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</button> <ul id="toc-Development_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_instance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_instance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span><span>First instance</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_instance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_Gemini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_Gemini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Project Gemini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_Gemini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_crew_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_crew_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span><span>First crew transfer</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_crew_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apollo_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apollo_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span><span>Apollo missions</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apollo_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Apollo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Apollo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span><span>Post-Apollo</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Apollo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span><span>By China</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_SpaceX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_SpaceX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>By SpaceX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_SpaceX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Milestones</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Milestones-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Milestones subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capability_milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capability_milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Capability milestones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capability_milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_cumulative_duration_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_cumulative_duration_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Personal cumulative duration records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_cumulative_duration_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National,_ethnic_and_gender_firsts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National,_ethnic_and_gender_firsts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>National, ethnic and gender firsts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National,_ethnic_and_gender_firsts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Designations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Designations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camp-out_procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camp-out_procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Camp-out procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camp-out_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Extravehicular activity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtewandeling" title="Ruimtewandeling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ruimtewandeling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="نشاط خارج المركبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نشاط خارج المركبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1q_kosmosa_%C3%A7%C4%B1x%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Açıq kosmosa çıxış – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Açıq kosmosa çıxış" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Излизане в открития космос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Излизане в открития космос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activitat_extravehicular" title="Activitat extravehicular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Activitat extravehicular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDstup_do_vesm%C3%ADru" title="Výstup do vesmíru – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výstup do vesmíru" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumvandring" title="Rumvandring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rumvandring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C3%9Fenbordeinsatz" title="Außenbordeinsatz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Außenbordeinsatz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Δραστηριότητα εκτός σκάφους – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δραστηριότητα εκτός σκάφους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actividad_extravehicular" title="Actividad extravehicular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Actividad extravehicular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksterveturila_agado" title="Eksterveturila agado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eksterveturila agado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontziz_kanpoko_ibilaldi" title="Ontziz kanpoko ibilaldi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ontziz kanpoko ibilaldi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="راه‌پیمایی فضایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راه‌پیمایی فضایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortie_extrav%C3%A9hiculaire" title="Sortie extravéhiculaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sortie extravéhiculaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EC%99%B8%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99" title="선외활동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선외활동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="चहलकदमी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चहलकदमी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kegiatan_luar_kendaraan" title="Kegiatan luar kendaraan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kegiatan luar kendaraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attivit%C3%A0_extraveicolare" title="Attività extraveicolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Attività extraveicolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A5-%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פעילות חוץ-רכבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פעילות חוץ-רכבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izie%C5%A1ana_kosmos%C4%81" title="Iziešana kosmosā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iziešana kosmosā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baussebordasaz" title="Baussebordasaz – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Baussebordasaz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B0rs%C3%A9ta" title="Űrséta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Űrséta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="चहलकदमी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चहलकदमी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiviti_luar_kenderaan" title="Aktiviti luar kenderaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aktiviti luar kenderaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtewandeling" title="Ruimtewandeling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruimtewandeling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E5%A4%96%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95" title="船外活動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="船外活動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romvandring" title="Romvandring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romvandring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romvandring" title="Romvandring – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romvandring" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortida_extrave%C3%AFculara" title="Sortida extraveïculara – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sortida extraveïculara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmik_yurish" title="Kosmik yurish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kosmik yurish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacer_kosmiczny" title="Spacer kosmiczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spacer kosmiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atividade_extraveicular" title="Atividade extraveicular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atividade extraveicular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activitate_extravehicular%C4%83" title="Activitate extravehiculară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Activitate extravehiculară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Выход в открытый космос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Выход в открытый космос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A-%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B8" title="බහිර්-යානා ක්‍රියාකාරකම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බහිර්-යානා ක්‍රියාකාරකම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Extravehicular activity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%8C" title="خلائي پنڌ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="خلائي پنڌ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDstup_do_otvoren%C3%A9ho_vesm%C3%ADru" title="Výstup do otvoreného vesmíru – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Výstup do otvoreného vesmíru" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesoljski_sprehod" title="Vesoljski sprehod – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vesoljski sprehod" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Излазак у отворени свемир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Излазак у отворени свемир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaruusk%C3%A4vely" title="Avaruuskävely – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avaruuskävely" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymdpromenad" title="Rymdpromenad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rymdpromenad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="விண்வெளி நடை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்வெளி நடை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzay_ta%C5%9F%C4%B1t%C4%B1_d%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1_etkinlik" title="Uzay taşıtı dışı etkinlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uzay taşıtı dışı etkinlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Spacewalk" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spacewalk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Spacewalk (disambiguation)">Spacewalk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volkov_during_Russian_EVA28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Volkov_during_Russian_EVA28.jpg/220px-Volkov_during_Russian_EVA28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Volkov_during_Russian_EVA28.jpg/330px-Volkov_during_Russian_EVA28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Volkov_during_Russian_EVA28.jpg/440px-Volkov_during_Russian_EVA28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Volkov_(cosmonaut)" title="Sergey Volkov (cosmonaut)">Sergey Volkov</a> works outside the International Space Station on August 3, 2011.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts114_033.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sts114_033.jpg/170px-Sts114_033.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sts114_033.jpg/255px-Sts114_033.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sts114_033.jpg/340px-Sts114_033.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Robinson" title="Stephen Robinson">Stephen Robinson</a> riding the <a href="/wiki/Canadarm2" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadarm2">Canadarm2</a> during <a href="/wiki/STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a> on August 3, 2005. The first in-flight repair of the Space Shuttle. The landmass in the backdrop is the <a href="/wiki/Bari,_Somalia" title="Bari, Somalia">Bari region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Extravehicular activity</b> (<b>EVA</b>) is any activity done by an <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> in <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a> outside a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>. In the absence of a breathable <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earthlike atmosphere</a>, the astronaut is completely reliant on a <a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space suit</a> for environmental support. EVA includes <b>spacewalks</b> and <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">lunar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planetary</a> surface exploration (commonly known from 1969 to 1972 as <b>moonwalks</b>). In a stand-up EVA (SEVA), an astronaut stands through an open hatch but does not fully leave the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-standup_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standup-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EVAs have been conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>/Russia, the United States, Canada, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> and China. </p><p>On March 18, 1965, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a> became the first human to perform a spacewalk, exiting the <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_2" title="Voskhod 2">Voskhod 2</a> capsule for 12 minutes and 9 seconds. On July 20, 1969, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> became the first human to perform a moonwalk, outside his lunar lander on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> for 2 hours and 31 minutes. In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Savitskaya" title="Svetlana Savitskaya">Svetlana Savitskaya</a> became the first woman to perform a spacewalk, conducting EVA outside the <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a> space station for 3 hours and 35 minutes. On the last three Moon missions, astronauts also performed deep-space EVAs on the return to Earth, to retrieve film canisters from the outside of the spacecraft. American Astronauts <a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kerwin" title="Joseph P. Kerwin">Joseph Kerwin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Weitz" title="Paul J. Weitz">Paul Weitz</a> also used EVA in 1973 to repair launch damage to <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>, the United States' first space station. </p><p>EVAs may be either tethered (the astronaut is connected to the spacecraft; oxygen and electrical power can be supplied through an <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cable" title="Umbilical cable">umbilical cable</a>; no propulsion is needed to return to the spacecraft), or untethered. Untethered spacewalks were only performed on three missions in 1984 using the <a href="/wiki/Manned_Maneuvering_Unit" title="Manned Maneuvering Unit">Manned Maneuvering Unit</a> (MMU), and on a flight test in 1994 of the <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Aid_For_EVA_Rescue" title="Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue">Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue</a> (SAFER), a safety device worn on tethered U.S. EVAs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_history">Development history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> planners invented the term <i>extravehicular activity</i> (abbreviated with the acronym EVA) in the early 1960s for the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> to land humans on the Moon, because the astronauts would leave the spacecraft to collect <a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">lunar material samples</a> and deploy scientific experiments. To support this, and other Apollo objectives, the <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini program</a> was spun off to develop the capability for astronauts to work outside a two-person Earth orbiting spacecraft. However, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was fiercely competitive in holding the early lead it had gained in crewed spaceflight, so the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet Communist Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, ordered the conversion of its single-pilot <a href="/wiki/Vostok_(spacecraft)" title="Vostok (spacecraft)">Vostok</a> capsule into a two- or three-person craft named <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Voskhod spacecraft">Voskhod</a>, in order to compete with <a href="/wiki/Gemini_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini program">Gemini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Siddiqi_384-6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siddiqi_384-6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviets were able to launch two Voskhod capsules before U.S. was able to launch its first crewed Gemini. </p><p>The Voskhod's <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a> required cooling by cabin air to prevent any kind of overheating, therefore an <a href="/wiki/Airlock" title="Airlock">airlock</a> was required for the spacewalking <a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut">cosmonaut</a> to exit and re-enter the cabin while it remained pressurized. Unusually, and by contrast, the Gemini avionics did not require air cooling, allowing the spacewalking astronaut to exit and re-enter the depressurized cabin through an open hatch. Because of this, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> space programs developed different definitions for the duration of an EVA. The Soviet (now <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a>) definition begins when the outer airlock hatch is open and the cosmonaut is in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>. An American EVA began when the astronaut had at least their head outside the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USA has changed its EVA definition since.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_instance"><span class="anchor" id="First_spacewalk">First instance</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First instance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FirstSpaceWalk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/FirstSpaceWalk.png/220px-FirstSpaceWalk.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/FirstSpaceWalk.png/330px-FirstSpaceWalk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/47/FirstSpaceWalk.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a> performs the first spacewalk during <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_2" title="Voskhod 2">Voskhod 2</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first EVA was performed on March 18, 1965, by Soviet cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a>, who spent 12 minutes and 9 seconds outside the <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_2" title="Voskhod 2">Voskhod 2</a> spacecraft. Carrying a white metal backpack containing 45 minutes' worth of breathing and pressurization oxygen, Leonov had no means to control his motion other than pulling on his 15.35 m (50.4 ft) tether. After the flight, he claimed this was easy, but his <a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space suit</a> ballooned from its internal pressure against the vacuum of space, stiffening so much that he could not activate the shutter on his chest-mounted camera.<sup id="cite_ref-portree_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portree-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of his space walk, the suit stiffening caused a more serious problem: Leonov had to re-enter the capsule through the inflatable cloth airlock, 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) in diameter and 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) long. He improperly entered the airlock head-first and got stuck sideways. He could not get back in without reducing the pressure in his suit, risking "<a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">the bends</a>". This added another 12 minutes to his time in vacuum, and he was overheated by 1.8 °C (3.2 °F) from the exertion. It would be almost four years before the Soviets tried another EVA. They misrepresented to the press how difficult Leonov found it to work in <a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">weightlessness</a> and concealed the problems encountered until after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-portree_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portree-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-First-Spacewalk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First-Spacewalk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_Gemini">Project Gemini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Project Gemini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdWhiteFirstAmericanSpacewalker.1965.ws.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/EdWhiteFirstAmericanSpacewalker.1965.ws.jpg/220px-EdWhiteFirstAmericanSpacewalker.1965.ws.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/EdWhiteFirstAmericanSpacewalker.1965.ws.jpg/330px-EdWhiteFirstAmericanSpacewalker.1965.ws.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/EdWhiteFirstAmericanSpacewalker.1965.ws.jpg/440px-EdWhiteFirstAmericanSpacewalker.1965.ws.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3094" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a> performs the first American spacewalk during <a href="/wiki/Gemini_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini IV">Gemini IV</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first American spacewalk was performed on June 3, 1965, by <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a> from the second crewed <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> flight, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini IV">Gemini IV</a>, for 21 minutes. White was tethered to the spacecraft, and his oxygen was supplied through a 25-foot (7.6 m) <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cable" title="Umbilical cable">umbilical</a>, which also carried communications and biomedical instrumentation. He was the first to control his motion in space with a <a href="/wiki/Hand-Held_Maneuvering_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit">Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit</a>, which worked well but only carried enough propellant for 20 seconds. White found his tether useful for limiting his distance from the spacecraft but difficult to use for moving around, contrary to Leonov's claim.<sup id="cite_ref-portree_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portree-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a defect in the capsule's hatch latching mechanism caused difficulties opening and closing the hatch, which delayed the start of the EVA and put White and his crewmate at risk of not getting back to Earth alive.<sup id="cite_ref-mcdivittoh_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdivittoh-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No EVAs were planned on the next three Gemini flights. The next EVA was planned to be made by <a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> on <a href="/wiki/Gemini_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini VIII">Gemini VIII</a>, but that mission had to be aborted due to a critical spacecraft malfunction before the EVA could be conducted. Astronauts on the next three Gemini flights (<a href="/wiki/Eugene_Cernan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Cernan">Eugene Cernan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Richard Gordon</a>), performed several EVAs, but none was able to successfully work for long periods outside the spacecraft without tiring and overheating. Cernan attempted but failed to test an Air Force <a href="/wiki/Astronaut_Maneuvering_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronaut Maneuvering Unit">Astronaut Maneuvering Unit</a> which included a self-contained oxygen system. </p><p>On November 13, 1966, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_%22Buzz%22_Aldrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin">Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin</a> became the first to successfully work in space without tiring during <a href="/wiki/Gemini_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini XII">Gemini XII</a>, the last Gemini mission. Aldrin worked outside the spacecraft for 2 hours and 6 minutes, in addition to two stand-up EVAs in the spacecraft hatch for an additional 3 hours and 24 minutes. Aldrin's interest in <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a> inspired the use of <a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_simulation_as_a_training_aid" title="Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid">underwater EVA training</a> to simulate weightlessness, which has been used ever since to allow astronauts to practice techniques of avoiding wasted muscle energy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_crew_transfer"><span class="anchor" id="First_EVA_crew_transfer">First crew transfer</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First crew transfer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 16, 1969, Soviet cosmonauts <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Yeliseyev" title="Aleksei Yeliseyev">Aleksei Yeliseyev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Khrunov" title="Yevgeny Khrunov">Yevgeny Khrunov</a> transferred from <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_5" title="Soyuz 5">Soyuz 5</a> to <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_4" title="Soyuz 4">Soyuz 4</a>, which were docked together. This was the second Soviet EVA, and it would be almost another nine years before the Soviets performed their third.<sup id="cite_ref-portree_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portree-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apollo_missions"><span class="anchor" id="Apollo_lunar_EVA">Apollo missions</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Apollo missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/220px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/330px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/440px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3912" data-file-height="3936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> walks on the Moon during the pioneering <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> mission in 1969.</figcaption></figure> <p>American astronauts <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> performed the first EVA on the lunar surface on July 21, 1969 (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>), after landing their <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a> spacecraft. This first Moon walk, using self-contained <a href="/wiki/Portable_life_support_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable life support system">portable life support systems</a>, lasted 2 hours and 36 minutes. A total of fifteen Moon walks were performed among six Apollo crews, including <a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Charles "Pete" Conrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin">James Irwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Cernan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Cernan">Eugene Cernan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison "Jack" Schmitt</a>. Cernan was the last Apollo astronaut to step off the surface of the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-portree_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portree-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Astronaut_Charles_Duke_with_a_hammer_on_the_lunar_surface_-_pone.0006614.s003.ogv/220px--Astronaut_Charles_Duke_with_a_hammer_on_the_lunar_surface_-_pone.0006614.s003.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="52" data-mwtitle="Astronaut_Charles_Duke_with_a_hammer_on_the_lunar_surface_-_pone.0006614.s003.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Astronaut_Charles_Duke_with_a_hammer_on_the_lunar_surface_-_pone.0006614.s003.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Astronaut_Charles_Duke_with_a_hammer_on_the_lunar_surface_-_pone.0006614.s003.ogv/Astronaut_Charles_Duke_with_a_hammer_on_the_lunar_surface_-_pone.0006614.s003.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Astronaut_Charles_Duke_with_a_hammer_on_the_lunar_surface_-_pone.0006614.s003.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Astronaut_Charles_Duke_with_a_hammer_on_the_lunar_surface_-_pone.0006614.s003.ogv/Astronaut_Charles_Duke_with_a_hammer_on_the_lunar_surface_-_pone.0006614.s003.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Astronaut_Charles_Duke_with_a_hammer_on_the_lunar_surface_-_pone.0006614.s003.ogv/Astronaut_Charles_Duke_with_a_hammer_on_the_lunar_surface_-_pone.0006614.s003.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a> with a hammer on the lunar surface</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">command module</a> pilot <a href="/wiki/Al_Worden" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Worden">Al Worden</a> made an EVA on August 5, 1971, on the return trip from the Moon, to retrieve a film and data recording canister from the service module. He was assisted by Lunar Module Pilot James Irwin standing up in the Command Module hatch. This procedure was repeated by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a> and Charles Duke on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald Evans</a> and Harrison Schmitt on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-portree_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portree-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Apollo"><span class="anchor" id="Post-Apollo_EVAs">Post-Apollo</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-Apollo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first EVA repairs of a spacecraft were made by <a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Charles "Pete" Conrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kerwin" title="Joseph P. Kerwin">Joseph Kerwin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Weitz" title="Paul J. Weitz">Paul J. Weitz</a> on May 26, June 7, and June 19, 1973, on the <a href="/wiki/Skylab_2" title="Skylab 2">Skylab 2</a> mission. They rescued the functionality of the launch-damaged <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> by freeing a stuck <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panel</a>, deploying a solar heating shield, and freeing a stuck circuit breaker relay. The Skylab 2 crew made three EVAs, and a total of ten EVAs were made by the three Skylab crews.<sup id="cite_ref-portree_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portree-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found that activities in weightlessness required about 2<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> times longer than on Earth because many astronauts suffered <a href="/wiki/Spacesickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacesickness">spacesickness</a> early in their flights.<sup id="cite_ref-reusestudy_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reusestudy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Skylab, no more EVAs were made by the United States until the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> program in the early 1980s. In this period, the Soviets resumed EVAs, making four from the <a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a> space stations between December 20, 1977, and July 30, 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-portree_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portree-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the United States resumed EVAs on April 7, 1983, astronauts started using an <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">Extravehicular Mobility Unit</a> (EMU) for self-contained life support independent of the spacecraft. STS-6 was the first Space Shuttle mission during which a spacewalk was conducted. Also, for the first time, American astronauts used an airlock to enter and exit the spacecraft like the Soviets. Accordingly, the American definition of EVA start time was redefined to when the astronaut switches the EMU to battery power.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous EVAs were conducted during the assembly of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a>, often using the <a href="/wiki/Quest_Joint_Airlock" title="Quest Joint Airlock">Quest Joint Airlock</a>, designed to support both US EMUs, and Russian Orlan space suits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_China"><span class="anchor" id="Chinese_EVA">By China</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shenzhou-15_spacewalk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Shenzhou-15_spacewalk.jpg/220px-Shenzhou-15_spacewalk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Shenzhou-15_spacewalk.jpg/330px-Shenzhou-15_spacewalk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Shenzhou-15_spacewalk.jpg/440px-Shenzhou-15_spacewalk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption>Astronaut Fei Junlong performing a spacewalk on the Tiangong Space Station</figcaption></figure> <p>China became the third country to independently carry out an EVA on September 27, 2008, during the <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_7" title="Shenzhou 7">Shenzhou 7</a> mission. Chinese taikonaut <a href="/wiki/Zhai_Zhigang" title="Zhai Zhigang">Zhai Zhigang</a> completed a 22-minute spacewalk wearing the Chinese-developed <a href="/wiki/Feitian_space_suit" title="Feitian space suit">Feitian space suit</a>, with taikonaut <a href="/wiki/Liu_Boming_(astronaut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Boming (astronaut)">Liu Boming</a> wearing the Russian-derived <a href="/wiki/Orlan_space_suit" title="Orlan space suit">Orlan space suit</a> assisting him in the process. Zhai completely exited the craft, while Liu stood by at the airlock, straddling the portal. </p><p>Since 2021, China has carried out several more extravehicular activities lasting several hours for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_SpaceX">By SpaceX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: By SpaceX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American company <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> conducted the first private sector-financed EVA on September 12, 2024. Entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Jared_Isaacman" title="Jared Isaacman">Jared Isaacman</a> and SpaceX engineer <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Gillis" title="Sarah Gillis">Sarah Gillis</a> briefly ventured outside a <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon" title="SpaceX Dragon">Dragon</a> capsule, for a stand-up EVA (SEVA) during the <a href="/wiki/Polaris_Dawn" title="Polaris Dawn">Polaris Dawn</a> mission to conduct <a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">spacesuit</a> mobility testing. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other two crew members were exposed to the vacuum of space in the capsule, but did not leave it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SpaceX plans to launch at least two more missions involving an EVA,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including one that involves SpaceX's still-in-development <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a> launch vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Milestones">Milestones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Milestones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capability_milestones">Capability milestones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Capability milestones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The first untethered spacewalk was made by American <a href="/wiki/Bruce_McCandless_II" title="Bruce McCandless II">Bruce McCandless II</a> on February 7, 1984, during the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i></a> mission <a href="/wiki/STS-41-B" title="STS-41-B">STS-41-B</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Manned_Maneuvering_Unit" title="Manned Maneuvering Unit">Manned Maneuvering Unit</a>. He was subsequently joined by <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Stewart" title="Robert L. Stewart">Robert L. Stewart</a> during the 5-hour, 55-minute spacewalk. A self-contained spacewalk was first attempted by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Cernan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Cernan">Eugene Cernan</a> in 1966 on <a href="/wiki/Gemini_9A" title="Gemini 9A">Gemini 9A</a>, but Cernan could not reach the maneuvering unit without tiring.</li> <li>The first metalwork in open space, consisting of welding, brazing and metal spraying, was conducted by Soviet cosmonauts <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Savitskaya" title="Svetlana Savitskaya">Svetlana Savitskaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dzhanibekov" title="Vladimir Dzhanibekov">Vladimir Dzhanibekov</a> on July 25, 1984. A specially designed multipurpose tool was used to perform these activities during a 3-hour, 30-minute EVA outside the Salyut 7 space station.<sup id="cite_ref-Salyut7Welding1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salyut7Welding1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salyut7Welding2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salyut7Welding2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salyut7Welding3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salyut7Welding3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first three-person EVA was performed on May 13, 1992, as the third EVA of <a href="/wiki/STS-49" title="STS-49">STS-49</a>, the maiden flight of <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sts49_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sts49-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_J._Thuot" title="Pierre J. Thuot">Pierre Thuot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hieb" title="Richard Hieb">Richard Hieb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Akers" title="Thomas Akers">Thomas Akers</a> conducted the EVA to hand-capture and repair a non-functional <a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a> VI-F3 <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a>. As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it was the only three-person EVA.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first EVA to perform an <a href="/wiki/STS-114#In-flight_repair" title="STS-114">in-flight repair of the Space Shuttle</a> was by American <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Robinson" title="Stephen Robinson">Steve Robinson</a> on August 3, 2005, during "Return to Flight" mission <a href="/wiki/STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a>. Robinson was sent to remove two protruding gap fillers from <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a>'s heat shield, after engineers determined there was a small chance they could affect the shuttle upon re-entry. Robinson successfully removed the loose material while <i>Discovery</i> was docked to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.</li> <li>The longest EVA performed as of January 2022, was 8 hours and 56 minutes, performed by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Helms" title="Susan Helms">Susan Helms</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_S._Voss" title="James S. Voss">James S. Voss</a> on March 11, 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-stats_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruce_McCandless_II_during_EVA_in_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bruce_McCandless_II_during_EVA_in_1984.jpg/220px-Bruce_McCandless_II_during_EVA_in_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bruce_McCandless_II_during_EVA_in_1984.jpg/330px-Bruce_McCandless_II_during_EVA_in_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bruce_McCandless_II_during_EVA_in_1984.jpg/440px-Bruce_McCandless_II_during_EVA_in_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Untethered U.S. astronaut <a href="/wiki/Bruce_McCandless_II" title="Bruce McCandless II">Bruce McCandless</a> uses a <a href="/wiki/Manned_maneuvering_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Manned maneuvering unit">manned maneuvering unit</a>. Photo taken by <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Gibson" title="Robert L. Gibson">Robert "Hoot" Gibson</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Crew_Members_Capture_Intelsat_VI_-_GPN-2000-001035.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Three_Crew_Members_Capture_Intelsat_VI_-_GPN-2000-001035.jpg/220px-Three_Crew_Members_Capture_Intelsat_VI_-_GPN-2000-001035.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Three_Crew_Members_Capture_Intelsat_VI_-_GPN-2000-001035.jpg/330px-Three_Crew_Members_Capture_Intelsat_VI_-_GPN-2000-001035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Three_Crew_Members_Capture_Intelsat_VI_-_GPN-2000-001035.jpg/440px-Three_Crew_Members_Capture_Intelsat_VI_-_GPN-2000-001035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4078" data-file-height="4095" /></a><figcaption>Capture of Intelsat VI in 1992 on <a href="/wiki/STS-49" title="STS-49">STS-49</a>. This hand-capture of a satellite is the only EVA to date to be performed by three astronauts.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_cumulative_duration_records">Personal cumulative duration records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal cumulative duration records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Russian <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Solovyev" title="Anatoly Solovyev">Anatoly Solovyev</a> holds both the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cumulative_spacewalk_records" title="List of cumulative spacewalk records">record for most EVAs and for the greatest cumulative duration spent in EVA</a> (16 EVAs; 82 hr and 22 min over 4 Mir missions between July 1990 and January 1998).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lopez-Alegria" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Lopez-Alegria">Michael Lopez-Alegria</a> holds the American record (10 EVAs; 67 hr and 40 min over 2 Shuttle and 1 ISS missions between October 2000 and February 2007).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet" title="Thomas Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a> holds the European (and non-US/Russian) record (6 EVAs; 39 hr and 54 min over 2 ISS missions between January 2017 and August 2021).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy Whitson</a> holds the record for most EVAs and most cumulative duration spent for a woman (10 EVAs, 60 hr and 21 min over 3 ISS missions between August 2002 and May 2017).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National,_ethnic_and_gender_firsts"><span id="National.2C_ethnic_and_gender_firsts"></span>National, ethnic and gender firsts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: National, ethnic and gender firsts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The first woman to perform an EVA was Soviet <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Savitskaya" title="Svetlana Savitskaya">Svetlana Savitskaya</a> on July 25, 1984, while aboard the <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a> space station. Her EVA lasted 3 hours and 35 minutes. <ul><li>The first American woman to perform an EVA was on October 11, 1984, by <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_D._Sullivan" title="Kathryn D. Sullivan">Kathryn D. Sullivan</a> during <a href="/wiki/STS-41-G" title="STS-41-G">STS-41-G</a>.</li> <li>The first two women to perform an EVA together and the first all-female EVA team were <a href="/wiki/Christina_Koch" title="Christina Koch">Christina Koch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Meir" title="Jessica Meir">Jessica Meir</a> on October 18, 2019, during <a href="/wiki/Expedition_61" title="Expedition 61">Expedition 61</a> on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first female Asian and Chinese woman to perform an EVA was <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yaping" title="Wang Yaping">Wang Yaping</a> on 8 November 2021, outside the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station</a>.</li> <li>The first Native American woman to perform a space walk was <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Aunapu_Mann" title="Nicole Aunapu Mann">Nicole Aunapu Mann</a> on January 20, 2023, during <a href="/wiki/Expedition_68" title="Expedition 68">Expedition 68</a> on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>The first EVA by a non-Soviet, non-American was made on December 9, 1988, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Loup_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean-Loup Chrétien">Jean-Loup Chrétien</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> during a three-week stay on the <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> space station.</li> <li>The first EVA by a black African-American was on February 9, 1995, by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_A._Harris_Jr." title="Bernard A. Harris Jr.">Bernard A. Harris Jr</a> during <a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a>.</li> <li>The first EVA by a Japanese astronaut was made on November 25, 1997, by <a href="/wiki/Takao_Doi" title="Takao Doi">Takao Doi</a> during <a href="/wiki/STS-87" title="STS-87">STS-87</a>.</li> <li>The first EVA by a Swiss astronaut was made on December 23, 1999, by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Nicollier" title="Claude Nicollier">Claude Nicollier</a> during <a href="/wiki/STS-103" title="STS-103">STS-103</a>.</li> <li>The first EVA by an Australian-born person was on March 13, 2001, by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Thomas" title="Andy Thomas">Andy Thomas</a> (although he is a naturalized US citizen).</li> <li>The first EVA by a Canadian astronaut was made on April 22, 2001, by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a> along with NASA astronaut <a href="/wiki/Scott_E._Parazynski" title="Scott E. Parazynski">Scott Parazynski</a> during mission <a href="/wiki/STS-100" title="STS-100">STS-100</a> to install <a href="/wiki/Canadarm2" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadarm2">Canadarm2</a> on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first EVA by a Swedish astronaut was made on December 12, 2006, by <a href="/wiki/Christer_Fuglesang" title="Christer Fuglesang">Christer Fuglesang</a>.</li> <li>The first EVA by a Chinese astronaut was made on September 27, 2008, by <a href="/wiki/Zhai_Zhigang" title="Zhai Zhigang">Zhai Zhigang</a> during <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_7" title="Shenzhou 7">Shenzhou 7</a> mission. The spacewalk, using a <a href="/wiki/Feitian_space_suit" title="Feitian space suit">Feitian space suit</a>, made China the third country to independently carry out an EVA.</li> <li>The first EVA by an Italian astronaut was made on July 9, 2013, by <a href="/wiki/Luca_Parmitano" title="Luca Parmitano">Luca Parmitano</a> along with NASA Astronaut <a href="/wiki/Chris_Cassidy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Cassidy">Chris Cassidy</a> during <a href="/wiki/Expedition_36" title="Expedition 36">Expedition 36</a> on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.</li> <li>The first EVA by a British astronaut was on January 15, 2016, by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Peake" title="Tim Peake">Tim Peake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Rincon_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Rincon-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Although British-American <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">Michael Foale</a> carried out an EVA on February 9, 1995, he flew as an American astronaut in NASA's program.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Rincon_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Rincon-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>The first EVA by an Arab astronaut was made on April 28, 2023, by <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">Emirati</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Al_Neyadi" title="Sultan Al Neyadi">Sultan Al Neyadi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-116_spacewalk_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/STS-116_spacewalk_1.jpg/220px-STS-116_spacewalk_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/STS-116_spacewalk_1.jpg/330px-STS-116_spacewalk_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/STS-116_spacewalk_1.jpg/440px-STS-116_spacewalk_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> assembly EVA made during the <a href="/wiki/STS-116" title="STS-116">STS-116</a> mission. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curbeam" title="Robert Curbeam">Robert Curbeam</a> (with red stripes) together with <a href="/wiki/Christer_Fuglesang" title="Christer Fuglesang">Christer Fuglesang</a> over <a href="/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SolovyevEVA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SolovyevEVA.jpg/220px-SolovyevEVA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/SolovyevEVA.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Solovyev" title="Anatoly Solovyev">Anatoly Solovyev</a> holds the record for time spent during spacewalks: 82+ hours over 16 separate outings, seen here performing an EVA outside <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> space station in 1997.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first spacewalk, made by Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, was commemorated in 1965 with several Eastern Bloc stamps (see <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov#Stamps" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov#Stamps</a>). Since the Soviet Union did not publish details of the Voskhod spacecraft at the time, the spaceship depiction in the stamps was purely fictional. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Post_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Post Office">U.S. Post Office</a> issued a postage stamp in 1967 commemorating <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a>'s first American spacewalk. The engraved image has an accurate depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini IV">Gemini IV</a> spacecraft and White's <a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space suit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union-1965-Stamp-0.10._Voskhod-2._First_Spacewalk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Soviet_Union-1965-Stamp-0.10._Voskhod-2._First_Spacewalk.jpg/220px-Soviet_Union-1965-Stamp-0.10._Voskhod-2._First_Spacewalk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Soviet_Union-1965-Stamp-0.10._Voskhod-2._First_Spacewalk.jpg/330px-Soviet_Union-1965-Stamp-0.10._Voskhod-2._First_Spacewalk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Soviet_Union-1965-Stamp-0.10._Voskhod-2._First_Spacewalk.jpg/440px-Soviet_Union-1965-Stamp-0.10._Voskhod-2._First_Spacewalk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3778" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_exploration_history_on_Soviet_stamps" title="Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps">Alexei Leonov, Voskhod 2, First Spacewalk</a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">U.S.S.R. commemorative issue of 1965</div></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Space_Walk_1967_Issue-5c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/US_Space_Walk_1967_Issue-5c.jpg/220px-US_Space_Walk_1967_Issue-5c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/US_Space_Walk_1967_Issue-5c.jpg/330px-US_Space_Walk_1967_Issue-5c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/US_Space_Walk_1967_Issue-5c.jpg/440px-US_Space_Walk_1967_Issue-5c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps#Accomplishments_in_Space_Commemorative_Issue_of_1967" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Accomplishments in Space</a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">U.S. Commemorative Issue of 1967</div></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Designations">Designations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Designations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NASA "spacewalkers" during the Space Shuttle program were designated as EV-1, EV-2, EV-3 and EV-4 (assigned to mission specialists for each mission, if applicable).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Camp-out_procedure">Camp-out procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Camp-out procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For EVAs from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, NASA employed a <a href="/wiki/Quest_Joint_Airlock#Camp-out_procedure" title="Quest Joint Airlock"><i>camp-out</i> procedure</a> to reduce the risk of decompression sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was first tested by the Expedition 12 crew. During a camp-out, astronauts sleep overnight in the <a href="/wiki/Quest_Joint_Airlock" title="Quest Joint Airlock">airlock</a> prior to an EVA, lowering the air pressure to 10.2 psi (70 kPa), compared to the normal station pressure of 14.7 psi (101 kPa).<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spending a night at the lower air pressure helps flush nitrogen from the body, thereby preventing "<a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">the bends</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently astronauts have been using the In-Suit Light Exercise protocol rather than camp-out to prevent decompression sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cumulative_spacewalk_records" title="List of cumulative spacewalk records">List of cumulative spacewalk records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_spacewalks" title="List of International Space Station spacewalks">List of International Space Station spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_spacewalks" title="List of Mir spacewalks">List of Mir spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalkers" title="List of spacewalkers">List of spacewalkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_since_2015" title="List of spacewalks since 2015">List of spacewalks since 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_2000%E2%80%932014" title="List of spacewalks 2000–2014">List of spacewalks 2000–2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_and_moonwalks_1965%E2%80%931999" title="List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999">List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Speedmaster" title="Omega Speedmaster">Omega Speedmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suitport" title="Suitport">Suitport</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Pioneers" title="The Age of Pioneers">The Age of Pioneers</a></i>, 2017 film about the first spacewalk</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-standup-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-standup_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNASA2007" class="citation web cs1">NASA (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/a15.seva.html">"Stand-Up EVA"</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stand-Up+EVA&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2007&rft.au=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Falsj%2Fa15%2Fa15.seva.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtravehicular+activity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siddiqi_384-6-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siddiqi_384-6_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqi2003a" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqi, Asif A. (2003a). <i>Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge</i>. 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Volume 1: System description – 1971 (PDF document)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730064705_1973064705.pdf">Apollo Extravehicular mobility unit. Volume 2: Operational procedures – 1971 (PDF document)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050416080320/http://trs.nis.nasa.gov/archive/00000173/01/tmx64855.pdf">Skylab Extravehicular Activity Development Report – 1974 (PDF document)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900001621_1990001621.pdf">Analysis of the Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit – 1986 (PDF document)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940017339_1994017339.pdf">NASA Space Shuttle EVA tools and equipment reference book – 1993 (PDF document)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/celsius/infokit/english/05_EVASupportInfo.pdf">Preparing for an American EVA on the ISS – 2006</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_suits" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_suits" title="Template:Space suits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_suits" title="Template talk:Space suits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_suits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space suits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_suits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USSR / Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SK-1_spacesuit" title="SK-1 spacesuit">SK-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkut_spacesuit" title="Berkut spacesuit">Berkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yastreb" title="Yastreb">Yastreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krechet-94" title="Krechet-94">Krechet-94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strizh" class="mw-redirect" title="Strizh">Strizh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_space_suit" title="Sokol space suit">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlan_space_suit" title="Orlan space suit">Orlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Mark_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Mark IV">Navy Mark IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_space_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini space suit">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_spacesuit" title="Apollo/Skylab spacesuit">Apollo/Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit" title="Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit">Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Entry_Suit" title="Launch Entry Suit">Launch Entry Suit (LES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Crew_Escape_Suit" title="Advanced Crew Escape Suit">Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit#SpaceX_suit_("Starman_suit")" title="Space suit">SpaceX suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shenzhou IVA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlan_space_suit" title="Orlan space suit">Haiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feitian_space_suit" title="Feitian space suit">Feitian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_Space_Suit" title="Constellation Space Suit">Constellation Space Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_III_(space_suit)" title="Mark III (space suit)">Mark III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Suit" title="I-Suit">I-Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_activity_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Space activity suit">Space activity suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonautical_space_suit" title="Stratonautical space suit">Stratonautical space suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_series_space_suits" title="Z series space suits">Z series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Upper_Torso" title="Hard Upper Torso">Hard Upper Torso (HUT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Cooling_and_Ventilation_Garment" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment">Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment (LCVG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_Absorbency_Garment" title="Maximum Absorbency Garment">Maximum Absorbency Garment (MAG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_life_support_system" title="Primary life support system">Primary Life Support System (PLSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoopy_cap" title="Snoopy cap">Snoopy cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_Micrometeoroid_Garment" title="Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment">Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG / ITMG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extravehicular activity (EVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_propulsion_unit" title="Astronaut propulsion unit">Astronaut propulsion unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_suit" title="Environmental suit">Environmental suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_suit" title="Pressure suit">Pressure suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuitSat" title="SuitSat">SuitSat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight" title="Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight" title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extravehicular activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> <li><a 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spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" 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