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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_and_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legislation and investigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation_and_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="শাম বিয়ে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শাম বিয়ে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheinehe" title="Scheinehe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Scheinehe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cajna_geedzeco" title="Ŝajna geedzeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝajna geedzeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ازدواج صوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ازدواج صوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%9E%A5_%EA%B2%B0%ED%98%BC" title="위장 결혼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위장 결혼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נישואים פיקטיביים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נישואים פיקטיביים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Жалған неке – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жалған неке" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schijnhuwelijk" title="Schijnhuwelijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schijnhuwelijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E8%A3%85%E7%B5%90%E5%A9%9A" title="偽装結婚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="偽装結婚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83s%C4%83torie_fictiv%C4%83" title="Căsătorie fictivă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Căsătorie fictivă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Фиктивный брак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фиктивный брак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_marriage" title="Sham marriage – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sham marriage" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeavioliitto" title="Valeavioliitto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valeavioliitto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sken%C3%A4ktenskap" title="Skenäktenskap – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skenäktenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1" title="Фіктивний шлюб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фіктивний шлюб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%87%E7%B5%90%E5%A9%9A" title="假結婚 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="假結婚" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%87%E7%B5%90%E5%A9%9A" title="假結婚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="假結婚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1189309#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sham_marriage&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sham_marriage#Globalize_article" title="Talk:Sham marriage">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_sham_marriage_-_Would-be-bride_is_escorted_away.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Oxford_sham_marriage_-_Would-be-bride_is_escorted_away.jpg/220px-Oxford_sham_marriage_-_Would-be-bride_is_escorted_away.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Oxford_sham_marriage_-_Would-be-bride_is_escorted_away.jpg/330px-Oxford_sham_marriage_-_Would-be-bride_is_escorted_away.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Oxford_sham_marriage_-_Would-be-bride_is_escorted_away.jpg/440px-Oxford_sham_marriage_-_Would-be-bride_is_escorted_away.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>Officers from the <a href="/wiki/UK_Border_Agency" title="UK Border Agency">UK Border Agency</a> lead away the would-be bride in an operation to prevent a suspected sham marriage.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>sham marriage</b> or <b>fake marriage</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience" title="Marriage of convenience">marriage of convenience</a> entered into without intending to create a real marital relationship. This is usually for the purpose of gaining an advantage from the marriage. </p><p>Definitions of sham marriage vary by jurisdiction, but are often related to poverty. The essential point in the varying definitions is whether the couple intend to live in a real marital relationship, to establish a life together.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical definition by the UK <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> in 2015:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>A sham marriage or civil partnership is one where the relationship is not genuine but one party hopes to gain an immigration advantage from it. There is no subsisting relationship, dependency, or intent to live as husband and wife or civil partners.</p></blockquote> <p>While referred to as a "sham" or "fake" because of its motivation, the union itself is legally valid if it conforms to the formal legal requirements for marriage in the jurisdiction. Arranging or entering into such a marriage to deceive public officials is in itself a violation of the law of some countries, for example the US. </p><p>After a period, couples often <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> if there is no purpose in remaining married. The reverse situation, in which a couple gets a divorce while continuing to live together, is called <a href="/wiki/Paper_divorce" title="Paper divorce">paper divorce</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_fraud">Marriage fraud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sham_marriage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Marriage fraud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sham marriages are sometimes considered distinct from a marriage fraud, which is a type of <a href="/wiki/Romance_scam" title="Romance scam">romance scam</a>, in which one spouse is unwittingly taken advantage of by the foreign spouse who feigns romantic interest, typically in order to obtain a <a href="/wiki/Residence_permit" title="Residence permit">residence permit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gold_digger" title="Gold digger">for money</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sham_marriage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common reasons for sham marriages are to gain immigration,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> residency, work, or <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> rights for one of the spouses. </p><p>There have been cases of people entering into a sham marriage to avoid suspicion of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexuality</a>, etc. For example, Hollywood studios had allegedly requested homosexual/homoromantic actors, such as <a href="/wiki/Rock_Hudson" title="Rock Hudson">Rock Hudson</a>, to conceal their homosexuality in a so-called <a href="/wiki/Lavender_marriage" title="Lavender marriage">lavender marriage</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sham marriages have also been used to avoid military conscription in the US<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Exemption_from_military_service_in_Israel" title="Exemption from military service in Israel">Israel</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fraud">Fraud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sham_marriage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fraud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the intersection of citizenship-by-marriage laws and affordable international travel in the latter half of the 20th century, sham marriages have become a common method to allow a foreigner to reside, and possibly gain citizenship, in the country of the spouse.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple marries with knowledge that the marriage is solely for the purpose of obtaining the favorable immigration status, and without intending to live as a couple. This is frequently arranged as a business transaction with payment of a sum of money, and occurs more commonly with foreigners already in the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sham_marriage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the UK, sham marriage is a form of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Illegal immigration to the United Kingdom">immigration fraud</a> undertaken to gain legal immigrant status. The fraud is investigated mostly by the UK <a href="/wiki/Border_Force" title="Border Force">Border Force</a> and previously by the <a href="/wiki/UK_Border_Agency" title="UK Border Agency">UK Border Agency</a>. </p><p>Increases in sham marriage were reported in London boroughs such as <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Wandsworth" title="London Borough of Wandsworth">Wandsworth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2010, a senior registrar in Ireland estimated that 15 percent of civil marriages were bogus, for the purpose of gaining residency.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 2010, people would need a marriage visa from their own country of origin. </p><p>In April 2011, the Border Agency issued guidance to clergy to help prevent sham marriages intended only to gain the right to reside. English and Welsh clergy may perform a marriage, according <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_England_and_Wales" title="Marriage in England and Wales">to the law there</a>. They have been advised not to offer to publish <a href="/wiki/Banns_of_marriage" title="Banns of marriage">banns for any marriage</a> where one partner is from outside the European Union. Instead, the couple were to be asked to apply for a licence; if a member of the clergy is not satisfied that a marriage is genuine, they must make that clear to the person responsible for granting the licence.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office_hostile_environment_policy" title="Home Office hostile environment policy">Home Office hostile environment policy</a> started in 2012, there has been criticism in the UK of heavy-handed action affecting genuine marriages. Genuine weddings have been interrupted, and dawn raids have been made to check whether couples are sharing a bed. People have been <a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention" title="Immigration detention">detained</a> for months on wrongly being accused of being in a sham marriage. In 2018, 1,618 marriages reported by <a href="/wiki/Register_office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Register office (United Kingdom)">registrars</a> as being suspicious were investigated; the Home Office refused to say how many were found to be sham.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the Home Office estimated that between 4,000 and 10,000 marriages per year were sham marriages entered for the purpose of gaining legal immigration status for the non-EU partner.<sup id="cite_ref-WrightLimbo_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrightLimbo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sham_marriage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-us-green-card-specimen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2017-us-green-card-specimen.png/220px-2017-us-green-card-specimen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2017-us-green-card-specimen.png/330px-2017-us-green-card-specimen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/2017-us-green-card-specimen.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>A US green card</figcaption></figure> <p>A green card marriage is a <a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience" title="Marriage of convenience">marriage of convenience</a> between a legal resident of the United States of America and a person who would be ineligible for residency if they were not being married to the resident. The term derives from the availability of permanent resident documents ("<a href="/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residence (United States)">green cards</a>") for spouses of legal residents in the United States, where marriage is one of the fastest and surest ways to obtain legal residence.<sup id="cite_ref-cis_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Marriages, if legitimate, entitle the spouse to live and work in the United States, as in most other countries. In the United States, 2.3 million marriage visas were approved from 1998 through 2007, representing 25% of all green cards in 2007. Even if the non-resident spouse was previously an <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant">illegal immigrant</a>, marriage entitles the spouse to residency.<sup id="cite_ref-cis_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most marriages between residents and non-residents are undertaken properly, for reasons other than or in addition to residency status. That said, the practice of obtaining residency through marriage is illegal in the United States if the marriage itself is fraudulent.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A marriage that is solely for purposes of obtaining legal residence is considered a sham, and is a crime in the United States for both participants.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the arrangements are simple transactions between two individuals, often in exchange for money paid to the legal resident. In other cases the legal resident is an unwitting victim of a fraudulent marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In yet other cases the marriages are arranged by criminal enterprises, sometimes involving the complicity of corrupt immigration officials who accept payment for describing the marriage as legitimate in immigration paperwork.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sham_marriage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Switzerland, sham marriages are punished with a monetary punishment or prison if crucial information is intentionally withheld from immigration authorities, or if somebody is married to circumvent immigration laws.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 2005, being involved in a sham marriage was not punished, but the marriage was dissolved anyway if it manifested an <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_rights" title="Abuse of rights">abuse of rights</a> – with the usual consequence that the foreigner lost his permit and had to leave the country. Marriages for any other purpose than circumventing immigration laws (e.g. avoiding <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance taxes</a>) are legal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sham_marriage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Matrimonial fraud<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is heavily increasing in India.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women are resorting to <a href="/wiki/Honey_trapping" title="Honey trapping">honey-trap</a> men into marriages and later they file false complaints and aim for easy money.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation_and_investigation">Legislation and investigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sham_marriage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legislation and investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In United States immigration law, marriage not made in good faith and for purposes of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">immigration fraud</a> is a felony, subject to a penalty of a <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>250,000 fine and five-year prison sentence on the citizen, and deportation of the foreigner.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2009 fiscal year, 506 of the 241,154 petitions filed were denied for suspected fraud, a rate of only 0.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a> typically conducts an interview of marriage-based green card applicants, with additional scrutiny if they are from a developing country, have a different ethnicity or religion from their sponsor, have a large age gap with their sponsor, or have a history of prior marriage-based green card applications.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, legislation on sham marriages was strengthened in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continuous controversy arose regarding the issue; Canadian officials have been accused both of being too harsh and harassing couples and of being too lenient in deciding what is a genuine relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there have been objections to the policy from <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's organizations</a>, which argued that the new policy which requires the sponsor and the new spouse to live in a "genuine relationship" for two years endangers women who are victims of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>. Although there is an exception to this rule in cases of abuse,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the policy has been accused of being too weak (as abuse is difficult to prove).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sham_marriage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">Arranged marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beard_(companion)" title="Beard (companion)">Beard (companion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogus_colleges_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Bogus colleges in the United Kingdom">Bogus colleges in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Card_(film)" title="Green Card (film)"><i>Green Card</i> (film)</a>—in which a sham marriage is the main plot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_marriage" title="Hollywood marriage">Hollywood marriage</a>—including marriages entered into and promoted primarily for their <a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">publicity</a> value</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_consequences_of_marriage_and_civil_partnership_in_England_and_Wales" title="Legal consequences of marriage and civil partnership in England and Wales">Legal consequences of marriage and civil partnership in England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail-order_bride" title="Mail-order bride">Mail-order bride</a>—often involving brides wishing to get immigration access to a mate's country</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariage_blanc" title="Mariage blanc">Mariage blanc</a>—a marriage without <a href="/wiki/Consummation" title="Consummation">consummation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience" title="Marriage of convenience">Marriage of convenience</a>—of which "sham" marriages are a subgroup</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Marriage in the United Kingdom">Marriage in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Border_Targeting_Centre" title="National Border Targeting Centre">National Border Targeting Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Proposal_(2009_film)" title="The Proposal (2009 film)"><i>The Proposal</i> (film)</a>—a romantic comedy set around what is initially a fake marriage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Security_Service#Passport_and_visa_fraud" title="Diplomatic Security Service">U.S. Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) § Passport and visa fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_marriage" title="Void marriage">Void marriage</a>—an attempted marriage which does not even meet the legal requirements for a marriage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">Jus soli</a> – Birthright of anyone born in the territory of a state to nationality or citizenship</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sham_marriage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Flags+for+%22Marriage+Fraud%22+in+the+US&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdjjon.es%2F%3Fp%3D1346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASham+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/information/protection/fraud/marriage.asp">"Marriage fraud"</a>. <i>cic.gc.ca</i>. 9 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cic.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Marriage+fraud&rft.date=2009-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cic.gc.ca%2Fenglish%2Finformation%2Fprotection%2Ffraud%2Fmarriage.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASham+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/immigration/2013/04/29/marriage_fraud_canadian_immigration_officials_tread_thin_line.html">"Marriage fraud: Canadian immigration officials tread thin line"</a>. <i>thestar.com</i>. 29 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thestar.com&rft.atitle=Marriage+fraud%3A+Canadian+immigration+officials+tread+thin+line&rft.date=2013-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fimmigration%2F2013%2F04%2F29%2Fmarriage_fraud_canadian_immigration_officials_tread_thin_line.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASham+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/backgrounders/2012/2012-10-26a.asp">"Backgrounder — Conditional Permanent Resident Status"</a>. <i>cic.gc.ca</i>. 26 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cic.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Backgrounder+%E2%80%94+Conditional+Permanent+Resident+Status&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cic.gc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fdepartment%2Fmedia%2Fbackgrounders%2F2012%2F2012-10-26a.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASham+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorialopinion/2012/12/05/canadian_immigration_changes_force_women_to_stay_with_sponsoring_spouse_for_two_years.html">"Canadian immigration changes force women to stay with sponsoring spouse for two years"</a>. <i>thestar.com</i>. 5 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thestar.com&rft.atitle=Canadian+immigration+changes+force+women+to+stay+with+sponsoring+spouse+for+two+years&rft.date=2012-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorialopinion%2F2012%2F12%2F05%2Fcanadian_immigration_changes_force_women_to_stay_with_sponsoring_spouse_for_two_years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASham+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sham_marriage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Academic article on political discourse & policies on forced and fraudulent marriages in the Netherlands: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejw.sagepub.com/content/20/1/61.abstract">Bonjour&De Hart 2013, "A proper wife, a proper marriage. Constructions of 'us' and 'them' in Dutch family migration policy", European Journal of Women's Studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091005003206/http://ejw.sagepub.com/content/20/1/61.abstract">Archived</a> 2009-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Academic article providing two telling examples of the fear of and resort to sham marriage in eighteenth-century England. Castro Santana, A (2015). <a href="//doi.org/10.1080/0013838X.2015.1045728" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1080/0013838X.2015.1045728">"Sham Marriages and Proper Plots: Henry Fielding's Shamela and Joseph Andrews"</a>. <i>English Studies</i> <b>96</b> (6): 636–653.</li> <li>Academic article on how the distinction between interest and love informs immigration authorities categorizations of marriages as "sham" or "genuine": <a href="//doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1625129" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1625129">Andrikopoulos 2021, "Love, money and papers in the affective circuits of cross-border marriages: beyond the ‘sham’/‘genuine’ dichotomy". <i>Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies</i> 47 (2): 343-360.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sham_marriage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/criminal-investigation-sham-marriage">UK Government</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_fraud" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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title="Fraud">fraud</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_billing" title="False billing">Billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramming_(fraud)" title="Cramming (fraud)">Cramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_fraud" title="Disability fraud">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_fraud" title="Drug fraud">Drug</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_fraud" title="Pharmaceutical fraud">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_fraud" title="Email fraud">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_fraud" title="Employment fraud">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">Fixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">Impersonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scams_in_intellectual_property" title="Scams in intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_fraud" title="Internet fraud">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_fraud" title="Job fraud">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_firm_fraud" title="Long firm fraud">Long firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odometer_fraud" title="Odometer fraud">Odometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_fraud" title="Phone fraud">Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_fraud" title="Health care fraud">Health care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_network" title="Ghost network">Ghost network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quackery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">Racketeering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_fraud" title="Return fraud">Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_support_scam" title="Technical support scam">Tech support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_slamming" title="Telephone slamming">Slamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing_fraud" title="Telemarketing fraud">Telemarketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_fraud" title="Weight fraud">Weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">Fertility</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_fraud" title="Paternity fraud">Paternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance-fee_scam" title="Advance-fee scam">Advance-fee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lottery_scam" title="Lottery scam">lottery scam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_fraud" title="Bank fraud">Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankruptcy fraud">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chargeback_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Chargeback fraud">Chargeback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque_fraud" title="Cheque fraud">Cheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card_fraud" title="Credit card fraud">Credit card</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carding_(fraud)" title="Carding (fraud)">carding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_fraud" title="Foreign exchange fraud">Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_fraud" title="Insurance fraud">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lottery_fraud" title="Lottery fraud">Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mismarking" title="Mismarking">Mismarking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_fraud" title="Mortgage fraud">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpayment_scam" title="Overpayment scam">Overpayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_fraud" title="Securities fraud">Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shill#Auctions" title="Shill">Shill bidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_fraud_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Benefit fraud in the United Kingdom">Benefit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_fraud" title="Medicare fraud">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_fraud" title="Visa fraud">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_fraud" title="Welfare fraud">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_fraud" title="Affinity fraud">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_fraud" title="Charity fraud">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">Counterfeiting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superdollar" title="Superdollar">Superdollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faked_death" title="Faked death">Faked death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud_factory" title="Fraud factory">Fraud factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">Impersonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_and_wire_fraud" title="Mail and wire fraud">Mail and wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honest_services_fraud" title="Honest services fraud">honest services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">Scam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_scam" title="Romance scam">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_scam" title="Bride scam">Bride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_misconduct" title="Scientific misconduct">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomit_fraud" title="Vomit fraud">Vomit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_crime" title="White-collar crime">White-collar crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_fraud" title="List of types of fraud">list</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fraud" title="Category:Fraud">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_marriages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_marriages" title="Template:Types of marriages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_marriages" title="Template talk:Types of marriages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_marriages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of marriages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_marriages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_marriages" title="Types of marriages">Types of marriages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal scenarios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_marriage" title="Covenant marriage">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Nikah 'urfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Marriage">Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serial_monogamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial monogamy">Serial monogamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarriage" title="Remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary marriage">Temporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_marriage" title="Hollywood marriage">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedlease" title="Wedlease">Wedlease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voidable_marriage" title="Voidable marriage">Voidable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putative_marriage" title="Putative marriage">Putative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_marriage" title="Void marriage">Void</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephite_marriage" title="Josephite marriage">Josephite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Quaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">Clerical marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Nikah 'urfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">Yibbum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_marriage" title="Natural marriage">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_marriage" title="Scientology and marriage">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-uniting_marriage" title="Self-uniting marriage">Self-uniting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_conservation" title="Widow conservation">Widow conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Hinduism" title="Marriage in Hinduism">Vivaaha</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_marriage" title="Brahma marriage">Brahma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daiva_marriage" title="Daiva marriage">Daiva</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arshaa_marriage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arshaa marriage (page does not exist)">Arsha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prajapatya_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajapatya marriage">Prajapatya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharva_marriage" title="Gandharva marriage">Gandharva</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asura_marriage" title="Asura marriage">Asura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakshasa marriage">Rakshasa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paishacha_marriage" title="Paishacha marriage">Paishacha</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_wedding" title="Ayyavazhi wedding">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_wedding_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic wedding ceremony">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogic_marriage" title="Yogic marriage">Yogic</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manus_marriage" title="Manus marriage">Manus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Teen marriage">Teen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">Arranged</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sister_exchange" title="Sister exchange">Sister exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash marriage">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Abduction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miai" title="Miai">Miai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_wedding" title="Shotgun wedding">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyangxi" title="Tongyangxi">Tongyangxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrothal" class="mw-redirect" title="Betrothal">Betrothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_of_Crowning" title="Mystery of Crowning">Mystery of Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_weddings" title="Las Vegas weddings">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_marriage" title="Proxy marriage">Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circumstantial<br />basis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage_in_France" title="Posthumous marriage in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage_in_Germany" title="Posthumous marriage in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ghost_marriage" title="Chinese ghost marriage">Chinese ghost marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_inheritance" title="Widow inheritance">Widow inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_marriage_in_South_Sudan" title="Ghost marriage in South Sudan">Ghost marriage in South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">Yibbum</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_marriage" title="Boston marriage">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash marriage">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_marriage_in_China" title="Naked marriage in China">Naked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_earning/shared_parenting_marriage" title="Shared earning/shared parenting marriage">Peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyangxi" title="Tongyangxi">Tongyangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial marriage">Trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience" title="Marriage of convenience">Convenience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_marriage" title="Lavender marriage">Lavender</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Green card marriage">Green card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Allowance_for_Housing" title="Basic Allowance for Housing">Marriage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Predatory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watta_satta" title="Watta satta">Watta satta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_marriage" title="Love marriage">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sologamy" title="Sologamy">Sologamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De_facto_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="De facto marriage">De facto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consanguine_marriage" title="Consanguine marriage">Consanguine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate_marriage" title="Avunculate marriage">Avunculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage_in_the_Middle_East" title="Cousin marriage in the Middle East">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-surname_marriage" title="Same-surname marriage">Same-surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogamy_(sociology)" title="Homogamy (sociology)">Homogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">Royal intermarriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_marriage" title="Human–animal marriage">Human–animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-caste_marriage" title="Inter-caste marriage">Inter-caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_marriage" title="Transnational marriage">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">Interfaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">Morganatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural marriage">Plural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexless_marriage" title="Sexless marriage">Sexless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariage_blanc" title="Mariage blanc">Mariage blanc</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dishu_system" title="Dishu system">Dishu system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail-order_bride" title="Mail-order bride">Mail-order bride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia">Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking marriage">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_marriage" title="Category:Types of marriage">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Weddings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weddings" title="Template:Weddings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weddings" title="Template talk:Weddings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weddings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weddings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Weddings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Weddings</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_wedding" title="Collective wedding">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elopement" title="Elopement">Elopement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wedding" title="White wedding">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-wedding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_proposal_planner" title="Marriage proposal planner">Marriage proposal planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_proposal" title="Marriage proposal">Marriage proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">Engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banns_of_marriage" title="Banns of marriage">Banns of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_planner" title="Wedding planner">Wedding planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_registry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridal registry">Bridal registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_shower" title="Bridal shower">Bridal shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement_party" title="Engagement party">Engagement party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_invitation" title="Wedding invitation">Wedding invitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_party" title="Bachelor party">Bachelor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelorette_party" title="Bachelorette party">Bachelorette party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_and_doe" title="Stag and doe">Stag and doe party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_license" title="Marriage license">Marriage license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehearsal_dinner" title="Rehearsal dinner">Rehearsal dinner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_chapel" title="Wedding chapel">Wedding chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretna_Green#Marriage" title="Gretna Green">Gretna Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_weddings" title="Las Vegas weddings">Las Vegas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Western_dress_codes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Western dress codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">White tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_dress" title="Morning dress">Morning dress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-formal_wear" title="Semi-formal wear">Semi-formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">Black tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_lounge_suit" title="Black lounge suit">Black lounge suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">Informal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suit" title="Suit">Suit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress" title="Wedding dress">Wedding dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western_wedding_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Western wedding dress">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_crown" title="Bridal crown">Bridal crown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">Dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evening_gown" title="Evening gown">Evening gown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_gown" title="Ball gown">Ball gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9butante_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Débutante dress">Debutante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera gloves">Opera gloves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_dress" title="Cocktail dress">Cocktail dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garter_(stockings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garter (stockings)">Garters</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">Casual</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuppah" title="Chuppah">Chuppah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_arras" title="Las arras">Las arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebes_Gamikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebes Gamikos">Lebes Gamikos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_cord" title="Wedding cord">Wedding cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_favors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding favors">Wedding favors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_mandap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding mandap">Wedding mandap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_ring_cushion" title="Wedding ring cushion">Wedding ring cushion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishing_well_(wedding)" title="Wishing well (wedding)">Wishing well</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wedding_ceremony_participants" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wedding ceremony participants">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride" title="Bride">Bride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_child_brides" title="List of child brides">child bride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridegroom" title="Bridegroom">Bridegroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_child_bridegrooms" title="List of child bridegrooms">child bridegroom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridesmaid" title="Bridesmaid">Bridesmaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridesman" title="Bridesman">Bridesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_girl" title="Flower girl">Flower girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groomsman" title="Groomsman">Groomsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_boy_(wedding_attendant)" title="Page boy (wedding attendant)">Page boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_officiant" title="Marriage officiant">Officiant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahesta_Bero" title="Ahesta Bero">Ahesta Bero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedding_ceremony" title="Bedding ceremony">Bedding ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_Chorus" title="Bridal Chorus">Bridal Chorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_dance" title="First dance">First dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Wedding_Blessing" title="Indian Wedding Blessing">"Indian" Wedding Blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumping_the_broom" title="Jumping the broom">Jumping the broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lychgate#Use_at_weddings" title="Lychgate">Lychgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_dance" title="Money dance">Money dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_music" title="Wedding music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polterabend" title="Polterabend">Polterabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pounded_rice_ritual" title="Pounded rice ritual">Pounded rice ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyebaek" title="Pyebaek">Pyebaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trash_the_dress" title="Trash the dress">Trash the dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_candle" title="Unity candle">Unity candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walima" title="Walima">Walima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_March_(Mendelssohn)" title="Wedding March (Mendelssohn)">Wedding March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_reception" title="Wedding reception">Wedding reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_videography" title="Wedding videography">Wedding videography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_breakfast" title="Wedding breakfast">Wedding breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_cake" title="Wedding cake">Wedding cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_cake_topper" title="Wedding cake topper">Wedding cake topper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookie_table" title="Cookie table">Cookie table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groom%27s_cake" title="Groom's cake">Groom's cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochzeitssuppe" title="Hochzeitssuppe">Hochzeitssuppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_almonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan almonds">Jordan almonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolach_(bread)" title="Kolach (bread)">Kolach (bread)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korovai" title="Korovai">Korovai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_cup" title="Loving cup">Loving cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_card" title="Place card">Place card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion<br />or culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj (Sikh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_wedding" title="Arab wedding">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayie" title="Ayie">Ayie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_wedding" title="Ayyavazhi wedding">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_wedding" title="Bengali Hindu wedding">Bengali Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_wedding" title="Bengali Muslim wedding">Bengali Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay_wedding" title="Brunei Malay wedding">Brunei Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese marriage">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_pre-wedding_customs" title="Chinese pre-wedding customs">Pre-wedding customs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_marriage" title="Hajong marriage">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_practices" title="Islamic marital practices">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyer_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyer wedding">Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabin" title="Qabin">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon wedding">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Hindu_wedding" title="Odia Hindu wedding">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian wedding">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poruwa_ceremony" title="Poruwa ceremony">Poruwa ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_wedding_traditions" title="Punjabi wedding traditions">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrani_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasrani wedding">Saint Thomas Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_wedding" title="Shinto wedding">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorese_wedding_traditions" title="Timorese wedding traditions">Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C5%91f%C3%A9ly" title="Vőfély">Vőfély (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wedding_customs_by_country" title="Wedding customs by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_customs_in_Ethiopia" title="Wedding customs in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C5%91f%C3%A9ly" title="Vőfély">Vőfély (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_weddings" title="Icelandic weddings">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_India" title="Weddings in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_Myanmar" title="Weddings in Myanmar">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Marriage in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_wedding_customs_in_the_Philippines" title="Marriage and wedding customs in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poruwa_ceremony" title="Poruwa ceremony">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wedding_traditions" title="Ukrainian wedding traditions">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Weddings in the United States and Canada">United States and Canada</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_England_and_Wales" title="Marriage in England and Wales">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Scotland" title="Marriage in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_marriage_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of marriage in Great Britain and Ireland">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_wedding" title="Traditional Vietnamese wedding">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon" title="Honeymoon">Honeymoon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon_registry" title="Honeymoon registry">Honeymoon registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consummation" title="Consummation">Consummation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wedding" title="Black wedding">Black wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elopement" title="Elopement">Elopement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_vows" title="Marriage vows">Marriage vows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlywed" title="Newlywed">Newlywed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_weddings" title="List of royal weddings">Royal weddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-uniting_marriage" title="Self-uniting marriage">Self-uniting marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_wedding" title="Shotgun wedding">Shotgun wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knobstick_wedding" title="Knobstick wedding">Knobstick wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_anniversary" title="Wedding anniversary">Wedding anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_crashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding crashing">Wedding crashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_vow_renewal_ceremony" title="Wedding vow renewal ceremony">Wedding vow renewal ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanless_wedding" title="Womanless wedding">Womanless wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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