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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Latar_belakang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latar_belakang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Latar belakang </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latar_belakang-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Latar belakang </button> <ul id="toc-Latar_belakang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perang_Armenia-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perang_Armenia-Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Perang Armenia-Azerbaijan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perang_Armenia-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dibawah_Uni_Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dibawah_Uni_Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Dibawah Uni Soviet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dibawah_Uni_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kembalinya_masalah_Karabakh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kembalinya_masalah_Karabakh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Kembalinya masalah Karabakh </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kembalinya_masalah_Karabakh-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Kembalinya masalah Karabakh </button> <ul id="toc-Kembalinya_masalah_Karabakh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Askeran_dan_Sumgait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Askeran_dan_Sumgait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Askeran dan Sumgait </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Askeran_dan_Sumgait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kekerasan_antar_etnis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kekerasan_antar_etnis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Kekerasan antar etnis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kekerasan_antar_etnis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Kekerasan antar etnis </button> <ul id="toc-Kekerasan_antar_etnis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Januari_Hitam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Januari_Hitam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Januari Hitam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Januari_Hitam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pertempuran_Qazakh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pertempuran_Qazakh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Pertempuran Qazakh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pertempuran_Qazakh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operasi_Cincin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operasi_Cincin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Operasi Cincin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operasi_Cincin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upaya_awal_mediasi_perdamaian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upaya_awal_mediasi_perdamaian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Upaya awal mediasi perdamaian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upaya_awal_mediasi_perdamaian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konflik_menjelang_keruntuhan_Uni_Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konflik_menjelang_keruntuhan_Uni_Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Konflik menjelang keruntuhan Uni Soviet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konflik_menjelang_keruntuhan_Uni_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kekosongan_persenjataan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kekosongan_persenjataan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Kekosongan persenjataan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kekosongan_persenjataan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membangun_angkatan_bersenjata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membangun_angkatan_bersenjata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Membangun angkatan bersenjata </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membangun_angkatan_bersenjata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Catatan kaki </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Daftar pustaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Pranala luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Perang Nagorno-Karabakh</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 63 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Nagorno-Karabach-oorlog" title="Eerste Nagorno-Karabach-oorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eerste Nagorno-Karabach-oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="حرب مرتفعات قره باغ الأولى – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب مرتفعات قره باغ الأولى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Altu_Karabakh" title="Guerra del Altu Karabakh – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra del Altu Karabakh" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_Qaraba%C4%9F_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Birinci Qarabağ müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birinci Qarabağ müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بیرینجی قاراباغ ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی قاراباغ ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Карабахская вайна – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карабахская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Карабаская вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карабаская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Нагорнокарабахски конфликт – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нагорнокарабахски конфликт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="প্রথম নাগর্নো-কারাবাখ যুদ্ধ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রথম নাগর্নো-কারাবাখ যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_Nagorno-Karabac%27h" title="Brezel Nagorno-Karabac'h – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel Nagorno-Karabac'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_l%27Alt_Karabakh" title="Guerra de l'Alt Karabakh – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra de l'Alt Karabakh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%86-%D9%82%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="یەکەمین شەڕی ناگۆرنۆ-قەرەباغ – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەکەمین شەڕی ناگۆرنۆ-قەرەباغ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_v%C3%A1lka_o_N%C3%A1horn%C3%AD_Karabach" title="První válka o Náhorní Karabach – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="První válka o Náhorní Karabach" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8" title="Карабах вăрçи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Карабах вăрçи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen" title="Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Krieg_um_Bergkarabach" title="Erster Krieg um Bergkarabach – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erster Krieg um Bergkarabach" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceng%C3%AA_Qereba%C4%9Fi" title="Cengê Qerebaği – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cengê Qerebaği" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%87" title="Πόλεμος του Ναγκόρνο Καραμπάχ – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος του Ναγκόρνο Καραμπάχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_en_Montara_Karaba%C4%A5o_(1988-1994)" title="Milito en Montara Karabaĥo (1988-1994) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milito en Montara Karabaĥo (1988-1994)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_guerra_del_Alto_Karabaj" title="Primera guerra del Alto Karabaj – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primera guerra del Alto Karabaj" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4gi-Karabahhi_s%C3%B5da" title="Mägi-Karabahhi sõda – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mägi-Karabahhi sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_Garaiko_Lehen_Gerra" title="Karabakh Garaiko Lehen Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karabakh Garaiko Lehen Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="جنگ اول قره‌باغ – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ اول قره‌باغ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensimm%C3%A4inen_Vuoristo-Karabahin_sota" title="Ensimmäinen Vuoristo-Karabahin sota – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ensimmäinen Vuoristo-Karabahin sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_du_Haut-Karabagh" title="Première guerre du Haut-Karabagh – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première guerre du Haut-Karabagh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_guerra_de_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Primeira guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Primeira guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מלחמת נגורנו קרבאך הראשונה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת נגורנו קרבאך הראשונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_rat_u_Gorskom_Karabahu_(1988._%E2%80%93_1994.)" title="Prvi rat u Gorskom Karabahu (1988. – 1994.) – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prvi rat u Gorskom Karabahu (1988. – 1994.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegyi-karabahi_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Hegyi-karabahi háború – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hegyi-karabahi háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Արցախյան ազատամարտ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արցախյան ազատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Արցախեան Ազատամարտ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արցախեան Ազատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guerra_del_Nagorno_Karabakh" title="Prima guerra del Nagorno Karabakh – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prima guerra del Nagorno Karabakh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%95%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="ナゴルノ・カラバフ戦争 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナゴルノ・カラバフ戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ყარაბაღის ომი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყარაბაღის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EB%82%98%EA%B3%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%94%ED%9D%90_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제1차 나고르노카라바흐 전쟁 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1차 나고르노카라바흐 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Карабах жаңжалы – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Карабах жаңжалы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Садлагьай Къарабагъдин дяве – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Садлагьай Къарабагъдин дяве" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmais_Kalnu_Karabahas_kar%C5%A1" title="Pirmais Kalnu Karabahas karš – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirmais Kalnu Karabahas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87" title="قره‌باغ الجه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="قره‌باغ الجه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorlog_in_Nagorno-Karabach_(1988-1994)" title="Oorlog in Nagorno-Karabach (1988-1994) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oorlog in Nagorno-Karabach (1988-1994)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen" title="Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen" title="Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_wojna_o_G%C3%B3rski_Karabach" title="I wojna o Górski Karabach – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="I wojna o Górski Karabach" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پہلی کاراباخ جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پہلی کاراباخ جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88-%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د ناګورنو-قره باغ لومړۍ جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ناګورنو-قره باغ لومړۍ جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_do_Alto_Carabaque_(1988%E2%80%931994)" title="Guerra do Alto Carabaque (1988–1994) – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra do Alto Carabaque (1988–1994)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_din_Nagorno-Karabah" title="Războiul din Nagorno-Karabah – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul din Nagorno-Karabah" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Первая карабахская война – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первая карабахская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_rat_za_Nagorno-Karabah" title="Prvi rat za Nagorno-Karabah – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prvi rat za Nagorno-Karabah" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Par%C3%AB_e_Nagorno-Karabakut" title="Lufta e Parë e Nagorno-Karabakut – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Parë e Nagorno-Karabakut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Први рат за Нагорно-Карабах – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Први рат за Нагорно-Карабах" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Perang Nagorno-Karabakh – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Perang Nagorno-Karabakh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabach-kriget" title="Nagorno-Karabach-kriget – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nagorno-Karabach-kriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_Da%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k_Karaba%C4%9F_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Birinci Dağlık Karabağ Savaşı – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birinci Dağlık Karabağ Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarabax_su%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Qarabax suğışı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Qarabax suğışı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Перша карабаська війна – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перша карабаська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%82%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پہلی ناگورنو قرہ باغ جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پہلی ناگورنو قرہ باغ جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Nagorno-Karabakh_th%E1%BB%A9_nh%E1%BA%A5t" title="Chiến tranh Nagorno-Karabakh thứ nhất – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Nagorno-Karabakh thứ nhất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ყარაბაღიშ ლჷმა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყარაბაღიშ ლჷმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E7%BA%B3%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%BA-%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫战争 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一次纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E7%B4%8D%E6%88%88%E7%88%BE%E8%AB%BE-%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第一次納戈爾諾-卡拉巴赫戰爭 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="第一次納戈爾諾-卡拉巴赫戰爭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q381375#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox vevent" style="border-spacing:2px;;width:315px"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Perang Nagornox-Karabakh</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Konflik_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Konflik Nagorno-Karabakh">Konflik Nagorno-Karabakh</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Karabakhwar01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Karabakhwar01.jpg/300px-Karabakhwar01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Karabakhwar01.jpg/450px-Karabakhwar01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Karabakhwar01.jpg/600px-Karabakhwar01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3840" /></a> Searah jarum jam dari atas: Bekas APC Azerbaijan; pengungsi etnik Azerbaijan dari wilayah Armenia; monumen tank T-72 Armenia di Stepanakert; tentara Republik Nagorno Karabakh</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Tanggal</th><td>20 Februari 1988 – 12 Mei 1994 (6 tahun, 2 bulan, 3 minggu dan 1 hari)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Lokasi</th><td><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Hasil</th><td> Kemenangan Armenia<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gencatan_senjata" title="Gencatan senjata">Gencatan senjata</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protokol_Bishkek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protokol Bishkek (halaman belum tersedia)">Protokol Bishkek</a> yang masih berlaku</li> <li>Blokade Armenia oleh <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a> sejak 1993<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW1994129-19">[19]</a></li> <li>Perundingan perdamaian, tetapi masih menemui jalan buntu</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konflik_perbatasan_Armenia-Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konflik perbatasan Armenia-Azerbaijan (halaman belum tersedia)">Konflik perbatasan sporadis</a> antar kedua negara di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_kontak_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis kontak Nagorno-Karabakh (halaman belum tersedia)">garis kontak</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Perubahan wilayah</th><td> Kemerdekaan de facto <a href="/wiki/Republik_Artsakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Artsakh">Republik Artsakh</a> dan aneksasi 9% wilayah Azerbaijan de facto oleh Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Wilayah tersebut tetap diakui de jure secara internasional sebagai bagian Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Pihak terlibat</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1988–1991<div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblast_Otonom_Nagorno_Karabakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblast Otonom Nagorno Karabakh (halaman belum tersedia)">Oblast Otonom Nagorno Karabakh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Armenia" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Armenia">RSS Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.gif/23px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.gif" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.gif/35px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.gif/45px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.gif 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Federasi_Revolusioner_Armenia" title="Federasi Revolusioner Armenia">Federasi Revolusioner Armenia</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1988–1991<div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Azerbaijan" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Azerbaijan">RSS Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partai_Front_Rakyat_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partai Front Rakyat Azerbaijan (halaman belum tersedia)">Front Rakyat Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1991–1994<div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Artsakh" title="Republik Artsakh"><img alt="Republik Artsakh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Artsakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Artsakh">Republik Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh)</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> </div> Suplai senjata <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a><a href="#cite_note-cssas-7">[7]</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1991–1994<div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> </div> Dukungan militer: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li></ul> Dukungan dari kelompok asing: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="383" /> <a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Islami_Gulbuddin" title="Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin">Hezb-e-Islami</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaarnby20086-11">[11]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Chechnya_Ichkeria" title="Republik Chechnya Ichkeria">Militan Chechnya</a><a href="#cite_note-Griffin-12">[12]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Milliyet%C3%A7i_Hareket_Partisi_Logo.svg/23px-Milliyet%C3%A7i_Hareket_Partisi_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Milliyet%C3%A7i_Hareket_Partisi_Logo.svg/35px-Milliyet%C3%A7i_Hareket_Partisi_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Milliyet%C3%A7i_Hareket_Partisi_Logo.svg/46px-Milliyet%C3%A7i_Hareket_Partisi_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="184" /> <a href="/wiki/Serigala_Abu-Abu_(organisasi)" title="Serigala Abu-Abu (organisasi)">Serigala Abu-Abu</a><a href="#cite_note-bozkurt-13">[13]</a></li></ul> Suplai persenjataan <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/35px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/46px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003200-17">[17]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Tokoh dan pemimpin</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan" title="Levon Ter-Petrosyan">Levon Ter-Petrosyan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vazgen_Sargsyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vazgen Sargsyan (halaman belum tersedia)">Vazgen Sargsyan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vazgen_Manukyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vazgen Manukyan (halaman belum tersedia)">Vazgen Manukyan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan" title="Serzh Sargsyan">Serzh Sargsyan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurgen_Dalibaltayan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gurgen Dalibaltayan (halaman belum tersedia)">Gurgen Dalibaltayan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norat_Ter-Grigoryants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norat Ter-Grigoryants (halaman belum tersedia)">Norat Ter-Grigoryants</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatul_Krpeyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatul Krpeyan (halaman belum tersedia)">Tatul Krpeyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Gugur_dalam_tugas" title="Gugur dalam tugas">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Petrosyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard Petrosyan (halaman belum tersedia)">Leonard Petrosyan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Mkrtchyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Mkrtchyan (halaman belum tersedia)">Artur Mkrtchyan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgi_Petrosian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgi Petrosian (halaman belum tersedia)">Georgi Petrosian</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="hy:Կարեն Բաբուրյան">Karen Baburyan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/22px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/33px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/44px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samvel_Babayan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samvel Babayan (halaman belum tersedia)">Samvel Babayan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkady_Ter-Tadevosyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan (halaman belum tersedia)">Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Ivanyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Ivanyan (halaman belum tersedia)">Christopher Ivanyan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seyran_Ohanyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seyran Ohanyan (halaman belum tersedia)">Seyran Ohanyan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Melkonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Melkonian (halaman belum tersedia)">Monte Melkonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gugur_dalam_tugas" title="Gugur dalam tugas">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/22px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/33px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/44px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jirair_Sefilian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jirair Sefilian (halaman belum tersedia)">Jirayr Sefilian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov" title="Ayaz Mutallibov">Ayaz Mutallibov</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yagub_Mammadov_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yagub Mammadov (politician) (halaman belum tersedia)">Yagub Mammadov</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isa_Gambar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isa Gambar (halaman belum tersedia)">Isa Gambar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abulfaz_Elchibey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abulfaz Elchibey (halaman belum tersedia)">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahammad_Asadov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahammad Asadov (halaman belum tersedia)">Mahammad Asadov</a> <a href="/wiki/Gugur_dalam_tugas" title="Gugur dalam tugas">†</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isgandar_Hamidov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isgandar Hamidov (halaman belum tersedia)">Isgandar Hamidov</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tofig_Ismayilov_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tofig Ismayilov (politician) (halaman belum tersedia)">Tofig Ismayilov</a> <a href="/wiki/Gugur_dalam_tugas" title="Gugur dalam tugas">†</a><a href="#cite_note-Kommersant-23">[23]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surat_Huseynov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surat Huseynov (halaman belum tersedia)">Surat Huseynov</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulfi_Hajiyev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zulfi Hajiyev (halaman belum tersedia)">Zulfi Hajiyev</a> <a href="/wiki/Gugur_dalam_tugas" title="Gugur dalam tugas">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Safar_Abiyev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safar Abiyev (halaman belum tersedia)">Safar Abiyev</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rahim_Gaziyev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rahim Gaziyev (halaman belum tersedia)">Rahim Gaziyev</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a><a href="#cite_note-Griffin-12">[12]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="383" /> <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaarnby20086-11">[11]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Kekuatan</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 20,000 tentara Nagorno Karabakh + 8,000 dari Armenia<a href="#cite_note-CaucasianKnot-24">[24]</a><hr />500 gerbong amunisi<a href="#cite_note-Petrosian,_David_2000-25">[25]</a> 177–187 artileri<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a> 90–173 tank<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a> 290–360 kendaraan lapis baja<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a> 3 pesawat tempur<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a> 13 helikopter<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Total: 64,000<div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Turki: 350 pasukan (untuk melatih pasukan Azerbaijan) <a href="#cite_note-Demoyan-27">[27]</a> Serigala Kelabu: 200<a href="#cite_note-bozkurt-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Hezb-e Islami: 1,000–3,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharalampidis20136-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaarnby20087-29">[29]</a></li> <li>Militan Chechnya: 300<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharalampidis20133-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Pasukan bayaran Ukraina: ~100<a href="#cite_note-Topguns-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gurdelik-32">[32]</a></li></ul> </div> <hr />10,000 gerbong persenjataan<a href="#cite_note-Petrosian,_David_2000-25">[25]</a> 395 artileri<a href="#cite_note-Mikhail_Barabanov-33">[33]</a> 436<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a>–458<a href="#cite_note-Mikhail_Barabanov-33">[33]</a> tank 558<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a>–1,264<a href="#cite_note-Mikhail_Barabanov-33">[33]</a> kendaraan lapis baja 389<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a>–480 kendaraan tempur lapis baja 63<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a>–170 pesawat tempur 45–51 helikopter</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Korban</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Tewas: 5,856<a href="#cite_note-AMS-34">[34]</a>–6,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003285-35">[35]</a></li> <li>Luka-luka: 20,000<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li>Hilang: 196<a href="#cite_note-AMS-34">[34]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Tewas: 25,000–30,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003285-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMS-34">[34]</a></li> <li>Luka-luka: 50,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003285-35">[35]</a></li> <li>hilang: 4,210<a href="#cite_note-OhanyanVelikhanova-38">[38]</a></li></ul> </div> <hr />156 tank <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a> direbut pasukan <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003316-39">[39]</a> 47 pesawat hancur<a href="#cite_note-Melik-Shakhnazaryan-40">[40]</a> Awal 1992, setidaknya: 55 <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a> hancur, 24 <a href="/wiki/BMP-2" title="BMP-2">BMP-2</a> hancur, 15 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armoured_personnel_carrier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armoured personnel carrier (halaman belum tersedia)">APC</a> hancur, 25 artileri berat hancur<a href="#cite_note-brothersroad-41">[41]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Korban penduduk sipil: <ul><li>1,264 penduduk Armenia dan orang etnis Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-AMS-34">[34]</a></li> <li>167–763 penduduk Azerbaijan tewas pada tahun 1992.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Jumlah seluruhnya tidak diketahui.</li></ul> Penduduk sipil hilang: <ul><li>400 menurut Komisi Negara Karabakh<a href="#cite_note-OhanyanVelikhanova-38">[38]</a></li> <li>749 menurut Komisi Negara Azerbaijan<a href="#cite_note-OhanyanVelikhanova-38">[38]</a></li></ul> Pengungsi: <ul><li>724,000 penduduk etnik Azerbaijan<a href="#cite_note-Wiener_Zeitung-43">[43]</a> dari Armenia dan Nagorno Karabakh.</li> <li>300,000–500,000 penduduk etnik Armenia<a href="#cite_note-Wiener_Zeitung-43">[43]</a> dari Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh dan 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentrok_Askeran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bentrok Askeran (halaman belum tersedia)">Askeran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom_Sumgait" title="Pogrom Sumgait">Sumgait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogrom_Kirovabad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogrom Kirovabad (halaman belum tersedia)">Kirovabad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogrom_orang_Armenia_di_Baku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogrom orang Armenia di Baku (halaman belum tersedia)">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasi_Ring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operasi Ring (halaman belum tersedia)">Operasi Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penembakan_Stepanakert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penembakan Stepanakert (halaman belum tersedia)">Stepanakert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembantaian_Khojaly" title="Pembantaian Khojaly">Khojaly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembantaian_Maraga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembantaian Maraga (halaman belum tersedia)">Maraga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direbutnya_Shusha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direbutnya Shusha (halaman belum tersedia)">Shusha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasi_Goranboy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operasi Goranboy (halaman belum tersedia)">Goranboy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serangan_Mardakert_dan_Martuni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serangan Mardakert dan Martuni (halaman belum tersedia)">Mardakert dan Martuni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Aghdam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertempuran Aghdam (halaman belum tersedia)">Agdam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serangan_Musim_Panas_1993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serangan Musim Panas 1993 (halaman belum tersedia)">Summer 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Kalbajar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertempuran Kalbajar (halaman belum tersedia)">Kalbajar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> Perang Nagorno-Karabakh<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Konflik_etnis" title="Konflik etnis">konflik etnik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Persengketaan_wilayah" title="Persengketaan wilayah">wilayah</a> yang terjadi di akhir 1980an hingga tahun 1994, di <a href="/wiki/Enklave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enklave">enklave</a> <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> yang ada di barat daya <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, antara etnik <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Armenia">Armenia</a> yang merupakan penduduk mayoritas di Nagorno-Karabakh yang didukung oleh <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> melawan Azerbaijan. Dalam perang tersebut, kedua bekas <a href="/wiki/Republik_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Uni Soviet">negara bagian Uni Soviet</a> tersebut saling berhadapan dalam perang yang berlarut-larut di kawasan pegunungan Karabakh, di mana Azerbaijan berusaha untuk menumpas gerakan <a href="/wiki/Separatisme" title="Separatisme">separatis</a> Armenia di wilayah itu. Sebelum perang terjadi, <a href="/wiki/Majelis_Nasional_(Artsakh)" title="Majelis Nasional (Artsakh)">parlemen enklave</a> mengeluarkan keputusan yang menginginkan penyatuan wilayahnya dengan Armenia lewat referendum (yang ditolak oleh warga etnik Azerbaijan) dikarenakan mayoritas masyarakat memilih untuk merdeka. Pada awalnya keinginan masyarakat etnik Armenia Nagorno-Karabakh untuk menggabungkan dirinya dengan Azerbaijan dilakukan dengan cara damai, tetapi <a href="/wiki/Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet" title="Pembubaran Uni Soviet">saat Uni Soviet perlahan-lahan runtuh</a>, wacana penggabungan itu justru berubah menjadi konflik kekerasan antar dua etnik tersebut, bahkan keduanya saling mengklaim adanya <a href="/wiki/Pembersihan_etnik" title="Pembersihan etnik">pembersihan etnik</a> antara kedua belah pihak seperti <a href="/wiki/Pogrom_Sumgait" title="Pogrom Sumgait">Pogrom Sumgait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pogrom_Baku" title="Pogrom Baku">Pogrom Baku</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pembantaian_Khojaly" title="Pembantaian Khojaly">Pembantaian Khojaly</a> yang menjadi contoh paling terkenal.<a href="#cite_note-CASE-STUDY-IN-ETHNIC-STRIFE-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Kekerasan antaretnik mulai pecah saat parlemen <a href="/wiki/Oblast_Otonom_Nagorno-Karabakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblast Otonom Nagorno-Karabakh">Oblast Otonom Nagorno-Karabakh</a> (yang ada di Azerbaijan) memutuskan untuk menggabungkan wilayahnya dengan Armenia pada 20 Februari 1988. Keputusan pemisahan diri dari Azerbaijan tersebut, merupakan hasil akhir dari konflik wilayah berkepanjangan antar kedua negara/etnik.<a href="#cite_note-Croissant-47">[47]</a> Keputusan tersebut menimbulkan kemarahan negara induknya Azerbaijan sehingga menyebabkan pemerintah Azerbaijan memutuskan mencabut hak otonomi oblast tersebut. Menyadari hal tersebut, etnik mayoritas Armenia memutuskan mengadakan referendum yang menghasilkan mayoritas suara merdeka. Mereka kemudian memutuskan mendeklarasikan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Nagorno-Karabakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Nagorno-Karabakh">Republik Nagorno-Karabakh</a> (yang tidak diakui negara lain). Setelah runtuhnya Uni Soviet pada Desember 1991, ketegangan antar kedua negara yang baru merdeka tersebut menjadi semakin memanas dan akhirnya pecah menjadi konflik bersenjata pada awal tahun 1992. Upaya perdamaian dan mediasi yang ditawarkan sejumlah lembaga internasional seperti <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_untuk_Keamanan_dan_Kerjasama_di_Eropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisasi untuk Keamanan dan Kerjasama di Eropa">Organisasi untuk Keamanan dan Kerjasama di Eropa</a> (OSCE), menemui kegagalan. Pada awal 1993, pasukan Armenia berhasil menguasai wilayah di luar batas bekas oblast Nagorno-Karabakh, sehingga menyebabkan kemarahan negara di sekitarnya yang mengancam akan terlibat dalam perang tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Pada akhir perang pada tahun 1994, pasukan Armenia berhasil menguasai penuh enklaf tersebut (kecuali <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilayah_Shahumyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilayah Shahumyan (halaman belum tersedia)">Wilayah Shahumyan</a>) ditambah daerah-daerah di sekitarnya, terutama <a href="/wiki/Koridor_Lachin" title="Koridor Lachin">Koridor Lachin</a>, jalur pegunungan yang menghubungkan Nagorno-Karabakh dengan daratan Armenia. Kedua negara kemudian mentandatangani <a href="/wiki/Gencatan_senjata" title="Gencatan senjata">gencatan senjata</a> yang diusulkan <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> pada Mei 1994 yang mengakhiri perang. Upaya-upaya mediasi dan pembicaraan damai antar kedua negara, sayangnya masih belum menemukan titik terang, sehingga status wilayah Nagorno-Karabakh menjadi tidak jelas. Di wilayah tersebut berdiri <a href="/wiki/Republik_Artsakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Artsakh">Republik Artsakh</a> yang de facto merdeka dan adanya penguasaan 9% wilayah Azerbaijan oleh Armenia, tetapi keduanya tidak diakui secara internasional.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Diperkirakan hampir 230,000 penduduk etnis Armenia yang sebelumnya tinggal di Azerbaijan dan 800,000 penduduk etnis Azerbaijan yang sebelumnya tinggal di Karabakh dan Armenia terpaksa mengungsi ke wilayah lain karena konflik ini.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-FACTBOOK-AJ-50">[50]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latar_belakang">Latar belakang</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Latar belakang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Latar belakang">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Nagorno-Karabakh (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah Nagorno-Karabakh</a></div> Latar belakang perebutan wilayah Nagorno Karabakh oleh kedua negara sebenarnya berakar dari peristiwa yang terjadi pada dan pasca Perang Dunia I. Sesaat sebelum <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah">Kesultanan Utsmaniyah</a> menyerah dalam PD I, <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Rusia" title="Kekaisaran Rusia">Kekaisaran Rusia</a> runtuh dalam revolusi pada November 1917 dan jatuh di bawah kendali <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a>. Tiga negara <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a>, Armenia, Azerbaijan, dan Georgia, yang sebelumnya di bawah kekuasaan Kekaisaran Rusia, menyatakan pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Federatif_Demokratik_Transkaukasus" title="Republik Federatif Demokratik Transkaukasus">Republik Federatif Demokratik Transkaukasus</a> yang bubar setelah hanya tiga bulan berdiri.<a href="#cite_note-dewaal-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perang_Armenia-Azerbaijan">Perang Armenia-Azerbaijan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Perang Armenia-Azerbaijan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perang Armenia-Azerbaijan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Perang_Armenia-Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Armenia-Azerbaijan">Perang Armenia-Azerbaijan</a></div> Pasca pemisahan tersebut pecah konflik antara <a href="/wiki/Republik_Pertama_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Pertama Armenia">Republik Pertama Armenia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Azerbaijan" title="Republik Demokratik Azerbaijan">Republik Demokratik Azerbaijan</a> di tiga wilayah: <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhchivan">Nakhchevan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taman_Nasional_Zangezur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taman Nasional Zangezur (halaman belum tersedia)">Zangezur</a> (sekarang <a href="/wiki/Syunik" title="Syunik">Syunik</a>, Armenia) dan wilayah Karabakh.. Kedua negara baru tersebut mempermasalahkan batas-batas pasti dari ketiga wilayah tersebut. Etnis Armenia yang berada di Karabakh berusaha untuk menyatakan kemerdekaan mereka tetapi gagal melakukan kontak dengan Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-dewaal-51">[51]</a> Setelah kekalahan <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah">Kesultanan Utsmaniyah</a> dalam Perang Dunia I, seorang jenderal beretnik Armenia <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Ozanian" title="Andranik Ozanian">Andranik Ozanian</a> memasuki Karabakh dengan gemilang dan segera memasuki ibukota wilayah ini, <a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a> pada Desember 1918. Kemudian pasukan Britania menduduki <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus_Selatan" title="Kaukasus Selatan">Kaukasus Selatan</a> pada tahun 1919, dan komando Britania menyarankan Andranik menghentikan serangannya ke wilayah ini serta menyelesaikan permasalahan Karabakh pada <a href="/wiki/Konferensi_Perdamaian_Paris_1919" title="Konferensi Perdamaian Paris 1919">Konferensi Perdamaian Paris</a>. Namun, kemudian tentara Britania justru mengangkat seorang pemimpin berdarah Azerbaijan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khosrov_bey_Sultanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khosrov bey Sultanov (halaman belum tersedia)">Khosrov bey Sultanov</a> sebagai gubernur jenderal Karabakh<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> dan memerintahkannya untuk "menumpas segala pemberontakan di wilayah ini".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Setelahnya, ribuan penduduk Armenia dibunuh pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembantaian_Shusha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembantaian Shusha (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembantaian Shusha</a>, diperkirakan hampir 20.000 orang tewas dalam peristiwa ini.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dibawah_Uni_Soviet">Dibawah Uni Soviet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Dibawah Uni Soviet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dibawah Uni Soviet">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Pada April 1920, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tentara_ke-11_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tentara ke-11 Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Tentara ke-11 Uni Soviet</a> menyerbu Kaukasus dan dalam waktu dua tahun, republik-republik Kaukasia disatukan menjadi <a href="/wiki/RSFS_Transkaukasia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFS Transkaukasia">RSFS Transkaukasia</a> yang bergabung dalam Uni Soviet. Bolshevik kemudian membentuk komite beranggotakan tujuh orang bernama Biro Kaukasus (biasanya disebut sebagai Kavburo). Di bawah pengawasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narkomnats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narkomnats (halaman belum tersedia)">Komisaris Rakyat untuk Kebangsaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, Kavburo ditugaskan untuk menyelesaikan masalah di Kaukasus.<a href="#cite_note-Karagiannis-55">[55]</a> Pada 4 Juli 1921, awalnya komite memutuskan menyerahkan Karabakh kepada <a href="/wiki/RSS_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Armenia">RSS Armenia</a>, tetapi beberapa hari kemudian, Kavburo secara tiba-tiba membatalkan keputusannya dan menyerahkan Karabakh pada Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Selanjutnya pada 1923, terbentuklah <a href="/wiki/Oblast_Otonom_Nagorno-Karabakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblast Otonom Nagorno-Karabakh">Oblast Otonom Nagorno-Karabakh</a> dengan penduduknya 94% beretnis Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003130-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Kebijakan pada saat itu diambil secara strategis, dimana Soviet pada saat itu menginginkan agar kedua negara, Armenia-Azerbaijan agar terus berkonflik dan tidak melawan Soviet lewat masalah Karabakh.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Keputusan itu kemudia dilanjutkan dengan menghubungkan wilayah Karabakh secara ekonomi lebih dekat ke Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Lalu, ibukotanya dipindah dari <a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a> ke Khankendi yang lalu dinamakan ulang <a href="/wiki/Stepanakert" title="Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/220px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/330px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/440px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Wilayah Kaukasus di masa Uni Soviet, 1957-1991</figcaption></figure> Sejumlah ahli Armenia dan Azerbaijan memperkirakan kebijakan tersebut adalah penerapan prinsip <a href="/wiki/Politik_pecah_belah" title="Politik pecah belah">politik pecah belah</a> oleh Uni Soviet. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003130-57">[57]</a> Hal ini dapat dilihat di kebijakan pada wilayah lain, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Eksklaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksklaf">eksklaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhchivan">Nakhichevan</a>, yang termasuk wilayah Azerbaijan meskipun dibatasi Armenia. Ahli lain memperkirakan kebijakan ini ditujukan untuk menjaga hubungan baik dengan Turki."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Meskipun demikian, keinginan dari para pemimpin RSS Armenia dan sejumlah tokoh <a href="/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Partai Komunis Armenia">Partai Komunis Armenia</a> masih ada untuk menyatukan Nagorno Karabakh dengan Armenia, bahkan sebagian hendak mewujudkannya.<a href="#cite_note-Croissant-47">[47]</a> Hal ini dapat dilihat saat Sekretaris Pertama Partai Komunis Armenia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aghasi_Khanjian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aghasi Khanjian (halaman belum tersedia)">Aghasi Khanjian</a> dibunuh oleh Wakil Kepala <a href="/wiki/NKVD" class="mw-redirect" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> saat itu, <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> setelah mengajukan keinginan-keinginan RSS Armenia kepada Stalin. Dari daftar keinginan tersebut, ada juga permintaan untuk mengembalikan Nagorno-Karabakh dan Nakhichevan ke Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-Libaridian-63">[63]</a> Menurut etnik Armenia, hak-hak nasional, budaya dan ekonomi mereka ditindas dan dibatasi oleh Uni Soviet.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kembalinya_masalah_Karabakh">Kembalinya masalah Karabakh</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Kembalinya masalah Karabakh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kembalinya masalah Karabakh">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Setelah kematian Stalin, ketidakpuasan orang-orang Armenia mulai disuarakan. Pada tahun 1963, sekitar 2.500 etnik Armenia di Karabakh menandatangani sebuah petisi yang menuntut agar Karabakh dikembalikan kepada Armenia atau diberikan kepada Rusia. Pada tahun yang sama, terjadi bentrokan di <a href="/wiki/Stepanakert" title="Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a>, yang menyebabkan kematian 18 orang etnis Armenia. Selanjutnya pada tahun 1965 dan 1977, terjadi demonstrasi besar di Yerevan, yang juga menyerukan penyatuan Karabakh dengan Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Pada tahun 1985, pemimpin Uni Soviet yang baru, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, mengeluarkan kebijakan reformasi, melalui konsep <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> (reformasi ekonomi) dan <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> (keterbukaan). Memanfaatkan kebijakan baru Gorbachev, para pemimpin parlemen Karabakh memutuskan untuk mengeluarkan keputusan untuk menyatukan wilayah mereka dengan Armenia pada 20 Februari 1988.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Keputusan tersebut berbunyi: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21477316">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Menerima keinginan para pekerja dari Daerah Otonomi Nagorno Karabakh untuk meminta Soviet Agung RSS Armenia dan Soviet Agung RSS Azerbaijan untuk memahami perasaan yang mendalam dari aspirasi penduduk Armenia di Nagorno Karabakh dan menyelesaikan masalah transfer Daerah Otonom Nagorno Karabakh dari RSS Azerbaijan ke RSS Armenia, pada saat yang sama juga akan dirundingkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Majelis_Agung" title="Majelis Agung">Majelis Agung</a> Uni Soviet untuk mencapai penyelesaian yang positif tentang masalah pemindahan wilayah Karabakh dari RSS Azerbaijan ke RSS Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200310-67">[67]</a> </blockquote> Pada 24 Februari, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Kevorkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Kevorkov (halaman belum tersedia)">Boris Kevorkov</a>, Sekretaris Partai Komunis Daerah Otonom Nagorno Karabakh dan seorang loyalis Azerbaijan, dicopot dari jabatannya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003289-68">[68]</a> Menurut keluhan sejumlah pemimpin etnik Armenia di Karabakh, wilayah mereka tidak menggunakan bahasa Armenia dalam pembelajaran maupun dalam siaran televisi,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> dan SekJen Partai Komunis Azerbaijan saat itu (hingga tahun 1987), <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a> sedang berusaha keras untuk "mengAzerbaijanisasi" wilayah itu dan berusaha meningkatkan populasi etnis Azerbaijan serta mengurangi penduduk etnis Armenia di waktu bersamaan.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Keluhan itu memang kelihatannya betul, karena pada tahun 1988, penduduk etnik Armenia telah berkurang menjadi 3/4 total penduduk Karabakh.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Gerakan ini dipelopori oleh tokoh-tokoh Armenia yang terkenal dan rupanya juga mendapat dukungan di kalangan intelektual Rusia. Menurut jurnalis Thomas de Waal, beberapa anggota <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inteligensia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inteligensia (halaman belum tersedia)">inteligensia</a> Rusia, seperti oposan pemerintah <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a> menyatakan dukungan untuk orang-orang Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200323-72">[72]</a> Dukungan yang lebih menonjol untuk gerakan tersebut di kalangan elit Moskow ditunjukkan secara terang-terangan: pada bulan November 1987 <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Humanit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Humanité (halaman belum tersedia)">L'Humanité</a> menerbitkan komentar pribadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abel_Aganbegyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abel Aganbegyan (halaman belum tersedia)">Abel Aganbegyan</a>, seorang penasihat ekonomi Gorbachev, kepada orang-orang Armenia yang tinggal di Perancis. Dalam komentarnya ia menyarankan agar wilayah Nagorno-Karabakh dapat diserahkan kepada Armenia. Sebelum keluarnya keputusan itu, orang-orang Armenia telah mulai melakukan demonstrasi dan melakukan pemogokan pekerja di Yerevan, menuntut penyatuan dengan daerah Karabakh. Hal ini menyebabkan protes perlawanan oleh masyarakat Azerbaijan di <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>. Setelah demonstrasi di Yerevan untuk menuntut penyatuan Nagorno-Karabakh dengan Armenia dimulai, Gorbachev bertemu dengan dua pemimpin gerakan Karabakh, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zori_Balayan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zori Balayan (halaman belum tersedia)">Zori Balayan</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silva_Kaputikyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silva Kaputikyan (halaman belum tersedia)">Silva Kaputikyan</a> pada 26 Februari 1988. Gorbachev meminta mereka untuk menghentikan demonstrasi mereka dalam satu bulan. Ketika Kaputikyan kembali ke Armenia pada malam yang sama, ia memberi tahu orang banyak bahwa "orang-orang Armenia telah menang" meskipun Gorbachev tidak membuat janji yang pasti. Menurut Svante Cornell, tindakan tersebut adalah upaya untuk menekan Moskwa.<a href="#cite_note-Smallnations-73">[73]</a> Pada 10 Maret, Gorbachev menyatakan sesuai <a href="/wiki/Konstitusi_Soviet_1977" title="Konstitusi Soviet 1977">Konstitusi Soviet</a> Pasal 77, perbatasan wilayah negara-negara bagian tidak akan berubah.<a href="#cite_note-Rost-74">[74]</a> Gorbachev juga menyatakan bahwa jika ada negara bagian lain yang ingin mengubah batas wilayah negaranya maka hal tersebut akan menjadi preseden buruk. Namun bagi warga Armenia, keputusan Kavburo 1921 dianggap tidak sesuai dengan keinginan mereka dan mereka merasa juga diberikan hak untuk memperbaiki kesalahan sejarah melalui prinsip <a href="/wiki/Penentuan_nasib_sendiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Penentuan nasib sendiri">penentuan nasib sendiri</a> (yang juga terdapat dalam Konstitusi Soviet).<a href="#cite_note-Rost-74">[74]</a> Di pihak lain, etnis Azerbaijan, menganggap upaya melepaskan wilayah mereka sebagai tindakan "tak terduga" dan berusaha mengikuti posisi Gorbachev..<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-75">[75]</a> Pada tanggal 19 Februari 1988, pada hari ketujuh demonstrasi yang berlangsung di Armenia, di saat yang sama diadakan demonstrasi menentang hal tersebut di <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>. Penyair <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakhtiyar_Vahabzadeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakhtiyar Vahabzadeh (halaman belum tersedia)">Bakhtiyar Vahabzadeh</a> dan sejarawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suleyman_Aliyarli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suleyman Aliyarli (halaman belum tersedia)">Suleyman Aliyarov</a> menerbitkan <a href="/wiki/Surat_terbuka" title="Surat terbuka">surat terbuka</a> di surat kabar Azerbaijan, yang menyatakan bahwa Karabakh secara historis merupakan wilayah Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200330-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Askeran_dan_Sumgait">Askeran dan Sumgait</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Askeran dan Sumgait" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Askeran dan Sumgait">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentrokan_Askeran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bentrokan Askeran (halaman belum tersedia)">Bentrokan Askeran</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pogrom_Sumgait" title="Pogrom Sumgait">Pogrom Sumgait</a></div> Dalam perkembangannya, konflik etnis kemudian muncul antara orang-orang Armenia dan Azerbaijan yang tinggal di Karabakh. Menurut sejumlah sumber, pada akhir tahun 1987 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengungsi_di_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengungsi di Azerbaijan (halaman belum tersedia)">penduduk etnis Azerbaijan</a> dari desa-desa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghapan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghapan (halaman belum tersedia)">Ghapan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Meghri" title="Meghri">Meghri</a> di Armenia terpaksa meninggalkan rumah mereka sebagai akibat dari ketegangan antara mereka dan tetangga-tetangga mereka beretnis Armenia, dan pada November 1987 dua gerbong kereta penuh orang-orang etnis Azerbaijan diduga telah tiba di stasiun kereta api Baku. Para ketua desa tersebut dalam wawancaranya menyangkal bahwa ada ketegangan tersebut, dan kebetulan juga tidak ada dokumentasi yang mendukung tuduhan adanya pengusiran tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Pada 20 Februari 1988 dua siswa wanita Azerbaijan yang sedang latihan di sebuah rumah sakit di Stepanakert, dikabarkan telah diperkosa oleh seseorang dari etnis Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-dewaal-51">[51]</a> Pada 22 Februari 1988 sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentrokan_Askeran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bentrokan Askeran (halaman belum tersedia)">bentrokan</a> pecah antara etnis Azerbaijan dan etnis Armenia, dekat kota <a href="/w/index.php?title=Askeran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Askeran (halaman belum tersedia)">Askeran</a> (terletak diantara <a href="/wiki/Stepanakert" title="Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Agdam" title="Agdam">Agdam</a>) di Nagorno-Karabakh, yang berubah menjadi kerusuhan. Dalam bentrokan itu dua pemuda etnis Azerbaijan terbunuh. Salah satu dari mereka mungkin ditembak oleh polisi setempat (yang mungkin dari etnis Azerbaijan) baik secara tidak sengaja atau sebagai akibat dari bentrokan.<a href="#cite_note-dewaal-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Pada tanggal 27 Februari 1988, ketika berbicara di televisi sentral Baku, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaksa_Penuntut_Umum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaksa Penuntut Umum (halaman belum tersedia)">Wakil Jaksa Uni Soviet</a> Alexander Katusev melaporkan bahwa "dua penduduk distrik Agdam menjadi korban pembunuhan" dan menyebutkan nama Muslim mereka.<a href="#cite_note-Smallnations-73">[73]</a> Bentrokan di Askeran adalah awal dari pogrom di Sumgait, di mana pada saat itu ketegangan di kota tersebut sudah meningkat akibat berita tentang krisis Karabakh. Ketegangan semakin meningkat setelah serangkaian protes yang diadakan pada 27 Februari. Dalam pidato mereka di rapat umum, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnis_Azerbaijan_di_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnis Azerbaijan di Armenia (halaman belum tersedia)">pengungsi beretnis Azerbaijan</a> yang berasal dari kota di Armenia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghapan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghapan (halaman belum tersedia)">Ghapan</a>, menuduh orang Armenia melakukan "pembunuhan dan kekejaman".<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-75">[75]</a> Menurut media Soviet, sejumlah tuduhan tersebut tidak berdasar dan hanya ditiup-tiupkan oleh provokator.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Pada akhirnya, pecahlah kerusuhan dan <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> terhadap penduduk Armenia di Sumgait, sebuah kota sekitar 25 kilometer di utara Baku yang memakan korban jiwa 32 orang (26 orang etnis Armenia dan 6 orang etnis Azerbaijan) menurut statistik resmi Soviet, meskipun banyak penduduk etnis Armenia merasa bahwa jumlahnya lebih besar dari yang disampaikan oleh pemerintah Soviet.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Hampir semua populasi etnik Armenia Sumgait meninggalkan kota tersebut pasca pogrom. Dalam pogrom tersebut, penduduk beretnis Armenia dipukuli, diperkosa, dimutilasi dan dibunuh baik di jalan-jalan Sumgait maupun di dalam apartemen mereka selama tiga hari kerusuhan (sayangnya tidak ada tindakan tegas dari polisi atau aparat keamanan). Kerusuhan Sumgait baru berakhir pasca tentara Soviet masuk dalam kota itu pada 1 Maret. <a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Pembunuhan masyarakat etnik Armenia dan bagaimana pembunuhan mereka membangkitkan kenangan mereka akan <a href="/wiki/Genosida_Armenia" title="Genosida Armenia">Genosida Armenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Pada 23 Maret 1988, Majelis Agung Uni Soviet menolak tuntutan etnis Armenia untuk menyerahkan Nagorno-Karabakh ke Armenia. Pasukan dikirim ke Yerevan untuk mencegah protes terhadap keputusan tersebut. Upaya Gorbachev untuk menstabilkan wilayah itu sia-sia, karena kedua belah pihak tetap sama-sama berkeras hati. Di Armenia, ada keyakinan kuat bahwa apa yang terjadi di wilayah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Otonom_Nakhichevan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Otonom Nakhichevan (halaman belum tersedia)">Nakhichevan</a> akan terulang di Nagorno-Karabakh: sebelum dikuasai oleh Soviet, populasinya 40% etnis Armenia;<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> namun pada akhir 1980an, tidak ada penduduk etnis Armenia di wilayah itu.<a href="#cite_note-brothersroad-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kekerasan_antar_etnis">Kekerasan antar etnis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Kekerasan antar etnis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kekerasan antar etnis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogrom_Kirovabad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogrom Kirovabad (halaman belum tersedia)">Pogrom Kirovabad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Refugeesaz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Refugeesaz.jpg/220px-Refugeesaz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Refugeesaz.jpg/330px-Refugeesaz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Refugeesaz.jpg/440px-Refugeesaz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Pengungsi Azerbaijan yang berasal dari wilayah Armenia, 1993.</figcaption></figure>Penduduk etnik Armenia menolak untuk mencabut tuntutan mereka meskipun Gorbachev telah berjanji mengeluarkan program senilai 400 juta rubel yang berisi penerbitan buku pelajaran dan penyiaran televisi berbahasa Armenia. Pada saat yang sama Azerbaijan menolak untuk menyerahkan wilayah mereka ke Armenia. Tuntutan pihak Armenia untuk menyerahkan Karabakh kepada negaranya berkurang saat terjadinya bencana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gempa_bumi_Armenia_1988&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gempa bumi Armenia 1988 (halaman belum tersedia)">gempa dahsyat</a> yang melanda Armenia pada 7 Desember 1988, yang meluluhlantakkan kota Leninakan (kini bernama <a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Spitak" title="Spitak">Spitak</a>, dan memakan korban jiwa sekitar 25.000 orang.<a href="#cite_note-brothersroad-41">[41]</a> Namun kemudian masalah tersebut muncul kembali ketika anggota <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Karabakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Karabakh (halaman belum tersedia)">Komite Karabakh</a> yang berjumlah 11 orang (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan" title="Levon Ter-Petrosyan">Levon Ter-Petrosyan</a>), dipenjarakan oleh pemerintah Soviet pasca terjadinya kekacauan akibat gempa tersebut. Namun tindakan tersebut justru mempolarisasi hubungan Anemia dan <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>; kepercayaan masyarakat Armenia terhadap Gorbachev memudar apalagi karena ia tidak mau kompromi akan Nagorno Karabakh dan ketidakberhasilannya menangani gempa Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-MakingofNK-84">[84]</a> Beberapa bulan setelah porgom Sumgait terjadilah pertukaran populasi secara paksa antara etnik Armenia yang tinggal di Armenia dan etnik Azerbaijan yang tinggal di Armenia. Antar kedua suku tersebut saling memaksa untuk meninggalkan rumah mereka masing-masing.<a href="#cite_note-cornell-85">[85]</a> Menurut pemerintah Azerbaijan, dari tanggal 27-29 November 1988, sendiri, 33 penduduk etnik Azerbaijan dibunuh di <a href="/wiki/Spitak" title="Spitak">Spitak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gugark,_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gugark, Armenia (halaman belum tersedia)">Gugark</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Stepanavan" title="Stepanavan">Stepanavan</a>. Pada periode antara 1987–1989 bahkan jumlahnya mencapai 216 orang.<a href="#cite_note-Letter-86">[86]</a> Menurut anggota parlemen Azerbaijan, Arif Yunusov, pada tahun yang sama 20 penduduk etnik Aerbaijan yang tinggal di desa Vartan yang berada di Armenia dikabarkan telah dibakar hidup-hidup sampai mati.<a href="#cite_note-dewaal-51">[51]</a> Sementara itu, menurut pihak Armenia, jumlah penduduk etnik Azerbaijan yang tewas dari tahun 1988-1989 adalah sebanyak 25 orang.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Konflik antaretnis juga menyebar ke kota lain di Azerbaijan, seperti (pada Des 1988) di <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Kirovabad</a> dan Nakhichevan, dimana 7 orang (termasuk 4 tentara) tewas dan ratusan lainnya terluka saat tentara Soviet berusaha menghentikan serangan yang ditujukan kepada etnik Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Perkiraan tentang tentang berapa banyak orang yang terbunuh selama dua tahun pertama konflik ini beragam. Menurut Pemerintah Azerbaijan, 216 etnis Azerbaijan terbunuh di Armenia, sedangkan peneliti Arif Yunusov menyebutkan bahwa 127 warga etnik Azerbaijan tewas pada tahun 1988 saja. Menurut laporan majalah <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a>, sejak Februari 1988 lebih dari 100 orang tewas akibat konflik antara keduanya. <a href="#cite_note-Hofheinz-89">[89]</a> Menurut <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, sebelum perjanjian gencatan senjata tahun 1994, yang diinisiasi Rusia, sekitar 30.000 orang tewas, dan hampir satu juta orang terpaksa menjadi pengungsi. Sekitar 700.000 etnis Azerbaijan dipaksa untuk meninggalkan Nagorno-Karabakh dan daerah sekitarnya, dimana kaum pemberontak di sana menyatakan kemerdekaan wilayah itu tanpa pengakuan internasional. Bahkan setelah lebih dari dua dekade, status sebagian besar pengungsi belum terselesaikan.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Pada akhir 1988 sejumlah desa di Armenia menjadi desa tidak berpenghuni, karena 200,000 penduduknya dari etnik Azerbaijan dan Kurdi telah melarikan diri dari daerah tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200362-91">[91]</a> Meskipun orang Kurdi tidak memberontak melawan etnik Armenia, tetapi mereka memutuskan untuk meninggalkan Armenia dan dari wilayah yang dikuasai pemberontak. Akibatnya, kini jumlah penduduk Kurdi yang ada di Armenia hanya berjumlah sekitar 1.000 orang.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Januari_Hitam">Januari Hitam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Januari Hitam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Januari Hitam">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Januari_Hitam" title="Januari Hitam">Januari Hitam</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogrom_etnik_Armenia_di_Baku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogrom etnik Armenia di Baku (halaman belum tersedia)">Pogrom etnik Armenia di Baku</a></div> Konflik etnik tersebut dalam perkembangannya menjadi semakin parah. Akibatnya mayoritas etnik Azerbaijan di Armenia dan etnik Armenia di Azerbaijan terpaksa melarikan diri dari tempat tinggal mereka.<a href="#cite_note-Croissant-47">[47]</a> Bahkan situasinya kemudian menjadi semakin tak terkendali, sehingga pada Januari 1989, untuk sementara waktu, pemerintah pusat Uni Soviet terpaksa mengambil alih pemerintahan wilayah Karabakh secara langsung. Keputusan tersebut diterima dengan baik oleh etnik Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-dewaal-51">[51]</a> Pada Desember 1989 pemimpin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partai_Front_Rakyat_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partai Front Rakyat Azerbaijan (halaman belum tersedia)">Front Rakyat Azerbaijan</a> dan para pendukungnya melancarkan gerakan blokade jalur kereta api ke Armenia dan Nagorno-Karabakh, yang menyebabkan terganggunya ekonomi Armenia karena hampir 85% kargo dan suplai ke kedua wilayah tersebut masuk lewat jalur kereta api.<a href="#cite_note-Croissant-47">[47]</a> Menurut sejumlah pihak tindakan paksa tersebut dilakukan karena Armenia telah mengembargo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Otonom_Nakhichevan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Otonom Nakhichevan (halaman belum tersedia)">RSSO Nakhicevan</a> yang dilakukan sejak awal tahun, selain itu juga disebabkan serangan militan Armenia kepada kereta yang datang dari Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-cornell-85">[85]</a> Pada Januari 1990, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogrom_etnik_Armenia_di_Baku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogrom etnik Armenia di Baku (halaman belum tersedia)">pogrom lain yang diarahkan pada etnik Armenia</a> di Baku memaksa Gorbachev untuk mengumumkan keadaan darurat dan mengirim pasukan <a href="/wiki/MVD" class="mw-redirect" title="MVD">MVD</a> untuk memulihkan keamanan. Di tengah-tengah meningkatnya gerakan pro-kemerdekaan di Azerbaijan, Gorbachev mengirim militer untuk menghentikan aksi tersebut. Pasukan Soviet menerima perintah untuk menduduki Baku pada tengah malam pada 20 Januari 1990. Penduduk kota, yang melihat tank datang sekitar pukul 5 pagi, mengatakan pasukan yang datang tersebut melepaskan tembakan kepada mereka.<a href="#cite_note-Audrey-93">[93]</a> Laporan Shield yang ditulis oleh komisi independen dari kejaksaan militer Uni Soviet, menolak adanya klaim militer Soviet yang mengklaim adanya tembakan balasan dari demonstran, serta tidak menemukan bukti bahwa mereka yang memblokade jalan-jalan ke Baku dipersenjatai.<a href="#cite_note-Audrey-93">[93]</a> Pemerintah lalu memberlakukan jam malam, dan terjadilah bentrokan kekerasan antara tentara dan demonstran FRA. Peristiwa tersebut menyebabkan kematian 120 warga Azerbaijan dan 8 tentara MVD.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Dalam peristiwa tersebut kekuasaan Partai Komunis Azerbaijan semakin melemah, sehingga akibatnya pasukan MVD yang dikirim tersebut malah bertugas untuk mengamankan kekuasaan partai daripada melindungi penduduk etnis Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Peristiwa yang nantinya lebih dikenal dengan nama <a href="/wiki/Januari_Hitam" title="Januari Hitam">Januari Hitam</a> tersebut merusak hubungan antara pemerintah Azerbaijan dan pemerintah pusat. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pertempuran_Qazakh">Pertempuran Qazakh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Pertempuran Qazakh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pertempuran Qazakh">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Di wilayah Armenia, Azerbaijan memiliki sejumlah eksklave yaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuxar%C4%B1_%C6%8Fskipara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuxarı Əskipara (halaman belum tersedia)">Yukhari Askipara</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barxudarl%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barxudarlı (halaman belum tersedia)">Barkhudarli</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sofulu,_Qazakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sofulu, Qazakh (halaman belum tersedia)">Sofulu</a> di barat daya dan eksklave <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karki,_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karki, Azerbaijan (halaman belum tersedia)">Karki</a> di <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhchivan">Nakhchivan</a>. Pada awal 1990, jalan yang berada di sekitar desa perbatasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baganis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baganis (halaman belum tersedia)">Baganis</a>, sering mendapat serangan dari anggota milisi Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-Cullen-96">[96]</a> Pada waktu yang sama, pasukan Armenia menyerang eksklave-eksklave Azerbaijan tersebut dan desa perbatasan rayon <a href="/wiki/Rayon_Qazakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayon Qazakh">Qazakh</a> dan rayon <a href="/wiki/Rayon_Sadarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayon Sadarak">Sadarak</a> yang berada di daratan Azerbaijan. Pada 26 Maret 1990, sejumlah mobil yang berpenumpang paramiliter Armenia tiba di desa perbatasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baganis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baganis (halaman belum tersedia)">Baganis</a>, lalu pada senja harinya, mereka kemudian melewati garis perbatasan kedua wilayah dan memasuki sebuah desa Azerbaijan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba%C4%9Fanis_Ayrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bağanis Ayrum (halaman belum tersedia)">Bağanis Ayrum</a>. Pasukan Armenia tersebut kemudian membakar 20 rumah dan membunuh 8-11 penduduk desa Azerbaijan tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-Аскипар-97">[97]</a> Mayat-mayat korban serangan tersebut, seperti satu keluarga dengan bayinya ditemukan di reruntuhan rumah-rumah yang telah terbakar. Ketika pasukan MVD Soviet tiba di Bağanis Ayrum, pasukan penyerang tersebut telah melarikan diri.<a href="#cite_note-Cullen-96">[96]</a> Pada 18 Agustus 1990, milisi Armenia terlihat berkerumun di garis perbatasan kedua wilayah. Keesokan harinya, pasukan tentara Armenia memborbardir desa Yuxarı Əskipara, Bağanis Ayrum, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1_%C6%8Fskipara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aşağı Əskipara (halaman belum tersedia)">Aşağı Əskipara</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C5%9F%C3%A7u_Ayr%C4%B1m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quşçu Ayrım (halaman belum tersedia)">Quşçu Ayrım</a> yang berada di Azerbaijan dengan menggunakan mortar dan granat berpeluncur roket (RPG) (menurut para saksi mata).<a href="#cite_note-Аскипар-97">[97]</a> Serangan pertama dari pihak Armenia bisa dipukul mundur, tetapi dengan tambahan pasukan yang datang dari Yerevan,<a href="#cite_note-Аскипар-97">[97]</a> pasukan Armenia berhasil merebut Yuxarı Əskipara dan Bağanis Ayrum. Pada 20 Agustus 1990, tentara Uni Soviet dibawah pimpinan Mayjen Yuri Shatalin ditambah dengan sejumlah senjata anti-pesawat, tank dan helikopter bersenjata masuk ke daerah tersebut dan berhasil mengusir pasukan milisi Armenia dari kedua wilayah itu menjelang akhir hari.<a href="#cite_note-Аскипар-97">[97]</a> Menurut Menteri dalam Negeri Soviet (MVD), seorang pasukan MVD dan dua anggota polisi terbunuh serta 9 pasukan dan 13 penduduk sipil terluka. Menurut media Armenia, lima orang militan terbunuh dan 25 orang terluka, sementara itu menurut laporan media Azerbaijan, 30 orang terbunuh dan 100 orang terluka.<a href="#cite_note-Аскипар-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operasi_Cincin">Operasi Cincin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Operasi Cincin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Operasi Cincin">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasi_Cincin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operasi Cincin (halaman belum tersedia)">Operasi Cincin</a></div> Pada awal 1991 Gorbachev mengadakan <a href="/wiki/Referendum_Uni_Soviet_1991" title="Referendum Uni Soviet 1991">sebuah referendum khusus</a> di seluruh negara bagian untuk menentukan keputusan apakah republik-republik Soviet akan tetap bersatu lewat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Republik_Berdaulat_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uni Republik Berdaulat Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Perjanjian Persatuan</a>. Namun pada saat itu juga, sejumlah pemimpin nonkomunis berhasil meraih kekuasaan di beberapa negara bagian, seperti <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> di Russia (Gorbachev tetap sebagai <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Uni_Soviet" title="Presiden Uni Soviet">Presiden Uni Soviet</a>), Levon Ter-Petrosyan di Armenia, dan <a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutalibov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayaz Mutalibov">Ayaz Mutalibov</a> di Azerbaijan. Enam republik Soviet termasuk Armenia memboikot referendum tersebut (Armenia sendiri kemudian menyelenggarakan referendum kemerdekaan dan menyatakan kemerdekaannya dari Uni Soviet pada 21 September 1991). Sementara itu, di sisi lain, Azerbaijan menyetujui isi dari referendum tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-Croissant-47">[47]</a> Sementara itu di saat masing-masing penduduk etnik Armenia dan etnik Azerbaijan yang tinggal di Karabakh mulai mengumpulkan persenjataan (yang didapat dari gudang-gudang senjata yang berada di berbagai wilayah Karabakh) untuk mempertahankan diri masing-masing, Mutalibov meminta bantuan Gorbachev untuk melancarkan operasi militer bersama untuk melucuti senjata milisi-milisi Armenia. Operasi yang dikenal dengan nama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasi_Cincin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operasi Cincin (halaman belum tersedia)">Operasi Cincin</a> ini dilakukan bersama oleh pasukan Soviet bersama pasukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_Polisi_Tujuan_Khusus_(Azerbaijan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unit Polisi Tujuan Khusus (Azerbaijan) (halaman belum tersedia)">OMON</a> Azerbaijan dengan cara mendeportasi secara paksa penduduk etnik Armenia yang tinggal di desa-desa di wilayah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shahumyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shahumyan (halaman belum tersedia)">Shahumyan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> dengan menggunakan pasukan darat, militer, kendaraan lapis baja dan artileri.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Sayangnya, deportasi tersebut justru dilakukan dengan penuh pelanggaran HAM seperti yang telah didokumentasikan oleh sejumlah organisasi HAM internasional.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-vestnik-102">[102]</a> Operasi Cincin sendiri dianggap oleh pejabat pemerintah Armenia dan Soviet sebagai upaya untuk mengintimidasi penduduk etnik Armenia Nagorno-Karabakh untuk mencabut tuntutan mereka untuk menggabungkan diri mereka dengan Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-Croissant-47">[47]</a> Namun sayangnya, tafsiran dari pejabat Soviet tersebut salah, dimana pada akhirnya justru akibat kekerasan dalam operasi militer ini, penduduk etnik Armenia mengganggap dan menguatkan anggapan bahwa jalan satu-satunya untuk menyelesaikan Konflik Karabakh adalah dengan perlawanan bersenjata. Perlawanan penduduk etnik Armenia dalam operasi Cincin kemudian mengilhami sukarelawan untuk mulai membentuk detasemen sukarela yang tidak teratur.<a href="#cite_note-dewaal-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upaya_awal_mediasi_perdamaian">Upaya awal mediasi perdamaian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Upaya awal mediasi perdamaian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Upaya awal mediasi perdamaian">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Zheleznovodsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Zheleznovodsk (halaman belum tersedia)">Deklarasi Zheleznovodsk</a></div> Upaya mediasi perdamaian pertama sendiri dimulai oleh <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Rusia" title="Presiden Rusia">Presiden Rusia</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Presiden Kazakhstan">Presiden Kazakhstan</a> <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> pada September 1991. Setelah sejumlah perundingan damai yang diselenggarakan pada 20-23 September di Baku, <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a>, Stepanakert (Khankendi) dan Yerevan, pihak-pihak yang bertentangan setuju untuk mentandatangani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Zheleznovodsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Zheleznovodsk (halaman belum tersedia)">Deklarasi Zheleznovodsk</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheleznovodsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zheleznovodsk (halaman belum tersedia)">Zheleznovodsk</a>, Rusia yang didasarkan padan prinsip-rinsip integritas wilayah, tidak mencampuri urusan dalam negeri negara-negara yang berdaulat, serta menaati prinsip hak-hak sipil sebagai dasar perjanjian tersebut. Perjanjian tersebut sendiri ditandatangani oleh Yeltsin, Nazarbayev, Mutalibov, dan Ter-Petrosian.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Sayangnya, upaya perdamaian tersebut terpaksa terhenti sementara karena OMON Azerbaijan terus membombardir dan melakukan kekejaman di Stepanakert dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapar,_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapar, Azerbaijan (halaman belum tersedia)">Chapar</a> pada akhir September.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Pada akhirnya, setelah sebuah helikopter Azerbaijan yang berpenumpang tim mediator perdamaian dari Rusia, pengamat dari Kazakhstan serta pejabat tinggi Azerbaijan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penembakan_jatuh_Mil-Mi_8_Azerbaijan_1991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penembakan jatuh Mil-Mi 8 Azerbaijan 1991 (halaman belum tersedia)">ditembak jatuh</a>, upaya mediasi perdamaian pun mengalami kegagalan dan terpaksa berakhir.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konflik_menjelang_keruntuhan_Uni_Soviet">Konflik menjelang keruntuhan Uni Soviet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Konflik menjelang keruntuhan Uni Soviet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Konflik menjelang keruntuhan Uni Soviet">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Pada akhir 1991, milisi Armenia melakukan serangan untuk merebut desa-desa berpenduduk etnik Armenia yang direbut oleh OMON Azerbaijan di bulan Mei-Juli 1991. Pasukan Azerbaijan yang meninggalkan desa-desa tersebut kemudian membakarnya.<a href="#cite_note-memo-106">[106]</a> Menurut sebuah organisasi HAM dari Moskwa, Memorial, akibat serangan pasukan tentara Armenia, ribuan penduduk dari bekas rayon milik Azerbaijan seperti Shahumian, Hadrut, Martakert, Askeran dan Martuni terpaksa meninggalkan rumah mereka, desa-desa lain (seperti Imereti dan Gerevent) dibakar oleh milisi Armenia, dan ditambah dengan sejumlah tindakan kekerasan terhadap warga sipil (seperti di desa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Me%C5%9F%C9%99li,_Goranboy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meşəli, Goranboy (halaman belum tersedia)">Meshali</a>).<a href="#cite_note-memo-106">[106]</a> Pada saat yang sama pada saat serangan balik dari Azerbaijan, pihak Armenia mulai menargetkan serangan pada desa-desa Azerbaijan. Menurut Memorial, desa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mal%C4%B1b%C9%99yli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malıbəyli (halaman belum tersedia)">Malibeyli</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuxar%C4%B1_Qu%C5%9F%C3%A7ular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuxarı Quşçular (halaman belum tersedia)">Gushchular</a> yang sering digunakan pasukan Azerbaijan untuk memborbardir Stepanakert,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> diserang oleh pasukan Armenia yang menyebabkan sejumlah rumah dibakar dan puluhan orang terbunuh. Kedua belah pihak saling menuduh masing-masing pihak menggunakan desa masing-masing sebagai titik pengumpulan strategis untuk melindungi posisi artileri mereka.<a href="#cite_note-memo-106">[106]</a> Pada 19 Desember, pasukan MVD mulai meninggalkan Nagorno-Karabakh, yang selesai dilakukan pada 27 Desember.<a href="#cite_note-Вывод_ВВ-110">[110]</a> Dengan runtuhnya Uni Soviet dan keluarnya pasukan MVD Soviet dari Nagorno-Karabakh, situasi di daerah konflik pun menjadi tidak terkendali. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kekosongan_persenjataan">Kekosongan persenjataan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Kekosongan persenjataan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kekosongan persenjataan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kedua pihak yang berkonflik yang melihat tanda-tanda <a href="/wiki/Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet" title="Pembubaran Uni Soviet">Keruntuhan Uni Soviet</a> semakin nyata di akhir 1991, mulai berusaha membangun persenjataan dengan merebut senjata dari gudang senjata yang berada di berbagai wilayah di Karabakh. Awalnya perebutan persenjataan ini lebih menguntungkan Azerbaijan, hal ini dikarenakan doktrin militer Soviet pada masa <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a> yang menyatakan bahwa Armenia akan menjadi wilayah pertempuran saat serangan anggota <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>. Hal ini membuat <a href="/wiki/Divisi_(militer)" title="Divisi (militer)">divisi</a> yang ditempatkan di wilayah RSS Armenia hanya tiga dan tanpa pangkalan udara, sedangkan Azerbaijan sendiri punya lima divisi dan lima pangkalan udaram ditambah dengan Armenia yang hanya memiliki 500 <a href="/wiki/Gerbong" title="Gerbong">gerbong</a> <a href="/wiki/Amunisi" title="Amunisi">amunisi</a> dibandingkan jumlah 10.000 gerbong amunisi yang dimiliki Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-Petrosian,_David_2000-25">[25]</a> Keluarnya pasukan MVD pada waktu yang sama juga meninggalkan sejumlah amunisi dan kendaraan lapis baja kepada penduduk etnik Armenia dan etnik Azerbaijan. Pasukan-pasukan pemerintah yang dikirim Gorbachev sendiri berasal dari republik-republik Soviet yang lain dan mereka sudah ingin meninggalkan wilayah Karabakh. Pasukan-pasukan ini, kebetulan merupakan pemuda yang mengikuti <a href="/wiki/Wajib_militer" title="Wajib militer">wajib militer</a> dan miskin, yang menjual senjatanya datau kendaraan lapis bajanya demi uang atau hanya demi vodka. Akibat gudang senjata dan persenjataan yang dibiarkan begitu saja tanpa diawasi, sejumlah ahli mengganggap kebijakan Gorbachev menjadi penyebab utama dari konflik ini.<a href="#cite_note-timestepanakert-111">[111]</a> Persenjataan tersebut kemudian dibeli oleh Azerbaijan dalam jumlah besar. Menurut laporan Menteri Luar Negeri Azerbaijan pada November 1993, Azerbaijan telah membeli 286 tank, 842 kendaraan lapis baja dan 386 artileri dalam kekosongan kekuasaan tersebut. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003199-112">[112]</a> Impor senjata asal Barat yang terjadi kemudian didorong oleh kemunculan <a href="/wiki/Pasar_gelap" title="Pasar gelap">pasar gelap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Kebanyakan persenjataan sendiri dibuat oleh Rusia atau berasal dari bekas negara <a href="/wiki/Blok_Timur" title="Blok Timur">Blok Timur</a>, ditambah dengan sejumlah improvisasi pada kedua belah pihak. Azerbaijan sendiri diberikan bantuan militer dari <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> dan sejumlah negara Arab.<a href="#cite_note-brothersroad-41">[41]</a> Di lain pihak, Armenia sendiri dibantu oleh <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Armenia" title="Diaspora Armenia">diaspora Armenia</a> dalam jumlah besar, bahkan diaspora ini kemudian berhasil mendorong <a href="/wiki/Kongres_Amerika_Serikat" title="Kongres Amerika Serikat">Kongres Amerika Serikat</a> untuk mengesahkan <a href="/wiki/Rancangan_undang-undang" title="Rancangan undang-undang">rancangan undang-undang</a> UU Dukungan untuk Kebebasan Pasal 907 sebagai respon atas blokade Azerbaijan atas Armenia, sehingga AS melarang segala bentuk bantuan militer dari AS kepada Azerbaijan pada tahun 1992.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Azerbaijan mengganggap Rusia awalnya membantu Armenia, namun kemudian pihak Armenia dianggap "paling baik menggunakan persenjataan militer Soviet dibanding lawannya".<a href="#cite_note-timestepanakert-111">[111]</a> Pada 26 Desember 1991, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> mengundurkan diri dari jabatannya sebagai <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Uni_Soviet" title="Presiden Uni Soviet">Presiden Uni Soviet</a>, yang berarti mengakhiri keberadaan negara komunis terbesar tersebut. Pengunduran diri Gorbachev sendiri yang disusul pernyataan kemerdekaan dari republik-republik Soviet yang tersisa seperti <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>, tampak menghilangkan hambatan antara Armenia dan Azerbaijan untuk berperang dalam skala penuh. Sebulan sebelumnya, pada 21 November, Parlemen Azerbaijan telah mencabut status otonom Karabakh dan mengganti nama ibukotanya menjadi Xankandi. Pemimpin parlemen Karabakh (yang berasal dari etnik Armenia) menanggapinya dengan mengadakan sebuah referendum pada 10 Desember (yang diboikot etnik Azerbaijan di Karabakh) yang isinya mendukung penuh kemerdekaan Karabakh dari Armenia. Selanjutnya, pada 6 Januari 1992, Karabakh memutuskan menyatakan kemerdekaannya dari Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-Croissant-47">[47]</a> Namun, penarikan pasukan MVD Soviet dari Nagorno-Karabakh di wilayah Kaukasus hanya bersifat sementara. Pada Februari 1992, terbentuklah <a href="/wiki/Persemakmuran_Negara-Negara_Merdeka" title="Persemakmuran Negara-Negara Merdeka">Persemakmuran Negara-Negara Merdeka</a> (CIS) yang anggotanya berasal dari mayoritas bekas negara-negara bagian Uni Soviet. Azerbaijan sendiri tidak bergabung dalam CIS, sementara Armenia sebaliknya karena menghindari serangan dari Turki dalam konflik Karabakh. Masuknya Armenia dalam CIS membawanya ikut "payung keamanan bersama" organisasi ini. Pada Januari 1992, pasukan CIS mendirikan markas baru mereka di Stepanakert dan mengambil peran yang sedikit lebih aktif dalam pemeliharaan perdamaian, menggabungkan unit-unit lama tentara Soviet, termasuk Resimen Senapan Bermotor ke-366 dan elemen-elemen dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tentara_Keempat_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tentara Keempat Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Tentara Keempat Soviet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Karagiannis-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membangun_angkatan_bersenjata">Membangun angkatan bersenjata</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Membangun angkatan bersenjata" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Membangun angkatan bersenjata">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Armenian_soldiers_in_northern_Artsakh_1994.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Armenian_soldiers_in_northern_Artsakh_1994.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Armenian_soldiers_in_northern_Artsakh_1994.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Armenian_soldiers_in_northern_Artsakh_1994.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Armenian_soldiers_in_northern_Artsakh_1994.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Armenian_soldiers_in_northern_Artsakh_1994.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Armenian_soldiers_in_northern_Artsakh_1994.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Tentara Armenia di Karabakh pada 1994, mengenakan helm pertempuran Soviet dan memegang senjata <a href="/wiki/AK-74" title="AK-74">AK-74</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg/220px-Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg/330px-Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg/440px-Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Pasukan Azerbaijan dalam perang, 1992</figcaption></figure> Pertempuran sporadis antara Armenia dan Azerbaijan semakin meningkat setelah Operasi Cincin, dimana kedua belah pihak saling merekrut ribuan sukarelawan ke dalam pasukan improvisasi dari kedua belah pihak. Banyak orang Armenia yang membandingkan kelompok separatis Armenia di Karabakh dengan tokoh-tokoh sejarah yang legendaris seperti <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Ozanian" title="Andranik Ozanian">Andranik Ozanian</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garegin_Nzhdeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garegin Nzhdeh (halaman belum tersedia)">Garegin Nzhdeh</a> yang melawan <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah">Kesultanan Utsmaniyah</a> pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003208-115">[115]</a> Selain program wajib militer yang dicanangkan pemerintah kepada seluruh laki-laki berusia 18-45 tahun, banyak orang Armenia lain menjadi sukarelawan untuk bertempur dan membentuk jokat, atau detasemen berjumlah 40 orang, yang digabungkan dengan yang lain, berada dibawah komando <a href="/wiki/Letnan_kolonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Letnan kolonel">letnan kolonel</a>. Pada awalnya, banyak kelompok tersebut memilih sendiri dimana mereka dan kapan mereka bertugas dan bertindak sesuai keinginan masing-masing tanpa pengawasan ketika menyerang atau mempertahankan suatu wilayah.<a href="#cite_note-brothersroad-41">[41]</a> Akibatnya, banyak terjadi pembangkangan, seperti tidak muncul dalam perang, mayat-mayat tentara dirampok, dan minyak diesel serta kendaraan lapis baja dicuri untuk dijual di pasar gelap.<a href="#cite_note-brothersroad-41">[41]</a> Banyak wanita mendaftar menjadi anggota militer Nagorno-Karabakh, dimana mereka mengambil bagian dalam pertempuran serta memberikan bantuan ringan seperti memberikan <a href="/wiki/Pertolongan_pertama" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertolongan pertama">pertolongan pertama</a> dan mengevakuasi pria yang terluka dari medan perang. Militer Azerbaijan sendiri berkerja dengan cara yang sama dengan militer lawannya, dengan keadaan yang lebih terorganisir dengan baik pada awal jalannya perang. Pemerintah Azerbaijan juga melakukan wajib militer dan banyak penduduk Azerbaijan dengan antusias mendaftar untuk bertempur dalam perang di awal bulan setelah Uni Soviet runtuh. Tentara Nasional Azerbaijan terdiri dari sekitar 30.000 orang, ditambah 10.000 pasukan paramiliter OMON dan ribuan sukarelawan dari Front Rakyat. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suret_Huseynov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suret Huseynov (halaman belum tersedia)">Suret Huseynov</a>, seorang penduduk Azerbaijan yang kaya raya, juga berimprovisasi dengan menciptakan brigade militernya sendiri, yaitu pasukan ke-709 Tentara Azerbaijan dan membeli banyak senjata dan kendaraan milik Divisi Senapan Motor ke-23. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003199-112">[112]</a> Mobilisasi juga dilakukan oleh bozqurt yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isgandar_Hamidov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isgandar Hamidov (halaman belum tersedia)">Isgandar Hamidov</a> dan kelompok <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serigala_Abu-Abu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serigala Abu-Abu (halaman belum tersedia)">Serigala Abu-Abu</a>. Pemerintah Azerbaijan juga mengeluarkan banyak uang untuk merekrut tentara bayaran dari negara-negara lain melalui pendapatan yang diperolehnya dari aset <a href="/wiki/Ladang_minyak" title="Ladang minyak">ladang minyak</a> di dekat <a href="/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia">Laut Kaspia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gurdelik-32">[32]</a> Kedua belah pihak juga dibantu oleh sejumlah bekas tentara Soviet. Sebagai contoh, salah satu perwira yang paling menonjol di pihak Armenia adalah mantan Jenderal Soviet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatoly_Zinevich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatoly Zinevich (halaman belum tersedia)">Anatoly Zinevich</a>, yang bertuga di Nagorno-Karabakh selama lima tahun (1992-1997) dan terlibat dalam perencanaan dan implementasi banyak operasi militer pasukan Armenia. Pada akhir perang ia memegang posisi Kepala Staf Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Artsakh. Perkiraan jumlah angkatan perang dan kendaraan militer yang dimiliki oleh pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam konflik pada tahun 1993-1994 adalah:<a href="#cite_note-CaucasianKnot-24">[24]</a> <center> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> + <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Artsakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Artsakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></th> <th><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Personil militer</td> <td>20,000 (8,000 + 12,000)<a href="#cite_note-CaucasianKnot-24">[24]</a></td> <td>64,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Artileri</td> <td>177–187 (160–170 + 17)<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a></td> <td>388<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a>–395<a href="#cite_note-Mikhail_Barabanov-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tank</td> <td>90–173 (77–160 + 13)<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a></td> <td>436<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a>–458<a href="#cite_note-Mikhail_Barabanov-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kendaraan pengangkut lapis baja</td> <td>290–360(150<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a>–240 + 120)</td> <td>558<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a>–1,264<a href="#cite_note-Mikhail_Barabanov-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kendaraan tempur lapis baja </td> <td>39<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a>–200 + N/A</td> <td>389<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a>-480 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pesawat tempur</td> <td>3<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a> + N/A</td> <td>63<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a>–170 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Helikopter</td> <td>13<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a> + N/A</td> <td>45–51 </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> Dikarenakan Armenia tidak memiliki perjanjian kerjasama dengan Rusia (yang ditandatangani kemudian pada 1997 dan 2010), dan juga dikarenakan <a href="/wiki/CSTO" class="mw-redirect" title="CSTO">CSTO</a> masih belum terbentuk, Armenia harus melindungi perbatasannya dengan Turki secara mandiri. Selama jalannya perang, mayoritas personil dan persenjataan Armenia harus bertahan di wilayah daratan Armenia untuk menjaga perbatasannya untuk mewaspadai kemungkinan adanya agresi Turki.<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">[26]</a> Dalam perbandingan militer secara keseluruhan, jumlah pria yang memenuhi syarat untuk dinas militer di Armenia, dalam yang berusia 17-32 tahun berjumlah 550.000 orang, sedangkan di Azerbaijan ada 1.3 juta orang. Sebagian besar tentara pria dari kedua belah pihak telah bertugas di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tentara_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tentara Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Tentara Soviet</a> dan dengan demikian juga memiliki beberapa pengalaman militer sebelumnya, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Perang_Soviet-Afganistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Soviet-Afganistan">dalam perang Soviet sebelumnya di Afganistan</a>. Di tentara etnik Armenia Karabakh, sekitar 60% personilnya telah bertugas di Angkatan Darat Soviet sebelumnya.<a href="#cite_note-CaucasianKnot-24">[24]</a> Namun, bagi etnik Azerbaijan di militer Soviet, mereka justru didiskriminasi dimana mereka kebanyakan bekerja di batailon konstruksi dibanding di korps pertempuran.<a href="#cite_note-LOCStudies-116">[116]</a> Meskipun sudah dibantu dengan adanya akademi militer dan sekolah angkatan laut di Azerbaijan, kurangnya pengalaman militer seperti di atas membuat pasukan Azerbaijan terlihat tidak siap dalam menghadapi perang.<a href="#cite_note-LOCStudies-116">[116]</a> Militer Azerbaijan kemudian juga dibantu oleh jenderal perang Afganistan, <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a>. Bantuan dari Afganistan untuk Azerbaijan sendiri direkrut di <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> oleh komandan perang Fazle Haq Mujahid kemudian beberapa kelompok pasukan dikirim ke Azerbaijan untuk tugas yang berbeda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaarnby20086-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan kaki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan kaki">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ordway_(ambassador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ordway (ambassador) (halaman belum tersedia)">Ordway, John</a> (30 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222133232/https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/04YEREVAN1678_a.html">"Party Primer: Top Armenian Political Parties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/04YEREVAN1678_a.html">versi asli</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=For_Official_Use_Only&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="For Official Use Only (halaman belum tersedia)">For Official Use Only</a>) tanggal 22 December 2015. <q>Members of the ARF fought actively in the Karabakh conflict and the party had its own military units. Later, when Karabakh and Armenia formed regular armies, some of the Dashnak units merged with the armies, others were disarmed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party+Primer%3A+Top+Armenian+Political+Parties&rft.pub=WikiLeaks&rft.date=2004-07-30&rft.aulast=Ordway&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwikileaks.org%2Fplusd%2Fcables%2F04YEREVAN1678_a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Rieff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Rieff (halaman belum tersedia)">Rieff, David</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624041701/http://www.princeton.edu/~amimages/rieff.html">"Case Study in Ethnic Strife"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~amimages/rieff.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2016-06-24. Diakses tanggal 2019-03-27. <q>The Dashnaks, of course, are the ones who did the heavy lifting on the ground. Their men, including a substantial number of volunteers from the diaspora, did a great deal of the fighting and dying before the cease-fire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+Study+in+Ethnic+Strife&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Rieff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~amimages%2Frieff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_F._Hoge_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James F. Hoge Jr. (halaman belum tersedia)">Hoge, James F.</a> (2010). The Clash of Civilizations: The Debate. Council on Foreign Relations. hlm. 17. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780876094365" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780876094365">9780876094365</a>. <q>In the last years of its existence, the Soviet government supported Azerbaijan because its government was dominated by former communists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash+of+Civilizations%3A+The+Debate&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780876094365&rft.aulast=Hoge&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuroperus0000unse">Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia</a>. London: Europa Publications. 2002. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuroperus0000unse/page/77">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781857431377" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781857431377">9781857431377</a>. <q>Soviet security forces supported Azerbaijan's efforts to reimpose control over Nagornyi Karabakh and Armenian villages outside the enclave.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%2C+Russia+and+Central+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781857431377&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasterneuroperus0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Truscott, Peter (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiafirstbreak0000trus">Russia First: Breaking with the West</a>. London: Tauris Publ. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiafirstbreak0000trus/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781860641992" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781860641992">9781860641992</a>. <q>Initially, the Soviet regime in the Kremlin appears to have supported Azerbaijan in its attempt to maintain the territorial integrity of the borders established by Stalin in 1921.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+First%3A+Breaking+with+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Tauris+Publ.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781860641992&rft.aulast=Truscott&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiafirstbreak0000trus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Benson, Brett V. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constructinginte0000bens">Constructing International Security: Alliances, Deterrence, and Moral Hazard</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constructinginte0000bens/page/67">67</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781107027244" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781107027244">9781107027244</a>. <q>Russia was widely viewed as supporting the Armenian position. Much of this perception stemmed from the fact that Russia transferred military support to Armenia during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+International+Security%3A+Alliances%2C+Deterrence%2C+and+Moral+Hazard&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781107027244&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Brett+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstructinginte0000bens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-cssas-7"><a href="#cite_ref-cssas_7-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055051/http://cssas.unap.ro/en/pdf_periodicals/si37.swf">"Strategic impact"</a> (4). Bucharest: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_I_National_Defence_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carol I National Defence University (halaman belum tersedia)">Romanian National Defence University "Carol I"</a> Centre for Defence and Security Strategic Studies. 2010: 35. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cssas.unap.ro/en/pdf_periodicals/si37.swf">versi asli</a> tanggal 21 September 2013. <q>Greece supported Armenia both by delivering military and economic assistance and diplomatic representation by promoting the Armenia's interests in the EU and NATO.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Strategic+impact&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=35&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcssas.unap.ro%2Fen%2Fpdf_periodicals%2Fsi37.swf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Cornell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svante Cornell (halaman belum tersedia)">Cornell, Svante E.</a> (1998). "Turkey and the Conflict in Nagorno Karabakh: A Delicate Balance". Middle Eastern Studies. 34 (1). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4283917">4283917</a>. <q>The only country that constantly expressed its support for Azerbaijan is Turkey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Turkey+and+the+Conflict+in+Nagorno+Karabakh%3A+A+Delicate+Balance&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1998&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4283917&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Osipova, Yelena; Bilgin, Fevzi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090312/http://www.rethinkinstitute.org//wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Armenian-Turkish-Reconciliation.pdf">Revisiting Armenian-Turkish Reconciliation</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Rethink Institute. hlm. 3. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-938300-09-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-938300-09-7">978-1-938300-09-7</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rethinkinstitute.org//wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Armenian-Turkish-Reconciliation.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-24. Diakses tanggal 2019-03-27. <q>As the war over Nagorno Karabakh unfolded, and as Turkey sided with Azerbaijan ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revisiting+Armenian-Turkish+Reconciliation&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Rethink+Institute&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-938300-09-7&rft.aulast=Osipova&rft.aufirst=Yelena&rft.au=Bilgin%2C+Fevzi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rethinkinstitute.org%2F%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F09%2FArmenian-Turkish-Reconciliation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Balayev, Bahruz (2013). The Right to Self-Determination in the South Caucasus: Nagorno Karabakh in Context. Lexington Books. hlm. 70. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780739178287" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780739178287">9780739178287</a>. <q>Turkey took the Azerbaijani position, showing special activity. It rendered active military help to Azerbaijan. In the Azerbaijani army there were Turkish officers-instructors and a group of the Azerbaijani men started training in Turkey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+to+Self-Determination+in+the+South+Caucasus%3A+Nagorno+Karabakh+in+Context&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780739178287&rft.aulast=Balayev&rft.aufirst=Bahruz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaarnby20086-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaarnby20086_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaarnby20086_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaarnby20086_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaarnby2008">Taarnby 2008</a>, hlm. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_12-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Griffin, Nicholas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caucasusjourneyt00grif">Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caucasusjourneyt00grif/page/185">185</a>–186. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-226-30859-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-226-30859-6">0-226-30859-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caucasus%3A+A+Journey+to+the+Land+Between+Christianity+and+Islam&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=185-186&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-226-30859-6&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaucasusjourneyt00grif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bozkurt-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bozkurt_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bozkurt_13-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Brzezinski, Zbigniew</a>; Sullivan, Paige, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiacommonweal0000unse">Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._E._Sharpe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. E. Sharpe (halaman belum tersedia)">M. E. Sharpe</a>. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiacommonweal0000unse/page/616">616</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781563246371" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781563246371">9781563246371</a>. <q>It is also revealed that a new force of 200 armed members of the Grey Wolves organization has been dispatched from Turkey in preparation for a new Azeri offensive and to train units of the Azeri army.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Commonwealth+of+Independent+States%3A+Documents%2C+Data%2C+and+Analysis&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=616&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781563246371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiacommonweal0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Murinson, Alexander (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103080836/http://besacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/MSPS110-web.pdf">"The Ties Between Israel and Azerbaijan"</a> (PDF). Mideast Security and Policy Studies No. 110. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Begin%E2%80%93Sadat_Center_for_Strategic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies (halaman belum tersedia)">Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://besacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/MSPS110-web.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 3 November 2014. <q>Israel supported the Azeri side in this conflict by supplying Stinger missiles to Azerbaijani troops during the war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mideast+Security+and+Policy+Studies+No.+110&rft.atitle=The+Ties+Between+Israel+and+Azerbaijan&rft.date=2014-10&rft.aulast=Murinson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbesacenter.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F10%2FMSPS110-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dekmejian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Dekmejian (halaman belum tersedia)">Dekmejian, Richard Hrair</a>; Simonian, Hovann H. (2003). Troubled Waters: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region. hlm. 125. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781860649226" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781860649226">9781860649226</a>. <q>In addition to commercial links, Israel has given strong backing to Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, which reportedly has included military assistance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troubled+Waters%3A+The+Geopolitics+of+the+Caspian+Region&rft.pages=125&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781860649226&rft.aulast=Dekmejian&rft.aufirst=Richard+Hrair&rft.au=Simonian%2C+Hovann+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Azadian, Edmond Y. (1999). History on the Move: Views, Interviews and Essays on Armenian Issues. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayne_State_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayne State University Press (halaman belum tersedia)">Wayne State University Press</a>. hlm. 173. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780814329160" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780814329160">9780814329160</a>. <q>But as subsequent events evolved it became all too apparent that Ukraine has steadfastly stood behind Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabagh conflict all along. ...it was reported from Stepanakert that Ukraine had shipped 40 tanks to Azerbaijan. Later that number was raised to 59. Ukraine had also supplied Azerbaijan with Mig-21 attack places.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+on+the+Move%3A+Views%2C+Interviews+and+Essays+on+Armenian+Issues&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780814329160&rft.aulast=Azadian&rft.aufirst=Edmond+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003200-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003200_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2003">de Waal 2003</a>, hlm. 200: "...the Russians also gave some assistance to Azerbaijan." </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> decisive Armenian military victory <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Broers, Laurence (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218064125/http://www.c-r.org/downloads/17_Nagorny_Karabakh.pdf">"The limits of leadership: Elites and societies in the Nagorny Karabakh peace process"</a> (PDF). Accord. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conciliation_Resources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conciliation Resources (halaman belum tersedia)">Conciliation Resources</a>: 8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-0742">1365-0742</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-r.org/downloads/17_Nagorny_Karabakh.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2017-02-18. Diakses tanggal 2019-03-27. <q>Overlaying what is fundamentally a territorial dispute are the consequences of the 1991–94 war: a decisive Armenian military victory resulting in Armenian control of Nagorny Karabakh and the further occupation of seven districts surrounding it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accord&rft.atitle=The+limits+of+leadership%3A+Elites+and+societies+in+the+Nagorny+Karabakh+peace+process&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1365-0742&rft.aulast=Broers&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-r.org%2Fdownloads%2F17_Nagorny_Karabakh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Gahramanova, Aytan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aytan_Gahramanova/publication/247713598_Paradigms_of_Political_Mythologies_and_Perspectives_of_Reconciliation_in_the_Case_of_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Conflict/links/55cc4c8208aeca747d6c25c4.pdf">"Paradigms of Political Mythologies and Perspectives of Reconciliation in the Case of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict"</a> (PDF). International Negotiation. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. 15 (1): 136. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157180610X488218">10.1163/157180610X488218</a>. <q>Brokered by the Russian Minister of Defense, a ceasefire was signed in 1994 primarily as a result of the decisive Armenian military victory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Negotiation&rft.atitle=Paradigms+of+Political+Mythologies+and+Perspectives+of+Reconciliation+in+the+Case+of+the+Nagorno-Karabakh+Conflict&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=136&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157180610X488218&rft.aulast=Gahramanova&rft.aufirst=Aytan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FAytan_Gahramanova%2Fpublication%2F247713598_Paradigms_of_Political_Mythologies_and_Perspectives_of_Reconciliation_in_the_Case_of_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Conflict%2Flinks%2F55cc4c8208aeca747d6c25c4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <dl><dt>decisive</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Dawisha, Karen; Parrott, Bruce, ed. (1997). Conflict, Cleavage, and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 119. <q>A cease-fire was achieved in May 1994, after a decisive Armenian victory that included their occupation of approximately 20 percent of Azerbaijan's territory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict%2C+Cleavage%2C+and+Change+in+Central+Asia+and+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/4954ce0923.html">"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Armenia"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_Rights_Group_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minority Rights Group International (halaman belum tersedia)">Minority Rights Group International</a>. 2007. <q>The war ended in a decisive Armenian victory in 1994, with the Armenians of Karabakh (supported by Armenia) taking control not only of Nagorny Karabakh itself but also occupying in whole or in part seven regions of Azerbaijan surrounding the former NKAO.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+%E2%80%93+Armenia&rft.pub=Minority+Rights+Group+International&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F4954ce0923.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <dl><dt>military victory</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Cornell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svante Cornell (halaman belum tersedia)">Cornell, Svante</a> (2005). Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus. Routledge. hlm. 93. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781135796693" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781135796693">9781135796693</a>. <q>Thus by any standard, the war in Karabakh led to the military victory of the Karabakh Armenians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Nations+and+Great+Powers%3A+A+Study+of+Ethnopolitical+Conflict+in+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781135796693&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Popescu, Nicu (2010). EU Foreign Policy and Post-Soviet Conflicts: Stealth Intervention. Routledge. hlm. 96. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781136851896" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781136851896">9781136851896</a>. <q>After approximately 20,000 deaths, the war ended with the military victory of Armenia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EU+Foreign+Policy+and+Post-Soviet+Conflicts%3A+Stealth+Intervention&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781136851896&rft.aulast=Popescu&rft.aufirst=Nicu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW1994129-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHRW1994129_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHRW1994">HRW 1994</a>, hlm. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Mulcaire, Jack (9 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalinterest.org/feature/face-the-coming-war-between-armenia-azerbaijan-12585">"Face Off: The Coming War between Armenia and Azerbaijan"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_National_Interest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The National Interest (halaman belum tersedia)">The National Interest</a>. <q>The mostly Armenian population of the disputed region now lives under the control of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a micronation that is supported by Armenia and is effectively part of that country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=Face+Off%3A+The+Coming+War+between+Armenia+and+Azerbaijan&rft.date=2015-04-09&rft.aulast=Mulcaire&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Ffeature%2Fface-the-coming-war-between-armenia-azerbaijan-12585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  <ul><li><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal" title="Thomas de Waal">de Waal, Thomas</a> (13 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409082305/https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/thomas-de-waal/nagorno-karabakh-crimea-doppelganger-azerbaijan-armenia">"Nagorno-Karabakh: Crimea's doppelganger"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenDemocracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenDemocracy (halaman belum tersedia)">openDemocracy</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/thomas-de-waal/nagorno-karabakh-crimea-doppelganger-azerbaijan-armenia">versi asli</a> tanggal 2016-04-09. Diakses tanggal 2019-03-27. <q>Following the Armenian victory in that conflict, confirmed by the 1994 ceasefire, Armenia has since carried out a de facto annexation of Karabakh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nagorno-Karabakh%3A+Crimea%27s+doppelganger&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fod-russia%2Fthomas-de-waal%2Fnagorno-karabakh-crimea-doppelganger-azerbaijan-armenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svante_Cornell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svante Cornell (halaman belum tersedia)">Cornell, Svante</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/azerbaijansincei0000corn">Azerbaijan Since Independence</a>. New York: M.E. Sharpe. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/azerbaijansincei0000corn/page/135">135</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7656-3004-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7656-3004-9">978-0-7656-3004-9</a>. <q>Following the war, the territories that fell under Armenian control, in particular Mountainous Karabakh itself, were slowly integrated into Armenia. Officially, Karabakh and Armenia remain separate political entities, but for most practical matters the two entities are unified."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan+Since+Independence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-3004-9&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fazerbaijansincei0000corn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=armenia-expects-russian-support-in-karabakh-war-2011-05-20">"Armenia expects Russian support in Karabakh war"</a>. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News" title="Hürriyet Daily News">Hürriyet Daily News</a>. 20 May 2011. Diakses tanggal 25 June 2013. <q>While internationally recognized as Azerbaijani territory, the enclave has declared itself an independent republic but is administered as a de facto part of Armenia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Armenia+expects+Russian+support+in+Karabakh+war&rft.date=2011-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpageid%3D438%26n%3Darmenia-expects-russian-support-in-karabakh-war-2011-05-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.today.az/print/news/society/76896.html">"Military chopper with Azeri elite shot down by Armenian terrorists...19 years later"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Today.az&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Today.az (halaman belum tersedia)">Today.az</a>. 2010-11-20. Diakses tanggal 2011-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Military+chopper+with+Azeri+elite+shot+down+by+Armenian+terrorists...19+years+later&rft.date=2010-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.az%2Fprint%2Fnews%2Fsociety%2F76896.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kommersant-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Kommersant_23-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Roman Glebov (1991-11-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc-rss.aspx?DocsID=1595">"Республики. В Азербайджане сбит вертолет с VIP на борту"</a> [Republics. A helicopter with VIP on board has been shot down in Azerbaijan.] (dalam bahasa Rusia). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommersant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kommersant (halaman belum tersedia)">Kommersant</a>. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.+%D0%92+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82+%D1%81+VIP+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83&rft.date=1991-11-25&rft.au=Roman+Glebov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc-rss.aspx%3FDocsID%3D1595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-CaucasianKnot-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CaucasianKnot_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CaucasianKnot_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CaucasianKnot_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CaucasianKnot_24-3">d</a> <cite class="citation book">Chorbajian, Levon; Patrick Donabedian; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Mutafian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Mutafian (halaman belum tersedia)">Claude Mutafian</a> (1994). The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh. London: Zed Books. hlm. 13–18. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-85649-288-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-85649-288-5">1-85649-288-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caucasian+Knot%3A+The+History+and+Geopolitics+of+Nagorno-Karabagh&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13-18&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85649-288-5&rft.aulast=Chorbajian&rft.aufirst=Levon&rft.au=Patrick+Donabedian&rft.au=Claude+Mutafian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  Unless otherwise stated, the statistics cited by the authors is from data compiled by the London-based <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies (halaman belum tersedia)">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> in its annual The Military Balance, published in 1993. The 20,000 figure of the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh included 8,000 volunteers from Armenia itself; Armenia's military in the report was exclusively made up of members in the army; Azerbaijan's statistics referred to 38,000 members in its army and 1,600 in its air force. Reference to these statistics can be found on pages 68–69 and 71–73 of the report. </li> <li id="cite_note-Petrosian,_David_2000-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petrosian,_David_2000_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrosian,_David_2000_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrosian,_David_2000_25-2">c</a> Petrosian, David. "What Are the Reasons for Armenians' Success in the Military Phase of the Karabakh Conflict?" Noyan Tapan Highlights. 1 June 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-Khramchikhin-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khramchikhin_26-20">u</a> <cite class="citation web">Khramchikin, Alexander A. (15 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvo.ng.ru/wars/2010-01-15/1_kavkaz.html"><bdi lang="ru">На кавказских фронтах – ситуация патовая. Пока...</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nezavisimoye_Voyennoye_Obozreniye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nezavisimoye Voyennoye Obozreniye (halaman belum tersedia)">Nezavisimoye Voyennoye Obozreniye</a> (dalam bahasa Rusia).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nezavisimoye+Voyennoye+Obozreniye&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85+%E2%80%93+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0...&rft.date=2010-01-15&rft.aulast=Khramchikin&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnvo.ng.ru%2Fwars%2F2010-01-15%2F1_kavkaz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Demoyan-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Demoyan_27-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayk_Demoyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayk Demoyan (halaman belum tersedia)">Demoyan, Hayk</a> (2006). "Turkey and the Karabakh Conflict: Summary". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofarmenia.am/images/menus/326/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%B8%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82.pdf">Турция и Карабахский конфликт в конце XX – начале XXI веков. Историко-сравнительный анализ</a> [Turkey and the Karabakh Conflict in the 1990s: a Comparative Historical Analysis] (PDF) (dalam bahasa Russian and English). Yerevan. hlm. 226. <q>Turkey continued to provide military as well as economic aid to Azerbaijan. As further proof, the Turkish army and intelligence services launched undercover operations to supply Azerbaijan with arms and military personnel. According to Turkish sources, over 350 high-ranking officers and thousands of volunteers from Turkey participated in the warfare on the Azerbaijani side.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkey+and+the+Karabakh+Conflict%3A+Summary&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5+XX+%E2%80%93+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5+XXI+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pages=226&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Demoyan&rft.aufirst=Hayk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofarmenia.am%2Fimages%2Fmenus%2F326%2F%25D0%25A2%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%2520%25D0%25B8%2520%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2584%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharalampidis20136-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharalampidis20136_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharalampidis2013">Charalampidis 2013</a>, hlm. 6: "Different independent sources – expert, intelligence and official – estimated that the number of Afghan fighters during the period of 1993–1994 fluctuated between 1500–3000." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaarnby20087-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaarnby20087_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaarnby2008">Taarnby 2008</a>, hlm. 7: "Estimates fluctuated wildly concerning how many Mujahedin actually entered Azerbaijan between 1993 and 1994. Numbers range from 1,000 to as high as 3,000." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharalampidis20133-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharalampidis20133_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharalampidis2013">Charalampidis 2013</a>, hlm. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Topguns-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Topguns_31-0">^</a> Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama <code>Topguns</code></li> <li id="cite_note-Gurdelik-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gurdelik_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gurdelik_32-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news">Gurdelik, Rasit (30 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19940130&slug=1892424">"Azerbaijanis Rebuild Army with Foreign Help"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a>. hlm. A3. Diakses tanggal 10 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Azerbaijanis+Rebuild+Army+with+Foreign+Help&rft.pages=A3&rft.date=1994-01-30&rft.aulast=Gurdelik&rft.aufirst=Rasit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.seattletimes.nwsource.com%2Farchive%2F%3Fdate%3D19940130%26slug%3D1892424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikhail_Barabanov-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mikhail_Barabanov_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mikhail_Barabanov_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mikhail_Barabanov_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mikhail_Barabanov_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mikhail_Barabanov_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mikhail_Barabanov_33-5">f</a> <cite class="citation journal">Barabanov, Mikhail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826110030/http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/2-2008/item2/article2/">"Nagorno-Karabakh: Shift in the Military Balance"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moscow_Defense_Brief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moscow Defense Brief (halaman belum tersedia)">Moscow Defense Brief</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Analysis_of_Strategies_and_Technologies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies (halaman belum tersedia)">Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies</a> (2/2008). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/2-2008/item2/article2/">versi asli</a> tanggal 26 August 2009. Diakses tanggal 27 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moscow+Defense+Brief&rft.atitle=Nagorno-Karabakh%3A+Shift+in+the+Military+Balance&rft.issue=2%2F2008&rft.aulast=Barabanov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmdb.cast.ru%2Fmdb%2F2-2008%2Fitem2%2Farticle2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AMS-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMS_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMS_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMS_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMS_34-3">d</a> (Rusia) Melik-Shahnazarov, Arsen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumgait.info/caucasus-conflicts/nagorno-karabakh-facts/nagorno-karabakh-facts-14.htm">Нагорный Карабах: факты против лжи</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003285-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003285_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003285_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003285_35-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2003">de Waal 2003</a>, hlm. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Quoted in <cite class="citation book">Bertsch, Gary (1999). Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London: Routledge. hlm. 297. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-415-92273-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-415-92273-9">0-415-92273-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossroads+and+Conflict%3A+Security+and+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Caucasus+and+Central+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-92273-9&rft.aulast=Bertsch&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.net/2009/11/28/winds-of-change-in-nagorno-karabakh/">Winds of Change in Nagorno Karabakh </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111206040424/http://www.euronews.net/2009/11/28/winds-of-change-in-nagorno-karabakh/">Diarsipkan</a> 6 December 2011 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.." <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a>. 28 November 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-OhanyanVelikhanova-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OhanyanVelikhanova_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OhanyanVelikhanova_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OhanyanVelikhanova_38-2">c</a> Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama <code>OhanyanVelikhanova</code></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003316-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003316_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2003">de Waal 2003</a>, hlm. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-Melik-Shakhnazaryan-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Melik-Shakhnazaryan_40-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Melik-Shakhnazaryan, Hrant (26 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027152637/http://voskanapat.info/blog/lt_font_color_quot_ff0000_quot_nebo_nad_arcakhom_nadezhno_prikryto_lt_font_color_quot_ff0000_quot/2012-10-26-11460">"Небо над Арцахом надежно прикрыто"</a>. Voskanapat. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voskanapat.info/blog/lt_font_color_quot_ff0000_quot_nebo_nad_arcakhom_nadezhno_prikryto_lt_font_color_quot_ff0000_quot/2012-10-26-11460">versi asli</a> tanggal 27 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voskanapat&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%90%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft.aulast=Melik-Shakhnazaryan&rft.aufirst=Hrant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoskanapat.info%2Fblog%2Flt_font_color_quot_ff0000_quot_nebo_nad_arcakhom_nadezhno_prikryto_lt_font_color_quot_ff0000_quot%2F2012-10-26-11460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-brothersroad-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brothersroad_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brothersroad_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brothersroad_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brothersroad_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brothersroad_41-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brothersroad_41-5">f</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markar_Melkonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Markar Melkonian (halaman belum tersedia)">Melkonian, Markar</a> (2005). <a href="/w/index.php?title=My_Brother%27s_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="My Brother's Road (halaman belum tersedia)">My Brother's Road, An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia</a>. New York: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-85043-635-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-85043-635-5">1-85043-635-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Brother%27s+Road%2C+An+American%27s+Fateful+Journey+to+Armenia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85043-635-5&rft.aulast=Melkonian&rft.aufirst=Markar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Conflict_Data_Program" title="Uppsala Conflict Data Program">Uppsala Conflict Data Program</a>, Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh – civilians, viewed 3 May 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiener_Zeitung-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiener_Zeitung_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiener_Zeitung_43-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/welt/weltpolitik/513109_Gefaehrliche-Toene-im-Frozen-War.html">Gefährliche Töne im "Frozen War"</a>." <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Zeitung" title="Wiener Zeitung">Wiener Zeitung</a>. 2 January 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Azerbaijan" title="Bahasa Azerbaijan">bahasa Azerbaijan</a>: Qarabağ müharibəsi, dinamakan Perang Pembebasan Astrakh (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Armenia" title="Bahasa Armenia">bahasa Armenia</a>: Արցախյան ազատամարտ, Artsakhyan azatamart) oleh etnik Armenia </li> <li id="cite_note-CASE-STUDY-IN-ETHNIC-STRIFE-45"><a href="#cite_ref-CASE-STUDY-IN-ETHNIC-STRIFE_45-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rieff, David (June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080720114733/http://www.cilicia.com/armo19e.html">"Without Rules or Pity"</a>. Foreign Affairs. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. 76 (2). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cilicia.com/armo19e.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-07-20. Diakses tanggal 13 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Without+Rules+or+Pity&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1997-06&rft.aulast=Rieff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cilicia.com%2Farmo19e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lieberman,, Benjamin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terriblefateethn0000lieb">Terrible fate : ethnic cleansing in the making of modern Europe</a>. Chicago [Illinois]: Ivan R. Dee. hlm. 284–92. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-56663-646-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-56663-646-9">1-56663-646-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/61309274">61309274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrible+fate+%3A+ethnic+cleansing+in+the+making+of+modern+Europe&rft.place=Chicago+%5BIllinois%5D&rft.pages=284-92&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61309274&rft.isbn=1-56663-646-9&rft.aulast=Lieberman%2C&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fterriblefateethn0000lieb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Croissant-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Croissant_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croissant_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croissant_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croissant_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croissant_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croissant_47-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croissant_47-6">g</a> <cite class="citation book">Croissant, Michael P. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniaazerbaija00croi">The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications</a>. London: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-275-96241-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-275-96241-5">0-275-96241-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenia-Azerbaijan+Conflict%3A+Causes+and+Implications&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-275-96241-5&rft.aulast=Croissant&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniaazerbaija00croi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resolusi_Dewan_Keamanan_PBB_tentang_perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB tentang perang Nagorno-Karabakh (halaman belum tersedia)">resolusi DK PBB</a> yang dikeluarkan pada 1993 menyerukan kepada Armenia untuk menarik diri dari daerah luar wilayah batas bekas Oblast Nagorno-Karabakh. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Menurut data dari <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal" title="Thomas de Waal">Thomas de Waal</a> wilayah-wilayah dan rayon-rayon tersebut, yaitu: 1,936, Kelbajar; 1,835, Lachin; 802, Kubatly; 1,050, Jebrail; 707, Zangelan; 842, Aghdam; 462, Fizuli; 75, exclaves; sehingga total wilayah Azerbaijan yang dikuasai Armenia adalah7.709 km2 (2.976 sq mi) 8.9%: De Waal. Black Garden, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-FACTBOOK-AJ-50"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA-FACTBOOK-AJ_50-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709035525/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.html#Issues">"The CIA World Factbook: Transnational Issues in Country Profile of Azerbaijan"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.html#Issues">versi asli</a> tanggal 2016-07-09. Diakses tanggal 14 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+CIA+World+Factbook%3A+Transnational+Issues+in+Country+Profile+of+Azerbaijan&rft.au=The+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Faj.html%23Issues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  Military involvement denied by the Armenian government. </li> <li id="cite_note-dewaal-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dewaal_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dewaal_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dewaal_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dewaal_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dewaal_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dewaal_51-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dewaal_51-6">g</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal" title="Thomas de Waal">de Waal, Thomas</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackgardenarmen0000dewa">Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War</a>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8147-1945-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8147-1945-7">0-8147-1945-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Garden%3A+Armenia+and+Azerbaijan+Through+Peace+and+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8147-1945-7&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackgardenarmen0000dewa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the ROA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armeniaforeignministry.com/fr/nk/nk_file/article/3.html">Circular by colonel D. I. Shuttleworth of the British Command</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060507144914/http://www.armeniaforeignministry.com/fr/nk/nk_file/article/3.html">Diarsipkan</a> 7 May 2006 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Republic of Armenia Archives, File No. 9. Retrieved 2 March 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_J._Walker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher J. Walker (halaman belum tersedia)">Walker, Christopher J.</a> (1990). Armenia: The Survival of a Nation (edisi ke-revised second). New York: St. Martin's Press. hlm. 270. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-312-04230-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-312-04230-1">978-0-312-04230-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+The+Survival+of+a+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=270&rft.edition=revised+second&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-312-04230-1&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (1996), The Republic of Armenia: Vol. III: From London to Sèvres, February–August 1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-Karagiannis-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karagiannis_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karagiannis_55-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Karagiannis, Emmanuel (2002). Energy and Security in the Caucasus. London: RoutledgeCurzon. hlm. 36, 40. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7007-1481-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7007-1481-2">0-7007-1481-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+and+Security+in+the+Caucasus&rft.place=London&rft.pages=36%2C+40&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7007-1481-2&rft.aulast=Karagiannis&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Mutafian, Claude (1994). "Karabagh in the Twentieth Century" in The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geo-Politics of Nagorno-Karabagh. London: Zed Books, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003130-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003130_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003130_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2003">de Waal 2003</a>, hlm. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Bradshaw, Michael J; George W. White (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporaryworl0000brad">Contemporary World Regional Geography: Global Connections, Local Voices</a>. New York: Mcgraw-Hill. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporaryworl0000brad/page/164">164</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-07-254975-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-07-254975-0">0-07-254975-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+World+Regional+Geography%3A+Global+Connections%2C+Local+Voices&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Mcgraw-Hill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-07-254975-0&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Michael+J&rft.au=George+W.+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontemporaryworl0000brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Yamskov, A. N. "Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh." Theory and Society, Vol. 20, No. 5, Special Issue on Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet Union October 1991, p. 659. Retrieved 13 February 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Swkv6UojgfA">"Nagorno-Karabakh: Europe's Post-Soviet 'Frozen War'"</a>. NowThis World. Diakses tanggal 26 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NowThis+World&rft.atitle=Nagorno-Karabakh%3A+Europe%E2%80%99s+Post-Soviet+%E2%80%98Frozen+War%E2%80%99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DSwkv6UojgfA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Christoph Zürcher, The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus (New York: New York University Press, 2007), pp 153–154 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Weisbrode, Kenneth (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centraleurasiapr0000weis">Central Eurasia – Prize or Quicksand?: Contending Views of Instability in Karabakh, Ferghana and Afghanistan</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centraleurasiapr0000weis/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-851070-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-851070-5">0-19-851070-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Eurasia+%E2%80%93+Prize+or+Quicksand%3F%3A+Contending+Views+of+Instability+in+Karabakh%2C+Ferghana+and+Afghanistan&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-851070-5&rft.aulast=Weisbrode&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcentraleurasiapr0000weis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Libaridian-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Libaridian_63-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerard_Libaridian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerard Libaridian (halaman belum tersedia)">Libaridian, Gerard</a> (1988). The Karabagh file: documents and facts on the region of Mountainous Karabagh, 1918–1988. New York: Zoryan Institute for Contemporary Armenian Research & Documentation. hlm. 150. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-916431-26-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-916431-26-6">0-916431-26-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Karabagh+file%3A+documents+and+facts+on+the+region+of+Mountainous+Karabagh%2C+1918%E2%80%931988&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Zoryan+Institute+for+Contemporary+Armenian+Research+%26+Documentation&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-916431-26-6&rft.aulast=Libaridian&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Nadein-Raevski, V. "The Azerbaijani Armenian Conflict" in Ethnicity and Conflict in a Post-Communist World. Rupesinghe, K., King, P., Vorkunova, O. (eds.) New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Christoph Zürcher, The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus (New York: New York University Press, 2007), pp. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gilbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Gilbert (halaman belum tersedia)">Gilbert, Martin</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoftwentie0000gilb_a7a5">A History of the Twentieth Century: The Concise Edition of the Acclaimed World History</a>. New York: Harper Collins. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoftwentie0000gilb_a7a5/page/n594">594</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-06-050594-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-06-050594-X">0-06-050594-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+The+Concise+Edition+of+the+Acclaimed+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=594&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-06-050594-X&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoftwentie0000gilb_a7a5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200310-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200310_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2003">de Waal 2003</a>, hlm. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003289-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003289_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2003">de Waal 2003</a>, hlm. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archie_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archie Brown (halaman belum tersedia)">Brown, Archie</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gorbachevfactor0000brow">The Gorbachev Factor</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gorbachevfactor0000brow/page/262">262</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-288052-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-288052-7">0-19-288052-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gorbachev+Factor&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-288052-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Archie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgorbachevfactor0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> (Rusia) Anon. "Кто на стыке интересов? США, Россия и новая реальность на границе с Ираном" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regnum.ru/english/628362.html">Who is at the turn of interests? US, Russia and new reality on the border with Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121124110914/http://www.regnum.ru/english/628362.html">Diarsipkan</a> 24 November 2012 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnum_news_agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regnum news agency (halaman belum tersedia)">Regnum</a>. 4 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lobell, Steven E.; Philip Mauceri (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicconflictin00lobe">Ethnic Conflict and International Politics: Explaining Diffusion and Escalation</a>. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicconflictin00lobe/page/n64">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4039-6356-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4039-6356-8">1-4039-6356-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Conflict+and+International+Politics%3A+Explaining+Diffusion+and+Escalation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4039-6356-8&rft.aulast=Lobell&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.&rft.au=Philip+Mauceri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethnicconflictin00lobe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200323-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200323_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2003">de Waal 2003</a>, hlm. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smallnations-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smallnations_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smallnations_73-1">b</a> Cornell, Svante E. Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus. London: Routledge, 2001. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7007-1162-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7007-1162-7">0-7007-1162-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rost-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rost_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rost_74-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Rost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Rost (halaman belum tersedia)">Rost, Yuri</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniantragedy0000rost_b1a5">The Armenian Tragedy: An Eye-Witness Account of Human Conflict and Natural Disaster in Armenia and Azerbaijan</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniantragedy0000rost_b1a5/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-312-04611-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-312-04611-1">0-312-04611-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Tragedy%3A+An+Eye-Witness+Account+of+Human+Conflict+and+Natural+Disaster+in+Armenia+and+Azerbaijan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-312-04611-1&rft.aulast=Rost&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniantragedy0000rost_b1a5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufman-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman_75-2">c</a> <cite class="citation book">Kaufman, Stuart (2001). Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. New York: Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. hlm. 49–66. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8014-8736-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8014-8736-6">0-8014-8736-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Hatreds%3A+The+Symbolic+Politics+of+Ethnic+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=49-66&rft.pub=Cornell+Studies+in+Security+Affairs&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8014-8736-6&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200330-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200330_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2003">de Waal 2003</a>, hlm. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> It has been argued that very little is known about these incidents because they were allegedly suppressed by authorities: see de Waal, Black Garden, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> (Rusia) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/karabah/getashen/chapter1.htm">Chronology of the conflict</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305185925/http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/karabah/getashen/chapter1.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-03-05 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memorial_(society)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memorial (society) (halaman belum tersedia)">Memorial</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> (Rusia) Kulish, O. and Melikov, D. Socialist Industry. 27 March 1988. Retrieved 30 March 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Remnick, David. "Hate Runs High in Soviet Union's Most Explosive Ethnic Feud." <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 6 September 1989. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> See <cite class="citation book">Shahmuratian, Samvel (ed.) (1990). The Sumgait Tragedy: Pogroms Against Armenians in Soviet Azerbaijan. New York: Zoryan Institute. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-89241-490-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-89241-490-1">0-89241-490-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sumgait+Tragedy%3A+Pogroms+Against+Armenians+in+Soviet+Azerbaijan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Zoryan+Institute&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-89241-490-1&rft.aulast=Shahmuratian&rft.aufirst=Samvel+%28ed.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> See Donald E. Miller and Lorna Touryan Miller (2003), Armenia: Portraits of Survival and Hope. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-520-23492-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-520-23492-8">0-520-23492-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919, Vol. I. Berkeley: University of California Press. hlm. 91. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-520-01984-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-520-01984-9">0-520-01984-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Armenia%3A+The+First+Year%2C+1918%E2%80%931919%2C+Vol.+I&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-520-01984-9&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-MakingofNK-84"><a href="#cite_ref-MakingofNK_84-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Levon_Chorbajian" title="Levon Chorbajian">Chorbajian, Levon</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingnagornokar00chor">The Making of Nagorno-Karabagh: From Secession to Republic</a>. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingnagornokar00chor/page/1">1</a>, 16 213. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-333-77340-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-333-77340-3">0-333-77340-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Nagorno-Karabagh%3A+From+Secession+to+Republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1%2C+16+213&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-333-77340-3&rft.aulast=Chorbajian&rft.aufirst=Levon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingnagornokar00chor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-cornell-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cornell_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cornell_85-1">b</a> Svante E. Cornell. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagorno-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local">The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531191005/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagorno-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local">Diarsipkan</a> 31 May 2011 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.." Report No 46, Department of East European Studies, Uppsala University, 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Letter_86-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606153054/http://www.un.int/azerbaijan/pdf/Updates/24%20dec%202009%20letter.pdf">"Letter dated December 23, 2009 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General"</a> (PDF). United Nations. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.int/azerbaijan/pdf/Updates/24%20dec%202009%20letter.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 6 June 2011. Diakses tanggal 4 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+dated+December+23%2C+2009+from+the+Permanent+Representative+of+Azerbaijan+to+the+United+Nations+addressed+to+the+Secretary-General&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.int%2Fazerbaijan%2Fpdf%2FUpdates%2F24%2520dec%25202009%2520letter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> (Rusia) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumgait.info/press/express-chronicle/express-chronicle-910416.htm">Pogroms in Armenia: Opinions, Conjecture and Facts</a>. Interview with Head of the Armenian Committee for National Security Husik Harutyunyan. Ekspress-Khronika. No. 16. 16 April 1991. Retrieved 1 August 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Hofheinz, Paul (5 December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110124170838/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,956447,00.html">"Nationalities People Power, Soviet Style"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,956447,00.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-01-24. Diakses tanggal 2 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Nationalities+People+Power%2C+Soviet+Style&rft.date=1988-12-05&rft.aulast=Hofheinz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C956447%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Hofheinz-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Hofheinz_89-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Hofheinz, Paul (23 October 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050317044925/http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,958833,00.html">"On the Edge of Civil War"</a>. Time. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,958833,00.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2005-03-17. Diakses tanggal 13 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=On+the+Edge+of+Civil+War&rft.date=1989-10-23&rft.aulast=Hofheinz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Farchive%2Fpreview%2F0%2C10987%2C958833%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/05/how-the-crisis-over-nagorno-karabakh-could-get-worse-fast/">"The crisis over Nagorno-Karabakh, explained"</a>. The Washington Post. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+crisis+over+Nagorno-Karabakh%2C+explained&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2016%2F04%2F05%2Fhow-the-crisis-over-nagorno-karabakh-could-get-worse-fast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200362-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200362_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2003">de Waal 2003</a>, hlm. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/armenia/conditional-coexistenceyezidi-armenia">"A Conditional Coexistence:Yezidi in Armenia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Conditional+Coexistence%3AYezidi+in+Armenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalsurvival.org%2Fpublications%2Fcultural-survival-quarterly%2Farmenia%2Fconditional-coexistenceyezidi-armenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Audrey-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Audrey_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Audrey_93-1">b</a> Altstadt, Audrey L. The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1992, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Smolowe, Jill (29 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050909033028/http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,969280,00.html">"The Killing Zone"</a>. TIME Magazine. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,969280,00.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2005-09-09. Diakses tanggal 25 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Killing+Zone&rft.date=1990-01-29&rft.aulast=Smolowe&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Farchive%2Fpreview%2F0%2C10987%2C969280%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Abu-Hamad, Aziz, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/reports/1995/communal/">Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011042435/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/communal/">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-10-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Human Rights Watch. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cullen-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen_96-1">b</a> Cullen, Robert. "A Reporter at Large, Roots." <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. 15 April 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-Аскипар-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Аскипар_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Аскипар_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Аскипар_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Аскипар_97-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Аскипар_97-4">e</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc-rss.aspx?DocsID=266481"><bdi lang="ru">АРМЕНИЯ – АЗЕРБАЙДЖАН: ЭТО УЖЕ ПРОСТО ВОЙНА</bdi></a>. Vlasts (dalam bahasa Rusia). 20 August 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vlasts&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF+%E2%80%93+%D0%90%D0%97%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%91%D0%90%D0%99%D0%94%D0%96%D0%90%D0%9D%3A+%D0%AD%D0%A2%D0%9E+%D0%A3%D0%96%D0%95+%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%99%D0%9D%D0%90&rft.date=1990-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc-rss.aspx%3FDocsID%3D266481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Mutalibov stated in this regard, "Я помню, как мы в свое время с помощью русских смогли очистить от армян около 30 сел вокруг Гянджи... Мы были близки даже к освобождению всего Карабаха, но внутренние распри, разногласия, междоусобицы свели на нет наши старания" (I remember how we with the help of Russians managed to cleanse from Armenians 30 villages around Gyandja… we were even close to the liberation of the whole Karabakh but our inner disagreements diminished our efforts). 1news.az 18 November 2008 Аяз Муталибов: "Если мы с Москвой будем говорить четко, я думаю, мы сможем завоевать ее расположение по Карабахской проблеме" </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Croissant. The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw-100"><a href="#cite_ref-hrw_100-0">^</a> Human Rights Watch. Bloodshed in the Caucucasus. Escalation of the armed conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. 1992 p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/publications/VOSKEPAR_files/VOSKEPAR.html">Report by Professor Richard Wilson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060342/http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/publications/VOSKEPAR_files/VOSKEPAR.html">Diarsipkan</a> 21 September 2013 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "On the Visit to the Armenian-Azerbaijani Border, May 25–29, 1991" Presented to the First International Sakharov Conference on Physics, Lebedev Institute, Moscow on 31 May 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-vestnik-102"><a href="#cite_ref-vestnik_102-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130704164503/http://karabakhrecords.info/gallery/%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B4%D0%B6-%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5-%D0%B2-%D1%81/">"Отчет Дж. Томаса Бертранда о поездке в село Атерк Мардакертского района Нагорного Карабаха – KarabakhRecords"</a>. karabakhrecords.info. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://karabakhrecords.info/gallery/%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B4%D0%B6-%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5-%D0%B2-%D1%81/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-07-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=karabakhrecords.info&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%94%D0%B6.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+KarabakhRecords&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkarabakhrecords.info%2Fgallery%2F%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582-%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B6-%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25BE-%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5-%25D0%25B2-%25D1%2581%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705185255/http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/nagorny-karabakh/keytexts6.php">"Zheleznovodsk Declaration"</a>. 23 September 1991. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/nagorny-karabakh/keytexts6.php">versi asli</a> tanggal 5 July 2010. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zheleznovodsk+Declaration&rft.date=1991-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-r.org%2Four-work%2Faccord%2Fnagorny-karabakh%2Fkeytexts6.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Nuykin, Andrey. "Karabkhsky dnevnik". Izvestia. 19 October 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Eichensehr, Kristen; Reisman, W.Michael (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=tjcSb5Yw2_UC&pg=PA55&dq=November+20+Azerbaijan+helicopter&q">Stopping Wars and Making Peace: Studies in International Intervention</a>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. hlm. 54. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-90-04-17855-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-90-04-17855-7">978-90-04-17855-7</a>. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stopping+Wars+and+Making+Peace%3A+Studies+in+International+Intervention&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17855-7&rft.aulast=Eichensehr&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft.au=Reisman%2C+W.Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DtjcSb5Yw2_UC%26pg%3DPA55%26dq%3DNovember%2B20%2BAzerbaijan%2Bhelicopter%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-memo-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-memo_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-memo_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-memo_106-2">c</a> (dalam bahasa Rusia) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/karabah/HOJALY/Chapter1.htm#_VPID_5">Доклад правозащитного центра «Мемориал» о массовых нарушениях прав человека, связанных с занятием населенного пункта Ходжалы в ночь с 25 на 26 февраля 1992 г. вооружёнными формированиями</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731043945/http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/karabah/Hojaly/Chapter1.htm#_VPID_5">Diarsipkan</a> 31 July 2010 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.." Memorial. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation news">"14 Killed as Azerbaijanis Disrupt Election". The Courier Mail/The Sunday Mail (Australia). 30 December 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Courier+Mail%2FThe+Sunday+Mail+%28Australia%29&rft.atitle=14+Killed+as+Azerbaijanis+Disrupt+Election&rft.date=1991-12-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation news">"Shelling kills 14 people in Azerbaijan". The Advertiser/Sunday Mail (Adelaide, South Australia). 30 December 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advertiser%2FSunday+Mail+%28Adelaide%2C+South+Australia%29&rft.atitle=Shelling+kills+14+people+in+Azerbaijan&rft.date=1991-12-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <cite class="citation news">"Untitled". The Mercury/Sunday Tasmanian (Australia). 30 December 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury%2FSunday+Tasmanian+%28Australia%29&rft.atitle=Untitled&rft.date=1991-12-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Вывод_ВВ-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Вывод_ВВ_110-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Dmitrii Faydengold (30 December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2213"><bdi lang="ru">Завершен вывод войск из Нагорного Карабаха</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommersant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kommersant (halaman belum tersedia)">Kommersant</a> (dalam bahasa Rusia).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kommersant&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0&rft.date=1991-12-30&rft.au=Dmitrii+Faydengold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F2213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-timestepanakert-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timestepanakert_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-timestepanakert_111-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news">Carney, James (13 April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310121157/http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,975278,00.html">"Former Soviet Union Carnage in Karabakh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,975278,00.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 10 March 2005. Diakses tanggal 13 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Former+Soviet+Union+Carnage+in+Karabakh&rft.date=1992-04-13&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Farchive%2Fpreview%2F0%2C10987%2C975278%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003199-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003199_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003199_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2003">de Waal 2003</a>, hlm. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Smith, Hedrick (1991). The New Russians. New York: Harper Perennial. hlm. 344–345. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-380-71651-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-380-71651-8">0-380-71651-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Russians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=344-345&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-380-71651-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Hedrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_907&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 907 (halaman belum tersedia)">Section 907 of the Freedom Support Act</a>. Humanitarian aid was not explicitly banned but such supplies had to be routed through indirectly to aid organizations. On 25 January 2002, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> signed a waiver that effectively repealed Section 907, thereby removing any restrictions that were barring the United States from sending military aid to Azerbaijan; military parity is maintained toward both sides. For more information, see here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020130-6.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111031141346/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020130-6.html">Diarsipkan</a> 31 October 2011 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Azerbaijan continues to maintain their road and air blockade against Armenia. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003208-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003208_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2003">de Waal 2003</a>, hlm. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-LOCStudies-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOCStudies_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOCStudies_116-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Curtis, Glenn E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniaazerbaija00curt">Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia Country Studies</a>. Washington D.C.: Federal Research Division Library of Congress. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8444-0848-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8444-0848-4">0-8444-0848-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%2C+Azerbaijan+and+Georgia+Country+Studies&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8444-0848-4&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Glenn+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniaazerbaija00curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813215040/http://www.rawa.org/reports3.html#Hek">"Hekmatyar sending troops to Azerbaijan"</a>. Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan. 23 May 1994. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rawa.org/reports3.html#Hek">versi asli</a> tanggal 13 August 2013. Diakses tanggal 23 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hekmatyar+sending+troops+to+Azerbaijan&rft.date=1994-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rawa.org%2Freports3.html%23Hek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APerang+Nagorno-Karabakh" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar pustaka">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="references-small"> <ul><li>Chorbajian, Levon, Patrick Donabedian, and Claude Mutafian (1994). 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Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York: <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></li> <li>Karny, Yo'av (2000). Highlanders: A Journey to the Caucasus in Quest of Memory. New York: Douglas & McIntyre</li> <li>Kaufman, Stuart (2001). Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. New York: Cornell Studies in Security Affairs</li> <li>Libaridian, Gerard (1988). The Karabagh Berkas: Documents and facts on the region of Mountainous Karabagh, 1918–1988. Zoryan Institute for Contemporary Armenian Research & Documentation; 1st ed edition</li> <li>Malkasian, Mark (1996). Gha-Ra-Bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayne_State_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayne State University Press (halaman belum tersedia)">Wayne State University Press</a></li> <li>Melkonian, Markar (2005). My Brother's Road, An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia. New York: I.B. Tauris</li> <li>Rost, Yuri (1990). The Armenian Tragedy: An Eye-Witness Account of Human Conflict and Natural Disaster in Armenia and Azerbaijan. New York: St. Martin's Press</li> <li>Shamuratian, Samvel ed (1990). The Sumgait Tragedy: Pogroms Against Armenians in Soviet Azerbaijan. New York: Zoryan Institute</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/nagorno-karabakh.htm">Military Analysis of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a> by <a href="/wiki/GlobalSecurity.org" title="GlobalSecurity.org">GlobalSecurity.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icbl.org/lm/2005/nagorno-karabakh.html">A 2005 report on the status of undetonated land mines in Nagorno-Karabakh</a> compiled by the <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/02/908366e9-f535-4958-9383-09f351a1ef0c.html">A chronology of the events of Nagorno-Karabakh from 1988 to Present</a> by Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc04/EDOC10364APPENDIX.PDF">The conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region as dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcr.uu.se/publications/cornell_pub/main_doc.pdf">Undeclared War: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict Reconsidered by Svante Cornell</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati">pranala nonaktif permanen</a>]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nkr.am/eng/">The official website of the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218161655/http://www.nkr.am/eng/">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-12-18 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3658938.stm">Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh</a> Overview of the region by the BBC</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archfilm.net/darkforestmain.htm">Dark Forest in the Mountains</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati">pranala nonaktif permanen</a>] - a documentary film by Roger Kupelian featuring live war footage from Armenian positions.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLrrG1q2Uzo&feature=user">A Story of People in War and Peace: Preview</a> - a documentary film by Armenia's Vardan Hovhannisyan, who won the prize for best new documentary filmmaker at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival in New York, about the conflict in Nagorno Karabakh.</li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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