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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Tanks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Propulsion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interstage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Interstage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Starship_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starship_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Starship spacecraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starship_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heat_shield" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_shield"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Heat shield </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_shield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raptor_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raptor_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Raptor engine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raptor_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Versions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Versions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Versions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Block_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Block 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Block_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Block_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Block 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Block_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Block_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Block 3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Block_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_launch_and_landing_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_launch_and_landing_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Planned launch and landing profile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_launch_and_landing_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_design_concepts_(2012–2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_design_concepts_(2012–2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Early design concepts (2012–2019) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_design_concepts_(2012–2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low-altitude_flight_tests_(2019–2021)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low-altitude_flight_tests_(2019–2021)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Low-altitude flight tests (2019–2021) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low-altitude_flight_tests_(2019–2021)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Starhopper_to_SN6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starhopper_to_SN6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Starhopper to SN6 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starhopper_to_SN6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SN8_to_SN15" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SN8_to_SN15"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 SN8 to SN15 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SN8_to_SN15-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_flight_tests_(2023–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_flight_tests_(2023–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Integrated flight tests (2023–) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_flight_tests_(2023–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_flight_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_flight_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 First flight test </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_flight_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_flight_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_flight_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Second flight test </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_flight_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_flight_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_flight_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Third flight test </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_flight_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_flight_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_flight_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Fourth flight test </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_flight_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_flight_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_flight_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 Fifth flight test </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_flight_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_flight_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_flight_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6 Sixth flight test </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_flight_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_flight_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_flight_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.7 Seventh flight test </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_flight_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_and_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_and_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cost and funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_and_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Launch history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Launch_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Launch history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Launch_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Launch sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Launch outcomes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Booster_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Booster_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Booster landings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Booster_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ship_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ship_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Ship landings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ship_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Booster_Version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Booster_Version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Booster Version </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Booster_Version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ship_Version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ship_Version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Ship Version </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ship_Version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Potential missions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Potential_missions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Potential missions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Potential_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Starlink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starlink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Starlink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starlink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artemis_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artemis_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Artemis Program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artemis_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Astronomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rocket_cargo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocket_cargo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Rocket cargo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocket_cargo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars_Sample_Return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars_Sample_Return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Mars Sample Return </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars_Sample_Return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Space colonization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Other missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Facilities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Facilities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Testing_and_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing_and_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Testing and manufacturing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing_and_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_sites_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_sites_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Launch sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_sites_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Starbase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starbase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Starbase </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starbase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Florida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Florida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Florida </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses_to_Starship_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses_to_Starship_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Responses to Starship development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responses_to_Starship_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">SpaceX Starship</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="سبيس إكس ستارشيب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سبيس إكس ستارشيب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="ایسپیس ایکس ایستارشیپ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسپیس ایکس ایستارشیپ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA" title="স্পেস এক্স স্টারশিপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্পেস এক্স স্টারশিপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_(SpaceX)" title="Starship (SpaceX) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starship (SpaceX)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_SpaceX" title="Starship SpaceX – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Starship SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship" title="Starship – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Starship" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship" title="Starship – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Starship" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_(SpaceX)" title="Starship (SpaceX) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Starship (SpaceX)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_(raketo)" title="Starship (raketo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Starship (raketo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="استارشیپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استارشیپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Starship (fusée) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Starship (fusée)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_SpaceX" title="Starship SpaceX – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Starship SpaceX" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%8B%AD_(%EB%A1%9C%EC%BC%93)" title="스타십 (로켓) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스타십 (로켓)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship" title="Starship – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Starship" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA" title="स्पेसएक्स स्टारशिप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पेसएक्स स्टारशिप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_(SpaceX)" title="Starship (SpaceX) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Starship (SpaceX)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A4" title="סטארשיפ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטארשיפ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸ್ಪೇಸ್ಎಕ್ಸ್ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ಶಿಪ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಪೇಸ್ಎಕ್ಸ್ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ಶಿಪ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_(rak%C3%A9tarendszer)" title="Starship (rakétarendszer) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Starship (rakétarendszer)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship" title="Starship – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Starship" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_(SpaceX)" title="Starship (SpaceX) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Starship (SpaceX)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%97_(%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%88%B9)" title="スターシップ (宇宙船) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スターシップ (宇宙船)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raketten_BFR" title="Raketten BFR – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Raketten BFR" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship" title="Starship – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Starship" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_(raketa)" title="Starship (raketa) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Starship (raketa)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="سپەیس ئێکس ستارشیپ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سپەیس ئێکس ستارشیپ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="SpaceX Starship" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B" title="สเปซเอ็กซ์สตาร์ชิป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สเปซเอ็กซ์สตาร์ชิป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship" title="Starship – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Starship" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship" title="Starship – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Starship" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship" title="Starship – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Starship" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_%E6%98%9F%E8%89%A6" title="SpaceX 星艦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="SpaceX 星艦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX%E6%98%9F%E8%89%A6" title="SpaceX星艦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="SpaceX星艦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62833385#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the entire launch vehicle. For the upper stage and spacecraft, see <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title">Starship</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceX_Starship_ignition_during_IFT-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/SpaceX_Starship_ignition_during_IFT-5.jpg/220px-SpaceX_Starship_ignition_during_IFT-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/SpaceX_Starship_ignition_during_IFT-5.jpg/330px-SpaceX_Starship_ignition_during_IFT-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/SpaceX_Starship_ignition_during_IFT-5.jpg/440px-SpaceX_Starship_ignition_during_IFT-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="2470" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Starship ignition during launch on its fifth flight</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Function</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Super-heavy_lift_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-heavy lift launch vehicle">Super-heavy lift launch vehicle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data brand"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>United States</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Project cost</th><td class="infobox-data">At least US$5 billion<a href="#cite_note-Kolodny-2023-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost per launch</th><td class="infobox-data">$100 million (expendable)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Size</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">121.3 m (398 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">9 m (30 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">5,000,000 kg (11,000,000 lb)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Capacity <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">LEO</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">100,000–150,000 kg (220,000–330,000 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Volume</th><td class="infobox-data">1,000 m3 (35,000 cu ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Associated rockets</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative work</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Comparable</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">Long March 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_10" title="Long March 10">Long March 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Launch history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">In development</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch sites</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">Starbase</a>, OLP-A</li><li>Starbase, OLP-B (under construction)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a> (under construction)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_37" title="Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 37">SLC-37</a> (planned)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total launches</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>6</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Block 1: 6</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Block 2: 0</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Block 3: 0</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Success(es)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>4</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Block 1: 4</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Block 2: 0</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Block 3: 0</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Failure(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>2</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Block 1: 2 (<a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_integrated_flight_test_1" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 1">IFT-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_integrated_flight_test_2" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 2">IFT-2</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Block 2: 0</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Block 3: 0</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">20 April 2023; 19 months ago (2023-04-20)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last flight</th><td class="infobox-data">19 November 2024; 8 days ago (2024-11-19)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">First stage – <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">Super Heavy</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">71 m (233 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">9 m (30 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Empty mass</th><td class="infobox-data">250,000 kg (550,000 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gross mass</th><td class="infobox-data">3,675,000 kg (8,102,000 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant mass</th><td class="infobox-data">3,400,000 kg (7,500,000 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">33 × <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor</a> engines</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">73.5 MN (16,500,000 lbf)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="at sea level">SL</abbr>: 327 s (3.21 km/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><a href="/wiki/Liquid_methane" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid methane">CH4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Second stage – <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">50.3 m (165 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">9 m (30 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Empty mass</th><td class="infobox-data">~100,000 kg (220,000 lb)<a href="#cite_note-Sesnic-2021-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gross mass</th><td class="infobox-data">~1,300,000 kg (2,900,000 lb)<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant mass</th><td class="infobox-data">~1,200,000 kg (2,600,000 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">3 × <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor</a> engines 3 × <a href="/wiki/Raptor_vacuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Raptor vacuum">Raptor vacuum</a> engines</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">12,300 kN (2,800,000 lbf)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="at sea level">SL</abbr>: 327 s (3.21 km/s) <abbr title="in vacuum">vac</abbr>: 380 s (3.7 km/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_methane" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid methane">CH4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62833385" class="extiw" title="d:Q62833385">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Starship is a two-stage fully <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable</a> <a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">super heavy-lift launch vehicle</a> under development by American aerospace company <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>. On April 20, 2023, with the <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_1" title="Starship flight test 1">first Integrated Flight Test</a>, Starship became the most massive, most powerful, and tallest vehicle ever to fly.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> SpaceX has developed Starship with the intention of lowering launch costs using <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> aiming to achieve this by <a href="/wiki/Fully_reusable_orbital_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fully reusable orbital launch vehicle">reusing both rocket stages</a> by "catching" them with the launch tower's systems, increasing payload mass to orbit, increasing launch frequency, <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-manufacturing</a> the rockets and <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_technology" title="General-purpose technology">adapting it to a wide range</a> of space missions.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-20190929-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garofalo2406-9">[8]</a> Starship is the latest project in SpaceX's <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program" title="SpaceX reusable launch system development program">reusable launch system development program</a> and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_Colonization_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars Colonization Program">plan to colonize Mars</a>. Starship's two stages are the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">Super Heavy booster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship spacecraft</a>. Both stages are equipped with <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor engines</a>, the first flown and mass-produced <a href="/wiki/Staged_combustion_cycle#Full-flow_staged_combustion_cycle" title="Staged combustion cycle">full-flow staged combustion cycle</a> engines, which burn <a href="/wiki/Liquid_methane" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid methane">liquid methane</a> (natural gas) and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a>. The main structure is made from a special <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> alloy that SpaceX has dubbed "30X".<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> As of 2024,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX_Starship&action=edit">[update]</a> Starship is in development with an <a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">iterative and incremental approach</a>, involving <a href="/wiki/List_of_Starship_launches" title="List of Starship launches">test flights of prototype vehicles</a>. As a successor to SpaceX's <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> rockets, Starship is intended to perform a wide range of space missions. For missions to further destinations, such as <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, Starship will rely on <a href="/wiki/Orbital_propellant_depot" title="Orbital propellant depot">orbital refueling</a>; a ship-to-ship propellant transfer demonstration is expected to occur in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> SpaceX also plans other versions of the Starship spacecraft, such as: cargo (deploying SpaceX's <a href="/wiki/Starlink#v2_(initial_deployment)" title="Starlink">second-generation</a> <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> satellite constellation), and human spaceflight (the <a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Human Landing System</a> variant will land astronauts on the Moon as part of the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>, starting in 2026). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> When stacked and fully fueled, Starship has a mass of approximately 5,000 t (11,000,000 lb),<a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a> a diameter of 9 m (30 ft)<a href="#cite_note-Dvorsky-2021-15">[13]</a> and a height of 121.3 m (398 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Berger-2024-speech-16">[14]</a> The rocket has been designed with the goal of being fully <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable</a> to reduce launch costs;<a href="#cite_note-Inman-2021-17">[15]</a> it consists of the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">Super Heavy</a> <a href="/wiki/Booster_(rocketry)" title="Booster (rocketry)">booster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship</a> upper stage<a href="#cite_note-Amos-2021-18">[16]</a> which are powered by <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor and Raptor Vacuum engines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnet-20211021-19">[17]</a> The bodies of both rocket stages are made from <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a><a href="#cite_note-slashgear-20220923-20">[18]</a> and are manufactured by stacking and welding stainless steel cylinders.<a href="#cite_note-Berger-2020b-21">[19]</a> These cylinders have a height of 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in), a thickness of 4 mm (0.16 in) and a mass of 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) each.<a href="#cite_note-Berger-2020b-21">[19]</a> Domes inside the spacecraft separate the methane and oxygen tanks.<a href="#cite_note-Berger-2020b-21">[19]</a> SpaceX has stated that Starship, in its "baseline reuseable design", will have a payload capacity of 100–150 t (220,000–331,000 lb) to <a href="/wiki/Low_earth_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Low earth orbit">low earth orbit</a> and 27 t (60,000 lb) to <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">geostationary transfer orbit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-users-guide-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Super_Heavy_booster">Super Heavy booster</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">SpaceX Super Heavy</a></div> Super Heavy is 71 m (233 ft) tall, 9 m (30 ft) wide,<a href="#cite_note-Dvorsky-2021-15">[13]</a> and is composed of four general sections: the engines, the oxygen tank, the fuel tank, and the interstage.<a href="#cite_note-Sesnic-2021-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> stated in 2021 that the final design will have a <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_weight" title="Vehicle weight">dry mass</a> between 160 t (350,000 lb) and 200 t (440,000 lb), with the tanks weighing 80 t (180,000 lb) and the interstage 20 t (44,000 lb).<a href="#cite_note-Sesnic-2021-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tanks"> Tanks</h4></div> The propellant tanks on Super Heavy are separated by a common bulkhead, similar to the ones used on the <a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a> and <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> stages on the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket<a href="#cite_note-NicAnsuini_2021-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_2" title="Starship flight test 2">Starship's second flight test</a>, the common dome's design was changed to a more elliptical dome,<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2024b-26">[24]</a> which has changed the propellant capacity of both tanks by an unknown, but likely negligible, amount.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2024b-26">[24]</a> Both tanks are heavily reinforced, with roughly 74 stringers attached to the interior walls of the tanks.<a href="#cite_note-rw-s29-b11-27">[25]</a> The booster's tanks hold 3,400 t (7,500,000 lb) of propellant,<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> consisting of 2,700 t (6,000,000 lb) of liquid oxygen and 700 t (1,500,000 lb) of liquid methane.<a href="#cite_note-29">[c]</a> The methane tank has a camera installed in the forward dome, enabling images of the interior of the tank.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> Fuel is fed to the engines via a single downcomer, which terminates in a large distribution <a href="/wiki/Manifold_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Manifold (fluid mechanics)">manifold</a> above the engines.<a href="#cite_note-rw-prop-dist-31">[28]</a> The design of this manifold was changed when Super Heavy was upgraded from 29 engines to 33, with the more modern design featuring a dedicated methane sump instead of a direct distribution manifold.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2024a-32">[29]</a> The oxygen tank terminates with the thrust structure of the vehicle. While the outer 20 engines are mounted to the walls of the aft bay, the inner thirteen are mounted directly to the thrust puck, which is part of the aft dome.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2024a-32">[29]</a> A large steel structure is mounted at the bottom of the dome, reinforcing the thrust puck enough to enable its support of the inner thirteen engines, while also providing pathways for methane and oxygen to flow into the engines.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2024a-32">[29]</a> Large slosh baffles were added in this region as well, beginning on Booster 10.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2024b-26">[24]</a> A header tank is used to supply liquid oxygen during the landing burn for the inner thirteen engines.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023f-33">[30]</a> On Booster 15, the header tank has at least nine additional tanks attached, increasing total propellant supply during the landing burn.<a href="#cite_note-Golden_2024-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> These tanks may have been present on Boosters 12, 13, and 14, though this is unconfirmed.<a href="#cite_note-NASASpaceflight_2024d-36">[33]</a> Booster 5 was the only 29 engine booster to receive a header tank, which was mounted to the side of the oxygen tank.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2024a-32">[29]</a> It is unknown whether or not the top of this tank was ever completed, as a forward dome was never spotted.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2024a-32">[29]</a> The methane downcomer is partially contained within the header tank, as the methane sump is located directly below it.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023f-33">[30]</a> On Booster 7 and all subsequent vehicles, four <a href="/wiki/Chine_(aeronautics)" title="Chine (aeronautics)">chines</a> are located on the sides of the oxygen tank, protecting the <a href="/wiki/Composite_overwrapped_pressure_vessel" title="Composite overwrapped pressure vessel">COPVs</a> and CO2 tanks for <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_fire_suppression_system" title="Vehicle fire suppression system">fire suppression</a>, as well as providing lift during descent.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Propulsion"> Propulsion</h4></div> Super Heavy is powered by 33 <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor</a> engines, which are housed within a dedicated shielding compartment.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023a-38">[35]</a> This compartment is not present before engine installation, thus, boosters are roughly three meters shorter before engine installation.<a href="#cite_note-musk20210704-39">[36]</a> The outer 20 engines, arranged in a single ring, are in a fixed position.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023a-38">[35]</a> In order to save weight, these engines are started using <a href="/wiki/Ground_support_equipment" title="Ground support equipment">ground support equipment</a> on the launch mount and cannot be reignited for subsequent burns.<a href="#cite_note-Bergin-2021-40">[37]</a> The inner thirteen engines are attached to an adapter, which rests directly against the thrust puck/aft dome assembly.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023a-38">[35]</a> These engines are equipped with <a href="/wiki/Gimbaled_thrust" title="Gimbaled thrust">gimbal actuators</a>, and reignite for the boostback and landing burns.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_1" title="Starship flight test 1">Starship's first flight test</a>, this gimbaling system was switched from a hydraulic system to an electric one, enabling the removal of the hydraulic power units.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023b-42">[39]</a> This change was made to the upper stage after the <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_2" title="Starship flight test 2">second flight test</a>. During the ascent burn and boostback burns, the engines draw propellant from the main tanks, with the liquid oxygen being drawn from a dedicated header tank during the landing burn.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023f-33">[30]</a> Like the thrust vector control system, the engine shielding, which isolates individual engines in the event of a failure, was upgraded after Starship's first flight test, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_fire_suppression_system" title="Vehicle fire suppression system">fire suppression system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023b-42">[39]</a> This system uses CO2 tanks to purge the individual engine compartments during flight, as well as a nitrogen purge while on the launch pad.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023c-43">[40]</a> The aft bay has eighteen vents visible on the outside of the booster, which are believed to be connected to the outer 20 engines,<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023c-43">[40]</a> while the center engines vent directly below the launch pad.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023c-43">[40]</a> The Raptor engine uses a <a href="/wiki/Full-flow_staged_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-flow staged combustion">full-flow</a> staged combustion cycle, which has both oxygen and methane-rich turbopumps.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Before 2014, only two full-flow staged-combustion rocket engine designs had advanced enough to undergo testing: the Soviet <a href="/wiki/RD-270" title="RD-270">RD-270</a> project in the 1960s and the Aerojet Rocketdyne <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Powerhead_Demonstrator" title="Integrated Powerhead Demonstrator">Integrated Powerhead Demonstrator</a> in the mid-2000s.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> To improve performance, the engines burn super cooled propellant.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> The current version of the booster produces a total of 69.9 MN (15,700,000 lbf)<a href="#cite_note-Berger_2024-48">[45]</a> just over twice that of the <a href="/wiki/S-IC" title="S-IC">Saturn V first stage</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SICMaxThrust-49">[46]</a> with this total being expected to increase to 80.8 MN (18,200,000 lbf) for Block 2 boosters and later up to 98.1 MN (22,100,000 lbf) with the Block 3 vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-Berger_2024-48">[45]</a> These later versions may have up to 35 engines.<a href="#cite_note-LC-39A_Fact_Sheets_2024-50">[47]</a> The combined plume of the engines produces large <a href="/wiki/Shock_diamond" title="Shock diamond">shock diamonds</a> in the exhaust during the ascent burn.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> During unpowered flight in the upper atmosphere, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">control authority</a> is provided by <a href="/wiki/Cold_gas_thruster" title="Cold gas thruster">cold gas thrusters</a> fed with residual <a href="/wiki/Ullage" title="Ullage">ullage gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023e-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> Four perpendicular vents are located within the interstage, placed at a 45 degree angle from the hardpoints.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023e-52">[49]</a> Additionally, four "cowbell" vents are located just below the common dome, which point down towards the engines, though at a slight angle.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023e-52">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interstage"> Interstage</h4></div> The interstage is also equipped with four electrically actuated <a href="/wiki/Grid_fin" title="Grid fin">grid fins</a> made of stainless steel, each with a mass of 3 t (6,600 lb).<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> These grid fins are paired together, with the fins in each pair being 60 degrees apart from each other, differing from the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> booster, which has titanium grid fins mounted 90 degrees from each other.<a href="#cite_note-musk-20170625-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023d-56">[53]</a> This is done to improve control in the pitch axis.<a href="#cite_note-Jax_2023d-56">[53]</a> Additionally, these fins remain extended during ascent in order to save weight.<a href="#cite_note-Sesnic-2021-4">[4]</a> The interstage also has protruding <a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">hardpoints</a>, located between grid fins, allowing the booster to be lifted or caught by the launch tower.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2021-57">[54]</a> The ability to lift a booster from these hardpoints was proven on August 23, 2022, when Booster 7 was lifted onto OLM A.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> The first catch of a booster occurred on October 13, 2024, using Booster 12.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/B7_Booster_Integration.webm/260px--B7_Booster_Integration.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="66" data-mwtitle="B7_Booster_Integration.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:B7_Booster_Integration.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/B7_Booster_Integration.webm/B7_Booster_Integration.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/B7_Booster_Integration.webm/B7_Booster_Integration.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/B7_Booster_Integration.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/B7_Booster_Integration.webm/B7_Booster_Integration.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/B7_Booster_Integration.webm/B7_Booster_Integration.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/B7_Booster_Integration.webm/B7_Booster_Integration.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/B7_Booster_Integration.webm/B7_Booster_Integration.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/B7_Booster_Integration.webm/B7_Booster_Integration.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Animation of Super Heavy's integration to the launch mount, using mechanical arms</figcaption></figure>After the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_integrated_flight_test_1" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 1">first Starship test flight</a>, all boosters have an additional 1.8 m<a href="#cite_note-Wang_2020-60">[57]</a> tall vented interstage to enable <a href="/wiki/Hot_staging" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot staging">hot staging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wall-23-08-61">[58]</a> During hot staging, Super Heavy shuts down all but the 3 center engines,<a href="#cite_note-Skibba-1059-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-nsf-23-06-24-63">[60]</a> while the second stage fires its engines before separating, thus the second stage "pushes off" from the first stage giving added thrust.<a href="#cite_note-Skibba-1059-62">[59]</a> The vented interstage contains a dome to shield the top of Super Heavy from the second stage's engines.<a href="#cite_note-Wall-23-08-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-nsf-23-06-24-63">[60]</a> Elon Musk in 2023 claimed that this change might result in a 10% increase in the payload to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nsf-23-06-24-63">[60]</a> Beginning with Booster 11, the interstage is jettisoned after completion of the boostback burn, in order to reduce mass during descent.<a href="#cite_note-STARSHIP_2024-64">[61]</a> As of June 2024, SpaceX does not intend to jettison the interstage when flying Block 2 and Block 3 boosters, as the interstage will be directly integrated into the vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-STARSHIP_2024-64">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starship_spacecraft">Starship spacecraft</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starship_internal_structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Starship_internal_structure.jpg/440px-Starship_internal_structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Starship_internal_structure.jpg/660px-Starship_internal_structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Starship_internal_structure.jpg/880px-Starship_internal_structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a Block 1 Starship's internal structure. Not shown in this diagram are the flaps: the aft flaps are placed at the bottom (or left in this orientation), and the forward flaps are placed at the top (here, right) portion of the spaceship.</figcaption></figure>The current Block 1 of the Starship spacecraft is 50.3 m (165 ft) tall, 9 m (30 ft) in diameter, and has 6 <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor</a> engines, 3 of which are optimized for use in outer space.<a href="#cite_note-Dvorsky-2021-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> The future <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Block_3">Block 3</a> of the Starship spacecraft is planned to have an additional 3 Raptor Vacuum engines for increased payload capacity. Starship Block 1's payload bay, measuring 17 m (56 ft) tall by 8 m (26 ft) in diameter, is the largest of any active or planned launch vehicle; its internal volume of 1,000 m3 (35,000 cu ft) is slightly larger than the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station's</a> pressurized volume.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> SpaceX will also provide a 22 m (72 ft) tall payload bay configuration for even larger payloads.<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-users-guide-22">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starship_SN15_flap_and_nosecone_(51437260707).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Starship_SN15_flap_and_nosecone_%2851437260707%29.jpg/180px-Starship_SN15_flap_and_nosecone_%2851437260707%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Starship_SN15_flap_and_nosecone_%2851437260707%29.jpg/270px-Starship_SN15_flap_and_nosecone_%2851437260707%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Starship_SN15_flap_and_nosecone_%2851437260707%29.jpg/360px-Starship_SN15_flap_and_nosecone_%2851437260707%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3975" data-file-height="5789" /></a><figcaption>Starship's flap</figcaption></figure> Starship has a total propellant capacity of 1,200 t (2,600,000 lb)<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> across its main tanks and header tanks.<a href="#cite_note-Sheetz-2021c-68">[65]</a> The header tanks are better insulated due to their position and are reserved for use to flip and land the spacecraft following <a href="/wiki/Reentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reentry">reentry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kooser-2019-69">[66]</a> A set of <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_thruster" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction control thruster">reaction control thrusters</a>, which use the pressure in the fuel tank, control attitude while in space.<a href="#cite_note-20201210cnn-tech-70">[67]</a> The spacecraft has four body flaps to control the spacecraft's orientation and help dissipate energy during <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> composed of two forward flaps and two aft flaps. According to SpaceX, the flaps replace the need for wings or <a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">tailplane</a>, reduce the fuel needed for landing, and allow landing at destinations in the Solar System where runways do not exist (for example, Mars).<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a>: 1  Under the forward flaps, hardpoints are used for lifting and catching the spacecraft via mechanical arms.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2021-57">[54]</a> The flap's hinges are sealed in <a href="/wiki/Aeroshell" title="Aeroshell">aero-covers</a> because they would otherwise be easily damaged during reentry.<a href="#cite_note-Sesnic-2021-4">[4]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starship_SN20_getting_a_tile_inspection_(close-up)_(51432107025).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Starship_SN20_getting_a_tile_inspection_%28close-up%29_%2851432107025%29.jpg/330px-Starship_SN20_getting_a_tile_inspection_%28close-up%29_%2851432107025%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Starship_SN20_getting_a_tile_inspection_%28close-up%29_%2851432107025%29.jpg/495px-Starship_SN20_getting_a_tile_inspection_%28close-up%29_%2851432107025%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Starship_SN20_getting_a_tile_inspection_%28close-up%29_%2851432107025%29.jpg/660px-Starship_SN20_getting_a_tile_inspection_%28close-up%29_%2851432107025%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5861" data-file-height="3907" /></a><figcaption>S20's heat shield being repaired.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heat_shield"> Heat shield</h4></div> Starship's <a href="/wiki/Heat_shield" title="Heat shield">heat shield</a> is composed of eighteen thousand<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sheetz-2021a2-74">[71]</a> hexagonal black tiles that can withstand temperatures of 1,400 °C (2,600 °F).<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reichhardt-2021-76">[73]</a> It is designed to protect the vehicle during <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a> and to be used multiple times with minimal maintenance between flights.<a href="#cite_note-Inman-20212-77">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a>-based tiles<a href="#cite_note-Bergeron-2021-12-78">[75]</a> are attached to Starship with pins<a href="#cite_note-Reichhardt-2021-76">[73]</a> and have small gaps in between to allow for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">heat expansion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sesnic-2021-4">[4]</a> After IFT-4, SpaceX added a secondary ablative layer under the primary heat shield.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> The total mass of the heat shield and ablative layer is 10.5 t (23,000 lb).<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variants"> Variants</h4></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:161px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:159px;background:#000;display:flex;align-items:flex-end"> <a href="/wiki/File:Starship_stack_HLS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Starship_stack_HLS.jpg/51px-Starship_stack_HLS.jpg" decoding="async" width="51" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Starship_stack_HLS.jpg/77px-Starship_stack_HLS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Starship_stack_HLS.jpg/102px-Starship_stack_HLS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="2080" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Starship_stack_tanker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Starship_stack_tanker.jpg/57px-Starship_stack_tanker.jpg" decoding="async" width="57" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Starship_stack_tanker.jpg/86px-Starship_stack_tanker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Starship_stack_tanker.jpg/114px-Starship_stack_tanker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="2080" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Starship_stack_storage_depot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Starship_stack_storage_depot.jpg/51px-Starship_stack_storage_depot.jpg" decoding="async" width="51" height="426" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Starship_stack_storage_depot.jpg/77px-Starship_stack_storage_depot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Starship_stack_storage_depot.jpg/102px-Starship_stack_storage_depot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="2272" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Starship stacks with 3 upper stage variants: HLS, propellant tanker and propellant depot. The vented interstage, located between the Starship spacecraft and Super Heavy booster, is not included in this render.</div></div></div> For <a href="/wiki/Satellite_launch" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite launch">satellite launch</a>, Starship is planned to have a large cargo door that opens to release payloads, similar to <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, and close upon reentry instead of a <a href="/wiki/Jettison_(aviation)" title="Jettison (aviation)">jettisonable</a> nosecone <a href="/wiki/Payload_fairing" title="Payload fairing">fairing</a>. Instead of a <a href="/wiki/Cleanroom" title="Cleanroom">cleanroom</a>, payloads are integrated directly into Starship's <a href="/wiki/Payload" title="Payload">payload</a> bay, which requires purging the payload bay with temperature-controlled <a href="/wiki/Cleanroom#ISO_14644-1_and_ISO_14698" title="Cleanroom">ISO class 8</a> clean air.<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-users-guide-22">[20]</a> To deploy <a href="/wiki/Starlink_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Starlink satellites">Starlink satellites</a>, the cargo door is to be replaced with a slot and dispenser rack, whose mechanism has been compared to a <a href="/wiki/Pez" title="Pez">Pez</a> candy dispenser.<a href="#cite_note-Dvorsky-2022-81">[78]</a> Crewed Starship vehicles would replace the cargo bay with a pressurized crew section and have a <a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">life-support system</a>. For long-duration missions, such as <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">crewed flights to Mars</a>, SpaceX describes the interior as potentially including "private cabins, large communal areas, centralized storage, <a href="/wiki/Solar_storm" title="Solar storm">solar storm</a> shelters, and a viewing gallery".<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-users-guide-22">[20]</a> Starship's life support system is expected to recycle resources such as air and water from waste.<a href="#cite_note-Grush-2019-82">[79]</a> Starship will be able to be refueled by docking with separately launched Starship propellant tanker spacecraft in orbit. Doing so increases the spacecraft's mass capacity and allows it to reach higher-energy targets,<a href="#cite_note-83">[d]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbit</a>, the Moon, and Mars.<a href="#cite_note-Scoles-2022-84">[80]</a> A Starship <a href="/wiki/Orbital_propellant_depot" title="Orbital propellant depot">propellant depot</a> could cache methane and oxygen on-orbit and be used by Starship to replenish its fuel tanks. <a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship Human Landing System</a> (HLS) is a crewed lunar lander variant of the Starship vehicle that would be modified for landing, operation, and takeoff from the lunar surface.<a href="#cite_note-Burghardt-2021-85">[81]</a> It features landing legs, a body-mounted <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar array</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kurkowski-2023-86">[82]</a> a set of thrusters mounted mid-body to assist with final landing and takeoff,<a href="#cite_note-Kurkowski-2023-86">[82]</a> two <a href="/wiki/Airlock" title="Airlock">airlocks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Burghardt-2021-85">[81]</a> and an elevator to lower crew and cargo onto the lunar surface.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> Varying estimates have been given about the number of tanker launches required to fully fuel HLS, ranging from between "four and eight" to a number "in the high teens".<a href="#cite_note-Foust-2023-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs-20240109-89">[85]</a> These launches will reportedly have to be in "rapid succession" in order to manage schedule constraints and cryogenic fuel boil-off.<a href="#cite_note-Foust-2023-88">[84]</a> When fully fueled, Starship HLS is designed to land 100 t (220,000 lb) of payload on the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reichhardt-2021-76">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raptor_engine">Raptor engine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">SpaceX Raptor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceX_sea-level_Raptor_at_Hawthorne_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rocket engine with nozzle and intricate plumbing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/SpaceX_sea-level_Raptor_at_Hawthorne_-_1.jpg/220px-SpaceX_sea-level_Raptor_at_Hawthorne_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/SpaceX_sea-level_Raptor_at_Hawthorne_-_1.jpg/330px-SpaceX_sea-level_Raptor_at_Hawthorne_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/SpaceX_sea-level_Raptor_at_Hawthorne_-_1.jpg/440px-SpaceX_sea-level_Raptor_at_Hawthorne_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Sea level-optimized Raptor 1 engine, May 2020</figcaption></figure> Raptor is a family of rocket engines developed by SpaceX for use in <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Heavy_(booster_rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Heavy (booster rocket)">Super Heavy</a> vehicles. It burns <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> in an efficient and complex <a href="/wiki/Full-flow_staged_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-flow staged combustion">full-flow staged combustion</a> power cycle. The Raptor engine uses methane as fuel rather than kerosene because methane gives higher performance and prevents the build-up of deposits in the engine from <a href="/wiki/Coking" title="Coking">coking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-O'Callaghan-2019-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> Methane can also be produced from carbon dioxide and water using the <a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sommerlad-2021-95">[91]</a> The engines are designed to be reused many times with little maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> Raptor operates with an <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant#Mixture_ratio" title="Rocket propellant">oxygen-to-methane mixture ratio</a> of about 3.6:1, lower than the <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometric</a> mixture ratio of 4:1 necessary for complete combustion, since operating at higher temperatures would melt the engine.<a href="#cite_note-Sesnic-2021-4">[4]</a> The propellants leave the <a href="/wiki/Preburner" class="mw-redirect" title="Preburner">pre-burners</a> and get injected into the main combustion chamber as hot gases instead of liquid droplets allowing a higher power density as the propellants mix rapidly via <a href="/wiki/Molecular_diffusion" title="Molecular diffusion">diffusion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-O'Callaghan-2019-93">[89]</a> The methane and oxygen are at high enough temperatures and pressures that they <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">ignite on contact</a>, eliminating the need for igniters in the main combustion chamber.<a href="#cite_note-Sesnic-2022-97">[93]</a> The engine structure itself is mostly aluminum, copper, and steel; oxidizer-side turbopumps and manifolds subject to corrosive oxygen-rich flames are made of an <a href="/wiki/Inconel" title="Inconel">Inconel</a>-like <a href="/wiki/SX500_(superalloy)" class="mw-redirect" title="SX500 (superalloy)">SX500 superalloy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sesnic-2022-97">[93]</a> Some components are <a href="/wiki/3D-printed" class="mw-redirect" title="3D-printed">3D printed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> A Raptor 2 engine produces 2.3 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">MN</a> (520,000 lbf) at a <a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">specific impulse</a> of 327 seconds (3.21 km/s) at <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> and 350 seconds (3.4 km/s) in a vacuum.<a href="#cite_note-Sesnic-2022-97">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raptor_vacuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Raptor vacuum">Raptor vacuum</a>, used on the Starship upper stage, is modified with a regeneratively cooled <a href="/wiki/Nozzle_extension" title="Nozzle extension">nozzle extension</a> made of brazed steel tubes, increasing its expansion ratio to about 90 and its specific impulse in vacuum to 380 seconds (3.7 km/s).<a href="#cite_note-Sesnic-2021-4">[4]</a> The main <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a> operates at a pressure of 350 bar (5,100 psi) exceeding that of any prior operational rocket engine.<a href="#cite_note-O'Callaghan-2019-93">[89]</a> The Raptor's <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbaling</a> range is 15°, higher than the <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a>'s 12.5° and the Merlin's 5°. SpaceX has stated they aim to achieve a per unit production cost of US$250,000 upon starting mass-production.<a href="#cite_note-Sesnic-2022-97">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Performance<a href="#cite_note-Berger-2024-speech-16">[14]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Starship metrics</th> <th>Block 1</th> <th>Block 2</th> <th>Block 3 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Payload to orbit (t)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>100+</td> <td>200+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Booster prop load (t)</td> <td>3,300</td> <td>3,650</td> <td>4,050 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ship prop load (t)</td> <td>1,200</td> <td>1,500</td> <td>2,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Booster liftoff thrust (tf)</td> <td>7,500<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a></td> <td>8,240</td> <td>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ship initial thrust (tf)</td> <td>1,250</td> <td>1,600</td> <td>2,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ship SL engines</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ship VAC engines</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Booster height (m)</td> <td>71</td> <td>72.3</td> <td>80.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ship height (m)</td> <td>50.3</td> <td>52.1</td> <td>69.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total height (m)</td> <td>121.3</td> <td>124.4</td> <td>150 </td></tr></tbody></table> On April 4, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> provided an update on Starship at <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">Starbase</a>, where two new versions of Starship were announced, Block 2 and Block 3.<a href="#cite_note-NSF-2024-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block_1">Block 1</h3></div> As of November 19, 2024,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX_Starship&action=edit">[update]</a> Block 1 has been retired but was used for the first 6 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Starship_launches" title="List of Starship launches">Flight Tests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block_2">Block 2</h3></div> Block 2 vehicles feature a thinner forward flap design, which are positioned more leeward, a 25% increase in propellant capacity, integrated vented interstage, two "raceways",<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> and an increase in thrust.<a href="#cite_note-RGV_Aerial-2024-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> The vehicle will be a total of 3.1 m (10 ft) taller than the previous Block 1 vehicle, and is planned to have a payload capacity of at least 100 tons to orbit when reused.<a href="#cite_note-RGV_Aerial-2024-105">[101]</a> Additionally, Block 2 vehicles will use <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor#Raptor_3" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor 3</a>, removing the need for secondary engine shielding.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> However, the first Block 2 vehicle, S33, received Raptor 2 engines.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> The capacity to manufacture Block 2 became possible as a large portion of the Starfactory was commissioned in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Garofalo2406-9">[8]</a> Block 2 will be first flown on the <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_7" title="Starship flight test 7">seventh flight test</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nsf20240731-109">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block_3">Block 3</h3></div> As of June 2024,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX_Starship&action=edit">[update]</a> the Block 3 final configuration is unknown. The most recent configuration, as described in regulatory filings submitted to the FAA, has a height of 150 m (490 ft).<a href="#cite_note-LC-39A_Fact_Sheets_2024-50">[47]</a> The Starship second stage will feature 9 Raptor engines, while the Super Heavy booster will have up to 35.<a href="#cite_note-LC-39A_Fact_Sheets_2024-50">[47]</a> It is planned to have a payload capacity of at least 200 tons to orbit when reused.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport-2024-110">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planned_launch_and_landing_profile">Planned launch and landing profile</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starship_Booster_Return_on_Final_Approach_(54063904149).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Starship_Booster_Return_on_Final_Approach_%2854063904149%29.jpg/220px-Starship_Booster_Return_on_Final_Approach_%2854063904149%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Starship_Booster_Return_on_Final_Approach_%2854063904149%29.jpg/330px-Starship_Booster_Return_on_Final_Approach_%2854063904149%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Starship_Booster_Return_on_Final_Approach_%2854063904149%29.jpg/440px-Starship_Booster_Return_on_Final_Approach_%2854063904149%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2648" data-file-height="3684" /></a><figcaption>Super Heavy Booster 12 approaching the tower during <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_5" title="Starship flight test 5">Starship flight test 5</a> on October 13, 2024</figcaption></figure> Payloads are planned to be integrated into Starship at a separate facility and then rolled out to the <a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">launch site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAA-2022-111">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">Super Heavy</a> and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship</a> are then to be stacked onto their launch mount and loaded with fuel via the ship quick disconnect (SQD) arm and booster quick disconnect (BQD).<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2021-57">[54]</a> The SQD and BQD retract, all 33 engines of Super Heavy ignite, and the rocket lifts off.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2021-57">[54]</a> At approximately 159 seconds after launch<a href="#cite_note-Moon-2022-112">[108]</a> at an altitude of roughly 64 km (40 mi), Super Heavy cuts off all but three of its center <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbaling</a> rocket engines.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a>: 58  Starship then ignites its engines while still attached to the booster, and separates.<a href="#cite_note-Skibba-1059-62">[59]</a> During hot-staging, the booster throttles down its engines.<a href="#cite_note-Skibba-1059-62">[59]</a> The booster then rotates, before igniting ten additional engines for a "boostback burn"<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-2023b-114">[110]</a> which stops all forward velocity. After the boostback burn, the booster's engines shut off with Super Heavy on a trajectory for a controlled descent to the launch site using its grid fins for minor course corrections. Roughly six minutes after launch, shortly before landing,<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> it ignites its inner 13 engines, then shuts off all but the inner 3,<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-2024a-116">[112]</a> to perform a <a href="/wiki/VTVL" title="VTVL">landing burn</a> which slows it sufficiently to be caught by a pair of <a href="/wiki/Actuator#Hydraulic" title="Actuator">hydraulic actuating arms</a> attached to the launch tower.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cuthbertson-2021-118">[114]</a> The booster landing and catch was successfully demonstrated for the first time on October 13, 2024, with the landing of Booster 12.<a href="#cite_note-Sheetz-2024-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clark-catch-120">[116]</a> Meanwhile, the Starship spacecraft continues to accelerate to orbital velocity with its six Raptor engines.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> Once in orbit, the spacecraft is planned to be able to be refueled by another Starship tanker variant.<a href="#cite_note-O'Callaghan-2021-122">[118]</a> Musk has estimated that 8 launches would be needed to completely refuel a Starship in low Earth orbit.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> NASA has estimated that 16 launches in short succession (due to cryogenic propellant boil-off) would be needed to partially refuel Starship for one lunar landing.<a href="#cite_note-Foust-2023-88">[84]</a> To land on bodies without an atmosphere, such as the Moon, Starship will fire its engines to slow down.<a href="#cite_note-Foust-2021-124">[120]</a> To land on bodies with an atmosphere, such as the Earth and Mars, Starship first slows by entering the atmosphere using a <a href="/wiki/Heat_shield" title="Heat shield">heat shield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Inman-2021-17">[15]</a> The spacecraft would then perform a "belly-flop" maneuver by diving through the atmosphere at a 60° angle to the ground,<a href="#cite_note-Chang-2019b-125">[121]</a> controlling its fall using four flaps at the front and aft of the spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-20201210cnn-tech-70">[67]</a> Shortly before landing, the Raptor engines fire,<a href="#cite_note-20201210cnn-tech-70">[67]</a> using fuel from the header tanks,<a href="#cite_note-Kooser-2019-69">[66]</a> to perform a "landing flip" maneuver to return to a vertical orientation, with the Raptor engines' gimbaling helping to maneuver the craft.<a href="#cite_note-20201210cnn-tech-70">[67]</a> The HLS and depot cannot reenter the atmosphere, as they lack a <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">thermal protection system</a>. If Starship's second stage lands on a pad, a mobile hydraulic lift will move it to a transporter vehicle. If it lands on a <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship" title="Autonomous spaceport drone ship">floating platform</a>, it will be transported by a <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a> to a port and then transported by road. The recovered Starship will either be positioned on the launch mount for another launch or refurbished at a <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_facilities" title="SpaceX facilities">SpaceX facility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAA-2022-111">[107]</a>: 22  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_design_concepts_(2012–2019)">Early design concepts (2012–2019)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_design_history" title="SpaceX Starship design history">SpaceX Starship design history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceX_CEO_Elon_Musk_visits_N%26NC_and_AFSPC_(190416-F-ZZ999-006)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/SpaceX_CEO_Elon_Musk_visits_N%26NC_and_AFSPC_%28190416-F-ZZ999-006%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-SpaceX_CEO_Elon_Musk_visits_N%26NC_and_AFSPC_%28190416-F-ZZ999-006%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/SpaceX_CEO_Elon_Musk_visits_N%26NC_and_AFSPC_%28190416-F-ZZ999-006%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-SpaceX_CEO_Elon_Musk_visits_N%26NC_and_AFSPC_%28190416-F-ZZ999-006%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/SpaceX_CEO_Elon_Musk_visits_N%26NC_and_AFSPC_%28190416-F-ZZ999-006%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-SpaceX_CEO_Elon_Musk_visits_N%26NC_and_AFSPC_%28190416-F-ZZ999-006%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2572" data-file-height="3747" /></a><figcaption>SpaceX CEO <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> holding a model of BFR.</figcaption></figure> In November 2005,<a href="#cite_note-tsr20051114-126">[122]</a> before SpaceX had launched its first rocket the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a>,<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> first mentioned a high-capacity rocket concept able to launch 100 t (220,000 lb) to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>, dubbed the BFR.<a href="#cite_note-tsr20051114-126">[122]</a> Later in 2012, Elon Musk first publicly announced plans to develop a rocket surpassing the capabilities of Space X's existing <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fg201210152-128">[124]</a> SpaceX called it the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Colonial_Transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Colonial Transporter">Mars Colonial Transporter</a>, as the rocket was to transport humans to Mars and back.<a href="#cite_note-nsf20140307-129">[125]</a> In 2016, the descriptor was changed to <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_Transport_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplanetary Transport System">Interplanetary Transport System</a>, as the rocket was planned to travel beyond Mars as well.<a href="#cite_note-ars20160918-130">[126]</a> The conceptual design called for a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a> structure,<a href="#cite_note-nsf20160927a-131">[127]</a> a mass in excess of 10,000 t (22,000,000 lb) when fully fueled, a payload of 300 t (660,000 lb) to low Earth orbit while being fully reusable.<a href="#cite_note-nsf20160927a-131">[127]</a> By 2017, the concept was again re-dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Big_Falcon_Rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Falcon Rocket">BFR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-musk20170929-132">[128]</a> In December 2018, the structural material was changed from carbon composites<a href="#cite_note-sfi20160927-133">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-nsf20160927a-131">[127]</a> to stainless steel,<a href="#cite_note-Foust-2018-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> marking the transition from early design concepts of the Starship.<a href="#cite_note-Foust-2018-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chang-2019b-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> Musk cited numerous reasons for the change of material; low cost and ease of manufacture, increased strength of stainless steel at <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_rocket_engine" title="Cryogenic rocket engine">cryogenic temperatures</a>, as well as its ability to withstand high heat.<a href="#cite_note-pm20190122-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chang-2019b-125">[121]</a> In 2019, SpaceX began to refer to the entire vehicle as Starship, with the second stage also being called <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship</a>, and the booster <a href="/wiki/Super_Heavy_(rocket_stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Heavy (rocket stage)">Super Heavy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sx20190930-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-sx-pug202003-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-ars20190929-140">[136]</a> They also announced that Starship would use reusable heat-shield tiles similar to <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system" title="Space Shuttle thermal protection system">those of the Space Shuttle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> The second-stage design had also settled on six Raptor engines by 2019: three <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine_nozzle#Atmospheric_use" title="Rocket engine nozzle">optimized for sea-level</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine_nozzle#Vacuum_use" title="Rocket engine nozzle">optimized for vacuum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pappalardo-2019-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams-2019-144">[140]</a> In 2019 SpaceX announced a change to the second stage's design, reducing the number of aft flaps from three to two in order to reduce weight.<a href="#cite_note-Foust-2019-145">[141]</a> In March 2020 SpaceX released a Starship Users Guide, in which they stated the payload of Starship to LEO would be in excess of 100 t (220,000 lb), with a payload to GTO of 21 t (46,000 lb).<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-users-guide-22">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low-altitude_flight_tests_(2019–2021)">Low-altitude flight tests (2019–2021)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Starship_upper_stage_flight_tests" title="List of Starship upper stage flight tests">List of Starship upper stage flight tests</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Starhopper_to_SN6">Starhopper to SN6</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)#Hops_(SN3–SN6)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">SpaceX Starship (spacecraft) § Hops (SN3–SN6)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:242px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceX_Starhopper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Short steel rocket with its fins touching the ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SpaceX_Starhopper.jpg/202px-SpaceX_Starhopper.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SpaceX_Starhopper.jpg/303px-SpaceX_Starhopper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SpaceX_Starhopper.jpg/404px-SpaceX_Starhopper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="4680" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Starhopper under construction, March 2019</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:242px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Starship_sn5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crane hooking onto a steel vessel body" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Starship_sn5.jpg/182px-Starship_sn5.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Starship_sn5.jpg/273px-Starship_sn5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Starship_sn5.jpg/364px-Starship_sn5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A crane lifting Starship SN5, August 2020</div></div></div></div></div> The first tests started with the construction of the first prototype in 2018, <a href="/wiki/Starhopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Starhopper">Starhopper</a>, which performed several <a href="/wiki/Static_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Static fire">static fires</a> and two successful low-altitude flights in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Harwood-2019-146">[142]</a> SpaceX began constructing the first full-size <a href="/wiki/Starship_MK1" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship MK1">Starship MK1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starship_MK2" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship MK2">Mk2</a> upper-stage prototypes before 2019, at the SpaceX facilities in <a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_(Texas)" title="Boca Chica (Texas)">Boca Chica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa,_Florida" title="Cocoa, Florida">Cocoa, Florida</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Ryan-2019-147">[143]</a> Neither prototype flew: Mk1 was destroyed in November 2019 during a pressure <a href="/wiki/Stress_testing" title="Stress testing">stress test</a> and Mk2's Florida facility was deconstructed throughout 2020.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergeron-2021-12-78">[75]</a> After the Mk prototypes, SpaceX began naming its new Starship upper-stage prototypes with the prefix "SN", short for "<a href="/wiki/Serial_number" title="Serial number">serial number</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Berger-2020a-149">[145]</a> No prototypes between <a href="/wiki/Starship_SN1" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship SN1">SN1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starship_SN4" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship SN4">SN4</a> flew either—SN1 and <a href="/wiki/Starship_SN3" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship SN3">SN3</a> collapsed during pressure stress tests, and SN4 exploded after its fifth engine firing.<a href="#cite_note-NSF12-150">[146]</a> In June 2020, SpaceX started constructing a launch pad for orbital Starship flights.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2021-57">[54]</a> The first flight-capable prototype, <a href="/wiki/Starship_SN5" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship SN5">SN5</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Cylinder" title="Cylinder">cylindrical</a> as it had no flaps or nose cone: just one Raptor engine, <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> tanks, and a <a href="/wiki/Boilerplate_(spaceflight)" title="Boilerplate (spaceflight)">mass simulator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> On 5 August 2020, SN5 performed a 150 m (500 ft) high flight and successfully landed on a nearby pad.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> On 3 September 2020, the similar-looking <a href="/wiki/Starship_SN6" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship SN6">Starship SN6</a> repeated the hop;<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> later that month, a <a href="/wiki/Raptor_vacuum_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Raptor vacuum engine">Raptor vacuum engine</a> underwent its first full duration firing at <a href="/wiki/McGregor,_Texas" title="McGregor, Texas">McGregor, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SN8_to_SN15">SN8 to SN15</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)#High-altitude_test_flights_(SN8–SN15)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">SpaceX Starship (spacecraft) § High-altitude test flights (SN8–SN15)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceX_Starship_SN8_launch_as_viewed_from_South_Padre_Island_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SpaceX_Starship_SN8_launch_as_viewed_from_South_Padre_Island_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-SpaceX_Starship_SN8_launch_as_viewed_from_South_Padre_Island_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SpaceX_Starship_SN8_launch_as_viewed_from_South_Padre_Island_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-SpaceX_Starship_SN8_launch_as_viewed_from_South_Padre_Island_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SpaceX_Starship_SN8_launch_as_viewed_from_South_Padre_Island_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-SpaceX_Starship_SN8_launch_as_viewed_from_South_Padre_Island_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>SN8 shortly after taking off, December 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm/220px--Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-mwtitle="Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm/Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm/Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm/Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm/Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm/Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm/Starship_SN8_launch_render.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AStarship_SN8_launch_render.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Computer animation depicting a successful high-altitude flight test</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Starship_SN8" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship SN8">Starship SN8</a> was the first full-sized upper-stage prototype, though it lacked a heat shield.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> It underwent four preliminary static fire tests between October and November 2020.<a href="#cite_note-NSF12-150">[146]</a> On 9 December 2020, SN8 flew, slowly turning off its three engines one by one, and reached an altitude of 12.5 km (7.8 mi). After SN8 dove back to the ground, its engines were hampered by low methane header tank pressure during the landing attempt, which led to a hard impact with the landing pad and subsequent explosion of the vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-20201210cnn-tech-70">[67]</a> Because SpaceX had violated its <a href="/wiki/Launch_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch license">launch license</a> and ignored warnings of worsening <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a> damage, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> investigated the incident for two months.<a href="#cite_note-Roulette-2021-156">[152]</a> During the SN8 launch, SpaceX ignored FAA warnings that the flight profile posed a risk of explosion.<a href="#cite_note-Roulette-2021-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-SpaceNews-2021-158">[154]</a> FAA space division chief <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Monteith" title="Wayne Monteith">Wayne Monteith</a> said SpaceX's violation was “inconsistent with a strong safety culture”, and criticized the company for proceeding with the launch "based on 'impressions' and 'assumptions,' rather than procedural checks and positive affirmations".<a href="#cite_note-Roulette-2021-156">[152]</a> On 2 February 2021, <a href="/wiki/Starship_SN9" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship SN9">Starship SN9</a> launched to 10 km (6.2 mi) in a flight path similar to SN8. The prototype crashed upon landing because one engine did not ignite properly.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> A month later, on 3 March, <a href="/wiki/Starship_SN10" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship SN10">Starship SN10</a> launched on the same flight path as SN9.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> The vehicle landed hard and crushed its landing legs, leaning to one side.<a href="#cite_note-Chang-2021-161">[157]</a> A fire was seen at the vehicle's base and it exploded less than ten minutes later,<a href="#cite_note-FoustSurvives-162">[158]</a> potentially due to a propellant tank rupture.<a href="#cite_note-Chang-2021-161">[157]</a> On 30 March, <a href="/wiki/Starship_SN11" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship SN11">Starship SN11</a> flew into thick fog along the same flight path.<a href="#cite_note-Mack-2021a-163">[159]</a> The vehicle exploded during descent,<a href="#cite_note-Mack-2021a-163">[159]</a> possibly due to excess propellant in a Raptor's methane turbopump.<a href="#cite_note-Foust-2021-1-164">[160]</a> In March 2021, the company disclosed a public construction plan for two <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">sub-orbital</a> launch pads, two orbital launch pads, two landing pads, two test stands, and a large propellant tank farm.<a href="#cite_note-ars-20210308-165">[161]</a> The company soon proposed developing the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_Village,_Texas" title="Boca Chica Village, Texas">Boca Chica Village, Texas</a>, into a <a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">company town</a> named <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">Starbase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ars-20210308-165">[161]</a> Locals raised concerns about SpaceX's authority, power, and a potential threat for eviction through <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> In early April, the orbital launch pad's fuel storage tanks began mounting.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2021-57">[54]</a> SN12 through SN14 were scrapped before completion; <a href="/wiki/Starship_SN15" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship SN15">SN15</a> was selected to fly instead,<a href="#cite_note-Mack-2021b-167">[163]</a> due to improved <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a>, structure, and engines.<a href="#cite_note-FoustSurvives-162">[158]</a> On 5 May 2021, SN15 launched, completed the same maneuvers as older prototypes, and landed safely.<a href="#cite_note-Mack-2021b-167">[163]</a> SN15 had a fire in the engine area after landing but it was extinguished.<a href="#cite_note-FoustSurvives-162">[158]</a> According to a later report by SpaceX, SN15 experienced several issues while landing, including the loss of tank pressure and an engine.<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-2023a-168">[164]</a>: 2  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_flight_tests_(2023–)">Integrated flight tests (2023–)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Starship_launches" title="List of Starship launches">List of Starship launches</a></div> In June 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> determined that SpaceX must address more than 75 issues identified in the preliminary environmental assessment before integrated flight tests could start.<a href="#cite_note-Chang-2022-169">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_flight_test">First flight test</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_1" title="Starship flight test 1">Starship flight test 1</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StarshipLaunch_(crop_2-3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/StarshipLaunch_%28crop_2-3%29.jpg/170px-StarshipLaunch_%28crop_2-3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/StarshipLaunch_%28crop_2-3%29.jpg/255px-StarshipLaunch_%28crop_2-3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/StarshipLaunch_%28crop_2-3%29.jpg/340px-StarshipLaunch_%28crop_2-3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Starship during the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_integrated_flight_test_1" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 1">first integrated flight attempt</a>. Several engines failed on the first stage.</figcaption></figure> In July 2022, <a href="/wiki/Super_Heavy_B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Heavy B7">Booster 7</a> tested the liquid oxygen <a href="/wiki/Turbopump" title="Turbopump">turbopumps</a> on all 33 Raptor engines, resulting in an explosion at the vehicle's base, which destroyed a pressure pipe and caused minor damage to the launchpad.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> By the end of November, Ship 24 had performed 2 static test fires,<a href="#cite_note-Kshatriya-2022-171">[167]</a>: 20  while Booster 7 had performed 6 static test fires<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kshatriya-2022-171">[167]</a>: 20  and finally on 9 February 2023, a static fire with 31 engines at 50% throttle.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> In January 2023, the whole Starship stack underwent a full <a href="/wiki/Wet_dress_rehearsal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet dress rehearsal">wet dress rehearsal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> After a launch attempt aborted on 17 April 2023,<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Super_Heavy_B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Heavy B7">Booster 7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starship_Ship_24" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship Ship 24">Ship 24</a> lifted off on 20 April at 13:33 UTC in the first orbital flight test.<a href="#cite_note-Jackie_Wattles_2023-176">[172]</a> Three engines were disabled during the launch sequence and several more failed during the flight.<a href="#cite_note-Bergin-2023-177">[173]</a> The booster later lost <a href="/wiki/Thrust_vectoring" title="Thrust vectoring">thrust vectoring</a> control of the Raptor engines, which led to the rocket spinning out of control.<a href="#cite_note-Bergin-2023-177">[173]</a> The vehicle reached a maximum altitude of 24 mi (39 km).<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> Approximately 3 minutes after lift-off the rocket's autonomous <a href="/wiki/Range_safety" title="Range safety">flight termination system</a> was activated, though the vehicle tumbled for another 40 seconds before disintegrating.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> The first flight test blasted large amounts of sand and soil in the air, reaching communities within a 10.7 km (6.6 mi) radius.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kolodny_2023-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leinfelder-2023-184">[180]</a> A brushfire on nearby state parkland also occurred, burning 3.5 acres of state parkland.<a href="#cite_note-Grush-2023-185">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_flight_test">Second flight test</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_2" title="Starship flight test 2">Starship flight test 2</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starship-IFT2-ascent_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Starship-IFT2-ascent_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Starship-IFT2-ascent_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Starship-IFT2-ascent_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Starship-IFT2-ascent_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Starship-IFT2-ascent_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Starship-IFT2-ascent_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption>Starship during the <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_2" title="Starship flight test 2">second integrated flight attempt</a></figcaption></figure> After the first test flight, SpaceX began work on the launch mount to repair the damage it sustained during the test and to prevent future issues. The foundation of the launch tower was reinforced and a water powered <a href="/wiki/Flame_deflector" title="Flame deflector">flame deflector</a> was built under the launch mount.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Starship_Ship_25" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship Ship 25">Ship 25</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Heavy_B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Heavy B9">Booster 9</a> were rolled to the suborbital and orbital launch sites in May to undergo multiple tests.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> On 18 November 2023, Booster 9 and Ship 25 lifted off the pad.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> All 33 engines continued to function until staging, where the second stage separated by pushing itself away from the first stage using a <a href="/wiki/Hot-staging" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-staging">hot-staging</a> technique.<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-2023b-114">[110]</a> Following separation, the Super Heavy booster completed its flip maneuver and initiated the boostback burn before exploding following multiple successive engine failures.<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-2023b-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters-20231118-191">[187]</a> Three and a half minutes into the flight at an altitude of ~90 km over the Gulf of Mexico, blockage in a liquid oxygen filter caused one of the engines to fail in a way that resulted in the destruction of the booster.<a href="#cite_note-ars-ift2-postmortem-192">[188]</a> The second stage continued until it reached an altitude of ~149 kilometres (93 mi), after over eight minutes of flight; prior to engine cutoff, telemetry was lost on the second stage.<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-2023b-114">[110]</a> SpaceX said that a safe command based on flight performance data triggered the flight termination system and destroyed the second stage,<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-2023b-114">[110]</a> prior to achieving its planned orbit or attempting re-entry.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> It appeared to re-enter a few hundred miles north of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> weather radar data.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_flight_test">Third flight test</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_3" title="Starship flight test 3">Starship flight test 3</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm/260px--Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="105" data-mwtitle="Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm/Starship_IFT-3_Liftoff.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Video of Starship during the <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_3" title="Starship flight test 3">third flight test</a></figcaption></figure> Following the second flight test (which saw the loss of both stages), significant changes were implemented, including upgrading Starship's thrust vector control system to electric <a href="/wiki/Thrust_vectoring" title="Thrust vectoring">thrust vector control</a> (TVC)<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-2024b-195">[191]</a> and measures to delay <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> (LOX)<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-2024b-195">[191]</a> venting until after Starship engine cutoff (SECO) has taken place. Flight 3 launched from the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">SpaceX Starbase</a> facility along the <a href="/wiki/South_Texas" title="South Texas">South Texas</a> coast around 8:25 CDT on 14 March 2024, coincidentally the 22nd anniversary of its founding.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> Like IFT-2, all 33 engines on the booster ignited and stage separation was successful.<a href="#cite_note-nsf-stream-198">[194]</a> B10 conducted a <a href="/wiki/Boostback_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Boostback burn">boostback burn</a>, however, the planned <a href="/wiki/Water_landing" title="Water landing">landing</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> was not successful, as it exploded at 462 m (1,516 ft) above the surface.<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-2024a-116">[112]</a> The Starship spacecraft itself – after reaching space and orbital velocity – conducted several tests after engine cutoff, including initiating a <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a> transfer demo and payload dispenser test.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> It attempted to <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">re-enter the atmosphere</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-2024a-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berger-2024-201">[197]</a> and at an altitude of around 65 km (40 mi), all telemetry from Ship 28 stopped, indicating a loss of the vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-ars-ift3-progress-202">[198]</a> This flight test demonstrated a cryogenic propellant transfer, by transferring propellant from the Ship's header tanks into its main tanks while in space, a technology which is required for Starship HLS to exit <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth orbit</a> (LEO). The result of this test was declared successful by NASA and SpaceX. Additional data analysis is occurring on the <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a> such as slosh and boil-off of the propellant.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-abc-20240315-204">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fourth_flight_test">Fourth flight test</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_4" title="Starship flight test 4">Starship flight test 4</a></div> The fourth flight test of the full Starship configuration launched on 6 June 2024, at 7:50 AM CDT.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> The goals for the test flight were for the Super Heavy booster to land on a 'virtual tower' in the ocean, and for the Ship to survive peak heating during atmospheric reentry.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport-2024-110">[106]</a> The flight test was successful in both regards, with Super Heavy achieving a soft splashdown and Ship surviving atmospheric reentry and a controlled splashdown.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starship_Booster_Landing_on_Mechzilla_(54064036815).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Starship_Booster_Landing_on_Mechzilla_%2854064036815%29.jpg/220px-Starship_Booster_Landing_on_Mechzilla_%2854064036815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Starship_Booster_Landing_on_Mechzilla_%2854064036815%29.jpg/330px-Starship_Booster_Landing_on_Mechzilla_%2854064036815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Starship_Booster_Landing_on_Mechzilla_%2854064036815%29.jpg/440px-Starship_Booster_Landing_on_Mechzilla_%2854064036815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2974" data-file-height="3335" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Super_Heavy_Booster_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Heavy Booster 12">Booster 12</a> is successfully caught by the launch tower during <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_5" title="Starship flight test 5">flight test 5</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fifth_flight_test">Fifth flight test</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_5" title="Starship flight test 5">Starship flight test 5</a></div> In April 2024, Musk stated one of the goals was to attempt a booster tower landing based on successful booster performance in flight 4. Vehicle testing commenced in May 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Flight_4-208">[204]</a> SpaceX claimed that B12 and S30 were ready to launch in early August, in advance of regulatory approval.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> SpaceX flew S30 and B12 on 13 October 2024, with B12 returning to the launch site for a successful catch for the first time, and S30 successfully splashing down in the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sixth_flight_test">Sixth flight test</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_6" title="Starship flight test 6">Starship flight test 6</a></div> Ship 31 completed a successful cryogenic test in July 2024 and a static fire in September.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> Booster 13 completed similar tests in April and October.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> Flight 6 was flown on November 19, 2024 with a water landing of the booster rather than a catch.<a href="#cite_note-NASASpaceflight-2024c-214">[210]</a> Flight 6 was the first to successfully conduct a Raptor engine relight in the vacuum of space, paving the way for <a href="/wiki/Payload" title="Payload">payload deployments</a> on future flights.<a href="#cite_note-NASASpaceflight-2024c-214">[210]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Stuffed_toy" title="Stuffed toy">stuffed</a> <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> served as the zero-g indicator, becoming Starship's first payload, though it remained within the vehicle for the duration of the flight.<a href="#cite_note-NASASpaceflight-2024c-214">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Berger_(journalist)" title="Eric Berger (journalist)">Eric Berger</a> has claimed that, due to the success of the in-space relight, Starship would likely be "cleared to travel into orbit".<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh_flight_test">Seventh flight test</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_7" title="Starship flight test 7">Starship flight test 7</a></div> The seventh flight test is expected to occur in early 2025 and will feature the first flight of a Block 2 Starship.<a href="#cite_note-NASASpaceflight-2024b-216">[212]</a> As of November 12, 2024, both vehicles have undergone cryogenic testing and are getting engines installed.<a href="#cite_note-NASASpaceflight-2024b-216">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost_and_funding">Cost and funding</h2></div> SpaceX develops the Starship primarily with <a href="/wiki/Private_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Private capital">private funding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-ars20190929-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kolodny-2023-1">[1]</a> SpaceX Chief Financial Officer Bret Johnsen disclosed in court that SpaceX has invested more than $3 billion into the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">Starbase facility</a> and Starship systems from July 2014 to May 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Kolodny-2023-1">[1]</a> Elon Musk stated in April 2023 that SpaceX expected to spend about $2 billion on Starship development in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Sheetz-2023-219">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maidenberg-2023-220">[216]</a> In a 2024 response to a lawsuit, SpaceX stated that the cost of the Starship program was approximately $4 million per day.<a href="#cite_note-NASASpaceflight-2024a-221">[217]</a>: 25–26  Adding that any day of delay to the Starship program represented a loss of $100,000.<a href="#cite_note-NASASpaceflight-2024a-221">[217]</a>: 25–26  Musk has theorized that a Starship orbital launch might eventually cost SpaceX only $1 million to launch.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurospace" title="Eurospace">Eurospace</a>'s director of research Pierre Lionnet stated in 2022 that Starship's launch price to customers would likely be higher because of the rocket's development cost.<a href="#cite_note-Scoles-2022-84">[80]</a> As part of the development of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Landing_System" title="Human Landing System">Human Landing System</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>, SpaceX was awarded in April 2021 a $2.89 billion fixed-price contract from NASA to develop the <a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship lunar lander</a> for <a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-2021-223">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-224">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a>, a bidding competitor to SpaceX, disputed the decision and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_v._United_States_%26_Space_Exploration_Technologies_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Origin v. United States & Space Exploration Technologies Corp.">began a legal case against NASA and SpaceX</a> in August 2021, causing NASA to suspend the contract for three months until the case was dismissed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Federal_Claims" title="United States Court of Federal Claims">Court of Federal Claims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blue_origin_lawsuit-226">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pruitt-Young-2021-227">[223]</a> Two years later Blue Origin was awarded a $3.4 billion fixed-price contract for <a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">its lunar lander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-O’Shea-2023-228">[224]</a> In 2022, NASA awarded SpaceX a $1.15 billion fixed-price contract for a second lunar lander for <a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-224">[220]</a> The same year, SpaceX was awarded a $102 million five-year contract to develop the <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Cargo" title="Rocket Cargo">Rocket Cargo</a> program for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Erwin-2022-229">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_history">Launch history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/List_of_Starship_launches" title="List of Starship launches">List of Starship launches</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Starship_launches&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Starship_launches&action=history">history</a>)</div> Starship vehicles have been launched six times for <a href="/wiki/Flight_test" title="Flight test">flight tests</a> over two years, resulting in four successes (66.67%), and two failures. Starship Block 1 has been launched six times between April 2023 to November 2024, and will be replaced by Block 2 ships after another flight.<a href="#cite_note-nsf20240731-109">[105]</a> Block 1 boosters are expected to fly further into the future.<a href="#cite_note-nsf20240808-230">[226]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215345927">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{width:auto!important}}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{clear:none;float:left}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float-clear{clear:both}</style><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_sites"> Launch sites</h3></div> <div style="padding-top:10px;margin-top:1em;max-width:420px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-height:250px;min-width:420px;max-width:420px;"> <div style="float:right;position:relative;min-height:170px;min-width:320px;max-width:320px;border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:21px;top:85px;height:84px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:MediumPurple;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid MediumPurple;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="[[SpaceX Starbase#Orbital Launch Pad A|Starbase, OLP-A]]: 2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:101px;top:0px;height:169px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:MediumPurple;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid MediumPurple;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="[[SpaceX Starbase#Orbital Launch Pad A|Starbase, OLP-A]]: 4"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;height:170px;min-width:100px;max-width:100px;"> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:117px;padding:0 2px">1</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:127px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:75px;padding:0 2px">2</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:85px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:32px;padding:0 2px">3</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:42px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:-10px;padding:0 2px">4</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:0px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;top:170px;left:100px;width:320px;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:1px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2023</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:40px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:81px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2024</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:120px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:161px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2025</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:200px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:241px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2026</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:280px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li>  <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase#Orbital_Launch_Pad_A" title="SpaceX Starbase">Starbase, OLP-A</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase#Orbital_Launch_Pad_B" title="SpaceX Starbase">Starbase, OLP-B</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_outcomes"> Launch outcomes</h3></div> <div style="padding-top:10px;margin-top:1em;max-width:420px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-height:250px;min-width:420px;max-width:420px;"> <div style="float:right;position:relative;min-height:170px;min-width:320px;max-width:320px;border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:21px;top:102px;height:67px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:darkred;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid darkred;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Failure: 2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:101px;top:34px;height:135px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:forestgreen;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid forestgreen;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Success: 4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:181px;top:34px;height:135px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:lightblue;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid lightblue;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Planned: 4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:261px;top:0px;height:169px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:lightblue;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid lightblue;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Planned: 5"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;height:170px;min-width:100px;max-width:100px;"> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:126px;padding:0 2px">1</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:136px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:92px;padding:0 2px">2</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:102px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:58px;padding:0 2px">3</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:68px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:24px;padding:0 2px">4</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:34px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:-10px;padding:0 2px">5</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:0px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;top:170px;left:100px;width:320px;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:1px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2023</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:40px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:81px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2024</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:120px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:161px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2025</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:200px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:241px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2026</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:280px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li>  Failure<a href="#cite_note-231">[i]</a></li> <li>  Partial failure</li> <li>  Success</li> <li>  Planned</li></ul> </div> </div> </div><div class="multicol-float-clear" style=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Booster_landings"> Booster landings</h3></div> <div style="padding-top:10px;margin-top:1em;max-width:420px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-height:250px;min-width:420px;max-width:420px;"> <div style="float:right;position:relative;min-height:170px;min-width:320px;max-width:320px;border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:21px;top:127px;height:42px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid black;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Precluded: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:21px;top:84px;height:42px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Ocean failure: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:101px;top:127px;height:42px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Ocean failure: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:101px;top:42px;height:84px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:mediumblue;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid mediumblue;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Ocean success: 2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:101px;top:-1px;height:42px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:forestgreen;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid forestgreen;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Tower success: 1"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;height:170px;min-width:100px;max-width:100px;"> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:117px;padding:0 2px">1</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:127px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:75px;padding:0 2px">2</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:85px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:32px;padding:0 2px">3</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:42px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:-10px;padding:0 2px">4</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:0px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;top:170px;left:100px;width:320px;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:1px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2023</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:40px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:81px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2024</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:120px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:161px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2025</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:200px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:241px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2026</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:280px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li>  Precluded</li> <li>  Ocean failure</li> <li>  Tower failure</li> <li>  Ocean success<a href="#cite_note-ocean-232">[ii]</a></li> <li>  Tower success</li> <li>  No attempt</li></ul> </div> </div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ship_landings"> Ship landings</h3></div> <div style="padding-top:10px;margin-top:1em;max-width:420px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-height:250px;min-width:420px;max-width:420px;"> <div style="float:right;position:relative;min-height:170px;min-width:320px;max-width:320px;border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:21px;top:85px;height:84px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid black;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Precluded: 2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:101px;top:127px;height:42px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Ocean failure: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:101px;top:-1px;height:127px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:mediumblue;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid mediumblue;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Ocean success: 3"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;height:170px;min-width:100px;max-width:100px;"> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:117px;padding:0 2px">1</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:127px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:75px;padding:0 2px">2</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:85px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:32px;padding:0 2px">3</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:42px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:-10px;padding:0 2px">4</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:0px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;top:170px;left:100px;width:320px;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:1px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2023</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:40px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:81px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2024</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:120px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:161px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2025</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:200px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:241px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2026</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:280px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li>  Precluded</li> <li>  Ocean failure</li> <li>  Tower failure</li> <li>  Ocean success<a href="#cite_note-ocean-232">[ii]</a></li> <li>  Tower success</li> <li>  No attempt</li></ul> </div> </div> </div><div class="multicol-float-clear" style=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Booster_Version"> Booster Version</h3></div> <div style="padding-top:10px;margin-top:1em;max-width:420px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-height:250px;min-width:420px;max-width:420px;"> <div style="float:right;position:relative;min-height:170px;min-width:320px;max-width:320px;border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:21px;top:85px;height:84px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:lightsteelblue;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid lightsteelblue;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]: 2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:101px;top:0px;height:169px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:lightsteelblue;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid lightsteelblue;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]: 4"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;height:170px;min-width:100px;max-width:100px;"> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:117px;padding:0 2px">1</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:127px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:75px;padding:0 2px">2</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:85px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:32px;padding:0 2px">3</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:42px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:-10px;padding:0 2px">4</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:0px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;top:170px;left:100px;width:320px;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:1px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2023</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:40px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:81px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2024</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:120px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:161px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2025</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:200px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:241px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2026</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:280px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Block_1">Block 1</a></li> <li>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Block_2">Block 2</a></li> <li>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Block_3">Block 3</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ship_Version"> Ship Version</h3></div> <div style="padding-top:10px;margin-top:1em;max-width:420px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-height:250px;min-width:420px;max-width:420px;"> <div style="float:right;position:relative;min-height:170px;min-width:320px;max-width:320px;border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:21px;top:85px;height:84px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:lightsteelblue;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid lightsteelblue;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]: 2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:101px;top:0px;height:169px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:lightsteelblue;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid lightsteelblue;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]: 4"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;height:170px;min-width:100px;max-width:100px;"> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:117px;padding:0 2px">1</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:127px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:75px;padding:0 2px">2</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:85px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:32px;padding:0 2px">3</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:42px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:-10px;padding:0 2px">4</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:0px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;top:170px;left:100px;width:320px;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:1px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2023</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:40px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:81px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2024</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:120px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:161px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2025</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:200px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:241px;top:10px;min-width:78px;max-width:78px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2026</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:280px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Block_1">Block 1</a></li> <li>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Block_2">Block 2</a></li> <li>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Block_3">Block 3</a></li> <li>  Depot</li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a></li> <li>  Starship Crew</li></ul> </div> </div> </div><div class="multicol-float-clear" style=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> SpaceX declared both launches a success </li> <li id="cite_note-ocean-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ocean_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocean_232-1">b</a> Any controlled flight to water, no recovery </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_missions">Potential missions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starlink">Starlink</h3></div> SpaceX plans to use Starship to launch the second generation of satellites for SpaceX's <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> system, which currently delivers high-speed internet to over 70 countries.<a href="#cite_note-Sheetz-2021b-233">[227]</a> An analyst at financial services company <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a> stated development of Starship and Starlink are intertwined, with Starship's planned launch capacity enabling cheaper Starlink launches, and Starlink's profits financing Starship's development costs.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> In deficit from its inception until the end of 2022,<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> Starlink was first reported to be cash flow positive in the first quarter of 2023,<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> though Elon Musk said that Starlink had only reached "break-even cashflow" in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> In December 2023, the <a href="/wiki/FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC">FCC</a> issued a final denial of a $885M <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> subsidy because of Starlink's "continuing inability to successfully launch on the Starship rocket".<a href="#cite_note-fccdenial-239">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artemis_Program">Artemis Program</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Realistic_Artemis_3_mission_diagram_labeled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption and article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Realistic_Artemis_3_mission_diagram_labeled.png/400px-Realistic_Artemis_3_mission_diagram_labeled.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Realistic_Artemis_3_mission_diagram_labeled.png/600px-Realistic_Artemis_3_mission_diagram_labeled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Realistic_Artemis_3_mission_diagram_labeled.png/800px-Realistic_Artemis_3_mission_diagram_labeled.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> launch profile of a human landing on the Moon, involving Starship HLS, Starship tanker variants, and <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion spacecraft</a> </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a> was initially chosen by NASA as the sole lunar <a href="/wiki/Human_Landing_System" title="Human Landing System">Human Landing System</a> for the planned <a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a> crewed missions, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burghardt-2021-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> Starship HLS is to be launched into a low Earth orbit, and refueled by multiple Starship tanker spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_IG-2021-241">[235]</a>: 4, 5  Once fueled, it would perform a trans lunar injection burn and enter a <a href="/wiki/Near-rectilinear_halo_orbit" title="Near-rectilinear halo orbit">near-rectilinear halo orbit</a><a href="#cite_note-Gerstenmaier-2023-242">[236]</a> around the Moon, with a <a href="/wiki/Perilune" class="mw-redirect" title="Perilune">perilune</a> of 1,500 km (930 mi) occurring over the north pole and an <a href="/wiki/Apolune" class="mw-redirect" title="Apolune">apolune</a> of 70,000 km (43,000 mi) occurring over the south pole.<a href="#cite_note-Gerstenmaier-2023-242">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IG-2021-241">[235]</a>: 4, 5  The <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion spacecraft</a> would then dock with Starship HLS and two of its four crew would transfer into Starship HLS.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-2023-243">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IG-2021-241">[235]</a>: 4, 5  Starship HLS would then use its engines to make a powered descent and land near the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">lunar south pole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_IG-2021-241">[235]</a>: 4, 5  After the crew performs the surface portion of its mission, the HLS would ascend with the crew.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_IG-2021-241">[235]</a>: 4, 5  The crew would then transfer into the Orion spacecraft and return to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_IG-2021-241">[235]</a>: 4, 5  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3></div> Astronomers have called to consider Starship's larger mass to orbit and wider cargo bay for proposed space telescopes such as <a href="/wiki/Large_Ultraviolet_Optical_Infrared_Surveyor" title="Large Ultraviolet Optical Infrared Surveyor">LUVOIR</a>, and to develop larger telescopes to take advantage of these capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-2023-244">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elvis-2023-245">[239]</a> Starship's 9 m (30 ft) fairing width could hold an 8 m (26 ft) wide space telescope mirror in a single piece,<a href="#cite_note-Clark-2023-244">[238]</a> alleviating the need for complex unfolding such as that of the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">JWST</a>'s 6.5 m (21 ft) mirror, which added cost and delays.<a href="#cite_note-Elvis-2023-245">[239]</a> Ariane 5 imposed a ~6,500 kg limit on the telescope's weight.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhr_2024-246">[240]</a> Starship's low launch cost could also allow probes to use heavier, more common, cheaper materials, such as glass instead of <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> for large telescope mirrors.<a href="#cite_note-Elvis-2023-245">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scoles-2022-84">[80]</a> With a 5 t (11,000 lb) mirror built using similar methods to the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>'s mirror, the JWST would represent only 10% of the mass deliverable by a (refueled) Starship to the Sun–Earth <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">L2</a> point, and therefore minimizing the weight of the telescope would not have been a dominant design consideration.<a href="#cite_note-Elvis-2023-245">[239]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academies of Science</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics_Decadal_Survey" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey">2020 survey</a> recommended the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_Worlds_Observatory" title="Habitable Worlds Observatory">Habitable Worlds Observatory</a> (HWO); the space observatory, requiring a super heavy lift launch vehicle, will search for <a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">signs of life</a> on <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhr_2024-246">[240]</a> The HWO's team hopes for the success of big launchers due to their critical importance to the HWO's mission.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhr_2024-246">[240]</a> Lee Feinberg, NASA HWO lead architect<a href="#cite_note-Kuhr_2024-246">[240]</a> and JWST manager,<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a> stays in communication with SpaceX to track Starship's progress and has visited them in 2024 for that same purpose.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhr_2024-246">[240]</a> The NASA Habitable Worlds Observatory will have a 6–8 meter mirror for now, but its design should be flexible to leverage launchers with potentially double the mass and volume by the time it launches in the 2040s.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhr_2024-246">[240]</a> Former NASA <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a> architect Casey Handmer believes the HWO to be far too conservative compared to what is possible with Starship.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhr_2024-246">[240]</a> Handmer argues that Starship enables telescopes to scale up to the point of surface-level <a href="/wiki/List_of_directly_imaged_exoplanets" title="List of directly imaged exoplanets">exoplanet imaging</a>, perhaps big enough to detect seasonal <a href="/wiki/Migration_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration patterns">migration patterns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhr_2024-246">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rocket_cargo">Rocket cargo</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Cargo" title="Rocket Cargo">Rocket Cargo</a></div> In January 2022, SpaceX was awarded a $102 million five-year contract to develop the <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Cargo" title="Rocket Cargo">Rocket Cargo</a> program for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Erwin-2022-229">[225]</a> The five-year contract is intended to "determine exactly what a rocket can achieve when used for cargo transport",<a href="#cite_note-AeroTime-2022-248">[242]</a> and will see the Air Force Research Laboratory collect data during commercial launches of Starship.<a href="#cite_note-AeroTime-2022-248">[242]</a> The contract includes an eventual demonstration mission with the launch and landing of a cargo-laden Starship in a point-to-point flight. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> has planned a test with Starship as part of its program to demonstrate the ability to rapidly deploy up to 100 tons of cargo and supplies, a capability it calls point to point delivery (P2PD). The test is envisioned to take place in FY25 or FY26.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_Sample_Return">Mars Sample Return</h3></div> In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return" title="NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return">NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return</a> project, one of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s highest priority flagship projects, suffered a setback when an independent review board assessing the project's feasibility concluded that the project could not complete under its mission profile. In April 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_NASA" title="Administrator of NASA">Administrator of NASA</a> then announced that a new mission profile was needed for the project and that NASA would turn to industry for proposals, with responses due in fall 2024, and high emphasis on lower total cost and lower risk.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> Starship was widely seen as a leading candidate to serve as a central component of the new mission profile architecture.<a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> SpaceX has proposed using Starship for <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight#Point-to-point" title="Spaceflight">point-to-point flights</a> (called "Earth to Earth" flights by SpaceX), traveling anywhere on Earth in under an hour.<a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-AeroTime-2022-248">[242]</a> Musk stated that SpaceX would complete hundreds of cargo flights before launching with human passengers.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc20200901-255">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_colonization">Space colonization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_ambition_of_colonizing_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX ambition of colonizing Mars">SpaceX ambition of colonizing Mars</a></div> According to SpaceX, Starship is intended to be able to land crews on Mars,<a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a>: 120  though SpaceX has not published technical plans or designs about Starship's <a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">life support systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_protection" title="Radiation protection">radiation protection</a>, docking system, or in-orbit refueling system for Mars.<a href="#cite_note-Grush-2019-82">[79]</a> The spacecraft would be launched to low Earth orbit and refueled in orbit before heading to Mars.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-2019-257">[251]</a> After landing on Mars, the <a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a> could be used to synthesize liquid methane and liquid oxygen, Starship's fuel, in a <a href="/wiki/Power-to-gas" title="Power-to-gas">power-to-gas</a> plant.<a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a> The plant's <a href="/wiki/In_situ_resource_utilization" title="In situ resource utilization">raw resources</a> would be <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Martian water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars#Carbon_dioxide" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Martian carbon dioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sommerlad-2021-95">[91]</a> On Earth, similar technologies could be used to make <a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">carbon-neutral propellant</a> for the rocket.<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> To date, there has been one proof of concept experiment (<a href="/wiki/MOXIE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOXIE">MOXIE</a>) demonstrating the extraction of oxygen from Martian carbon dioxide, with <a href="/wiki/George_Dvorsky" title="George Dvorsky">George Dvorsky</a> writing for <a href="/wiki/Gizmodo" title="Gizmodo">Gizmodo</a> commenting that we are not "remotely close" to turning this "into something practical".<a href="#cite_note-Gizmodo-2022-260">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurkowski-2023-86">[82]</a> SpaceX and Musk have stated <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_ambition_of_colonizing_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX ambition of colonizing Mars">their goal of colonizing Mars</a> to ensure the <a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">long-term survival of humanity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Scoles-2022-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160927-261">[255]</a> with an ambition of having sent one million people to Mars by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> In March 2022, he estimated that the first crewed Mars landing could occur in 2029.<a href="#cite_note-Torchinsky-2022-263">[257]</a> This timeline has been criticized as unrealistic by Kevin Olsen, a physicist at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, England, who has said that "colony needs to become a factory" to produce air, fuel and water as it is "fundamentally impossible to create a completely closed environment in space", and that the technology to do so is "far, far behind the technology of space flight and habitation construction".<a href="#cite_note-Gizmodo-2022-260">[254]</a> Serkan Saydam, a mining engineering professor from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a>, Australia, stated that humanity currently lacks the necessary technology to establish a Martian colony, and will likely lack the capacity to establish a Martian city with one million people by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-Gizmodo-2022-260">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_missions">Other missions</h3></div> One future payload is the <a href="/wiki/Superbird-9" title="Superbird-9">Superbird-9</a> communication satellite, which was Starship's first contract for externally made commercial satellites.<a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> Another planned payload is the <a href="/wiki/Starlab_(space_station)" title="Starlab (space station)">Starlab space station</a>, which Starship will launch in a single piece.<a href="#cite_note-spacecom-20240131-265">[259]</a> In the future, the spacecraft's crewed version could be used for <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">space tourism</a>—for example, for the third flight of the <a href="/wiki/Polaris_program" title="Polaris program">Polaris program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a> Research conducted by <a href="/wiki/Project_Lyra" title="Project Lyra">Project Lyra</a> determined that with refueling in LEO, a Starship could send a spacecraft to <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOumuamua" title="ʻOumuamua">Oumuamua</a> with a journey taking 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-Hibberd_2023-267">[261]</a> A gravity assist would be required at Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-Hibberd_2023-267">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facilities">Facilities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">SpaceX Starbase</a> and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_facilities" title="SpaceX facilities">SpaceX facilities</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing_and_manufacturing">Testing and manufacturing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bays_%2B_ships.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Various spacecraft constructed inside bays" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bays_%2B_ships.jpg/220px-Bays_%2B_ships.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bays_%2B_ships.jpg/330px-Bays_%2B_ships.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bays_%2B_ships.jpg/440px-Bays_%2B_ships.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4499" data-file-height="6224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Starship_Ship_27" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship Ship 27">Ship 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starship_Ship_26" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship Ship 26">Ship 26</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Heavy_Booster_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Heavy Booster 10">Booster 10</a> forward section under construction in Starbase build site, March 2023</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">Starbase</a> consists of a manufacturing facility and launch site,<a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a> and is located at Boca Chica, Texas. Both facilities operate 24 hours a day.<a href="#cite_note-Berger-2020b-21">[19]</a> A maximum of 450 full-time employees may be onsite.<a href="#cite_note-FAA-2022-111">[107]</a>: 28  The site is planned to consist of two launch sites, one payload processing facility, one seven-acre <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" title="Photovoltaic power station">solar farm</a>, and other facilities.<a href="#cite_note-FAA-2022-111">[107]</a>: 34–36  The company leases Starbase's land for the <a href="/wiki/STARGATE" title="STARGATE">STARGATE</a> research facility, owned by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Rio_Grande_Valley" title="University of Texas Rio Grande Valley">University of Texas Rio Grande Valley</a>. It uses part of it for Starship development.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> Raptor engines are tested at the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_McGregor" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX McGregor">Rocket Development facility</a> in McGregor, Texas. The facility has two main test stands: one horizontal stand for both engine types and one vertical stand for sea-level-optimized rocket engines.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport-2021-270">[264]</a> In the future, a nearby factory, which as of September 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceX_Starship&action=edit">[update]</a> was under construction, will make the new generation of sea-level Raptors while SpaceX's headquarters in California will continue building the Raptor Vacuum and test new designs.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport-2021-270">[264]</a> At Florida, a facility at Cocoa purifies <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a> for Starship heat-shield tiles, producing a <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurry</a> that is then shipped to a facility at Cape Canaveral. In the past, workers constructed the <a href="/wiki/Starship_MK2" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship MK2">Starship MK2</a> prototype in competition with Starbase's crews.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeron-2021-12-78">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>, also in Florida, is planned to host other Starship facilities, such as a Starship launch site at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">Launch Complex 39A</a> and a production facility at Roberts Road. This production facility is being expanded from "Hangar X", the Falcon rocket boosters' storage and maintenance facility. It will include a 30,000 m2 (320,000 sq ft) building, <a href="/wiki/Loading_dock" title="Loading dock">loading dock</a>, and a place for constructing integration tower sections.<a href="#cite_note-Bergin-2022-271">[265]</a> Adjacent to the Kennedy Space Center will be an additional launch site at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_37" title="Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 37">Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 37</a>, likely to service missions for the complex owner, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_sites_2">Launch sites</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Starbase">Starbase</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starbase_OLM_construction_08-2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Starbase_OLM_construction_08-2021.jpg/220px-Starbase_OLM_construction_08-2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Starbase_OLM_construction_08-2021.jpg/330px-Starbase_OLM_construction_08-2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Starbase_OLM_construction_08-2021.jpg/440px-Starbase_OLM_construction_08-2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Orbital launch mount A under construction in Starbase, August 2021</figcaption></figure> Starbase is planned to host two launch sites, named Pad A and Pad B.<a href="#cite_note-FAA-2022-111">[107]</a>: 34  A launch site at Starbase has large facilities, such as a <a href="/wiki/Oil_terminal" title="Oil terminal">tank farm</a>, an orbital launch mount, and an integration tower.<a href="#cite_note-FAA-2022-111">[107]</a> Smaller facilities are present at the launch site: tanks surrounding the area containing methane, oxygen, nitrogen, helium, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">hydraulic fluid</a>, etc.;<a href="#cite_note-FAA-2022-111">[107]</a>: 161  <a href="/wiki/Subcooling#In_spaceflight" title="Subcooling">subcoolers</a> near the tank farm cool propellant using liquid nitrogen; and various pipes are installed at large facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2021-57">[54]</a> Each tank farm consists of eight tanks, enough to support one orbital launch.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2021-57">[54]</a> The current launch mount on Pad A has a water-powered <a href="/wiki/Flame_deflector" title="Flame deflector">flame diverter</a>, 20 clamps holding the booster, and a quick disconnect mount providing liquid fuel and electricity to the Super Heavy booster before it lifts off.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2021-57">[54]</a> The integration tower or <a href="/wiki/Service_structure" title="Service structure">launch tower</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Steel_truss" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel truss">steel truss</a> sections, a <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">lightning rod</a> on top,<a href="#cite_note-Berger-2021a-272">[266]</a> and a pair of mechanical arms that can lift, catch and recover the booster.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2021-57">[54]</a> The decision to catch the booster with the arms was made to reduce the rocket's mass and mechanical complexity by removing the need for landing legs, as well as enabling more rapid reuse by placing the rocket directly back on the launchpad.<a href="#cite_note-SpaceX-2023a-168">[164]</a>: 2  The mechanical arms are attached to a carriage and controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulley</a> at the top of the tower.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2021-57">[54]</a> The pulley is linked to a <a href="/wiki/Winch" title="Winch">winch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cable_reel" title="Cable reel">spool</a> at the base of the tower using a cable.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2021-57">[54]</a> Using the winch and the carriage, the mechanical arms can move vertically, with support from <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a> attached at the sides of the carriage.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2021-57">[54]</a> A linear <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_cylinder" title="Hydraulic cylinder">hydraulic actuator</a> moves the arms horizontally. Tracks are mounted on top of arms, which are used to position the booster or spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2021-57">[54]</a> The tower is mounted with a quick disconnect arm extending to and contracting from the Starship spacecraft; its functions are similar to the quick disconnect mount that powers the booster.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2021-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Florida">Florida</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Axiom-3_Launch_(KSC-20240118-PH-CMS01_0022)_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Axiom-3_Launch_%28KSC-20240118-PH-CMS01_0022%29_Cropped.jpg/220px-Axiom-3_Launch_%28KSC-20240118-PH-CMS01_0022%29_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Axiom-3_Launch_%28KSC-20240118-PH-CMS01_0022%29_Cropped.jpg/330px-Axiom-3_Launch_%28KSC-20240118-PH-CMS01_0022%29_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Axiom-3_Launch_%28KSC-20240118-PH-CMS01_0022%29_Cropped.jpg/440px-Axiom-3_Launch_%28KSC-20240118-PH-CMS01_0022%29_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4503" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption>Starship launch tower construction can be seen (right) at LC-39A in January 2024 as Falcon 9 launches continue to take place</figcaption></figure> SpaceX has been constructing a Starship launch pad at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A</a> (LC-39A) since 2021. The site was leased to the company in 2014 and is used to launch <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> rockets.<a href="#cite_note-Bergin-2022-271">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roulette-2022-273">[267]</a> In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> began the process of preparing an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">environmental impact statement</a> (EIS) evaluating the potential impacts of the new infrastructure and a higher launch cadence of up to 44 per year at LC-39A.<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> In June 2024, Blue Origin and <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a> (ULA) provided comments as part of the EIS process, both objecting to the impact that Starship launch operations may have on their own activities at the site.<a href="#cite_note-Clark_2024-275">[269]</a> Blue Origin suggested several mitigations, including allowing other operators to object to a Starship launch that would conflict with one of its own, limiting Starship operations to particular times, or expanding the number of launchpads in the area to reduce the impact of conflicting launches.<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> ULA suggested regulators prevent Starship from launching in Florida altogether because a fully fueled Starship would require an evacuation zone so large that it would prevent other operators from using their facilities, and the noise generated by repetitive launches could be injurious to those who live or work nearby.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alamalhodaei_2024-278">[272]</a> Elon Musk suggested that the two companies' comments were disingenuous and that their true motivation was to impede SpaceX’s progress by <a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">lawfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clark_2024-275">[269]</a> The company has also proposed building another Starship launch pad at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_37" title="Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 37">Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 37</a> (SLC-37) which became vacant in 2024 after the retirement of the <a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">Delta IV</a> rocket. That year, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a> began the process of preparing an EIS evaluating the potential impacts of new infrastructure and a launch cadence of up to 76 times per year at SLC-37.<a href="#cite_note-Alamalhodaei_2024-278">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clark-2024-280">[274]</a> Both EIS processes must be complete before SpaceX will be cleared to launch Starship from Florida, which likely won't occur until late 2025.<a href="#cite_note-Clark_2024-275">[269]</a> The towers and mechanical arms at the sites should be similar to the one at Starbase, with improvements gained from the experience at Boca Chica.<a href="#cite_note-Bergin-2022-271">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses_to_Starship_development">Responses to Starship development</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase#Impact" title="SpaceX Starbase">SpaceX Starbase § Impact</a></div> In order to compete with SpaceX and close their technological gap with the company, the <a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">China Aerospace Science and Tech Corp</a> and other aerospace actors in China have reportedly been working on their own equivalent of Starship – the <a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">Long March 9</a> super-heavy lift rocket,<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> which is also designed to eventually be fully reusable.<a href="#cite_note-NSF202304272-282">[276]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Launch_Vehicle_Technology" title="China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology">China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology</a> (CALT) showed a rendered video of a rocket noted to be "strikingly" similar to Starship in appearance and function.<a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a> In a 2022 event organized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Federation" title="International Astronautical Federation">International Astronautical Federation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Society_of_Astronautics" title="Chinese Society of Astronautics">Chinese Society of Astronautics</a>, the CALT communicated performing research on a crewed launch vehicle powered by LOX-methane propellant, with a second stage that was very similar to Starship's.<a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a> noted that the Chinese start-up Space Epoch and engine maker <a href="/wiki/Jiuzhou_Yunjian" title="Jiuzhou Yunjian">Jiuzhou Yunjian</a> were developing a smaller Starship-like rocket with a methane-LOX engine similar to Raptor, stainless steel tanks and an iterative design.<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> Starship's reusability and stainless-steel construction might also have inspired <a href="/wiki/Project_Jarvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Jarvis">Project Jarvis</a>, a reusable upper stage for <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a> heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to replace New Glenn's expendable upper stage in the future.<a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a> In 2021, members of Congress voiced concerns about the FAA's response to SpaceX's launch license violations following the explosion of SN8, calling on the FAA to "resist any potential undue influence on launch safety decision-making".<a href="#cite_note-SpaceNews-2021-158">[154]</a> In 2023, prior to <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_2" title="Starship flight test 2">Starship's second test flight</a>, SpaceX's vice president and ex-NASA engineer <a href="/wiki/William_H._Gerstenmaier" title="William H. Gerstenmaier">Bill Gerstenmaier</a> made statements at the U.S. Senate on the importance of innovation in light of "strategic competition from state actors like China".<a href="#cite_note-Xin-2023-287">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fisher-2023-288">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> He said SpaceX was under a contract with NASA to use Starship to land American astronauts on the moon before China does,<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-2024-290">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-Xin-2023-287">[281]</a> and that the Starship test flights campaign was being held up by "regulatory headwinds and unnecessary bureaucracy" unrelated to public safety.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-2023-288">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a> Following the second integrated flight test of Starship, the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> (GAO) made recommendations to the FAA to "improve its mishap investigation process", finding that historically they have allowed the launch operator to conduct their own investigation with the FAA supervising.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-2023-292">[286]</a> Several environmental groups have filed lawsuits against the FAA and SpaceX, claiming that environmental reviews were bypassed due to Musk's political and financial influence.<a href="#cite_note-Fine-2024-293">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Gross mass is the total of the propellant mass (1,200,000 kg) and approximate empty mass (100,000 kg). </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Super Heavy <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_weight" title="Vehicle weight">dry mass</a>: 200 t (440,000 lb); Starship dry mass: 100 t (220,000 lb); Super Heavy propellant mass: 3,400 t (7,500,000 lb);<a href="#cite_note-Sesnic-2021-4">[4]</a> Starship propellant mass: 1,200 t (2,600,000 lb).<a href="#cite_note-Lawler-2019-13">[12]</a> The total of these masses is about 5,000 t (11,000,000 lb). </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> 78% of 3,400 t (7,500,000 lb) is 2,700 t (6,000,000 lb) of liquid oxygen. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Synonymous with increasing the <a href="/wiki/Delta-v_budget" title="Delta-v budget">delta-v budget</a> of the spacecraft. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="Comparison of orbital launch systems">Comparison of orbital launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launcher_families" title="Comparison of orbital launcher families">Comparison of orbital launcher families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program" title="SpaceX reusable launch system development program">SpaceX reusable launch system development program</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kolodny-2023-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kolodny-2023_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolodny-2023_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolodny-2023_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKolodnySheetz2023" class="citation web cs1">Kolodny, Lora; 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Ringwatchers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206131946/https://ringwatchers.com/article/booster-prop-distribution">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2024. 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Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NASA%2C+The+First+25+Years%3A+1958-1983&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.date=1983-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED252377.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LC-39A_Fact_Sheets_2024-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LC-39A_Fact_Sheets_2024_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LC-39A_Fact_Sheets_2024_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LC-39A_Fact_Sheets_2024_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/media/80626">"FAA SpaceX SSH LC-39A Fact Sheets Combined"</a>. Federal Aviation Administration. 11 June 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAA+SpaceX+SSH+LC-39A+Fact+Sheets+Combined&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=2024-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fmedia%2F80626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.twz.com/starships-33-engines-created-the-mother-of-all-shock-diamonds">Starship’s 33 Engines Created The Mother Of All ‘Shock Diamonds’</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jax_2023e-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jax_2023e_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jax_2023e_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jax_2023e_52-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJax2023" class="citation web cs1">Jax (24 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ringwatchers.com/article/s25-b9-updates#booster-nbsptanks-amp-pressure-control">"A Major Improvement: What Changed on Starship 25 & Booster 9?"</a>. Ringwatchers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207132041/https://ringwatchers.com/article/s25-b9-updates#booster-nbsptanks-amp-pressure-control">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ringwatchers&rft.atitle=A+Major+Improvement%3A+What+Changed+on+Starship+25+%26+Booster+9%3F&rft.date=2023-11-24&rft.au=Jax&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fringwatchers.com%2Farticle%2Fs25-b9-updates%23booster-nbsptanks-amp-pressure-control&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJax2024" class="citation web cs1">Jax (13 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ringwatchers.com/article/s28-b10-updates#ship-tanks-amp-pressure-control">"Time for Round 3: What's New on Starship 28 & Booster 10?"</a>. Ringwatchers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207132039/https://ringwatchers.com/article/s28-b10-updates#ship-tanks-amp-pressure-control">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ringwatchers&rft.atitle=Time+for+Round+3%3A+What%27s+New+on+Starship+28+%26+Booster+10%3F&rft.date=2024-01-13&rft.au=Jax&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fringwatchers.com%2Farticle%2Fs28-b10-updates%23ship-tanks-amp-pressure-control&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSesnic2021" class="citation web cs1">Sesnic, Trevor (11 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://everydayastronaut.com/starbase-tour-and-interview-with-elon-musk/">"Starbase Tour and Interview with Elon Musk"</a>. Everyday Astronaut. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230523085916/https://everydayastronaut.com/starbase-tour-and-interview-with-elon-musk/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Everyday+Astronaut&rft.atitle=Starbase+Tour+and+Interview+with+Elon+Musk&rft.date=2021-08-11&rft.aulast=Sesnic&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feverydayastronaut.com%2Fstarbase-tour-and-interview-with-elon-musk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-musk-20170625-55"><a href="#cite_ref-musk-20170625_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFelonmusk2017" class="citation web cs1">@elonmusk (25 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/elonmusk/status/878821062326198272">"Flying with larger & significantly upgraded hypersonic grid fins. Single piece cast & cut titanium. Can take reentry heat with no shielding"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Retrieved 30 November 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flying+with+larger+%26+significantly+upgraded+hypersonic+grid+fins.+Single+piece+cast+%26+cut+titanium.+Can+take+reentry+heat+with+no+shielding.&rft.date=2017-06-25&rft.au=elonmusk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Felonmusk%2Fstatus%2F878821062326198272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jax_2023d-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jax_2023d_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jax_2023d_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJax2023" class="citation web cs1">Jax (9 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ringwatchers.com/article/booster-grid-fins">"Not Folding Under Pressure: Super Heavy's Grid Fins"</a>. Ringwatchers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121175938/https://ringwatchers.com/article/booster-grid-fins">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ringwatchers&rft.atitle=Not+Folding+Under+Pressure%3A+Super+Heavy%27s+Grid+Fins&rft.date=2023-04-09&rft.au=Jax&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fringwatchers.com%2Farticle%2Fbooster-grid-fins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> An archived version of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingWatchers2023" class="citation web cs1">@RingWatchers (9 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/RingWatchers/status/1645068410240348160">"Superheavy's grid fins are a key part of the vehicle's recovery hardware, but the perpetually extended state looks quite different compared to Falcon 9. Let's take a look at how these grid fins work and why they can stay extended at all times. (1/10)"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superheavy%27s+grid+fins+are+a+key+part+of+the+vehicle%27s+recovery+hardware%2C+but+the+perpetually+extended+state+looks+quite+different+compared+to+Falcon+9.+Let%27s+take+a+look+at+how+these+grid+fins+work+and+why+they+can+stay+extended+at+all+times.+%281%2F10%29&rft.date=2023-04-09&rft.au=RingWatchers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FRingWatchers%2Fstatus%2F1645068410240348160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber-2021-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weber-2021_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber-2021_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber-2021_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber-2021_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber-2021_57-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber-2021_57-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber-2021_57-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber-2021_57-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber-2021_57-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber-2021_57-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber-2021_57-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber-2021_57-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber-2021_57-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber-2021_57-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber-2021_57-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2021" class="citation web cs1">Weber, Ryan (31 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/starship-orbital-launch-pad/">"Major elements of Starship Orbital Launch Pad in place as launch readiness draws nearer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASASpaceFlight.com" class="mw-redirect" title="NASASpaceFlight.com">NASASpaceFlight.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205163459/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/starship-orbital-launch-pad/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.atitle=Major+elements+of+Starship+Orbital+Launch+Pad+in+place+as+launch+readiness+draws+nearer&rft.date=2021-10-31&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2021%2F10%2Fstarship-orbital-launch-pad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CILlU9dly9E">Booster 7 Back At The Pad With 33 Engines For Testing</a>, 24 August 2022, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430170713/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CILlU9dly9E">archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023, retrieved 24 August 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Booster+7+Back+At+The+Pad+With+33+Engines+For+Testing&rft.date=2022-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCILlU9dly9E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNASASpaceflight2024" class="citation audio-visual cs1">NASASpaceflight (11 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YC87WmFN_As">SpaceX Launches Starship for the Fifth Time (and Tries to Catch a Booster)</a>. 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Nextbigfuture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204091129/https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2020/02/spacex-super-heavy-starship-construction-and-weight.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nextbigfuture&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Super+Heavy+Starship+Construction+and+Weight&rft.date=2020-02-15&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nextbigfuture.com%2F2020%2F02%2Fspacex-super-heavy-starship-construction-and-weight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wall-23-08-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wall-23-08_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wall-23-08_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2023" class="citation web cs1">Wall, Mike (18 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230819085708/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-super-heavy-booster-9-hot-staging-photos">"SpaceX shows off newly modified Starship Super Heavy booster (photos)"</a>. Space.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-super-heavy-booster-9-hot-staging-photos">the original</a> on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=SpaceX+shows+off+newly+modified+Starship+Super+Heavy+booster+%28photos%29&rft.date=2023-08-18&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspacex-starship-super-heavy-booster-9-hot-staging-photos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skibba-1059-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skibba-1059_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skibba-1059_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skibba-1059_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skibba-1059_62-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkibba" class="citation magazine cs1">Skibba, Ramin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/heres-whats-next-for-spacexs-starship/">"Here's What's Next for SpaceX's Starship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">WIRED</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125202033/https://www.wired.com/story/heres-whats-next-for-spacexs-starship/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIRED&rft.atitle=Here%27s+What%27s+Next+for+SpaceX%27s+Starship&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=Skibba&rft.aufirst=Ramin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fheres-whats-next-for-spacexs-starship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsf-23-06-24-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nsf-23-06-24_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nsf-23-06-24_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nsf-23-06-24_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergin2023" class="citation web cs1">Bergin, Chris [@nasaspaceflight] (24 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/nasaspaceflight/status/1672631387201912832">"Elon says there's a much higher chance of getting to orbit with the second test flight due to vast amount of mods"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>. <q>Ship engines will fire up before all the Booster engines shut down. Now need vents for hot staging. Adding an extension to the booster that is all vent and more shielding to the top of the booster. It's the most risky thing for the next flight.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elon+says+there%27s+a+much+higher+chance+of+getting+to+orbit+with+the+second+test+flight+due+to+vast+amount+of+mods.&rft.date=2023-06-24&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fnasaspaceflight%2Fstatus%2F1672631387201912832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-STARSHIP_2024-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-STARSHIP_2024_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-STARSHIP_2024_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-4">"STARSHIP'S FOURTH FLIGHT TEST"</a>. SpaceX. 18 June 2024. 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Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Programmatic+Environmental+Assessment+for+the+SpaceX+Starship%2FSuper+Heavy+Launch+Vehicle+Program+at+the+SpaceX+Boca+Chica+Launch+Site+in+Cameron+County%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration+and+SpaceX&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fsites%2Ffaa.gov%2Ffiles%2F2022-06%2FPEA_for_SpaceX_Starship_Super_Heavy_at_Boca_Chica_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moon-2022-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Moon-2022_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon2022" class="citation web cs1">Moon, Mariella (11 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/spacex-shows-starship-launch-050753751.html">"SpaceX shows what a Starship launch would look like"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171415/https://www.engadget.com/spacex-shows-starship-launch-050753751.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=SpaceX+shows+what+a+Starship+launch+would+look+like&rft.date=2022-02-11&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Mariella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2Fspacex-shows-starship-launch-050753751.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/media/27236">"WRITTEN RE-EVALUATION OF THE 2022 FINAL PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE SPACE X STARSHIP /SUPER HEAVY LAUNCH VEHICLE PROGRAM AT THE BOCA CHICA LAUNCH SITE IN CAMERON COUNTY , TEXAS"</a>. Federal Aviation Administration. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231201063507/https://www.faa.gov/media/27236">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WRITTEN+RE-EVALUATION+OF+THE+2022+FINAL+PROGRAMMATIC+ENVIRONMENTAL+ASSESSMENT+FOR+THE+SPACE+X+STARSHIP+%2FSUPER+HEAVY+LAUNCH+VEHICLE+PROGRAM+AT+THE+BOCA+CHICA+LAUNCH+SITE+IN+CAMERON+COUNTY+%2C+TEXAS&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fmedia%2F27236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpaceX-2023b-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpaceX-2023b_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpaceX-2023b_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpaceX-2023b_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpaceX-2023b_114-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpaceX-2023b_114-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121034547/https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-2">"SpaceX – Launches"</a>. 21 November 2023. 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Retrieved 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SpaceX+%E2%80%93+Launches&rft.date=2023-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacex.com%2Flaunches%2Fmission%2F%3FmissionId%3Dstarship-flight-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2024" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Stephen (5 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/01/rocket-report-spacexs-record-year-fireflys-alpha-rocket-falls-short/">"Rocket Report: SpaceX's record year; Firefly's Alpha rocket falls short"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Rocket+Report%3A+SpaceX%27s+record+year%3B+Firefly%27s+Alpha+rocket+falls+short&rft.date=2024-01-05&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fspace%2F2024%2F01%2Frocket-report-spacexs-record-year-fireflys-alpha-rocket-falls-short%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpaceX-2024a-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpaceX-2024a_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpaceX-2024a_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpaceX-2024a_116-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-3">"Starship's Third Flight Test"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240306183144/https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-3">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2024. 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Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=SpaceX+will+use+%27robot+chopsticks%27+to+catch+massive+rocket%2C+Elon+Musk+says&rft.date=2021-08-30&rft.aulast=Cuthbertson&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fspace%2Fspacex-launch-elon-musk-starship-b1911138.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheetz-2024-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Sheetz-2024_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheetz2024" class="citation web cs1">Sheetz, Michael (13 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/10/13/spacex-starship-rocket-launch-flight-5-booster-catch-attempt.html">"SpaceX's Starship rocket completes fifth test flight, lands booster in dramatic catch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. 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Retrieved 27 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=The+truth+about+the+new+SpaceX+%27Mini-Bakery%27&rft.date=2021-09-05&rft.aulast=Mohan&rft.aufirst=Aditya+Krishnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadityakm24.medium.com%2Fthe-truth-about-the-new-spacex-mini-bakery-19b7dd55bc3b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pappalardo-2019-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Pappalardo-2019_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a29284744/elon-musk-starship-reveal/">"Elon Musk Reveals SpaceX's New Starship, the Rocket Bound for Mars"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universe+Today&rft.atitle=Musk+Presents+the+Orbital+Starship+Prototype.+Flights+will+Begin+in+Six+Months&rft.date=2019-09-29&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F143565%2Fmusk-presents-the-orbital-starship-prototype-flights-will-begin-in-six-months%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foust-2019-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Foust-2019_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2019" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (27 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/spacex-to-update-starship-progress/">"SpaceX to update Starship progress"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=SpaceX+ignored+last-minute+warnings+from+the+FAA+before+December+Starship+launch&rft.date=2021-06-15&rft.aulast=Roulette&rft.aufirst=Joey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2021%2F6%2F15%2F22352366%2Felon-musk-spacex-faa-warnings-starship-sn8-launch-violation-texas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoulette2021" class="citation web cs1">Roulette, Joey (29 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/29/22256657/spacex-launch-violation-explosive-starship-faa-investigation-elon-musk">"Elon Musk's SpaceX violated its launch license in explosive Starship test, triggering an FAA probe"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earthsky.org&rft.atitle=Starship+fires+%28almost%29+all+her+engines&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthsky.org%2Fhuman-world%2Fstarship-static-test-fire-feb-9-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2023" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (24 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/spacex-completes-starship-wet-dress-rehearsal/">"SpaceX completes Starship wet dress rehearsal"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=SpaceX+completes+Starship+wet+dress+rehearsal&rft.date=2023-01-24&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fspacex-completes-starship-wet-dress-rehearsal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2023" class="citation web cs1">Wall, Mike (17 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/spacex-scrubs-first-space-launch-starship">"SpaceX scrubs 1st space launch of giant Starship rocket due to fueling issue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417165605/https://www.space.com/spacex-scrubs-first-space-launch-starship">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=SpaceX+scrubs+1st+space+launch+of+giant+Starship+rocket+due+to+fueling+issue&rft.date=2023-04-17&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspacex-scrubs-first-space-launch-starship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackie_Wattles_2023-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Jackie_Wattles_2023_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattlesStrickland2023" class="citation web cs1">Wattles, Jackie; Strickland, Ashley (20 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/20/world/spacex-starship-launch-thursday-scn/index.html">"SpaceX's Starship rocket lifts off for inaugural test flight, but explodes midair"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421000659/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/20/world/spacex-starship-launch-thursday-scn/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SpaceX%27s+Starship+rocket+lifts+off+for+inaugural+test+flight%2C+but+explodes+midair&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft.aulast=Wattles&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft.au=Strickland%2C+Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F04%2F20%2Fworld%2Fspacex-starship-launch-thursday-scn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergin-2023-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergin-2023_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergin-2023_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergin2023" class="citation web cs1">Bergin, Chris (3 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/05/musk-orbital-goal-starship-debut/">"Elon Musk pushes for orbital goal following data gathering objectives during Starship debut"</a>. NASASpaceFlight.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505192700/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/05/musk-orbital-goal-starship-debut/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk+pushes+for+orbital+goal+following+data+gathering+objectives+during+Starship+debut&rft.date=2023-05-03&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2023%2F05%2Fmusk-orbital-goal-starship-debut%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalikWall2023" class="citation web cs1">Malik, Tariq; Wall, Mike (20 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-first-space-launch">"SpaceX's 1st Starship launches on epic test flight, explodes in 'rapid unscheduled disassembly'"</a>. Space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920015150/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-first-space-launch">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=SpaceX%27s+1st+Starship+launches+on+epic+test+flight%2C+explodes+in+%27rapid+unscheduled+disassembly%27&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft.au=Wall%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspacex-starship-first-space-launch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-test">"SpaceX"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week+Network&rft.atitle=Engine+Issue+Felled+SpaceX+First+Super+Heavy+%7C+Aviation+Week+Network&rft.date=2023-05-01&rft.aulast=Klotz&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviationweek.com%2Faerospace%2Fcommercial-space%2Fengine-issue-felled-spacex-first-super-heavy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalinas2023" class="citation news cs1">Salinas, Sara (20 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/20/spacex-starship-orbital-launch-attempt-live-updates.html">"SpaceX launches towering Starship rocket but suffers mid-flight failure"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420134534/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/20/spacex-starship-orbital-launch-attempt-live-updates.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SpaceX+launches+towering+Starship+rocket+but+suffers+mid-flight+failure&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft.aulast=Salinas&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2023%2F04%2F20%2Fspacex-starship-orbital-launch-attempt-live-updates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerDotson2024" class="citation arxiv cs1">Metzger, Philip; Dotson, Brandon (2024). "A new launch pad failure mode: Analysis of fine particles from the launch of the first Starship orbital test flight". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.10788">2403.10788</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/physics.space-ph">physics.space-ph</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=A+new+launch+pad+failure+mode%3A+Analysis+of+fine+particles+from+the+launch+of+the+first+Starship+orbital+test+flight&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2403.10788&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Dotson%2C+Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolodny_2023-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolodny_2023_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolodny2023" class="citation web cs1">Kolodny, Lora (24 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/24/spacex-starship-explosion-spread-particulate-matter-for-miles.html">"SpaceX Starship explosion spread particulate matter for miles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425045623/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/24/spacex-starship-explosion-spread-particulate-matter-for-miles.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SpaceX+Starship+explosion+spread+particulate+matter+for+miles&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2023-04-24&rft.aulast=Kolodny&rft.aufirst=Lora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2023%2F04%2F24%2Fspacex-starship-explosion-spread-particulate-matter-for-miles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leinfelder-2023-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Leinfelder-2023_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeinfelder2023" class="citation news cs1">Leinfelder, Andrea (2 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/space/article/spacex-starship-launch-dumped-sand-across-south-18266534.php">"SpaceX Starship sprinkled South Texas with mystery material. Here's what it was"</a>. Houston Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902095233/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/space/article/spacex-starship-launch-dumped-sand-across-south-18266534.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Starship+sprinkled+South+Texas+with+mystery+material.+Here%27s+what+it+was.&rft.date=2023-08-02&rft.aulast=Leinfelder&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonchronicle.com%2Fnews%2Fhouston-texas%2Fspace%2Farticle%2Fspacex-starship-launch-dumped-sand-across-south-18266534.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grush-2023-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Grush-2023_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrushHull2023" class="citation news cs1">Grush, Loren; Hull, Dana (26 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-04-26/spacex-launch-sparked-3-5-acre-fire-on-state-park-land-us-says-lgy2cc46?leadSource=uverify%20wall">"SpaceX's Starship Launch Sparked Fire on State Park Land"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223203920/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-04-26/spacex-launch-sparked-3-5-acre-fire-on-state-park-land-us-says-lgy2cc46?leadSource=uverify%20wall">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=SpaceX%27s+Starship+Launch+Sparked+Fire+on+State+Park+Land&rft.date=2023-04-26&rft.aulast=Grush&rft.aufirst=Loren&rft.au=Hull%2C+Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-04-26%2Fspacex-launch-sparked-3-5-acre-fire-on-state-park-land-us-says-lgy2cc46%3FleadSource%3Duverify%2520wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolodny2023" class="citation web cs1">Kolodny, Lora (28 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/28/spacex-is-testing-a-flame-deflector-for-starship-without-permits.html">"SpaceX hasn't obtained environmental permits for 'flame deflector' system it's testing in Texas"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231007041738/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/28/spacex-is-testing-a-flame-deflector-for-starship-without-permits.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SpaceX+hasn%27t+obtained+environmental+permits+for+%27flame+deflector%27+system+it%27s+testing+in+Texas&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft.aulast=Kolodny&rft.aufirst=Lora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2023%2F07%2F28%2Fspacex-is-testing-a-flame-deflector-for-starship-without-permits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomera2023" class="citation web cs1">Romera, Alejandro Alcantarilla (23 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230825202503/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/booster9_staticfireattempt2/">"Booster 9 conducts pre-flight static fire test"</a>. NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/booster9_staticfireattempt2/">the original</a> on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.atitle=Booster+9+conducts+pre-flight+static+fire+test&rft.date=2023-08-23&rft.aulast=Romera&rft.aufirst=Alejandro+Alcantarilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2023%2F08%2Fbooster9_staticfireattempt2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomera2023" class="citation web cs1">Romera, Alejandro Alcantarilla (21 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705115540/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/06/ship-25-engine-testing/">"Ship 25 begins engine testing as Starship launch pad work continues"</a>. NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/06/ship-25-engine-testing/">the original</a> on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.atitle=Ship+25+begins+engine+testing+as+Starship+launch+pad+work+continues&rft.date=2023-06-21&rft.aulast=Romera&rft.aufirst=Alejandro+Alcantarilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2023%2F06%2Fship-25-engine-testing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarwood" class="citation web cs1">Harwood, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/11/18/super-heavy-starship-climbs-high-but-falls-short-on-second-test-flight/">"Super Heavy-Starship climbs high but falls short on second test flight – Spaceflight Now"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118165728/https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/11/18/super-heavy-starship-climbs-high-but-falls-short-on-second-test-flight/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Super+Heavy-Starship+climbs+high+but+falls+short+on+second+test+flight+%E2%80%93+Spaceflight+Now&rft.aulast=Harwood&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2F2023%2F11%2F18%2Fsuper-heavy-starship-climbs-high-but-falls-short-on-second-test-flight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/spacex-starship-test-flight-launch-37c0893ddf605270b16a33ae64d69a85">"SpaceX launches its giant new rocket but a pair of explosions ends the second test flight"</a>. AP News. 18 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120020601/https://apnews.com/article/spacex-starship-test-flight-launch-37c0893ddf605270b16a33ae64d69a85">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=SpaceX+launches+its+giant+new+rocket+but+a+pair+of+explosions+ends+the+second+test+flight&rft.date=2023-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fspacex-starship-test-flight-launch-37c0893ddf605270b16a33ae64d69a85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters-20231118-191"><a href="#cite_ref-reuters-20231118_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkipperRouletteGorman2023" class="citation news cs1">Skipper, Joe; Roulette, Joey; Gorman, Steve (18 November 2023). Dunham, Will; Russell, Ros; Craft, Diane (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/spacex-starship-launched-test-flight-texas-after-last-one-blew-up-2023-11-18/">"SpaceX Starship launch presumed failed minutes after reaching space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123063309/https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/spacex-starship-launched-test-flight-texas-after-last-one-blew-up-2023-11-18/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Starship+launch+presumed+failed+minutes+after+reaching+space&rft.date=2023-11-18&rft.aulast=Skipper&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Roulette%2C+Joey&rft.au=Gorman%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Ftechnology%2Fspace%2Fspacex-starship-launched-test-flight-texas-after-last-one-blew-up-2023-11-18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ars-ift2-postmortem-192"><a href="#cite_ref-ars-ift2-postmortem_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2024" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Eric (26 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/02/faa-closes-starship-inquiry-and-spacex-details-causes-of-november-accidents/">"SpaceX discloses cause of Starship anomalies as it clears an FAA hurdle"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314180353/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/02/faa-closes-starship-inquiry-and-spacex-details-causes-of-november-accidents/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SpaceX+discloses+cause+of+Starship+anomalies+as+it+clears+an+FAA+hurdle&rft.date=2024-02-26&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fspace%2F2024%2F02%2Ffaa-closes-starship-inquiry-and-spacex-details-causes-of-november-accidents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinner2023" class="citation web cs1">Dinner, Josh (18 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-second-test-flight-launch-explodes">"SpaceX Starship megarocket launches on 2nd-ever test flight, explodes in 'rapid unscheduled disassembly' (video)"</a>. Space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120125753/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-second-test-flight-launch-explodes">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Starship+megarocket+launches+on+2nd-ever+test+flight%2C+explodes+in+%27rapid+unscheduled+disassembly%27+%28video%29&rft.date=2023-11-18&rft.aulast=Dinner&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspacex-starship-second-test-flight-launch-explodes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell2023" class="citation web cs1">McDowell, Jonathan [@planet4589] (19 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/planet4589/status/1725917544114974995">"Thanks to NOAA's Kenneth Howard for pointing me to this NOAA weather radar data showing a debris cloud exactly over my estimated Starship reentry point!"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Retrieved 16 June 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thanks+to+NOAA%27s+Kenneth+Howard+for+pointing+me+to+this+NOAA+weather+radar+data+showing+a+debris+cloud+exactly+over+my+estimated+Starship+reentry+point%21&rft.date=2023-11-19&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fplanet4589%2Fstatus%2F1725917544114974995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpaceX-2024b-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpaceX-2024b_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpaceX-2024b_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacex.com/updates/">"SpaceX – Updates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>. 26 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210032044/https://www.spacex.com/updates/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2022. 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Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Trends&rft.atitle=SpaceX+reveals+anticipated+date+for+third+Starship+flight&rft.date=2024-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaltrends.com%2Fspace%2Fspacex-reveals-anticipated-date-for-third-starship-flight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2023" class="citation web cs1">Weber, Ryan (14 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/12/spacex-flight-3-rollout-ship-28/">"SpaceX Pushes Ahead to Flight 3 with the Rollout of Ship 28"</a>. NASASpaceFlight.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231231005848/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/12/spacex-flight-3-rollout-ship-28/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Pushes+Ahead+to+Flight+3+with+the+Rollout+of+Ship+28&rft.date=2023-12-14&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2023%2F12%2Fspacex-flight-3-rollout-ship-28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsf-stream-198"><a href="#cite_ref-nsf-stream_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrxCYzixV3s">SpaceX Launches Third Starship Flight Test</a>, 14 March 2024, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314154312/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrxCYzixV3s">archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024, retrieved 14 March 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SpaceX+Launches+Third+Starship+Flight+Test&rft.date=2024-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRrxCYzixV3s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2024" class="citation web cs1">Wall, Mike (7 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-third-test-flight-objectives">"SpaceX to push the envelope on 3rd Starship test flight"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307112417/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-third-test-flight-objectives">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=SpaceX+to+push+the+envelope+on+3rd+Starship+test+flight&rft.date=2024-03-07&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspacex-starship-third-test-flight-objectives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTingley2024" class="citation web cs1">Tingley, Brett (6 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-3rd-test-flight-date">"SpaceX eyes March 14 for 3rd Starship test flight"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240306173816/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-3rd-test-flight-date">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=SpaceX+eyes+March+14+for+3rd+Starship+test+flight&rft.date=2024-03-06&rft.aulast=Tingley&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspacex-starship-3rd-test-flight-date&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berger-2024-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Berger-2024_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Berger_(journalist)" title="Eric Berger (journalist)">Berger, Eric</a> (6 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/03/the-next-starship-mission-has-a-tentative-launch-date-march-14/">"The next Starship mission has a tentative launch date: March 14"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240306144340/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/03/the-next-starship-mission-has-a-tentative-launch-date-march-14/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=The+next+Starship+mission+has+a+tentative+launch+date%3A+March+14&rft.date=2024-03-06&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fspace%2F2024%2F03%2Fthe-next-starship-mission-has-a-tentative-launch-date-march-14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ars-ift3-progress-202"><a href="#cite_ref-ars-ift3-progress_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2024" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Stephen (14 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/03/after-its-third-test-flight-spacexs-starship-could-soon-carry-satellites/">"SpaceX celebrates major progress on the third flight of Starship"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316013647/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/03/after-its-third-test-flight-spacexs-starship-could-soon-carry-satellites/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SpaceX+celebrates+major+progress+on+the+third+flight+of+Starship&rft.date=2024-03-14&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fspace%2F2024%2F03%2Fafter-its-third-test-flight-spacexs-starship-could-soon-carry-satellites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlamalhodaei2024" class="citation web cs1">Alamalhodaei, Aria (14 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2024/03/14/spacex-makes-significant-progress-with-third-starship-orbital-test-flight/">"SpaceX makes significant progress with third Starship orbital test flight"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk+Expects+SpaceX+to+Spend+Around+%242+Billion+on+Starship+Rocket+This+Year&rft.date=2023-04-30&rft.aulast=Maidenberg&rft.aufirst=Micah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Felon-musk-expects-spacex-to-spend-around-2-billion-on-starship-rocket-this-year-31f768fb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASASpaceflight-2024a-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASASpaceflight-2024a_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASASpaceflight-2024a_221-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNASASpaceflight2024" class="citation audio-visual cs1">NASASpaceflight (16 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yd_cpPP4fE">🔴LIVE: SpaceX Launches Starship Flight 6 (and Catches a Booster)</a>. 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Retrieved 21 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Futurism&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk%3A+Each+Starship+Launch+Could+Cost+Just+%241+Million&rft.date=2022-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffuturism.com%2Felon-musk-starship-launch-1-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-2021-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown-2021_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2021" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Katherine (16 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/as-artemis-moves-forward-nasa-picks-spacex-to-land-next-americans-on-moon">"NASA Picks SpaceX to Land Next Americans on Moon"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422144134/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/as-artemis-moves-forward-nasa-picks-spacex-to-land-next-americans-on-moon/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA+Picks+SpaceX+to+Land+Next+Americans+on+Moon&rft.date=2021-04-16&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fas-artemis-moves-forward-nasa-picks-spacex-to-land-next-americans-on-moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.yahoo.com-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.yahoo.com_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.yahoo.com_224-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/spacex-awarded-1-15-billion-222500498.html">"SpaceX Awarded $1.15 Billion Contract to Build NASA's Second Lunar Lander"</a>. Yahoo News. 17 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123090616/https://news.yahoo.com/spacex-awarded-1-15-billion-222500498.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Awarded+%241.15+Billion+Contract+to+Build+NASA%27s+Second+Lunar+Lander&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fspacex-awarded-1-15-billion-222500498.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoulette2021" class="citation web cs1">Roulette, Joey (30 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/30/22412771/nasa-spacex-hls-moon-lander-blue-origin-protest">"NASA suspends SpaceX's $2.9 billion moon lander contract after rivals protest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828162019/https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/30/22412771/nasa-spacex-hls-moon-lander-blue-origin-protest">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=NASA+suspends+SpaceX%27s+%242.9+billion+moon+lander+contract+after+rivals+protest&rft.date=2021-04-30&rft.aulast=Roulette&rft.aufirst=Joey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2021%2F4%2F30%2F22412771%2Fnasa-spacex-hls-moon-lander-blue-origin-protest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blue_origin_lawsuit-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Blue_origin_lawsuit_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheetz2021" class="citation web cs1">Sheetz, Michael (4 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/04/bezos-blue-origin-loses-lawsuit-against-nasa-over-spacex-lunar-lander.html">"Bezos' Blue Origin loses NASA lawsuit over SpaceX $2.9 billion lunar lander contract"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220104030923/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/04/bezos-blue-origin-loses-lawsuit-against-nasa-over-spacex-lunar-lander.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bezos%27+Blue+Origin+loses+NASA+lawsuit+over+SpaceX+%242.9+billion+lunar+lander+contract&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.aulast=Sheetz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F11%2F04%2Fbezos-blue-origin-loses-lawsuit-against-nasa-over-spacex-lunar-lander.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pruitt-Young-2021-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Pruitt-Young-2021_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruitt-Young2021" class="citation web cs1">Pruitt-Young, Sharon (17 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/08/17/1028480777/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-sues-nasa-spacex-lunar-lander-contract-moon">"Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin Sues NASA over a Lunar Lander Contract Given to Rival SpaceX"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020101029/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/17/1028480777/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-sues-nasa-spacex-lunar-lander-contract-moon">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jeff+Bezos%27+Blue+Origin+Sues+NASA+over+a+Lunar+Lander+Contract+Given+to+Rival+SpaceX&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2021-08-17&rft.aulast=Pruitt-Young&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F08%2F17%2F1028480777%2Fjeff-bezos-blue-origin-sues-nasa-spacex-lunar-lander-contract-moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O’Shea-2023-228"><a href="#cite_ref-O’Shea-2023_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Shea2023" class="citation web cs1">O’Shea, Claire (19 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-as-second-artemis-lunar-lander-provider">"NASA Selects Blue Origin as Second Artemis Lunar Lander Provider"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230519150415/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-as-second-artemis-lunar-lander-provider/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA+Selects+Blue+Origin+as+Second+Artemis+Lunar+Lander+Provider&rft.date=2023-05-19&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Shea&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fnasa-selects-blue-origin-as-second-artemis-lunar-lander-provider&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erwin-2022-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erwin-2022_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erwin-2022_229-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErwin2022" class="citation web cs1">Erwin, Sandra (19 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/spacex-wins-102-million-air-force-contract-to-demonstrate-technologies-for-point-to-point-space-transportation/">"SpaceX wins $102 million Air Force contract to demonstrate technologies for point-to-point space transportation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329134536/https://spacenews.com/spacex-wins-102-million-air-force-contract-to-demonstrate-technologies-for-point-to-point-space-transportation/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=SpaceX+wins+%24102+million+Air+Force+contract+to+demonstrate+technologies+for+point-to-point+space+transportation&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft.aulast=Erwin&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fspacex-wins-102-million-air-force-contract-to-demonstrate-technologies-for-point-to-point-space-transportation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsf20240808-230"><a href="#cite_ref-nsf20240808_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2024" class="citation web cs1">Weber, Ryan (8 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/08/starship-new-environmental-assessment/">"Starship is getting a new environmental assessment"</a>. NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 27 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.atitle=Starship+is+getting+a+new+environmental+assessment&rft.date=2024-08-08&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2024%2F08%2Fstarship-new-environmental-assessment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheetz-2021b-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Sheetz-2021b_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheetz2021" class="citation web cs1">Sheetz, Michael (19 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/19/spacex-starlink-satellite-internet-new-capabilities-starship-launch.html">"SpaceX adding capabilities to Starlink internet satellites, plans to launch them with Starship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107100041/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/19/spacex-starlink-satellite-internet-new-capabilities-starship-launch.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SpaceX+adding+capabilities+to+Starlink+internet+satellites%2C+plans+to+launch+them+with+Starship&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2021-08-19&rft.aulast=Sheetz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F08%2F19%2Fspacex-starlink-satellite-internet-new-capabilities-starship-launch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheetz2021" class="citation web cs1">Sheetz, Michael (19 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/19/morgan-stanley-spacex-starship-may-transform-investor-expectations.html">"Morgan Stanley says SpaceX's Starship may 'transform investor expectations' about space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220140409/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/19/morgan-stanley-spacex-starship-may-transform-investor-expectations.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morgan+Stanley+says+SpaceX%27s+Starship+may+%27transform+investor+expectations%27+about+space&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2021-10-19&rft.aulast=Sheetz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F10%2F19%2Fmorgan-stanley-spacex-starship-may-transform-investor-expectations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2022" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Rich (11 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fool.com/investing/2022/12/11/elon-musk-admits-starlink-is-losing-money/">"Elon Musk Admits: Starlink Is Losing Money"</a>. The Motley Fool. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119004531/https://www.fool.com/investing/2022/12/11/elon-musk-admits-starlink-is-losing-money/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Motley+Fool&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk+Admits%3A+Starlink+Is+Losing+Money&rft.date=2022-12-11&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fool.com%2Finvesting%2F2022%2F12%2F11%2Felon-musk-admits-starlink-is-losing-money%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheetz2023" class="citation web cs1">Sheetz, Michael (13 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/13/spacex-no-longer-taking-losses-to-produce-starlink-satellite-antennas.html">"SpaceX no longer taking losses to produce Starlink satellite antennas, a key step to improving profitability"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230915160216/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/13/spacex-no-longer-taking-losses-to-produce-starlink-satellite-antennas.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SpaceX+no+longer+taking+losses+to+produce+Starlink+satellite+antennas%2C+a+key+step+to+improving+profitability&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2023-09-13&rft.aulast=Sheetz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2023%2F09%2F13%2Fspacex-no-longer-taking-losses-to-produce-starlink-satellite-antennas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheetz2023" class="citation web cs1">Sheetz, Michael (2 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/02/elon-musk-spacex-starlink-breakeven-cash-flow.html">"Elon Musk says SpaceX's Starlink business 'achieved breakeven cash flow'"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103164120/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/02/elon-musk-spacex-starlink-breakeven-cash-flow.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elon+Musk+says+SpaceX%27s+Starlink+business+%27achieved+breakeven+cash+flow%27&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2023-11-02&rft.aulast=Sheetz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2023%2F11%2F02%2Felon-musk-spacex-starlink-breakeven-cash-flow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/elon-musk-says-starlink-has-achieved-breakeven-cash-flow-2023-11-02/">"Starlink achieves cash-flow breakeven, says SpaceX CEO Musk"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Rocks+Are+Stuck+on+Mars.+SpaceX%27s+Starship+Could+Retrieve+Them&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fspacexs-starship-could-save-nasas-beleaguered-mars-sample-return-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheetz2021" class="citation web cs1">Sheetz, Michael (4 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/04/us-military-rocket-cargo-program-for-spacexs-starship-and-others.html">"The Pentagon wants to use private rockets like SpaceX's Starship to deliver cargo around the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901090644/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/04/us-military-rocket-cargo-program-for-spacexs-starship-and-others.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pentagon+wants+to+use+private+rockets+like+SpaceX%27s+Starship+to+deliver+cargo+around+the+world&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2021-06-04&rft.aulast=Sheetz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F06%2F04%2Fus-military-rocket-cargo-program-for-spacexs-starship-and-others.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnbc20200901-255"><a href="#cite_ref-cnbc20200901_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheetz2020" class="citation news cs1">Sheetz, Michael (1 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/01/elon-musk-spacex-starship-to-fly-hundreds-of-missions-before-people.html">"Elon Musk says SpaceX's Starship rocket will launch "hundreds of missions" before flying people"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200902190003/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/01/elon-musk-spacex-starship-to-fly-hundreds-of-missions-before-people.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk+says+SpaceX%27s+Starship+rocket+will+launch+%22hundreds+of+missions%22+before+flying+people&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft.aulast=Sheetz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F09%2F01%2Felon-musk-spacex-starship-to-fly-hundreds-of-missions-before-people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmithRees2022" class="citation book cs1">Goldsmith, Donald; Rees, Martin J. (19 April 2022). The End of Astronauts: Why Robots Are the Future of Exploration. <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-25772-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-25772-6"><bdi>978-0-674-25772-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1266218790">1266218790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Astronauts%3A+Why+Robots+Are+the+Future+of+Exploration&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1266218790&rft.isbn=978-0-674-25772-6&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Rees%2C+Martin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson-2019-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Pearson-2019_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2019" class="citation web cs1">Pearson, Ben (3 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/06/spacex-working-on-details-of-how-to-get-people-to-mars-and-safely-back/">"SpaceX beginning to tackle some of the big challenges for a Mars journey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011210559/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/06/spacex-working-on-details-of-how-to-get-people-to-mars-and-safely-back/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2021. 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Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 26 (1): 43–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%29AS.1943-5525.0000201">10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000201</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0893-1321">0893-1321</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223225105/https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000201">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Aerospace+Engineering&rft.atitle=Integrated+Mars+In+Situ+Propellant+Production+System&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-56&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1061%2F%28ASCE%29AS.1943-5525.0000201&rft.issn=0893-1321&rft.aulast=Zubrin&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Muscatello%2C+Anthony+C.&rft.au=Berggren%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fascelibrary.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1061%2F%2528ASCE%2529AS.1943-5525.0000201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillelea2021" class="citation news cs1">Killelea, Eric (16 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expressnews.com/business/article/Elon-Musk-SpaceX-rocket-fuel-16707544.php">"Musk looks to Earth's atmosphere as source of rocket fuel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Express-News" title="San Antonio Express-News">San Antonio Express-News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220173105/https://www.expressnews.com/business/article/Elon-Musk-SpaceX-rocket-fuel-16707544.php">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2021. 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Retrieved 27 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk%27s+Plan%3A+Get+Humans+to+Mars%2C+and+Beyond&rft.date=2016-09-27&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F09%2F28%2Fscience%2Felon-musk-spacex-mars-exploration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKooser2020" class="citation web cs1">Kooser, Amanda (16 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/elon-musk-drops-details-for-spacexs-million-person-mars-mega-colony/">"Elon Musk breaks down the Starship numbers for a million-person SpaceX Mars colony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207024444/https://www.cnet.com/news/elon-musk-drops-details-for-spacexs-million-person-mars-mega-colony/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2022. 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Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Sky+Perfect+JSAT+picks+SpaceX%27s+Starship+for+2024+satellite+launch&rft.date=2022-08-18&rft.aulast=Rainbow&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fsky-perfect-jsat-picks-spacexs-starship-for-2024-satellite-launch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spacecom-20240131-265"><a href="#cite_ref-spacecom-20240131_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2024" class="citation news cs1">Wall, Mike (31 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-launch-starlab-private-space-station">"SpaceX's Starship to launch 'Starlab' private space station in late 2020s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303115750/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-launch-starlab-private-space-station">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=SpaceX%27s+Starship+to+launch+%27Starlab%27+private+space+station+in+late+2020s&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspacex-starship-launch-starlab-private-space-station&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheetz2022" class="citation web cs1">Sheetz, Michael (14 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/14/jared-isaacman-buys-private-spacex-flights-for-polaris-program.html">"Billionaire astronaut Jared Isaacman buys more private SpaceX flights, including one on Starship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214154234/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/14/jared-isaacman-buys-private-spacex-flights-for-polaris-program.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Billionaire+astronaut+Jared+Isaacman+buys+more+private+SpaceX+flights%2C+including+one+on+Starship&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2022-02-14&rft.aulast=Sheetz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F02%2F14%2Fjared-isaacman-buys-private-spacex-flights-for-polaris-program.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibberd_2023-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibberd_2023_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibberd_2023_267-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibberd2023" class="citation cs2">Hibberd, Adam (2023), Project Lyra: The Way to Go and the Launcher to Get There, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.03065">2305.03065</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Lyra%3A+The+Way+to+Go+and+the+Launcher+to+Get+There&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2305.03065&rft.aulast=Hibberd&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2021" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Eric (2 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/07/rocket-report-super-heavy-rolls-to-launch-site-funk-will-get-to-fly/">"Rocket Report: Super Heavy rolls to launch site, Funk will get to fly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006203707/https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/07/rocket-report-super-heavy-rolls-to-launch-site-funk-will-get-to-fly/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Rocket+Report%3A+Super+Heavy+rolls+to+launch+site%2C+Funk+will+get+to+fly&rft.date=2021-07-02&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2021%2F07%2Frocket-report-super-heavy-rolls-to-launch-site-funk-will-get-to-fly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utrgv.edu/cara/programs/stargate/index.htm">"STARGATE – Spacecraft Tracking and Astronomical Research into Gigahertz Astrophysical Transient Emission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Rio_Grande_Valley" title="University of Texas Rio Grande Valley">University of Texas Rio Grande Valley</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805084149/https://www.utrgv.edu/cara/programs/stargate/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021. 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Retrieved 10 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Chinese+startups+conduct+hot+fire+tests+for+mini+version+of+SpaceX%27s+Starship&rft.date=2023-01-19&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fchinese-startups-conduct-hot-fire-tests-for-mini-version-of-spacexs-starship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Berger_(meteorologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Berger (meteorologist)">Berger, Eric</a> (27 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/07/blue-origin-is-developing-reusable-second-stage-other-advanced-projects/">"Blue Origin has a secret project named "Jarvis" to compete with SpaceX"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730113522/https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/07/blue-origin-is-developing-reusable-second-stage-other-advanced-projects/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2021. 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Space Policy Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240112204652/https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/spacex-warns-government-regulations-slowing-starship-could-let-china-get-ahead/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2024. 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Space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240112055801/https://www.space.com/faa-rethink-space-launch-mishap-investigations">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=FAA%27s+launch+mishap+investigations+need+a+rethink%2C+government+report+finds&rft.date=2023-12-14&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Ffaa-rethink-space-launch-mishap-investigations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine-2024-293"><a href="#cite_ref-Fine-2024_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/12/17/spacex-environmental-impact-lawsuit-bird-habitat/71938400007/">"SpaceX sued by environmental groups, again, claiming rockets harm critical Texas bird habitats"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240114105042/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/12/17/spacex-environmental-impact-lawsuit-bird-habitat/71938400007/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=SpaceX+sued+by+environmental+groups%2C+again%2C+claiming+rockets+harm+critical+Texas+bird+habitats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2023%2F12%2F17%2Fspacex-environmental-impact-lawsuit-bird-habitat%2F71938400007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpaceX+Starship" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:SpaceX_Starship" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:SpaceX Starship">SpaceX Starship</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62833385#P856" title="Edit this at 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href="https://www.eoportal.org/other-space-activities/starship-of-spacex">Starship of SpaceX</a> on eoPortal directory, administered by the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ringwatchers.com/en">Ringwatchers</a> Frequently updated reporting on the Starship program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Dodd" title="Tim Dodd">Tim Dodd</a>'s Starship interviews with Elon Musk on YouTube: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIQ36Kt7UVg">A conversation with Elon Musk about Starship</a>, 2019</li> <li>Starbase and Starship tour, 2021: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ux6B3bvO0w">part 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SA8ZBJWo73E">part 2</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Zlnbs-NBUI">part 3</a></li> <li>Launch tower and Raptor engine tour, 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ux6B3bvO0w">overview</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XP5k3ZzPf_0">launch infrastructure</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7MQb9Y4FAE">Raptor engine</a></li> <li>Starfactory tour, 2024: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFqjoCbZ4ik">[1]</a></li> <li>Flight 4 Pre- and post-launch interview: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=InJOlT6WdHc">[2]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SpaceX" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Block 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_first-stage_boosters" title="List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters">boosters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Starship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">Super Heavy booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">upper stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">lunar lander</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li>Falcon 9 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0" title="Falcon 9 v1.0">v1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">v1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">"Full Thrust" v1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust#Block_4" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">Block 4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1e" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 1e">Falcon 1e</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 5">Falcon 5</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 9 Air">Falcon 9 Air</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_vehicles#BFR_and_ITS" title="SpaceX launch vehicles">BFR and ITS</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg/100px-SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg/150px-SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg/200px-SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="41" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cargo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_1" title="SpaceX Dragon 1">Dragon 1 Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2 Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Dragon XL">Dragon XL</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Starship</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2 Crew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Endeavour" title="Crew Dragon Endeavour">C206 Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Resilience" title="Crew Dragon Resilience">C207 Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Endurance" title="Crew Dragon Endurance">C210 Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Freedom" title="Crew Dragon Freedom">C212 Freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Starship</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Test vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Starship prototypes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy#Development" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">first stage booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)#Development" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">upper stage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Grasshopper" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Grasshopper">Grasshopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F9R_Dev1" class="mw-redirect" title="F9R Dev1">F9R Dev1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_2_DragonFly" title="Dragon 2 DragonFly">DragonFly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starhopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Starhopper">Starhopper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unflown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F9R_Dev2" class="mw-redirect" title="F9R Dev2">F9R Dev2</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_rocket_engines" title="SpaceX rocket engines">Rocket engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Merlin" title="SpaceX Merlin">Merlin</a> <ul><li>1A</li> <li>1B*</li> <li>1C</li> <li>1D</li> <li>Vacuum</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Kestrel" title="SpaceX Kestrel">Kestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Draco" title="SpaceX Draco">Draco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperDraco" title="SuperDraco">SuperDraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor</a> <ul><li>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor#Raptor_2" title="SpaceX Raptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor#Raptor_3" title="SpaceX Raptor">3</a></li> <li>Vacuum</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:SpaceX_missions_and_payloads" title="Template:SpaceX missions and payloads">Lists of missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1#Launch_history" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches">Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2010%E2%80%932019)" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2010–2019)">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2020%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2020–2021)">2020–2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_Technologies#Satellite_constellation" title="Swarm Technologies">SpaceBEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Starlink_and_Starshield_launches" title="List of Starlink and Starshield launches">launches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War">in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Starship_launches" title="List of Starship launches">Starship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">Launch facilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">CCSFS</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_40" title="Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40">SLC-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">KSC</a> <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">VSFB</a> <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_4#SLC-4E" title="Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4">SLC-4E</a></li> <li>VSFB <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_6" title="Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6">SLC-6</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site" title="Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site">Omelek Island</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atmospheric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities#SpaceX_rocket_development_and_test_facility,_McGregor,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">McGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities#SpaceX_high-altitude_test_facility,_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">New Mexico</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">Starbase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_Village,_Texas" title="Boca Chica Village, Texas">Boca Chica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landing sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship" title="Autonomous spaceport drone ship">Autonomous spaceport drone ships</a></li> <li>Landing Zones <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Zones_1_and_2" title="Landing Zones 1 and 2">LZ-1 and LZ-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base_Space_Launch_Complex_4#LZ-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 4">LZ-4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX#Headquarters,_mission_control,_manufacturing,_and_refurbishment_facilities" title="SpaceX">Headquarters and factory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_California" title="Hawthorne, California">Hawthorne, California</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities#SpaceX_Rocket_Development_and_Test_Facility,_McGregor,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">Rocket development and test facility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McGregor,_Texas" title="McGregor, Texas">McGregor, Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_satellite_development_facility" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX satellite development facility">Satellite development facility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond, Washington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX#Regional_offices" title="SpaceX">Regional offices</a> <ul><li>Chantilly, Houston, Seattle, Washington DC</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STARGATE" title="STARGATE">STARGATE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megan_(ship)" title="Megan (ship)">Megan</a> (recovery ship)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_(ship)" title="Shannon (ship)">Shannon</a> (recovery ship)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_fairing_recovery_program" title="SpaceX fairing recovery program">SpaceX fairing recovery program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contracts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services" title="Gateway Logistics Services">Gateway Logistics Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Human Landing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_program" title="Polaris program">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Cargo" title="Rocket Cargo">Rocket Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starshield" title="SpaceX Starshield">Starshield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R&D programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program" title="SpaceX reusable launch system development program">Reusability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_first-stage_landing_tests" title="Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests">Falcon 9 landing tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">Red Dragon</a> (canceled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">Mars transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (CEO, CTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Shotwell" title="Gwynne Shotwell">Gwynne Shotwell</a> (President and COO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mueller" title="Tom Mueller">Tom Mueller</a> (former VP of Propulsion Development)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_Federation,_LLC_v._United_States" title="Blue Origin Federation, LLC v. United States">Blue Origin Federation, LLC v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">Commercial astronaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countdown:_Inspiration4_Mission_to_Space" title="Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space">Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space</a> (2021 docuseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Space" title="Return to Space">Return to Space</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>* denotes unflown vehicles or engines, and future missions or sites. † denotes failed missions, destroyed vehicles, and abandoned sites. <div class="hlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:SpaceX" title="Category:SpaceX">Category</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crewed_spacecraft_(programs)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Template:Crewed spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Crewed spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crewed_spacecraft_(programs)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">Crewed spacecraft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Shenzhou (spacecraft)">Shenzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Crew Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Starliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(spacecraft)" title="Vostok (spacecraft)">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(spacecraft)" title="Voskhod (spacecraft)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and service module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Mengzhou (spacecraft)">Mengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanyue_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyue (spacecraft)">Lanyue</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShip_III" title="SpaceShip III">SpaceShip III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cargo_spacecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cargo_spacecraft" title="Template:Cargo spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cargo_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Cargo spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cargo_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cargo spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cargo_spacecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cargo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo spacecraft">Cargo spacecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(spacecraft)" title="Cygnus (spacecraft)">Cygnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2#Cargo_Dragon" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Cargo Dragon 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Tianzhou (spacecraft)">Tianzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Progress_M-52.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Progress_M-52.jpg/100px-Progress_M-52.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Progress_M-52.jpg/150px-Progress_M-52.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Progress_M-52.jpg/200px-Progress_M-52.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1345" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon XL">Dragon XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTV-X" title="HTV-X">HTV-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_GVK" title="Soyuz GVK">Soyuz GVK</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(Russian_spacecraft)" title="Argo (Russian spacecraft)">Argo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">ATV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_1" title="SpaceX Dragon 1">Dragon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-II_Transfer_Vehicle" title="H-II Transfer Vehicle">HTV (Kounotori)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TGK_PG" title="TGK PG">TGK PG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrews_Cargo_Module" title="Andrews Cargo Module">Andrews Cargo Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_and_Conventional_Technology_Utilization_Spacecraft" title="Advanced Research and Conventional Technology Utilization Spacecraft">ARCTUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(spacecraft)" title="Jupiter (spacecraft)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="K-1 (rocket)">Kistler K-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parom" title="Parom">Parom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-550" title="S-550">S-550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Maneuvering_Vehicle" title="Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle">OMV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_space_station_cargo_vehicles" title="Comparison of space station cargo vehicles">Comparison of space station cargo vehicles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orbital_launch_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Template:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Template talk:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orbital_launch_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Orbital launch systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="List of orbital launch systems">List of orbital launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="Comparison of orbital launch systems">Comparison of orbital launch systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara-1.2" title="Angara-1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara_A5" title="Angara A5">A5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1" title="Ceres-1">Ceres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres-1 (rocket)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres-1 (rocket)">1S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima-1" title="Chollima-1">Chollima-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha">Firefly Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity-1" title="Gravity-1">Gravity-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-IIA" title="H-IIA">H-IIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H3_(rocket)" title="H3 (rocket)">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola-1" title="Hyperbola-1">Hyperbola-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jielong_(rocket_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jielong (rocket family) (page does not exist)">Jielong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jielong_1" title="Jielong 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jielong_3" title="Jielong 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KAIROS_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="KAIROS (rocket)">KAIROS</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe_(rocket_family)" title="Kaituozhe (rocket family)">Kaituozhe 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetica_1" title="Kinetica 1">Kinetica 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2C" title="Long March 2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2D" title="Long March 2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2F" title="Long March 2F">2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3A" title="Long March 3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">3B/E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4B" title="Long March 4B">4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4C" title="Long March 4C">4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5B" class="mw-redirect" title="Long March 5B">5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6" title="Long March 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6A" title="Long March 6A">6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7" title="Long March 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7A" class="mw-redirect" title="Long March 7A">7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_8" title="Long March 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">11H</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_(rocket)" title="Nuri (rocket)">Nuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS-M1" class="mw-redirect" title="OS-M1">OS-M1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus (rocket)">Pegasus XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaem_100" title="Qaem 100">Qaem 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qased_(rocket)" title="Qased (rocket)">Qased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="RS1 (rocket)">RS1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">Shavit 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simorgh_(rocket)" title="Simorgh (rocket)">Simorgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2" title="Soyuz-2">Soyuz-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2.1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2.1a">2.1a / STA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2.1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2.1b">2.1b / STB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2-1v" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2-1v">2-1v</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Small Satellite Launch Vehicle">SSLV</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-2" title="Tianlong-2">Tianlong-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unha" title="Unha">Unha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuque-2" title="Zhuque-2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares 330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloostar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloostar">Bloostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone-4M" title="Cyclone-4M">Cyclone-4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Technologies#DECA_orbital_rocket" title="Interstellar Technologies">Deca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)#Epsilon_S" title="Epsilon (rocket)">Epsilon S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilmour_Space_Technologies#Eris_orbital_rocket" title="Gilmour Space Technologies">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienspace" title="Orienspace">Gravity-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbola-2">Hyperbola-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irtysh_(rocket)" title="Irtysh (rocket)">Irtysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_31" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 31">31</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_10" title="Long March 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_12" title="Long March 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miura_5" title="Miura 5">Miura 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#MLV" title="Firefly Aerospace">MLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Neutron" title="Rocket Lab Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Line_1" class="mw-redirect" title="New Line 1">New Line 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle" title="Next Generation Launch Vehicle">NGLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Space_Nova" title="Stoke Space Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">OS-M</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbex#Prime" title="Orbex">Orbex Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas-1" title="Pallas-1">Pallas-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BluShift_Aerospace#Red_Dwarf" title="BluShift Aerospace">Red Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-7_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-7 (rocket)">Soyuz-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-3" title="Tianlong-3">Tianlong-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLM_(rocket)" title="VLM (rocket)">VLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Vega E">Vega E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Technologies#ZERO_orbital_rocket" title="Interstellar Technologies">Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace#Zhuque-3" title="LandSpace">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuljanah_(rocket)" title="Zuljanah (rocket)">Zuljanah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">130</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">230+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_2" title="Ariane 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_3" title="Ariane 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_4" title="Ariane 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">ASLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(rocket_family)" title="Athena (rocket family)">Athena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athena_I" title="Athena I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_II" title="Athena II">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SM-65B_Atlas" title="SM-65B Atlas">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65D_Atlas" title="SM-65D Atlas">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_E/F" title="Atlas E/F">E/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_G" title="Atlas G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_H" title="Atlas H">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_I" title="Atlas I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_II" title="Atlas II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_III" title="Atlas III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">LV-3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_SLV-3" title="Atlas SLV-3">SLV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Able" title="Atlas-Able">Able</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena" title="Atlas-Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Centaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_(rocket)" title="Conestoga (rocket)">Conestoga</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_A" title="Delta A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_B" title="Delta B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_C" title="Delta C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_D" title="Delta D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_E" title="Delta E">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_G" title="Delta G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_J" title="Delta J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_L" title="Delta L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_M" title="Delta M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_N" title="Delta N">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_0100" title="Delta 0100">0100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_1000" title="Delta 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_2000" title="Delta 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_3000" title="Delta 3000">3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_4000" title="Delta 4000">4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_5000" title="Delta 5000">5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_III" title="Delta III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">IV Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamant_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamant (rocket)">Diamant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnepr_(rocket)" title="Dnepr (rocket)">Dnepr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)" title="Epsilon (rocket)">Epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">I</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">II</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0" title="Falcon 9 v1.0">v1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">v1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">v1.2 "Full Thrust"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Bao_1" title="Feng Bao 1">Feng Bao 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSLV_Mk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="GSLV Mk I">Mk I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-I" title="H-I">H-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-II" title="H-II">H-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-IIB" title="H-IIB">H-IIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_II" title="Juno II">Juno II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaituozhe-1">Kaituozhe-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">Kosmos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-1" title="Kosmos-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-2I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-2I">2/2I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3M" title="Kosmos-3M">3M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_(rocket_family)" title="Lambda (rocket family)">Lambda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_4S" title="Lambda 4S">4S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1" title="Long March 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1D" title="Long March 1D">1D</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2A" title="Long March 2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2E" title="Long March 2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3" title="Long March 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4A" title="Long March 4A">4A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(rocket_family)" title="Mu (rocket family)">Mu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-4S" class="mw-redirect" title="M-4S">4S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3C" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3H" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3H">3H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3S" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3S">3S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3SII" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3SII">3SII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-V" title="M-V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-I_(rocket)" title="N-I (rocket)">N-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-II_(rocket)" title="N-II (rocket)">N-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naro-1" title="Naro-1">Naro-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paektusan_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paektusan (rocket)">Paektusan</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOTS-EV-1_Pilot" title="NOTS-EV-1 Pilot">Pilot-2</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(rocket)" title="Luna (rocket)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_(rocket)" title="Molniya (rocket)">Molniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-M" title="Molniya-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-L" class="mw-redirect" title="Molniya-L">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyot_(rocket)" title="Polyot (rocket)">Polyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-FG" title="Soyuz-FG">FG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-L" title="Soyuz-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-M" title="Soyuz-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U" title="Soyuz-U">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U2" title="Soyuz-U2">U2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz/Vostok" title="Soyuz/Vostok">Soyuz/Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(rocket)" title="Sputnik (rocket)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(rocket)" title="Voskhod (rocket)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)" title="Vostok (rocket family)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-L" title="Vostok-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-K" title="Vostok-K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2_(rocket)" title="Vostok-2 (rocket)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2M" title="Vostok-2M">2M</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-29_Vysota" title="R-29 Vysota">R-29</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shtil%27" title="Shtil'">Shtil'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volna" title="Volna">Volna</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Rocket" title="Astra Rocket">Rocket 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">Safir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-1" title="Scout X-1">X-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-90_Blue_Scout_II" title="RM-90 Blue Scout II">Blue Scout II</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2" title="Scout X-2">X-2</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2M" title="Scout X-2M">X-2M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-3 (page does not exist)">X-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-3M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-3M (page does not exist)">X-3M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-4 (page does not exist)">X-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2B" title="Scout X-2B">X-2B</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_B-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout B-1">B-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_D-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout D-1">D-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_A-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout A-1">A-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_E-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout E-1 (page does not exist)">E-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_F-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout F-1">F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_G-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout G-1">G-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">Shavit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">SLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARK_(rocket)" title="SPARK (rocket)">SPARK</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta_(rocket)" title="Sparta (rocket)">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-520#SS-520-4" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-520">SS-520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start-1" title="Start-1">Start-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_1" title="Terran 1">Terran 1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(rocket_family)" title="Thor (rocket family)">Thor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Able" title="Thor-Able">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">Ablestar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">Agena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">Burner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Delta" title="Thor-Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_DSV-2U" title="Thor DSV-2U">DSV-2U</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">Thorad-Agena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">SLV-2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">SLV-2H</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">II GLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIA" title="Titan IIIA">IIIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIB" title="Titan IIIB">IIIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIC" title="Titan IIIC">IIIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIID" title="Titan IIID">IIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">IIIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_34D" title="Titan 34D">34D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_23G" title="Titan 23G">23G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Titan_III" title="Commercial Titan III">CT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">Tsyklon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-36_(missile)" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-2" title="Tsyklon-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-3" title="Tsyklon-3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Rocket" title="Universal Rocket">Universal Rocket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">UR-500 Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(rocket)" title="Strela (rocket)">Strela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(rocket)" title="Vanguard (rocket)">Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">original</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLS-1" title="VLS-1">VLS-1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(rocket_family)" title="Zenit (rocket family)">Zenit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2" title="Zenit-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2M" title="Zenit-2M">2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2M" title="Zenit-2M">2FG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3SL" title="Zenit-3SL">3SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3SLB" title="Zenit-3SLB">3SLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3F" title="Zenit-3F">3F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuque-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuque-1">1</a>†</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">Sounding rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Small-lift launch vehicle">Small-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">Medium-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">Heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">Super 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