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href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrualga" title="Mikrualga – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Mikrualga" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microalga" title="Microalga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Microalga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikro%C5%99asy" title="Mikrořasy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mikrořasy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroalge" title="Mikroalge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mikroalge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrof%C3%BC%C3%BCdid" title="Mikrofüüdid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mikrofüüdid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microalga" title="Microalga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Microalga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroalgoj" title="Mikroalgoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mikroalgoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroalga" title="Mikroalga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mikroalga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A8%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="ریزجلبک‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریزجلبک‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microalgue" title="Microalgue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Microalgue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%84%B8_%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98" title="미세 조류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미세 조류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroalga" title="Mikroalga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mikroalga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microalga" title="Microalga – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Microalga" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A1%C3%BE%C3%B6rungar" title="Smáþörungar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Smáþörungar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%97" title="മൈക്രോഅൽഗ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൈക്രോഅൽഗ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microalgen" title="Microalgen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Microalgen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%97%BB%E9%A1%9E" title="微細藻類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="微細藻類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroalge" title="Mikroalge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mikroalge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microalga" title="Microalga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Microalga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofit" title="Mikrofit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mikrofit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrolev%C3%A4t" title="Mikrolevät – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mikrolevät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Microscopic algae</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_10697_Microalgae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/CSIRO_ScienceImage_10697_Microalgae.jpg/300px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_10697_Microalgae.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/CSIRO_ScienceImage_10697_Microalgae.jpg/450px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_10697_Microalgae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/CSIRO_ScienceImage_10697_Microalgae.jpg/600px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_10697_Microalgae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1127" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/Nannochloropsis" title="Nannochloropsis">Nannochloropsis</a></i> microalgae</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_2970_Collection_of_microalgae_cultures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2970_Collection_of_microalgae_cultures.jpg/300px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_2970_Collection_of_microalgae_cultures.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2970_Collection_of_microalgae_cultures.jpg/450px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_2970_Collection_of_microalgae_cultures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2970_Collection_of_microalgae_cultures.jpg/600px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_2970_Collection_of_microalgae_cultures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>Collection of microalgae cultures in <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a>'s lab</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Microalgae</b> or <b>microphytes</b> are <a href="/wiki/Microscopic_scale" title="Microscopic scale">microscopic</a> <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> invisible to the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a>. They are <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> typically found in <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine</a> systems, living in both the <a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thurman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thurman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular</a> species which exist individually, or in chains or groups. Depending on the species, their sizes can range from a few micrometers (μm) to a few hundred micrometers. Unlike higher plants, microalgae do not have roots, stems, or leaves. They are specially adapted to an environment dominated by viscous forces. </p><p>Microalgae, capable of performing <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, are important for life on earth; they produce approximately half of the atmospheric oxygen<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and use the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> carbon dioxide to grow photoautotrophically. "Marine photosynthesis is dominated by microalgae, which together with <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>, are collectively called <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microalgae, together with bacteria, form the base of the <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a> and provide energy for all the <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a> above them. Microalgae <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> is often measured with <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_a" title="Chlorophyll a">chlorophyll <i>a</i></a> concentrations and can provide a useful index of potential production.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of microalgae is enormous and they represent an almost untapped resource. It has been estimated that about 200,000-800,000 species in many different genera exist of which about 50,000 species are described.<sup id="cite_ref-Flanders_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flanders-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 15,000 novel compounds originating from algal biomass have been chemically determined.<sup id="cite_ref-Cardozo2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardozo2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sterol" title="Sterol">sterols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22586907_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22586907-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides providing these valuable metabolites, microalgae are regarded as a potential feedstock for <a href="/wiki/Biofuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Biofuels">biofuels</a> and has also emerged as a promising microorganism in <a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">bioremediation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yuvraj_305_318_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yuvraj_305_318-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An exception to the microalgae family is the colorless <i><a href="/wiki/Prototheca" title="Prototheca">Prototheca</a></i> which are devoid of any <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>. These achlorophic algae switch to <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitism</a> and thus cause the disease <a href="/wiki/Protothecosis" title="Protothecosis">protothecosis</a> in human and animals. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_and_uses">Characteristics and uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microalgae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics and uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#82C3D8; padding:0.2em; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_phytoplankton_community_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phytoplankton"><img alt="Phytoplankton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mixed_phytoplankton_community_2.png/250px-Mixed_phytoplankton_community_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mixed_phytoplankton_community_2.png/375px-Mixed_phytoplankton_community_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mixed_phytoplankton_community_2.png/500px-Mixed_phytoplankton_community_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Plankton#Trophic_groups" title="Plankton">Trophic mode</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixoplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixoplankton">Mixoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplankton" title="Mycoplankton">Mycoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterioplankton" title="Bacterioplankton">Bacterioplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Virioplankton</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Plankton#Size_groups" title="Plankton">By size</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrophic_picoplankton" title="Heterotrophic picoplankton">Heterotrophic picoplankton</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microzooplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Microzooplankton">Microzooplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanophytoplankton" title="Nanophytoplankton">Nanophytoplankton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_nannofossils" title="Calcareous nannofossils">calcareous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic_picoplankton" title="Photosynthetic picoplankton">Photosynthetic picoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picoeukaryote" title="Picoeukaryote">Picoeukaryote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picoplankton" title="Picoplankton">Picoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine microplankton">Marine microplankton</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">By taxonomy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_algae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine algae">Algae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccolithophore" title="Coccolithophore">coccolithophores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protozoans" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine protozoans">Protozoans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiolaria" title="Radiolaria">radiolarians</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foraminiferan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foraminiferan">foraminiferans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoeba" title="Amoeba">amoebae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliates" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliates">ciliates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes#Marine_bacteria" title="Marine prokaryotes">Bacteria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes#Cyanobacteria" title="Marine prokaryotes">cyanobacteria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes#Marine_archaea" title="Marine prokaryotes">Archaea</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Viruses</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">By habitat</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeroplankton" title="Aeroplankton">Aeroplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoplankton">Geoplankton</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_plankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine plankton">Marine plankton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes" title="Marine prokaryotes">prokaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">protists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_plankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater plankton">Freshwater plankton</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Other types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gelatinous_zooplankton" title="Gelatinous zooplankton">Gelatinous zooplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holoplankton" title="Holoplankton">Holoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoplankton" title="Ichthyoplankton">Ichthyoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroplankton" title="Meroplankton">Meroplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoplankton" title="Pseudoplankton">Pseudoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychoplankton" title="Tychoplankton">Tychoplankton</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Blooms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_depth" title="Critical depth">Critical depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacterial_bloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacterial bloom">Cyanobacterial bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom" title="Harmful algal bloom">Harmful algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_bloom" title="Spring bloom">Spring bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Atlantic_Sargassum_Belt" title="Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt">Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Calcite_Belt" title="Great Calcite Belt">Great Calcite Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milky_seas_effect" title="Milky seas effect">Milky seas effect</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLAW_hypothesis" title="CLAW hypothesis">CLAW hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_Plankton_Recorder" title="Continuous Plankton Recorder">CPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fertilization" title="Ocean fertilization">Ocean fertilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">iron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planktivore" title="Planktivore">Planktivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planktology" title="Planktology">Planktology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_layers_(oceanography)" title="Thin layers (oceanography)">Thin layers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Aerosols_and_Marine_Ecosystems_Study" title="North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study">NAAMES</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: #82C3D8; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A variety of unicellular and colonial freshwater microalgae</figcaption></figure> <p>The chemical composition of microalgae is not an intrinsic constant factor but varies over a wide range of factors, both depending on species and on cultivation conditions. Some microalgae have the capacity to acclimate to changes in environmental conditions by altering their chemical composition in response to environmental variability. A particularly dramatic example is their ability to replace phospholipids with non-phosphorus membrane lipids in phosphorus-depleted environments.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible to accumulate the desired products in microalgae to a large extent by changing environmental factors, like temperature, illumination, pH, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> supply, salt and nutrients. </p><p>Microphytes also produce chemical signals which contribute to prey selection, defense, and avoidance. These chemical signals affect large scale tropic structures such as <a href="/wiki/Algal_blooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Algal blooms">algal blooms</a> but propagate by simple diffusion and laminar advective flow.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EnvCond_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnvCond-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microalgae such as microphytes constitute the basic foodstuff for numerous aquaculture species, especially <a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">filtering bivalves</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photo-_and_chemosynthetic_algae">Photo- and chemosynthetic algae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microalgae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Photo- and chemosynthetic algae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Photosynthetic and chemosynthetic microbes can also form symbiotic relationships with host organisms. They provide them with vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids, necessary for the growth of the bivalves which are unable to synthesize it themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-microalgaeifremer_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microalgaeifremer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, because the cells grow in aqueous suspension, they have more efficient access to water, CO<sub>2</sub>, and other nutrients. </p><p>Microalgae play a major role in nutrient cycling and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">fixing inorganic carbon</a> into organic molecules and expressing <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in marine <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a> has become famous for its <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acid</a> content, fish do not actually produce omega-3s, instead accumulating their omega-3 reserves by consuming microalgae. These omega-3 fatty acids can be obtained in the human diet directly from the microalgae that produce them. </p><p>Microalgae can accumulate considerable amounts of proteins depending on species and cultivation conditions. Due to their ability to grow on non-arable land microalgae may provide an alternative protein source for human consumption or animal feed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microalgae proteins are also investigated as <a href="/wiki/Thickening_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Thickening agents">thickening agents</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">foam</a> stabilizers<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the food industry to replace animal based proteins. </p><p>Some microalgae accumulate <a href="/wiki/Chromophores" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromophores">chromophores</a> like <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carotenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotenoids">carotenoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phycobiliprotein" title="Phycobiliprotein">phycobiliproteins</a> or polyphenols that may be extracted and used as coloring agents.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation_of_microalgae">Cultivation of microalgae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microalgae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultivation of microalgae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_microalgae_in_hatcheries" title="Culture of microalgae in hatcheries">Culture of microalgae in hatcheries</a></div> <p>A range of microalgae species are produced in hatcheries and are used in a variety of ways for commercial purposes, including for <a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">human nutrition</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> of other organisms,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceuticals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as <a href="/wiki/Biofertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Biofertiliser">biofertiliser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the low cell density is a major bottleneck in commercial viability of many microalgae derived products, especially low cost commodities.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies have investigated the main factors in the success of a microalgae hatchery system to be:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Geometry and scale of cultivation systems (referred as <a href="/wiki/Photobioreactors" class="mw-redirect" title="Photobioreactors">photobioreactors</a>);</li> <li>Light intensity;</li> <li>Concentration of carbon dioxide (CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>) in the gas phase</li> <li>Nutrient levels (mainly N, P, K)</li> <li>Mixing of culture</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microalgae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlgaeBase" title="AlgaeBase">AlgaeBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_pond" title="Raceway pond">Raceway pond</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microalgae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thurman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thurman_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThurman1997" class="citation book cs1">Thurman, H. V. (1997). <i>Introductory Oceanography</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Journal+of+Chemical+Engineering&rft.atitle=Enhancement+of+Chlorella+vulgaris+cell+density%3A+Shake+flask+and+bench-top+photobioreactor+studies+to+identify+and+control+limiting+factors&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2396-2405&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11814-016-0087-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A99110136%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Yuvraj&rft.au=Ambarish+Sharan+Vidyarthi&rft.au=Jeeoot+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11814-016-0087-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicroalgae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuvrajPadmini_Padmanabhan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Yuvraj; Padmini Padmanabhan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0778-6">"Technical insight on the requirements for CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>-saturated growth of microalgae in photobioreactors"</a>. <i>3 Biotech</i>. <b>07</b> (2): 119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13205-017-0778-6">10.1007/s13205-017-0778-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451369">5451369</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28567633">28567633</a>.</cite><span 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class="citation journal cs1">Yuvraj; Ambarish Sharan Vidyarthi; Jeeoot Singh (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0087-5">"Enhancement of Chlorella vulgaris cell density: Shake flask and bench-top photobioreactor studies to identify and control limiting factors"</a></span>. <i>Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering</i>. <b>33</b> (8): 2396–2405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11814-016-0087-5">10.1007/s11814-016-0087-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:99110136">99110136</a>.</cite><span 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locomotion">Protist locomotion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoeboid_movement" title="Amoeboid movement">amoeboids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria_collective_motion" title="Bacteria collective motion">Bacteria collective motion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">Biofilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">Biological pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_the_Winner_hypothesis" title="Kill the Winner hypothesis">Kill the Winner hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_consortium" title="Microbial consortium">Microbial consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_cooperation" title="Microbial cooperation">Microbial cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_biodegradation" title="Microbial biodegradation">Microbial biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_cyst" title="Microbial cyst">Microbial cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">viral shunt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">Microbial mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_synergy" title="Microbial synergy">Microbial synergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">Microbiome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">microbiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holobiont" title="Holobiont">holobiont</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_sensing" title="Quorum sensing">Quorum sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_microbe_interactions_in_Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Host microbe interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans">Host microbe interactions in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_microbiome" title="Plant microbiome">Plant microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_microbiome" title="Root microbiome">Root microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_microbiome" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagrass microbiome">Seagrass microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_microbiology" title="Soil microbiology">Soil microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermosphere" title="Spermosphere">Spermosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Marine microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes" title="Marine prokaryotes">Marine prokaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">Marine protists</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Antarctic microorganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_microbiome" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral microbiome">Coral microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent_microbial_communities" title="Hydrothermal vent microbial communities">Hydrothermal vent microbial communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microbial_symbiosis" title="Marine microbial symbiosis">Marine microbial symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_oxidation_of_sulfur" title="Microbial oxidation of sulfur">Microbial oxidation of sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycosphere" title="Phycosphere">Phycosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picoeukaryote" title="Picoeukaryote">Picoeukaryote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Census_of_Marine_Microbes" title="International Census of Marine Microbes">International Census of Marine Microbes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_microbes" title="Human interactions with microbes">Microbes in human culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiomes_of_the_built_environment" title="Microbiomes of the built environment">Microbiomes of the built environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Food microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_oil" title="Microbial oil">Microbial oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_symbiosis_and_immunity" title="Microbial symbiosis and immunity">Microbial symbiosis and immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon-eating_bacteria" title="Nylon-eating bacteria">Nylon-eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_microbiome" title="Human microbiome">Human microbiome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asthma-related_microbes" title="Asthma-related microbes">asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysbiosis" title="Dysbiosis">dysbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_microbiota_transplant" title="Fecal microbiota transplant">fecal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_microbiota" title="Gut microbiota">gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung_microbiota" title="Lung microbiota">lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_microbiology" title="Oral microbiology">mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_flora" title="Skin flora">skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_flora" title="Vaginal flora">vagina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_flora_in_pregnancy" title="Vaginal flora in pregnancy">in pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_microbiome" title="Placental microbiome">placenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_microbiome" title="Uterine microbiome">uterus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project" title="Human Microbiome Project">Human Microbiome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_production" title="Protein production">Protein production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_microbial_consortia" title="Synthetic microbial consortia">Synthetic microbial consortia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark-field_microscopy" title="Dark-field microscopy">Dark-field microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impedance_microbiology" title="Impedance microbiology">Impedance microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_cytology" title="Microbial cytology">Microbial cytology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_DNA_barcoding" title="Microbial DNA barcoding">Microbial DNA barcoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">Microbiological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">Staining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_biosphere" title="Deep biosphere">Deep biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_dark_matter" title="Microbial dark matter">Microbial dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microswimmer" title="Microswimmer">Microswimmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biohybrid_microswimmer" title="Biohybrid microswimmer">biohybrid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lines_on_the_Antiquity_of_Microbes" title="Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes">Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbially_induced_sedimentary_structure" title="Microbially induced sedimentary structure">Microbially induced sedimentary structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omics" title="Omics">Omics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_factors_affecting_microbial_life" title="Physical factors affecting microbial life">Physical factors affecting microbial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderophore" title="Siderophore">Siderophore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Microorganisms" title="Category:Microorganisms">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plankton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plankton" title="Template:Plankton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plankton" title="Template talk:Plankton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plankton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plankton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plankton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLAW_hypothesis" title="CLAW hypothesis">CLAW hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:High_lipid_content_microalgae" title="Category:High lipid content microalgae">High lipid content microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holoplankton" title="Holoplankton">Holoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Marine microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroplankton" title="Meroplankton">Meroplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplankton" title="Mycoplankton">Mycoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milky_seas_effect" title="Milky seas effect">Milky seas effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planktivore" title="Planktivore">Planktivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planktology" title="Planktology">Planktology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">Red tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_bloom" title="Spring bloom">Spring bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_layers_(oceanography)" title="Thin layers (oceanography)">Thin layers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Planktology" title="Category:Planktology">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/140px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/210px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/280px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eukaryotic_picoplankton_species" title="List of eukaryotic picoplankton species">Eukaryotic picoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrophic_picoplankton" title="Heterotrophic picoplankton">Heterotrophic picoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine microplankton">Marine microplankton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Microphyte (microalgae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanophytoplankton" title="Nanophytoplankton">Nanophytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic_picoplankton" title="Photosynthetic picoplankton">Photosynthetic picoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picobiliphyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Picobiliphyte">Picobiliphyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picoeukaryote" title="Picoeukaryote">Picoeukaryote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picoplankton" title="Picoplankton">Picoplankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacterioplankton" title="Bacterioplankton">Bacterioplankton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_salmonicida" title="Aeromonas salmonicida">Aeromonas salmonicida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobiont" title="Cyanobiont">Cyanobiont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotoxin" title="Cyanotoxin">Cyanotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteric_redmouth_disease" title="Enteric redmouth disease">Enteric redmouth disease</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flavobacterium" title="Flavobacterium">Flavobacterium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flavobacterium_columnare" title="Flavobacterium columnare">Flavobacterium columnare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelagibacter_ubique" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagibacter ubique">Pelagibacter ubique</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteriophage">Marine bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagibacterales" title="Pelagibacterales">SAR11 clade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_iniae" title="Streptococcus iniae">Streptococcus iniae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxospore" title="Auxospore">Auxospore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axodine" title="Axodine">Axodine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacteriastrum" title="Bacteriastrum">Bacteriastrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaetoceros" title="Chaetoceros">Chaetoceros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetocerotaceae" title="Chaetocerotaceae">Chaetocerotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccolithophore" title="Coccolithophore">Coccolithophore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emiliania_huxleyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Emiliania huxleyi">Emiliania huxleyi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustigmatophyte" title="Eustigmatophyte">Eustigmatophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustule" title="Frustule">Frustule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramenopile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nannochloropsis" title="Nannochloropsis">Nannochloropsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navicula" title="Navicula">Navicula</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasinophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasinophyceae">Prasinophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphidophyte" title="Raphidophyte">Raphidophyte</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thalassiosira_pseudonana" title="Thalassiosira pseudonana">Thalassiosira pseudonana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">Diatom orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coscinodiscophyceae" title="Coscinodiscophyceae">Centrales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennales" title="Pennales">Pennales</a> <ul><li>Classes: <a href="/wiki/Coscinodiscophyceae" title="Coscinodiscophyceae">Coscinodiscophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragilariophyceae" title="Fragilariophyceae">Fragilariophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">Bacillariophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flagellate" title="Flagellate">Flagellates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">Brevetoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">Choanoflagellates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">Flagellum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pfiesteria_piscicida" title="Pfiesteria piscicida">Pfiesteria piscicida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symbiodinium" title="Symbiodinium">Symbiodinium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_(fish_disease)" title="Velvet (fish disease)">Velvet (fish disease)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatinous_zooplankton" title="Gelatinous zooplankton">Gelatinous zooplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_copepods" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting copepods">Hunting copepods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoplankton" title="Ichthyoplankton">Ichthyoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Marine larvae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crustacean_larva" title="Crustacean larva">Crustacean larvae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_louse" title="Salmon louse">Salmon louse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_louse" title="Sea louse">Sea louse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">Copepod orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calanoida" title="Calanoida">Calanoida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopoida" title="Cyclopoida">Cyclopoida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpacticoida" title="Harpacticoida">Harpacticoida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monstrilloida" title="Monstrilloida">Monstrilloida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poecilostomatoida" title="Poecilostomatoida">Poecilostomatoida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphonostomatoida" title="Siphonostomatoida">Siphonostomatoida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copepods" title="Category:Copepods">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeroplankton" title="Aeroplankton">Aeroplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_mat" title="Algal mat">Algal mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_nutrient_solution" title="Algal nutrient solution">Algal nutrient solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_seawater" title="Artificial seawater">Artificial seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">Autotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">Biological pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylsulfoniopropionate" title="Dimethylsulfoniopropionate">Dimethylsulfoniopropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">Heterotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-nutrient,_low-chlorophyll_regions" title="High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions">HNLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">Macroalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manta_trawl" title="Manta trawl">Manta trawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_snot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea snot">Marine mucilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">Microbial mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Marine microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoplankton" title="Pseudoplankton">Pseudoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromatolite" title="Stromatolite">Stromatolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychoplankton" title="Tychoplankton">Tychoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoid" title="Zoid">Zoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Microbial_Oceanography:_Research_and_Education" title="Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education">C-MORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_Plankton_Recorder" title="Continuous Plankton Recorder">CPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Continuous_Plankton_Recorder_Survey" title="Australian Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey">AusCPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOCNESS" title="MOCNESS">MOCNESS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCAR_Southern_Ocean_Continuous_Plankton_Recorder_Survey" title="SCAR Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey">SCAR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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