact--name"> Mark Dwortzan </div> <div class="news-article--press-inquiries--press-contact--email"> <span class="label"> Email: </span> <a href="mailto:dwortzan@mit.edu">dwortzan@mit.edu</a> </div> <div class="news-article--press-inquiries--press-contact--org"> Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change </div> </div> </div> <div class="news-article--press-inquiries--descr--close--container"> <a href="#" class="news-article--press-inquiries--descr--close--button-link"><span class="news-article--press-inquiries--descr--close--button-icon"><svg class="icon--button--close" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 22 22"> <g transform="translate(-32 -33)"> <path id="Path_2543" data-name="Path 2543" d="M43,33A11,11,0,1,0,54,44,11,11,0,0,0,43,33Zm5.318,14.708a.386.386,0,0,1,.113.275.378.378,0,0,1-.113.275l-1.061,1.066a.382.382,0,0,1-.275.113.4.4,0,0,1-.275-.113L43,45.611l-3.7,3.717a.375.375,0,0,1-.275.113.4.4,0,0,1-.275-.113l-1.061-1.066a.386.386,0,0,1-.113-.275.378.378,0,0,1,.113-.275L41.4,43.98,37.677,40.3a.394.394,0,0,1,0-.555l1.061-1.066a.391.391,0,0,1,.55,0L43,42.345l3.717-3.668a.391.391,0,0,1,.55,0l1.061,1.066a.394.394,0,0,1,0,.555L44.606,43.98Z" fill="currentColor"/> </g> </svg> </span> Close</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="news-article--full-width-wrapper"> <div class="news-article--full-width-wrapper-inner"> <div class="news-article--images-gallery--wrapper"> <div class="news-article--images-gallery"> <div class="news-article--image-item"> <div class="news-article--media--image--file"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--news-article--image-gallery.jpg" width="900" height="600" alt="Two silver silos against a clear blue sky, with young corn plants in the foreground" class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_article__image_gallery/public/images/202411/Biomass%20Resources_WEB.png?itok=jzHY5r0q" /> </div> <div class="news-article--media--image--descr--wrapper"> <div class="news-article--media--image--descr"> <div class="news-article--media--image--caption"> <div class="visually-hidden"> <span class="label">Caption</span><span class="visually-hidden">:</span> </div> A study led by MIT Center for Sustainability Science and Strategy researchers shows that there is enough land to support efforts to cap global warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius while addressing competing needs for long-term food security and ecosystem health. </div> <div class="news-article--media--image--credits"> <div class="visually-hidden"> <span class="label">Credits</span><span class="visually-hidden">:</span> </div> Photo courtesy of the U.S. Department of Energy. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="news-article--images-gallery--nav"> <p class="news-article--images-gallery--nav--inner"> <button class="news-article--images-gallery--nav--button news-article--images-gallery--nav--button--previous"><svg class="arrow--point-west--slider" data-name="Group 2041" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="0" viewBox="0 0 16.621 30.183"> <defs> <clipPath id="clip-path"> <path id="Path_494" data-name="Path 494" d="M0-126.293H16.621V-96.11H0Z" transform="translate(0 126.293)" /> </clipPath> </defs> <g id="Group_112" data-name="Group 112" clip-path="url(#clip-path)"> <g id="Group_111" data-name="Group 111" transform="translate(0 0)"> <path id="Path_493" data-name="Path 493" d="M-48.055-96.11a1.522,1.522,0,0,1-1.081-.448L-62.7-110.12a1.529,1.529,0,0,1,0-2.163l13.562-13.562a1.528,1.528,0,0,1,2.162,0,1.529,1.529,0,0,1,0,2.163L-59.454-111.2l12.48,12.48a1.529,1.529,0,0,1,0,2.163,1.524,1.524,0,0,1-1.081.448" transform="translate(63.146 126.293)" /> </g> </g> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous image</span></button> <button class="news-article--images-gallery--nav--button news-article--images-gallery--nav--button--next"><span class="visually-hidden">Next image</span><svg class="arrow--point-east--slider" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="0" viewBox="0 0 16.621 30.183"> <defs> <clipPath id="clip-path"> <path id="Path_496" data-name="Path 496" d="M0-126.293H16.621V-96.11H0Z" transform="translate(0 126.293)"/> </clipPath> </defs> <g id="Group_2042" data-name="Group 2042" transform="translate(16.621 30.183) rotate(180)"> <g id="Group_115" data-name="Group 115" clip-path="url(#clip-path)"> <g id="Group_114" data-name="Group 114" transform="translate(0 0)"> <path id="Path_495" data-name="Path 495" d="M-48.055-96.11a1.522,1.522,0,0,1-1.081-.448L-62.7-110.12a1.529,1.529,0,0,1,0-2.163l13.562-13.562a1.528,1.528,0,0,1,2.162,0,1.529,1.529,0,0,1,0,2.163L-59.454-111.2l12.48,12.48a1.529,1.529,0,0,1,0,2.163,1.524,1.524,0,0,1-1.081.448" transform="translate(63.146 126.293)" /> </g> </g> </g> </svg></button> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="news-article--content"> <div class="news-article--content--body" itemprop="articleBody"> <div class="news-article--content--body--inner"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--content-block-text paragraph--view-mode--default"> <p>Capping global warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius is a tall order. <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/">Achieving that goal</a> will not only require a massive reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from human activities, but also a substantial reallocation of land to support that effort and sustain the biosphere, including humans. More land will be needed to accommodate a growing demand for bioenergy and nature-based carbon sequestration while ensuring sufficient acreage for food production and ecological sustainability.</p><p>The expanding role of land in a 1.5 C world will be twofold — to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and to produce clean energy. Land-based carbon dioxide removal strategies include bioenergy with carbon capture and storage; <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage/direct-air-capture">direct air capture</a>; and afforestation/reforestation and other <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2022/05/19/what-you-need-to-know-about-nature-based-solutions-to-climate-change">nature-based solutions</a>. Land-based clean energy production includes wind and solar farms and <a href="https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/statements/joint-statement-sustainable-bioenergy-climate-and-development-goals">sustainable bioenergy</a> cropland. Any decision to allocate more land for climate mitigation must also address competing needs for long-term food security and ecosystem health.</p><p>Land-based climate mitigation choices vary in terms of costs — amount of land required, implications for food security, impact on biodiversity and other ecosystem services — and benefits — potential for sequestering greenhouse gases and producing clean energy.</p><p>Now a <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1393327/full">study</a> in the journal <em>Frontiers in Environmental Science</em> provides the most comprehensive analysis to date of competing land-use and technology options to limit global warming to 1.5 C. Led by researchers at the <a href="https://cs3.mit.edu/">MIT Center for Sustainability Science and Strategy</a> (CS3), the study applies the MIT Integrated Global System Modeling (IGSM) framework to evaluate costs and benefits of different land-based climate mitigation options in <a href="https://globalchange.mit.edu/sites/default/files/MITJPSPGC_Rpt364.pdf">Sky2050</a>, a 1.5 C climate-stabilization scenario developed by Shell.</p><p>Under this scenario, demand for bioenergy and natural carbon sinks increase along with the need for sustainable farming and food production. To determine if there’s enough land to meet all these growing demands, the research team uses current estimates of the Earth’s total habitable land area — about 11 billion hectares or 11 gigahectares (Gha), where a hectare is an area of 10,000 square meters or 2.471 acres — and land area used for food production and bioenergy (5 Gha), and assesses how these may change in the future.</p><p>The team finds that with transformative changes in policy, land management practices, and consumption patterns, global land is sufficient to provide a sustainable supply of food and ecosystem services throughout this century while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions in alignment with the 1.5 C goal. These transformative changes include policies to protect natural ecosystems; stop deforestation and accelerate reforestation and afforestation; promote advances in sustainable agriculture technology and practice; reduce agricultural and food waste; and incentivize consumers to purchase sustainably produced goods.</p><p>If such changes are implemented, 2.5–3.5 gha of land would be used for NBS practices to sequester 3–6 gigatonnes (Gt) of CO<sub>2</sub> per year, and 0.4–0.6 gha of land would be allocated for energy production — 0.2–0.3 gha for bioenergy and 0.2–0.35 gha for wind and solar power generation.</p><p>“Our scenario shows that there is enough land to support a 1.5 degree C future as long as effective policies at national and global levels are in place,” says CS3 Principal Research Scientist <a href="https://cs3.mit.edu/about-us/personnel/gurgel-angelo">Angelo Gurgel</a>, the study’s lead author. “These policies must not only promote efficient use of land for food, energy, and nature, but also be supported by long-term commitments from government and industry decision-makers.”</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="news-article--content--side-column"> <div> <div class="block-inner"> <div class="news-article--share"> <div class="news-article--share--inner"> <h3 class="news-article--share--title">Share<span class="visually-hidden"> this news article on:</span></h3> <ul class="news-article--share--list-items"> <li class="news-article--share--item"> <a class="news-article--share--link" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://news.mit.edu/2024/there-enough-land-earth-fight-climate-change-and-feed-world-1126" target="_blank"> <svg class="news-article--share--link--icon news-article--share--link--icon--twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37.347" height="37.347" viewBox="0 0 37.347 37.347"> <g fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <circle cx="18.673" cy="18.673" r="18.673" stroke="none"/> <circle cx="18.673" cy="18.673" r="17.673" fill="none"/> </g> <path fill="currentColor" d="M11.324,8.234,18.408,0H16.73L10.574,7.15,5.666,0H0L7.428,10.817,0,19.446H1.678l6.5-7.55,5.189,7.55h5.666Zm-2.3,2.674L8.272,9.831,2.284,1.264H4.862L9.7,8.177l.752,1.077,6.282,8.987H14.152L9.026,10.907Z" transform="translate(9.653 9.137)" fill="#f55"/> </svg> <span class="news-article--share--link--text visually-hidden">X</span></a> </li> <li class="news-article--share--item"> <a class="news-article--share--link" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://news.mit.edu/2024/there-enough-land-earth-fight-climate-change-and-feed-world-1126" target="_blank"><svg class="news-article--share--link--icon news-article--share--link--icon--facebook" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0" viewBox="0 0 37.347 37.347"> <g fill="none" stroke="currentColor" transform="translate(-23.092 -1686)"> <g transform="translate(23.092 1686)" stroke-width="2"> <circle cx="18.673" cy="18.673" r="18.673" stroke="none"/> <circle cx="18.673" cy="18.673" r="17.673" /> </g> <path d="M7.2,21.4V11.652h3.284l.53-3.813H7.2V5.4c0-1.059.318-1.8,1.907-1.8h2.013V.106C10.8.106,9.533,0,8.156,0A4.589,4.589,0,0,0,3.284,4.978V7.732H0v3.919H3.284V21.4Z" transform="translate(36.163 1694.092)" fill="currentColor" /> </g> </svg> <span class="news-article--share--link--text visually-hidden">Facebook</span></a> </li> <li class="news-article--share--item"> <a class="news-article--share--link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https://news.mit.edu/2024/there-enough-land-earth-fight-climate-change-and-feed-world-1126" target="_blank"><svg class="news-article--share--link--icon news-article--share--link--icon--linkedin" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0" viewBox="0 0 37.347 37.347"> <g fill="none" stroke="currentColor" transform="translate(-23.092 -1728)"> <g transform="translate(23.092 1728)" stroke-width="2"> <circle cx="18.673" cy="18.673" r="18.673" stroke="none"/> <circle cx="18.673" cy="18.673" r="17.673" /> </g> <g transform="translate(33 1737)" fill="currentColor" > <rect width="3.857" height="12.36" transform="translate(0.315 6.14)" /> <circle cx="2.204" cy="2.204" r="2.204" transform="translate(0 0)" /> <path d="M20.266,20.074H16.409V14.091c0-1.417,0-3.306-1.968-3.306s-2.283,1.574-2.283,3.149v6.14H8.3V7.715H12V9.368h.079A4.072,4.072,0,0,1,15.7,7.4c3.857,0,4.566,2.519,4.566,5.9Z" transform="translate(-1.766 -1.574)" /> </g> </g> </svg> <span class="news-article--share--link--text visually-hidden">LinkedIn</span></a> </li> <li class="news-article--share--item"> <a class="news-article--share--link" href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://news.mit.edu/2024/there-enough-land-earth-fight-climate-change-and-feed-world-1126&title=Is%20there%20enough%20land%20on%20Earth%20to%20fight%20climate%20change%20and%20feed%20the%20world%3F" target="_blank"><svg class="news-article--share--link--icon news-article--share--link--icon--reddit" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0" viewBox="0 0 37.347 37.347"> <g transform="translate(-23.266 -1768)" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" > <g transform="translate(23.266 1768)" stroke-width="2"> <circle cx="18.673" cy="18.673" r="18.673" stroke="none"/> <circle cx="18.673" cy="18.673" r="17.673" /> </g> <g transform="translate(28.215 1775.1)"> <g transform="translate(1.345 6.517)"> <path d="M17.386,41.478C10.61,41.478,5.1,37.787,5.1,33.252S10.636,25,17.386,25s12.286,3.691,12.286,8.226S24.161,41.478,17.386,41.478Zm0-15.5c-6.222,0-11.284,3.243-11.284,7.25s5.062,7.25,11.284,7.25,11.284-3.243,11.284-7.25S23.608,25.975,17.386,25.975Z" transform="translate(-5.1 -25)" /> </g> <g transform="translate(20.59 -0.1)"> <path d="M80.684,5.067a2.584,2.584,0,1,1,2.584-2.584A2.623,2.623,0,0,1,80.684,5.067Zm0-4.139A1.582,1.582,0,1,0,82.266,2.51,1.57,1.57,0,0,0,80.684.928Z" transform="translate(-78.1 0.1)" /> </g> <g transform="translate(0 7.994)"> <path d="M1.635,36.506a3.146,3.146,0,0,1,1.5-5.906,3.026,3.026,0,0,1,2.215.923l-.712.712a2.166,2.166,0,1,0-2.584,3.427Z" transform="translate(0 -30.6)" /> </g> <g transform="translate(21.935 7.967)"> <path d="M86.97,36.432l-.475-.87a2.169,2.169,0,0,0-1.055-4.06,2.223,2.223,0,0,0-1.529.633l-.712-.712a3.132,3.132,0,0,1,5.352,2.215A3.075,3.075,0,0,1,86.97,36.432Z" transform="translate(-83.2 -30.5)" /> </g> <g transform="translate(7.804 11.368)" fill="currentColor" > <circle cx="1.925" cy="1.925" r="1.925" /> </g> <g transform="translate(15.898 11.368)" fill="currentColor" > <circle cx="1.925" cy="1.925" r="1.925" /> </g> <g transform="translate(13.225 0.269)"> <path d="M50.647,8.313a.334.334,0,0,1-.158-.026.469.469,0,0,1-.29-.633L52.439,1.3l5.484,1.318a.5.5,0,1,1-.237.975L53.072,2.46,51.121,7.97A.507.507,0,0,1,50.647,8.313Z" transform="translate(-50.162 -1.3)" /> </g> <g transform="translate(9.025 17.678)"> <path d="M38.811,69.644c-3.164,0-4.4-1.424-4.456-1.5a.486.486,0,0,1,.738-.633c.026.026,1.081,1.16,3.717,1.16a5.769,5.769,0,0,0,3.876-1.16.47.47,0,0,1,.685,0,.494.494,0,0,1,.026.685A6.513,6.513,0,0,1,38.811,69.644Z" transform="translate(-34.232 -67.332)" /> </g> </g> </g> </svg> <span class="news-article--share--link--text visually-hidden">Reddit</span></a> </li> <li class="news-article--share--item"> <a class="news-article--share--link" href="#" onclick="window.print();return false;"><svg class="news-article--share--link--icon news-article--share--link--icon--print" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0" viewBox="0 0 37.347 37.347"> <g transform="translate(-24.266 -1810)" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" > <g transform="translate(31.102 1818.23)"> <path d="M20.739,25.448h2.182V18.9H1.1v6.545H3.284v1.1H1.2A1.179,1.179,0,0,1,0,25.331V19.02A1.188,1.188,0,0,1,1.2,17.8H22.8A1.188,1.188,0,0,1,24,19.02v6.311a1.179,1.179,0,0,1-1.2,1.22H20.739v-1.1Z" transform="translate(0 -13.624)" /> <path d="M14.463,31.8a.54.54,0,1,0,0,1.079H30.815a.54.54,0,1,0,0-1.079Z" transform="translate(-10.639 -24.34)" /> <path d="M33.9,60.811H18.6V50.7H33.9V60.811Zm-14.358-.938H32.958V51.638H19.538Z" transform="translate(-14.236 -38.806)" /> <path d="M33.449,5.161H18.2V0H33.449ZM19.138,4.223H32.511V.938H19.138Z" transform="translate(-13.93)" /> <rect width="8.61" height="0.938" transform="translate(7.742 15.109)" /> <rect width="8.61" height="0.938" transform="translate(7.742 17.924)" /> </g> <g transform="translate(24.266 1810)" stroke-width="2"> <circle cx="18.673" cy="18.673" r="18.673" stroke="none"/> <circle cx="18.673" cy="18.673" r="17.673" /> </g> </g> </svg> <span class="news-article--share--link--text visually-hidden">Print</span></a></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="news-article--content--paper-links"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-3fa048e3b0b4b51e0dd2a949846736b07a5105dd8e611814afd292bf29896dff"> <header> <h2 class="visually-hidden">Paper</h2> </header> <div><div class="news-article--paper-link"> <span class="news-article--paper-link--icon"><svg class="icon--paper" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="29.5" height="39.912" viewBox="0 0 29.5 39.912"> <path id="iconfinder_12.File_290138" d="M33.029,40.912H10.471A3.471,3.471,0,0,1,7,37.441V4.471A3.471,3.471,0,0,1,10.471,1H26.956a.854.854,0,0,1,.673.343l8.528,8.528a.852.852,0,0,1,.343.673h0v26.9A3.471,3.471,0,0,1,33.029,40.912ZM27.824,3.934V9.676h5.743Zm6.941,7.478H26.956a.867.867,0,0,1-.868-.868V2.735H10.471A1.736,1.736,0,0,0,8.735,4.471V37.441a1.736,1.736,0,0,0,1.735,1.735H33.029a1.736,1.736,0,0,0,1.735-1.735ZM29.559,33.971H13.941a.868.868,0,1,1,0-1.735H29.559a.868.868,0,1,1,0,1.735Zm0-6.941H13.941a.868.868,0,0,1,0-1.735H29.559a.868.868,0,1,1,0,1.735Zm0-6.941H13.941a.868.868,0,0,1,0-1.735H29.559a.868.868,0,1,1,0,1.735Z" transform="translate(-7 -1)" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd"/> </svg> </span> <span class="news-article--paper-link--url"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1393327/full" target="_blank">Paper: "Land-use competition in 1.5°C climate stabilization: is there enough land for all potential needs?"</a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="news-article--content--related-links"> <h2>Related Links</h2> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-e90459b4eff002efb5827d5399a8f05cab6d5f482f83196c06473eaf2cc7d081"> <div><div class="news-article--content--related-links--items"><ul><li><a href="https://cs3.mit.edu/about-us/personnel/gurgel-angelo" target="_blank">Angelo Gurgel</a></li><li><a href="https://cs3.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Center for Sustainability Science and Strategy</a></li><li><a href="https://energy.mit.edu/" target="_blank">MIT Energy Initiative</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="news-article--topics"> <h2>Related Topics</h2> <ul class="news-article--topics-list"> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/research" hreflang="en">Research</a></li> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/climate-change" hreflang="en">Climate change</a></li> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/energy" hreflang="en">Energy</a></li> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/renewable-energy" hreflang="en">Renewable energy</a></li> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/wind" hreflang="en">Wind</a></li> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/solar" hreflang="en">Solar</a></li> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/sustainability" hreflang="en">Sustainability</a></li> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/agriculture" hreflang="en">Agriculture</a></li> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/emissions" hreflang="en">Emissions</a></li> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/food" hreflang="en">Food</a></li> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/technology-and-policy" hreflang="en">Technology and policy</a></li> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/policy" hreflang="en">Policy</a></li> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/government" hreflang="en">Government</a></li> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/mit-energy-initiative" hreflang="en">MIT Energy Initiative</a></li> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/eaps" hreflang="en">EAPS</a></li> <li class="news-article--topics-list--item"><a href="/topic/school-science" hreflang="en">School of Science</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="news-article--archives"> <h2>Related Articles</h2> <div class="news-article--archives--items"> <article class="news-article--related-archive"> <div class="news-article--related-archive--cover-image"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--media-item-image paragraph--view-mode--news-article__archive"> <a href="/2024/3-questions-past-present-future-sustainability-science-0912" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="270" height="180" alt="Closeup photo of Ronald Prinn at a lectern" class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_article__archive/public/images/202409/ronald-prinn-mit-A1.png?itok=CAyn4PdZ" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="news-article--related-archive--descr"> <h3 class="news-article--related-archive--title"> <a class="news-article--related-archive--title--link" href="/2024/3-questions-past-present-future-sustainability-science-0912"><span itemprop="name headline">3 Questions: The past, present, and future of sustainability science</span> </span> </a> </h3> </div> </article> <article class="news-article--related-archive"> <div class="news-article--related-archive--cover-image"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--media-item-image paragraph--view-mode--news-article__archive"> <a href="/2024/sophie-hartley-science-writing-0820" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="270" height="180" alt="Side view of Sophie Hartley squinting into the viewfinder of a camera with a very large telephoto lens, with cloud-shrouded mountains in the background.." class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_article__archive/public/images/202408/mit-sophie-hartley.jpg?itok=L-Z81crB" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="news-article--related-archive--descr"> <h3 class="news-article--related-archive--title"> <a class="news-article--related-archive--title--link" href="/2024/sophie-hartley-science-writing-0820"><span itemprop="name headline">Creating connection with science communication</span> </span> </a> </h3> </div> </article> <article class="news-article--related-archive"> <div class="news-article--related-archive--cover-image"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--media-item-image paragraph--view-mode--news-article__archive"> <a href="/2018/mit-joint-program-workshop-explores-future-food-production-amid-global-change-1120" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="270" height="180" alt="Throughout the MIT Joint Program’s agriculture workshop, attendees from industry, government, and academia engaged in detailed discussions with Joint Program agriculture specialists." class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_article__archive/public/images/201811/Joint-Program-Agriculture-Workshop-2018-MIT-00.jpg?itok=ye1EV7nF" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="news-article--related-archive--descr"> <h3 class="news-article--related-archive--title"> <a class="news-article--related-archive--title--link" href="/2018/mit-joint-program-workshop-explores-future-food-production-amid-global-change-1120"><span itemprop="name headline">The future of food production amid global change</span> </span> </a> </h3> </div> </article> </div> <p class="news-article--archives--nav"> <button class="news-article--archives--nav--button news-article--archives--nav--button--previous"><svg class="arrow--point-west--slider" data-name="Group 2041" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="0" viewBox="0 0 16.621 30.183"> <defs> <clipPath id="clip-path"> <path id="Path_494" data-name="Path 494" d="M0-126.293H16.621V-96.11H0Z" transform="translate(0 126.293)" /> </clipPath> </defs> <g id="Group_112" data-name="Group 112" clip-path="url(#clip-path)"> <g id="Group_111" data-name="Group 111" transform="translate(0 0)"> <path id="Path_493" data-name="Path 493" d="M-48.055-96.11a1.522,1.522,0,0,1-1.081-.448L-62.7-110.12a1.529,1.529,0,0,1,0-2.163l13.562-13.562a1.528,1.528,0,0,1,2.162,0,1.529,1.529,0,0,1,0,2.163L-59.454-111.2l12.48,12.48a1.529,1.529,0,0,1,0,2.163,1.524,1.524,0,0,1-1.081.448" transform="translate(63.146 126.293)" /> </g> </g> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous item</span></button> <button class="news-article--archives--nav--button news-article--archives--nav--button--next"><span class="visually-hidden">Next item</span><svg class="arrow--point-east--slider" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="0" viewBox="0 0 16.621 30.183"> <defs> <clipPath id="clip-path"> <path id="Path_496" data-name="Path 496" d="M0-126.293H16.621V-96.11H0Z" transform="translate(0 126.293)"/> </clipPath> </defs> <g id="Group_2042" data-name="Group 2042" transform="translate(16.621 30.183) rotate(180)"> <g id="Group_115" data-name="Group 115" clip-path="url(#clip-path)"> <g id="Group_114" data-name="Group 114" transform="translate(0 0)"> <path id="Path_495" data-name="Path 495" d="M-48.055-96.11a1.522,1.522,0,0,1-1.081-.448L-62.7-110.12a1.529,1.529,0,0,1,0-2.163l13.562-13.562a1.528,1.528,0,0,1,2.162,0,1.529,1.529,0,0,1,0,2.163L-59.454-111.2l12.48,12.48a1.529,1.529,0,0,1,0,2.163,1.524,1.524,0,0,1-1.081.448" transform="translate(63.146 126.293)" /> </g> </g> </g> </svg></button> </p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="block-block-news-article-recent-news" class="page--section news-article--recent-news"> <div class="page--section--inner"> <h2 class="news-article--recent-news--section-title">More MIT News</h2> <div class="news-article--recent-news--content"> <div class="news-article--recent-news--content--row"> <div class="news-article--recent-news--content--list-item odd"> <article role="article" about="/2025/mit-engineers-prepare-send-three-payloads-moon-0225" class="news-article--recent-news--teaser"> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--cover-image"> <a class="image--link" href="/2025/mit-engineers-prepare-send-three-payloads-moon-0225"><img src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="Sixteen tiny four-wheeled rovers in four by four array" loading="lazy" class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_article__recent_news/public/images/202502/MIT-MITMoon-01-press_1.jpg?itok=t9Sj6KKn" /> </a> </div> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--descr"> <h3 class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--title"> <a class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--title--link" href="/2025/mit-engineers-prepare-send-three-payloads-moon-0225">MIT engineers prepare to send three payloads to the moon</a> </h3> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--dek"> Data from the devices will help future astronauts navigate the moon’s south polar region and search for frozen water. </div> <p class="news-article--recent-news--full-story visually-hidden"> <a href="/2025/mit-engineers-prepare-send-three-payloads-moon-0225" class="news-article--recent-news--full-story-link">Read full story</a> → </p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="news-article--recent-news--content--list-item even"> <article role="article" about="/2025/student-spotlight-titus-roesler-0224" class="news-article--recent-news--teaser"> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--cover-image"> <a class="image--link" href="/2025/student-spotlight-titus-roesler-0224"><img src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="Titus Roesler stands in front of a snowy landscape in Sioux Falls, South Dakota" loading="lazy" class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_article__recent_news/public/images/202502/mit-titus-roesler.jpg?itok=0VRtQj22" /> </a> </div> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--descr"> <h3 class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--title"> <a class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--title--link" href="/2025/student-spotlight-titus-roesler-0224">Student Spotlight: Titus Roesler</a> </h3> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--dek"> The MIT senior, who has been recognized for his teaching of mathematics and electrical engineering, credits much of his success to his experience in the Experimental Study Group. </div> <p class="news-article--recent-news--full-story visually-hidden"> <a href="/2025/student-spotlight-titus-roesler-0224" class="news-article--recent-news--full-story-link">Read full story</a> → </p> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="news-article--recent-news--content--row"> <div class="news-article--recent-news--content--list-item odd"> <article role="article" about="/2025/all-american-vision-service-mlk-celebration-0224" class="news-article--recent-news--teaser"> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--cover-image"> <a class="image--link" href="/2025/all-american-vision-service-mlk-celebration-0224"><img src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="Spencer Paysinger speaks at a podium" loading="lazy" class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_article__recent_news/public/images/202502/MIT_MLK-01.jpg?itok=IHzHYhVa" /> </a> </div> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--descr"> <h3 class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--title"> <a class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--title--link" href="/2025/all-american-vision-service-mlk-celebration-0224">An “All-American” vision of service to others</a> </h3> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--dek"> Former NFL linebacker Spencer Paysinger keynotes the 51st annual MLK Celebration, with a message focused on building community. </div> <p class="news-article--recent-news--full-story visually-hidden"> <a href="/2025/all-american-vision-service-mlk-celebration-0224" class="news-article--recent-news--full-story-link">Read full story</a> → </p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="news-article--recent-news--content--list-item even"> <article role="article" about="/2025/two-mit-named-gates-cambridge-scholars-0224" class="news-article--recent-news--teaser"> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--cover-image"> <a class="image--link" href="/2025/two-mit-named-gates-cambridge-scholars-0224"><img src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="Portrait photos of two MIT Gates Cambridge Scholars" loading="lazy" class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_article__recent_news/public/images/202502/2025-MIT-Gates-Cambridge-Scholars.jpg?itok=dUhEcPrH" /> </a> </div> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--descr"> <h3 class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--title"> <a class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--title--link" href="/2025/two-mit-named-gates-cambridge-scholars-0224">Two from MIT named 2025 Gates Cambridge Scholars</a> </h3> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--dek"> Markey Freudenburg-Puricelli and Abigail Schipper ’24 will pursue graduate studies at Cambridge University in the U.K. </div> <p class="news-article--recent-news--full-story visually-hidden"> <a href="/2025/two-mit-named-gates-cambridge-scholars-0224" class="news-article--recent-news--full-story-link">Read full story</a> → </p> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="news-article--recent-news--content--row"> <div class="news-article--recent-news--content--list-item odd"> <article role="article" about="/2025/even-after-learning-right-idea-humans-animals-still-test-other-approaches-0221" class="news-article--recent-news--teaser"> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--cover-image"> <a class="image--link" href="/2025/even-after-learning-right-idea-humans-animals-still-test-other-approaches-0221"><img src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="10 white blocks, each with a black arrow are arranged in a circle that's interrupted by three yellow blocks with orange arrows pointing outward" loading="lazy" class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_article__recent_news/public/images/202502/blocks-with-arrows.jpg?itok=vk9QUXou" /> </a> </div> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--descr"> <h3 class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--title"> <a class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--title--link" href="/2025/even-after-learning-right-idea-humans-animals-still-test-other-approaches-0221">Study: Even after learning the right idea, humans and animals still seem to test other approaches</a> </h3> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--dek"> New research adds evidence that learning a successful strategy for approaching a task doesn’t prevent further exploration, even if doing so reduces performance. </div> <p class="news-article--recent-news--full-story visually-hidden"> <a href="/2025/even-after-learning-right-idea-humans-animals-still-test-other-approaches-0221" class="news-article--recent-news--full-story-link">Read full story</a> → </p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="news-article--recent-news--content--list-item even"> <article role="article" about="/2025/high-speed-videos-show-what-happens-when-droplet-splashes-pool-0221" class="news-article--recent-news--teaser"> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--cover-image"> <a class="image--link" href="/2025/high-speed-videos-show-what-happens-when-droplet-splashes-pool-0221"><img src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="Six views of a splashing droplet. Timecode states about 29 milliseconds pass." loading="lazy" class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_article__recent_news/public/images/202502/MIT-PoolSplash-01-press.jpg?itok=hpjlEZfm" /> </a> </div> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--descr"> <h3 class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--title"> <a class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--title--link" href="/2025/high-speed-videos-show-what-happens-when-droplet-splashes-pool-0221">High-speed videos show what happens when a droplet splashes into a pool</a> </h3> <div class="news-article--recent-news--teaser--dek"> Findings may help predict how rain and irrigation systems launch particles and pathogens from watery surfaces, with implications for industry, agriculture, and public health. </div> <p class="news-article--recent-news--full-story visually-hidden"> <a href="/2025/high-speed-videos-show-what-happens-when-droplet-splashes-pool-0221" class="news-article--recent-news--full-story-link">Read full story</a> → </p> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="news-article--recent-news--cta-list"> <li class="news-article--recent-news--cta-item"><a href="/" class="news-article--recent-news--cta-item--link">More news on MIT News homepage</a> →</li> </ul> </div> </div> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="site-footer--inner" data-nosnippet> <div class="site-footer--intro"> <div class="site-footer--logo"> <div class="site-footer--logo--mit-news"> <h2> <a class="logo-mit-news" href="/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0" viewBox="0 0 350.922 78.577" class="logo mit-news-logo"> <g class="tagline" transform="translate(0.487 66.798)"> <g> <path d="M12.132,61.991a5.519,5.519,0,0,1-5.866,5.753A5.554,5.554,0,0,1,.4,61.854a5.809,5.809,0,0,1,1.816-4.383,6.04,6.04,0,0,1,4.05-1.37C9.9,55.965,12.132,58.43,12.132,61.991Zm-8.939-.137c0,2.328,1.117,3.7,3.073,3.7s3.073-1.37,3.073-3.7-1.117-3.835-3.073-3.835C4.45,58.156,3.193,59.526,3.193,61.854Z" transform="translate(-0.4 -55.965)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M17.884,67.531l-3.352-5.753-1.257-2.191v7.944H10.9V56.3h2.793l3.212,5.616c.419.822.7,1.37,1.257,2.328V56.3h2.374V67.531Z" transform="translate(3.765 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M32.441,59.972a2.177,2.177,0,0,0-2.374-1.644c-1.955,0-3.073,1.37-3.073,3.7s1.117,3.7,2.933,3.7a2.319,2.319,0,0,0,2.514-2.055h2.793c-.279,2.6-2.374,4.109-5.308,4.109-3.492,0-5.727-2.328-5.727-5.89S26.435,56,29.927,56c2.793,0,4.749,1.507,5.168,3.835H32.441Z" transform="translate(9.042 -56)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M36.731,65.2l-.7,2.328H33.1L37.29,56.3h3.352l3.771,11.231H41.341l-.7-2.328Zm2.1-6.438-1.4,4.383h2.654Z" transform="translate(12.572 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M47.209,67.531,45.533,61.5a6.062,6.062,0,0,1-.279-1.1,3.476,3.476,0,0,0-.279-.685v7.807H42.6V56.3h3.771l1.536,5.89a17.317,17.317,0,0,1,.559,2.6c0-.274.14-.274.14-.411l.14-.685a4.758,4.758,0,0,0,.14-.822,2.356,2.356,0,0,0,.14-.685l1.536-5.89h3.771V67.531H51.958V59.724a2.958,2.958,0,0,1-.419,1.233,1.343,1.343,0,0,0-.14.548l-1.676,6.027H47.209Z" transform="translate(16.341 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M56.054,67.531H53.4V56.3h4.609a4.736,4.736,0,0,1,3.212.822A3.7,3.7,0,0,1,62.479,60a3.373,3.373,0,0,1-.978,2.6,4.044,4.044,0,0,1-2.933,1.1H56.054Zm2.1-6.027a1.515,1.515,0,1,0,0-3.013h-2.1v3.15h2.1Z" transform="translate(20.626 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M71.2,56.2v7.67a3.174,3.174,0,0,1-1.257,2.876,5.531,5.531,0,0,1-3.492.959,5.8,5.8,0,0,1-3.492-.959A3.334,3.334,0,0,1,61.7,63.87V56.2h2.654v7.4c0,.822.14,1.1.419,1.37a3.034,3.034,0,0,0,1.676.548,1.759,1.759,0,0,0,1.536-.548c.419-.274.419-.685.419-1.37V56.2Z" transform="translate(23.918 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M77.684,59.8v-.137c0-.959-.838-1.507-2.1-1.507s-1.955.411-1.955,1.1c0,.411.419.822,1.117.959l2.374.548a5.282,5.282,0,0,1,2.654,1.1,2.861,2.861,0,0,1,.838,2.191c0,2.328-1.816,3.7-4.889,3.7-3.212,0-5.028-1.507-5.028-3.972h2.654c0,1.233.838,1.918,2.374,1.918,1.4,0,2.235-.411,2.235-1.233,0-.548-.419-.959-1.257-1.1l-2.374-.548a4.257,4.257,0,0,1-2.514-1.1,2.738,2.738,0,0,1-.978-2.191c0-2.191,1.816-3.424,4.749-3.424a4.661,4.661,0,0,1,4.05,1.644,4.541,4.541,0,0,1,.7,2.191H77.684Z" transform="translate(27.489 -55.963)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M86.931,65.2l-.7,2.328H83.3L87.49,56.3h3.352l3.771,11.231H91.541l-.7-2.328Zm2.1-6.438-1.4,4.383h2.654Z" transform="translate(32.487 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M99.784,67.531l-3.352-5.753-1.257-2.191v7.944H92.8V56.3h2.793l3.212,5.616c.419.822.7,1.37,1.257,2.328V56.3h2.374V67.531Z" transform="translate(36.256 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M102.1,56.2h4.05c2.374,0,3.631.411,4.749,1.507a5.554,5.554,0,0,1,1.4,3.972,6.348,6.348,0,0,1-1.536,4.246c-.978,1.1-2.374,1.507-4.469,1.507h-4.05V56.2Zm4.469,9.177c1.257,0,1.955-.274,2.374-1.1a5.132,5.132,0,0,0,0-4.657,2.161,2.161,0,0,0-2.235-1.1h-1.955v6.985h1.816Z" transform="translate(39.946 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M118.631,65.2l-.7,2.328H115L119.19,56.3h3.352l3.771,11.231h-3.073l-.7-2.328Zm2.1-6.438-1.4,4.383h2.654Z" transform="translate(45.063 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M127.154,67.531H124.5V56.3h5.168a4.621,4.621,0,0,1,3.073.685,2.9,2.9,0,0,1,1.117,2.328,2.8,2.8,0,0,1-1.955,2.739c1.117.411,1.536.959,1.676,2.465l.14,1.644a2.721,2.721,0,0,0,.419,1.507h-2.654a1.058,1.058,0,0,1-.419-.959l-.14-1.507c-.14-1.37-.7-2.055-2.1-2.055h-1.816v4.383Zm2.654-6.574c.978,0,1.536-.411,1.536-1.233s-.559-1.233-1.536-1.233h-2.654v2.6h2.654Z" transform="translate(48.832 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M144.832,61.991a5.867,5.867,0,0,1-11.732-.137,5.809,5.809,0,0,1,1.816-4.383,6.04,6.04,0,0,1,4.05-1.37C142.458,55.965,144.832,58.43,144.832,61.991Zm-8.939-.137c0,2.328,1.117,3.7,3.073,3.7s3.073-1.37,3.073-3.7-1.117-3.835-3.073-3.835C137.011,58.156,135.893,59.526,135.893,61.854Z" transform="translate(52.244 -55.965)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M153.1,56.2v7.67a3.174,3.174,0,0,1-1.257,2.876,5.531,5.531,0,0,1-3.492.959,5.8,5.8,0,0,1-3.492-.959A3.333,3.333,0,0,1,143.6,63.87V56.2h2.654v7.4c0,.822.14,1.1.419,1.37a3.034,3.034,0,0,0,1.676.548,1.759,1.759,0,0,0,1.536-.548c.419-.274.419-.685.419-1.37V56.2Z" transform="translate(56.409 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M159.784,67.531l-3.352-5.753-1.257-2.191v7.944H152.8V56.3h2.793l3.212,5.616c.419.822.7,1.37,1.257,2.328V56.3h2.374V67.531Z" transform="translate(60.059 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M162.1,56.2h4.05c2.374,0,3.631.411,4.749,1.507a5.553,5.553,0,0,1,1.4,3.972,6.348,6.348,0,0,1-1.536,4.246c-.978,1.1-2.374,1.507-4.469,1.507h-4.05V56.2Zm4.469,9.177c1.257,0,1.955-.274,2.374-1.1a5.132,5.132,0,0,0,0-4.657,2.161,2.161,0,0,0-2.235-1.1h-1.955v6.985h1.816Z" transform="translate(63.748 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M181.385,67.531h-2.654v-9.04H175.1V56.3h9.777v2.191h-3.631v9.04Z" transform="translate(68.906 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M186.454,62.6v4.931H183.8V56.3h2.654v4.246h4.33V56.3h2.654V67.531h-2.654V62.6Z" transform="translate(72.357 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M201.9,58.355h-6.146v2.191h5.308V62.6h-5.308V65.34h6.285v2.191H193.1V56.3h8.8Z" transform="translate(76.046 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M208.312,67.531,205.1,56.3h2.654l1.257,5.068c.279.959.419,1.507.7,2.739a11.82,11.82,0,0,1,.559-2.739l1.117-5.068H213.9l1.117,5.068a23.766,23.766,0,0,1,.559,2.739c.14-.548.279-1.37.559-2.739l1.257-5.068h2.654l-3.352,11.231h-2.514l-1.117-4.657A19.263,19.263,0,0,1,212.5,60c-.279,1.233-.419,1.918-.559,2.876l-1.117,4.657Z" transform="translate(80.807 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M228.532,61.991a5.867,5.867,0,0,1-11.732-.137,5.809,5.809,0,0,1,1.816-4.383,6.04,6.04,0,0,1,4.05-1.37C226.3,55.965,228.532,58.43,228.532,61.991Zm-8.939-.137c0,2.328,1.117,3.7,3.073,3.7s3.073-1.37,3.073-3.7-1.117-3.835-3.073-3.835C220.85,58.156,219.593,59.526,219.593,61.854Z" transform="translate(85.449 -55.965)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M229.954,67.531H227.3V56.3h5.168a4.621,4.621,0,0,1,3.073.685,2.9,2.9,0,0,1,1.117,2.328,2.8,2.8,0,0,1-1.955,2.739c1.117.411,1.536.959,1.676,2.465l.14,1.644a2.721,2.721,0,0,0,.419,1.507h-2.654a1.058,1.058,0,0,1-.419-.959l-.14-1.507c-.14-1.37-.7-2.055-2.1-2.055h-1.816v4.383Zm2.514-6.574c.978,0,1.536-.411,1.536-1.233s-.559-1.233-1.536-1.233h-2.654v2.6h2.654Z" transform="translate(89.614 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M238.954,65.34h5.726v2.191H236.3V56.3h2.654Z" transform="translate(93.184 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M244,56.2h4.05c2.374,0,3.631.411,4.749,1.507a5.553,5.553,0,0,1,1.4,3.972,6.348,6.348,0,0,1-1.536,4.246c-.978,1.1-2.374,1.507-4.469,1.507H244Zm4.47,9.177c1.257,0,1.955-.274,2.374-1.1a5.132,5.132,0,0,0,0-4.657,2.161,2.161,0,0,0-2.235-1.1h-1.955v6.985h1.816Z" transform="translate(96.239 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> </g> </g> <g class="mit-news"> <path d="M21.773,55.944,13.867,26.123c-.608-2.5-1.095-4.294-1.46-5.487-.487-1.789-.487-2.147-.973-3.7.122,2.028.122,3.459.122,4.413l.122,5.368V55.944H0V0H18l7.3,29.344c1.095,4.413,2.068,8.946,2.8,12.644q.365-1.61.365-1.789l.973-3.578c.122-.954.487-2.266.851-3.817.487-1.789.851-3.578.851-3.7L38.559,0H56.439V55.944H44.762V26.719l.122-5.368c0-1.074,0-2.386.122-4.413-.973,3.34-1.581,5.606-1.825,6.322-.487,1.551-.73,2.624-.851,2.743l-7.785,29.94Z" fill="#333"/> <path d="M64.294,55.944H51.4V0H64.294Z" transform="translate(11.121)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M97.166,55.944H84.272V10.735H67V0h47.438V10.735H97.166Z" transform="translate(14.497)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M158.372,55.944,142.194,27.316l-5.96-10.855c.122,2.982.122,5.01.122,6.68.122,2.982.122,6.322.122,9.781V55.944H124.8V0h13.38l15.691,27.912c2.189,4.175,3.649,7.157,5.839,11.332-.122-2.266-.122-3.817-.122-5.487l-.122-4.175V0h11.677V55.944Z" transform="translate(27.003)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M181.085,36.911c.73,5.487,4.136,8.588,9.366,8.588,3.284,0,5.6-1.074,7.177-3.578h12.285C207.6,49.793,199.939,54.8,190.086,54.8c-12.772,0-21.286-8.588-21.286-21.352,0-12.644,8.636-21.352,21.165-21.352,8.758,0,15.326,4.294,18.367,11.928,1.46,3.578,2.068,7.276,2.068,12.883Zm16.908-8.469c-.487-4.771-3.284-7.4-8.028-7.4s-7.785,2.624-8.758,7.4Z" transform="translate(36.523 2.333)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M217.485,53.456,205.2,12.9h12.285l3.527,13.24c.973,3.578,2.189,9.781,2.8,13.121,1.216-6.083,2.189-10.735,2.8-13.121l3.527-13.24h10.582l3.649,13.24c1.581,6.2,2.311,9.781,2.919,13.121.73-4.175,1.46-7.873,2.676-13.121l3.284-13.24h12.529L254.1,53.456H242.421l-4.014-14.195c-1.216-4.891-1.946-8.35-3.041-13.6-1.216,5.606-2.189,10.02-3.041,13.6l-3.406,14.195Z" transform="translate(44.398 2.487)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M282.944,25.379c-.487-2.982-3.041-4.652-7.055-4.652-3.527,0-5.839,1.312-5.839,3.34,0,1.551,1.216,2.266,5.109,3.1l7.663,1.551c5.109.954,7.663,2.147,9.366,3.936,1.946,1.789,3.041,4.891,3.041,8.111,0,8.588-7.055,13.956-18.61,13.956-11.434,0-18.61-5.248-19.219-14.314h11.434c.73,3.817,3.284,5.606,8.15,5.606,3.892,0,6.325-1.551,6.325-3.936,0-1.909-1.338-2.982-4.622-3.7l-7.541-1.67c-9.123-1.909-12.529-5.248-12.529-11.69,0-8.111,6.568-13.121,17.637-13.121,10.582,0,17.029,4.652,18.124,13.24H282.944Z" transform="translate(55.693 2.295)" fill="#333"/> </g> </svg><span class="visually-hidden">More about MIT News at Massachusetts Institute of Technology</span></a> </h2> </div> </div> <p>This website is managed by the MIT News Office, part of the <a href="http://comms.mit.edu" target="_blank">Institute Office of Communications</a>.</p> </div> <div class="site-footer--news-by-schools"> <h3>News by Schools/College:</h3> <ul class="site-footer--news-by-schools--list"> <li class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link-item"><a class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link" href="/school/architecture-and-planning">School of Architecture and Planning</a></li> <li class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link-item"><a class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link" href="/school/engineering">School of Engineering</a></li> <li class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link-item"><a class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link" href="/school/humanities-arts-and-social-sciences">School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences</a></li> <li class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link-item"><a class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link" href="/school/management">MIT Sloan School of Management</a></li> <li class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link-item"><a class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link" href="/school/science">School of Science</a></li> <li class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link-item"><a class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link" href="/school/mit-schwarzman-college-computing">MIT Schwarzman College of Computing</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-footer--resources"> <h3 class="visually-hidden">Resources:</h3> <ul class="site-footer--resources--list"> <li class="site-footer--resources--link-item"><a class="site-footer--resources--link" href="/mit-news-office/about">About the MIT News Office</a></li> <li class="site-footer--resources--link-item"><a class="site-footer--resources--link" href="/press">MIT News Press Center</a></li> <li class="site-footer--resources--link-item"><a class="site-footer--resources--link" href="/terms-of-use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li class="site-footer--resources--link-item"><a class="site-footer--resources--link" href="/press/inquiries">Press Inquiries</a></li> <li class="site-footer--resources--link-item"><a class="site-footer--resources--link" href="/press/filming-guidelines">Filming Guidelines</a></li> <li class="site-footer--resources--link-item"><a class="site-footer--resources--link" href="/rss">RSS Feeds</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-footer--cta"> <h3 class="visually-hidden">Tools:</h3> <ul class="site-footer--cta--list"> <li class="site-footer--cta--link-item"><a class="site-footer--cta--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/mit-daily-weekly/" target="_blank">Subscribe to MIT Daily/Weekly</a></li> <li class="site-footer--cta--link-item"><a class="site-footer--cta--link" href="/press/subscribe-to-press-releases">Subscribe to press releases</a></li> <li class="site-footer--cta--link-item"><a class="site-footer--cta--link" href="/user/login?destination=news-submission">Submit campus news</a></li> <li class="site-footer--cta--link-item"><a class="site-footer--cta--link" href="/resources-for-campus-news-contributors">Guidelines for campus news contributors</a></li> <li class="site-footer--cta--link-item"><a class="site-footer--cta--link" href="/guidelines-generative-ai">Guidelines on generative AI</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer> <section class="tle-footer"> <div class="tle-logo"> <div class="tle-logo-mit"> <a class="logo-mit" href="http://web.mit.edu" target="_blank"> <svg class="mit-logo tle--logo-mit" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="200" height="105.882" viewBox="0 0 200 105.882"> <path class="mit-logo-name--color" id="mit_logo_std_rgb_black" d="M265.882,265.882h23.529V195.294H265.882Zm35.294-82.353H360V160H301.176ZM265.882,160h23.529v23.529H265.882ZM230.588,265.882h23.529V160H230.588Zm-35.294-23.529h23.529V160H195.294ZM160,265.882h23.529V160H160Zm141.176,0h23.529V195.294H301.176Z" transform="translate(-160 -160)"/> </svg><span class="visually-hidden">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</span></a> </div> </div> <nav class="tle-footer--nav"> <span class="visually-hidden">MIT Top Level Links:</span> <ul class="tle-footer--nav--list"> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/education">Education</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/research">Research</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/innovation">Innovation</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/admissions-aid">Admissions + Aid</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/campus-life">Campus Life</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="/">News</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/about">About MIT</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item better-world"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" target="_blank" href="http://web.mit.edu/building-a-better-world/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="arrow--point-northeast"> <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" transform="translate(1 1)"> <polyline points="3 0 14 0 14 11"/> <path d="M14,0 L0,14"/> </g> </svg> Join us in building a better world.</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="tle-footer--info"> <p><a href="http://web.mit.edu" target="_blank" class="mit-name">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a><br/>77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA</p> <span class="visually-hidden">Recommended Links:</span> <ul class="tle-footer--utility-list"> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://web.mit.edu/visitmit">Visit</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://whereis.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Map<span class="visually-hidden"> (opens in new window)</span></a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://calendar.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Events<span class="visually-hidden"> (opens in new window)</span></a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://web.mit.edu/people.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">People<span class="visually-hidden"> (opens in new window)</span></a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://careers.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Careers<span class="visually-hidden"> (opens in new window)</span></a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://web.mit.edu/contact">Contact</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item tle-footer--utility-item--privacy"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://web.mit.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://web.mit.edu/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"> <ul class="tle-footer--social-list"> <li class="tle-footer--social-item"><a target="_blank" class="tle-footer--social-link--title" href="http://socialmediahub.mit.edu">Social Media Hub</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--social-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/mit"><span class="tle-footer--social-link--icon" ><svg class="icon--twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.656" height="16" viewBox="0 0 15.656 16"> <path d="M9.317,6.775,15.146,0H13.765L8.7,5.883,4.662,0H0L6.112,8.9,0,16H1.381L6.725,9.788,10.994,16h4.662L9.317,6.775Zm-1.892,2.2-.619-.886L1.879,1.04H4L7.977,6.728l.619.886,5.169,7.394H11.644L7.426,8.974Z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero"></path> </svg></span><span class="visually-hidden">MIT on X</span></a></li> <li class="tle-footer--social-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/MITnews"><span class="tle-footer--social-link--icon" ><svg class="icon--facebook" width="8" height="16" viewBox="0 0 8 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M5.32 16H1.773V7.999H0V5.242h1.773V3.587c0-2.249 1-3.587 3.844-3.587h2.367v2.758h-1.48c-1.107 0-1.18.385-1.18 1.104l-.005 1.38H8L7.686 8H5.32V16z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero"/> </svg> </span><span class="visually-hidden">MIT on Facebook</span></a></li> <li class="tle-footer--social-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/mit"><span class="tle-footer--social-link--icon" ><svg class="icon--youtube" viewbox="0 0 24 17" height="16" width="23" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M22.938 3.005A2.87 2.87 0 0 0 20.916.984C19.143.5 12.011.5 12.011.5S4.867.512 3.093.996a2.87 2.87 0 0 0-2.022 2.022C.6 4.79.6 8.5.6 8.5s0 3.709.484 5.495a2.87 2.87 0 0 0 2.021 2.021c1.774.484 8.906.484 8.906.484s7.132 0 8.905-.484a2.87 2.87 0 0 0 2.022-2.021c.484-1.774.484-5.495.484-5.495s0-3.709-.484-5.495zm-13.21 8.918V5.077l5.93 3.423-5.93 3.423z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero"></path> </svg> </span><span class="visually-hidden">MIT on YouTube</span></a></li> <li class="tle-footer--social-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/mit"><span class="tle-footer--social-link--icon" ><svg class="icon--instagram" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <defs> <path id="a" d="M0 .005h15.257V15.26H0z"/> </defs> <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g transform="translate(.384 .529)"> <mask id="b" fill="#fff"> <use xlink:href="#a"/> </mask> <path d="M7.629.005c-2.072 0-2.332.009-3.146.046-.812.037-1.366.166-1.851.354a3.74 3.74 0 0 0-1.352.88A3.74 3.74 0 0 0 .4 2.636c-.188.486-.317 1.04-.354 1.852C.009 5.302 0 5.562 0 7.633c0 2.072.009 2.332.046 3.146.037.812.166 1.366.355 1.851.194.502.455.928.88 1.352.424.424.849.685 1.35.88.486.188 1.04.317 1.852.354.814.037 1.074.046 3.146.046 2.071 0 2.331-.009 3.145-.046.812-.037 1.366-.166 1.852-.354a3.74 3.74 0 0 0 1.35-.88 3.74 3.74 0 0 0 .88-1.352c.19-.485.318-1.04.355-1.851.037-.814.046-1.074.046-3.146 0-2.071-.009-2.331-.046-3.145-.037-.812-.166-1.366-.354-1.852a3.74 3.74 0 0 0-.88-1.35 3.74 3.74 0 0 0-1.351-.88c-.486-.19-1.04-.318-1.852-.355C9.96.014 9.7.005 7.629.005zm0 1.374c2.037 0 2.278.008 3.082.045.744.034 1.148.158 1.417.262.356.139.61.304.877.571.267.267.432.521.57.877.105.27.23.673.263 1.417.037.804.045 1.046.045 3.082 0 2.037-.008 2.279-.045 3.083-.034.744-.158 1.148-.262 1.417-.139.356-.304.61-.571.877a2.363 2.363 0 0 1-.877.57c-.269.105-.673.23-1.417.263-.804.037-1.045.045-3.082.045s-2.279-.008-3.083-.045c-.744-.034-1.148-.158-1.417-.263a2.363 2.363 0 0 1-.877-.57 2.364 2.364 0 0 1-.57-.877c-.105-.27-.23-.673-.263-1.417-.037-.804-.044-1.046-.044-3.083 0-2.036.007-2.278.044-3.082.034-.744.158-1.148.263-1.417.138-.356.303-.61.57-.877.267-.267.521-.432.877-.57.27-.105.673-.23 1.417-.263.804-.037 1.046-.045 3.083-.045z" fill="currentColor" mask="url(#b)"/> </g> <path d="M8.013 10.705a2.543 2.543 0 1 1 0-5.086 2.543 2.543 0 0 1 0 5.086zm0-6.46a3.917 3.917 0 1 0 0 7.835 3.917 3.917 0 0 0 0-7.835zM13 4.09a.915.915 0 1 1-1.83 0 .915.915 0 0 1 1.83 0" fill="currentColor"/> </g> </svg> </span><span class="visually-hidden">MIT on Instagram</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> <script src="/themes/mit/assets/js/modernizr.js?ss069k"></script> <script src="/themes/mit/assets/js/main.js?ss069k"></script> </body> </html>