CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"db51011748","applicationID":"9339","transactionName":"Il8IQ0sLDVVVR05QXQ9UE1RNCxMWXVQIXQ==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":393,"agent":""}</script> <script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"db51011748",applicationID:"9339"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://static.nd.edu/" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://emergency.nd.edu/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://ajax.googleapis.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" crossorigin> <meta name="generator" content="Conductor CMS"> <meta name="author" content="Marketing Communications: Web | University of Notre Dame"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Department of Economics"> <meta name="application-name" content="Department of Economics"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@nd_econ"> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@ndwebteam"> <meta name="twitter:image" property="og:image" content="https://static.nd.edu/images/webclips/default/webclip-1024.png"> <meta property="og:description" name="description" content="A brief overview of the economics program at Notre Dame"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Department of Economics"> <meta property="og:title" content="Department of Economics"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://economics.nd.edu/"> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://economics.nd.edu/"> <title>Department of Economics | University of Notre Dame</title> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json" crossorigin="use-credentials"> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" sizes="any"> <link rel="icon" href="https://static.nd.edu/images/monogram/monogram.svg" type="image/svg+xml"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://static.nd.edu/images/webclips/default/webclip-180.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#081629"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/stylesheets/themes/ndt/3.0/ndt.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/site.1707934243.css" /> <script>var ndn=document.createElement("script");ndn.async=true;ndn.id="ndalertbarscript";ndn.src="https://emergency.nd.edu/api/alert/";var s=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(ndn, s);</script> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="News" href="/news/latest-news.atom" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5HWQMJB6ZC"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5HWQMJB6ZC', { 'groups': 'network' }); gtag('config', 'G-8WTCY6MJHD', { 'groups': 'site' }); </script> </head> <body id="home" class="home home home full-width nav-top-true bg-global-photo" vocab="https://schema.org/"> <svg aria-hidden="true" style="position: absolute; width: 0; height: 0;" width="0" height="0" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><defs><symbol id="icon-bluesky" viewBox="0 0 600 530"><path d="m135.72 44.03c66.496 49.921 138.02 151.14 164.28 205.46 26.262-54.316 97.782-155.54 164.28-205.46 47.98-36.021 125.72-63.892 125.72 24.795 0 17.712-10.155 148.79-16.111 170.07-20.703 73.984-96.144 92.854-163.25 81.433 117.3 19.964 147.14 86.092 82.697 152.22-122.39 125.59-175.91-31.511-189.63-71.766-2.514-7.3797-3.6904-10.832-3.7077-7.8964-0.0174-2.9357-1.1937 0.51669-3.7077 7.8964-13.714 40.255-67.233 197.36-189.63 71.766-64.444-66.128-34.605-132.26 82.697-152.22-67.108 11.421-142.55-7.4491-163.25-81.433-5.9562-21.282-16.111-152.36-16.111-170.07 0-88.687 77.742-60.816 125.72-24.795z"/></symbol></defs></svg>  <nav class="skip-links" aria-label="Skip links"> <ul> <li><a href="#content" accesskey="C" title="Skip to content = C">Skip To Content</a></li> <li><a href="#nav-top" accesskey="S" title="Skip to navigation = S">Skip To Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="#search-input-nav-top">Skip To Search</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper">  <header id="header" class="site-header"> <p class="mark-header"><a href="https://www.nd.edu/">University of Notre Dame</a></p> <div class="site-title-group has-parent"> <h1 id="site-title" class="site-title"><a href="/" accesskey="1" title="Homepage shortcut key = 1">Department of Economics</a></h1> <p id="site-parent" class="site-parent">College of Arts and Letters</p> </div>  <div class="nav-header"> <nav id="nav-top" class="nav-top" aria-label="Primary"> <div id="primary"><ul class="nav-level-1 depth_1"><li id="primary_132685" class="first active"><a href="/" aria-current="page" class="current current-last" aria-label="Home"><svg class="icon" width="16" height="16"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-home"></use></svg></a></li><li id="primary_132686" class="li-has-children"><a href="/about/">About</a></li><li id="primary_132691" class="li-has-children"><a href="/people/">People</a></li><li id="primary_132697" class="li-has-children"><a href="/undergraduate/">Undergraduate</a></li><li id="primary_132714" class="li-has-children"><a href="/graduate/">Graduate</a></li><li id="primary_132721" class="li-has-children"><a href="/events/">Events</a></li><li id="primary_136788" class="last li-has-children"><a href="/news/">News</a></li> <li class="nav-search"><button class="btn-search search-toggle" aria-label="Toggle search"><svg class="icon" width="16" height="16"><use xlink:href="#icon-search"></use></svg></button></li> </ul> <div class="nav-search-wrapper"> <form method="get" action="/search/" id="search-nav-top" class="search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site search"> <input type="hidden" name="as_sitesearch" value="economics.nd.edu"> <input type="hidden" name="entqr" value="3"> <input type="search" name="q" class="search-input" id="search-input-nav-top" placeholder="Search this site" title="type your search term" aria-label="Site Search input"> <button class="search-button" type="submit" aria-label="Search"><svg class="icon" width="16" height="16" data-icon="search"><use xlink:href="#icon-search"></use></svg></button> <button class="search-close search-toggle" aria-label="Close Search"><svg class="icon" width="16" height="16"><use xlink:href="#icon-close"></use></svg></button> </form> </div></div> </nav> </div>  <div class="nav-mobile-util"> <ul class="no-bullets"> <li><a href="/"><svg class="icon" width="16" height="16"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-home"></use></svg> Home</a></li> <li><button class="btn-search search-toggle"><svg class="icon" width="16" height="16"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-search"></use></svg> Search</button></li> <li> <a href="#nav" class="nav-menu nav-skip"> <svg version="1.1" class="icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xml:space="preserve"> <line class="ni ni1" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-miterlimit="10" x1="0.98" y1="2" x2="18.94" y2="2"/> <line class="ni ni2" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-miterlimit="10" x1="0.98" y1="8.69" x2="18.94" y2="8.69"/> </svg> <span class="ni ni3">Menu</span> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="nav-search-wrapper"> <form method="get" action="/search/" id="search-navbar-mobile" class="search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site search"> <input type="hidden" name="as_sitesearch" value="economics.nd.edu"> <input type="hidden" name="entqr" value="3"> <input type="search" name="q" class="search-input" id="search-input-navbar-mobile" placeholder="Search this site" title="type your search term" aria-label="Site Search input"> <button class="search-button" type="submit" aria-label="Search"><svg class="icon" width="16" height="16"><use xlink:href="#icon-search"></use></svg></button> <button class="search-close search-toggle" aria-label="Close Search"><svg class="icon" width="16" height="16"><use xlink:href="#icon-close"></use></svg></button> </form> </div> </div> </header>  <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="page-header has-image"> <p class="page-image full"> <img src="/assets/547170/800x450/20231010_jlh_econ_michael_pries_class_028.jpg" alt="Professor and Associate Dean for the Social Sciences and Research Michael Pries instructs students." width="800" height="450" fetchpriority="high" srcset="/assets/547170/800x450/20231010_jlh_econ_michael_pries_class_028.jpg 800w, /assets/547170/1200x675/20231010_jlh_econ_michael_pries_class_028.jpg 1200w, /assets/547170/1600x800/20231010_jlh_econ_michael_pries_class_028.jpg 1600w, /assets/547170/1920x960/20231010_jlh_econ_michael_pries_class_028.jpg 1920w" sizes="100vw"> </p> </div> <main class="page-main"> <div class="page-primary home-primary block-center"><h2 class="page-title long-title">Pressing problems. Innovative research. Inspired instruction.</h2> <p>Economics offers a coherent, rigorous framework to tackle some of the world's most pressing problems. Through our research and scholarship, we conduct and disseminate innovative work to improve society and foster human flourishing. In our teaching and mentoring, we train the next generation of scholars and practitioners to go forth and make a difference. We do all of this in a collaborative, welcoming, and inclusive environment that fosters and supports Notre Dame's distinct Catholic mission.</p> </div> <div class="section home-features grid grid-lg-3"> <div class="card horizontal stacked-lg stacked-xl hover-bg hover-grow"> <p class="card-image"> <img src="/assets/550336/600x400/professor_eva_dziadula_teaches_her_economics_of_immigration_class.jpg" width="600" height="400" alt="Photo of Professor Eva Dziadula Teaching Her Economics Of Immigration Class" loading="lazy"> </p> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <h2 class="card-title article-title"><a href="/people/faculty/" class="card-link">Meet our faculty</a></h2> <p></p> </div> </div> <div class="card horizontal stacked-lg stacked-xl hover-bg hover-grow"> <p class="card-image"> <img src="/assets/547420/600x400/mc_2.21.18_chloe_gibbs_classroom_03.jpg" width="600" height="400" alt="Economics majors" loading="lazy"> </p> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <h2 class="card-title article-title"><a href="/undergraduate/" class="card-link">Major in Economics</a></h2> <p></p> </div> </div> <div class="card horizontal stacked-lg stacked-xl hover-bg hover-grow"> <p class="card-image"> <img src="/assets/542390/600x400/mc_9.29.23_econ_dept_27_1_.jpg" width="600" height="400" alt="Professor Sosa-Padilla meeting with a graduate student." loading="lazy"> </p> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <h2 class="card-title article-title"><a href="/graduate/" class="card-link">Ph.D. in Economics</a></h2> <p></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section image-offset image-full-bleed section-dark section-home--callout bg-full-bleed grid grid-md-2 align-center"> <div class="section-image"> <img src="/assets/548380/800x450/student_in_michael_pries_class.jpg" width="800" height="450" loading="lazy" alt=""> </div> <div class="section-body"> <h2>Seminars and workshops</h2> <p>See which leading scholars from top universities and research institutes are coming to campus to give talks on applied microeconomics, macroeconomics, development, econometrics, and theory.</p> <div class="callout-more"><a class="btn btn-more" href="/events/seminars/">Seminars</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="section home-news bg-full-bleed"> <div class="heading-action"> <h2 class="section-title">News</h2> <a class="btn btn-inline btn-more" href="/news/latest-news/">View all news</a> </div> <ol class="no-bullets grid grid-xl-3"> <li> <article class="article snippet card horizontal horizontal horizontal-md stacked-xl hover-bg hover-grow" id="news_167504" typeof="NewsArticle"> <div class="card-image entry-image"> <img property="image" width="600" height="400" loading="lazy" src="/assets/590440/600x400/240906_christopher_waller_al_1455_a1f3ac.webp" alt="Fed Governor, Chris Waller"> </div> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <h3 class="article-title card-title" property="headline"> <a class="card-link" href="/news/latest-news/fed-governor-waller-sees-need-for-more-caution-ahead-when-lowering-interest-rates/">Fed Governor Waller sees need for 'more caution' ahead when lowering interest rates</a> </h3> <div class="meta"> <link property="publisher" resource="#siteorg"> <link property="description" content="From NBC News. Article from former University of Notre Dame Economic Chair, Chris Waller: Fed Governor Waller sees need for 'more caution' ahead when lowering&#8230;" href="/news/latest-news/fed-governor-waller-sees-need-for-more-caution-ahead-when-lowering-interest-rates/"> <div property="author" typeof="Person"><meta property="name" content="Dana Beck"></div> <p class="meta-item publish-info"><time property="datePublished" datetime="2024-10-15T12:00:00-05:00">October 15, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> </article> </li> <li> <article class="article snippet card horizontal horizontal horizontal-md stacked-xl hover-bg hover-grow" id="news_167317" typeof="NewsArticle"> <div class="card-image entry-image"> <img property="image" width="600" height="400" loading="lazy" src="/assets/589340/600x400/kirk_doran1200x.jpg" alt="Kirk Doran, an associate professor of economics, presenting as a caucasian man with brown hair, wearing a blue suit and gold tie."> </div> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <h3 class="article-title card-title" property="headline"> <a class="card-link" href="/news/latest-news/notre-dame-economist-wins-uks-panmure-house-prize-honoring-interdisciplinary-research/">Notre Dame economist wins UK’s Panmure House Prize honoring interdisciplinary research</a> </h3> <div class="meta"> <link property="publisher" resource="#siteorg"> <link property="description" content=" Kirk&#8230;" href="/news/latest-news/notre-dame-economist-wins-uks-panmure-house-prize-honoring-interdisciplinary-research/"> <div property="author" typeof="Person"><meta property="name" content="Mary Kinney"></div> <p class="meta-item publish-info"><time property="datePublished" datetime="2024-10-08T09:41:00-05:00">October 08, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> </article> </li> <li> <article class="article snippet card horizontal horizontal horizontal-md stacked-xl hover-bg hover-grow" id="news_166537" typeof="NewsArticle"> <div class="card-image entry-image"> <img property="image" width="600" height="400" loading="lazy" src="/assets/585043/600x400/kirk_doran1200x.jpg" alt="Kirk Doran, an associate professor of economics, presenting as a caucasian man with brown hair, wearing a blue suit and gold tie."> </div> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <h3 class="article-title card-title" property="headline"> <a class="card-link" href="/news/latest-news/labor-economist-seeks-to-understand-how-society-continues-to-innovate-and-why-relationships-are-key-to-progress/">Labor economist seeks to understand how society continues to innovate — and why relationships are key to progress</a> </h3> <div class="meta"> <link property="publisher" resource="#siteorg"> <link property="description" content="Kirk Doran, an associate professor of economics, has a research mission to identify where and how new knowledge is created." href="/news/latest-news/labor-economist-seeks-to-understand-how-society-continues-to-innovate-and-why-relationships-are-key-to-progress/"> <div property="author" typeof="Person"><meta property="name" content="Mary Kinney"></div> <p class="meta-item publish-info"><time property="datePublished" datetime="2024-09-16T09:40:00-05:00">September 16, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> </article> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="section home-events"> <div class="heading-action"> <h2 class="section-title">Events</h2> <a class="btn btn-inline btn-more" href="/events/">View all events</a> </div> <ol class="no-bullets grid grid-xl-2"> <li> <article class="article snippet event" typeof="Event" id="entry_315694"> <div aria-hidden="true" class="meta-item event-date"> <span class="event-month">Nov</span> <span class="event-day">25</span> </div> <div class="card hover-grow hover-bg hover-more"> <div class="card-body"> <h3 class="article-title event-title" property="name"><a href="/events/2024/11/25/micro-theory-seminar-piotr-dworczak-northwestern-university/" class="card-link">Micro Theory Seminar - Piotr Dworczak, Northwestern University</a></h3> <div class="article-meta event-meta"> <p class="meta-item event-time" title="Mon Nov 25, 2024 2:00 pm - 3:30 pm"> <time property="startDate" datetime="2024-11-25T14:00-05:00"><span class="icon" data-icon="clock-o">Time:</span> <span class="date-string">Mon, Nov 25</span> at 2:00 pm</time> - <time property="endDate" datetime="2024-11-25T15:30-05:00"> 3:30 pm</time> </p> <p class="meta-item event-location" property="location" typeof="Place" ><span class="icon" data-icon="map-pin">Location:</span> <span property="name address">3060F Jenkins Nanovic Hall</span></p> <link property="image" href="/assets/575436/600x400/piotr_dworczak_168x210.jpg"> <link property="organizer" resource="#siteorg"> </div> <meta property="description" content="Visiting Speaker: Piotr Dworczak, Northwestern University Host: Maciej Kotowski"> </div> </div> </article></li> <li> <article class="article snippet event" typeof="Event" id="entry_308249"> <div aria-hidden="true" class="meta-item event-date"> <span class="event-month">Nov</span> <span class="event-day">27</span> </div> <div class="card hover-grow hover-bg hover-more"> <div class="card-body"> <h3 class="article-title event-title" property="name"><a href="/events/2024/11/27/thanksgiving-holiday-1/" class="card-link">Thanksgiving Holiday</a></h3> <div class="article-meta event-meta"> <p class="meta-item event-time" title="Wed Nov 27, 2024 12:00 am - 11:59 pm"> <time property="startDate" datetime="2024-11-27T00:00-05:00"><span class="icon" data-icon="clock-o">Time:</span> <span class="date-string">Wed, Nov 27</span>, All Day</time> <time property="endDate" datetime="2024-11-27T23:59-05:00"></time> <span class="muted">(part of a series)</span> </p> <p class="meta-item event-location" property="location" typeof="Place" ><span class="icon" data-icon="map-pin">Location:</span> <span property="name address">campus-wide</span></p> <link property="image" href="/assets/574288/600x400/happy_thanksgiving_600x400.jpg"> <link property="organizer" resource="#siteorg"> </div> <meta property="description" content="No classes Wednesday through Friday. Administrative offices open on Wednesday, but closed Thursday and Friday.Happy Thanksgiving! Originally published at &#8230;"> </div> </div> </article></li> <li> <article class="article snippet event" typeof="Event" id="entry_308250"> <div aria-hidden="true" class="meta-item event-date"> <span class="event-month">Nov</span> <span class="event-day">28</span> </div> <div class="card hover-grow hover-bg hover-more"> <div class="card-body"> <h3 class="article-title event-title" property="name"><a href="/events/2024/11/28/thanksgiving-holiday-1/" class="card-link">Thanksgiving Holiday</a></h3> <div class="article-meta event-meta"> <p class="meta-item event-time" title="Thu Nov 28, 2024 12:00 am - 11:59 pm"> <time property="startDate" datetime="2024-11-28T00:00-05:00"><span class="icon" data-icon="clock-o">Time:</span> <span class="date-string">Thu, Nov 28</span>, All Day</time> <time property="endDate" datetime="2024-11-28T23:59-05:00"></time> <span class="muted">(part of a series)</span> </p> <p class="meta-item event-location" property="location" typeof="Place" ><span class="icon" data-icon="map-pin">Location:</span> <span property="name address">campus-wide</span></p> <link property="image" href="/assets/574288/600x400/happy_thanksgiving_600x400.jpg"> <link property="organizer" resource="#siteorg"> </div> <meta property="description" content="No classes Wednesday through Friday. Administrative offices open on Wednesday, but closed Thursday and Friday.Happy Thanksgiving! Originally published at &#8230;"> </div> </div> </article></li> <li> <article class="article snippet event" typeof="Event" id="entry_308251"> <div aria-hidden="true" class="meta-item event-date"> <span class="event-month">Nov</span> <span class="event-day">29</span> </div> <div class="card hover-grow hover-bg hover-more"> <div class="card-body"> <h3 class="article-title event-title" property="name"><a href="/events/2024/11/29/thanksgiving-holiday-1/" class="card-link">Thanksgiving Holiday</a></h3> <div class="article-meta event-meta"> <p class="meta-item event-time" title="Fri Nov 29, 2024 12:00 am - 11:59 pm"> <time property="startDate" datetime="2024-11-29T00:00-05:00"><span class="icon" data-icon="clock-o">Time:</span> <span class="date-string">Fri, Nov 29</span>, All Day</time> <time property="endDate" datetime="2024-11-29T23:59-05:00"></time> <span class="muted">(part of a series)</span> </p> <p class="meta-item event-location" property="location" typeof="Place" ><span class="icon" data-icon="map-pin">Location:</span> <span property="name address">campus-wide</span></p> <link property="image" href="/assets/574288/600x400/happy_thanksgiving_600x400.jpg"> <link property="organizer" resource="#siteorg"> </div> <meta property="description" content="No classes Wednesday through Friday. Administrative offices open on Wednesday, but closed Thursday and Friday.Happy Thanksgiving! Originally published at &#8230;"> </div> </div> </article></li> </ol> </div> </main> <div class="page-sidebar"> <nav id="nav" class="nav-site nav-full" aria-label="Primary"><ul class="nav-level-1 depth_1"><li class="first active nav-132685"><a href="/" aria-current="page" class="current current-last">Home</a></li><li class="li-has-children nav-132686"><a href="/about/">About</a></li><li class="li-has-children nav-132691"><a href="/people/">People</a></li><li class="li-has-children nav-132697"><a href="/undergraduate/">Undergraduate</a></li><li class="li-has-children nav-132714"><a href="/graduate/">Graduate</a></li><li class="li-has-children nav-132721"><a href="/events/">Events</a></li><li class="last li-has-children nav-136788"><a href="/news/">News</a></li></ul></nav> </div> </div>  <footer id="footer" class="site-footer"> <div class="footer-org" typeof="Organization" resource="#siteorg"> <meta property="parentOrganization" resource="#parentorg" content="University of Notre Dame"> <ul class="footer-breadcrumbs"> <li><a href="https://www.al.nd.edu/">College of Arts and Letters</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="/" class="site-link" property="url"><span property="name">Department of Economics</span></a></p> <div class="footer-contacts"> <p class="contact-info"> <span class="address" property="address" typeof="PostalAddress"> <span property="streetAddress">3060 Jenkins Nanovic Hall</span><br> <span property="addressLocality">Notre Dame</span>, <span property="addressRegion">IN</span> <span property="postalCode">46556</span> <span property="addressCountry">USA</span> </span> <span class="footer-phone" property="telephone" content="+1 (574) 631-3332">Phone <a href="tel:(574)631-3332">(574) 631-3332</a></span> <span class="footer-email" property="email"><a rel="noopener" href="mailto:econ@nd.edu">econ@nd.edu</a></span> </p> <nav class="social" aria-label="Department of Economics social media navigation" vocab=""> <ul><li><a class="soc-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/nd_econ" rel="noopener" aria-label="Department of Economics on X/Twitter"><svg class="icon" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#icon-twitter-x"></use></svg> X/Twitter</a></li><li><a class="soc-bluesky" href="https://bsky.app/profile/ndecon.bsky.social" rel="noopener" aria-label="Department of Economics on Bluesky"><svg class="icon" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#icon-bluesky"></use></svg> Bluesky</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div property="logo" typeof="ImageObject"><meta property="url" content="https://static.nd.edu/images/webclips/default/webclip-60.png"></div> <p class="copyright"><a href="https://www.nd.edu/copyright/">© 2024</a> <a href="https://www.nd.edu">University of Notre Dame</a></p> </div> <div class="footer-parent" property="parentOrganization" typeof="CollegeOrUniversity" resource="#parentorg"> <meta property="name" content="University of Notre Dame"> <a href="https://www.nd.edu/" class="mark-footer" property="url logo" typeof="ImageObject" aria-label="University of Notre Dame"> <img src="https://static.nd.edu/images/marks/gray/ndmark.svg" width="250" height="60" alt="University of Notre Dame" property="url"> </a> <div class="footer-parent-links"> <nav aria-label="Footer links navigation"> <ul class="footer-links"> <li><a href="https://search.nd.edu/" aria-label="Search Notre Dame">Search</a></li> <li><a href="https://mobile.nd.edu/" aria-label="Notre Dame Mobile App">Mobile App</a></li> <li><a href="https://news.nd.edu/" aria-label="Notre Dame News">News</a></li> <li><a href="https://events.nd.edu/" aria-label="Notre Dame Events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nd.edu/visit/" aria-label="Visit Notre Dame">Visit</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nd.edu/about/accessibility/" aria-label="Notre Dame Accessibility Information">Accessibility</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="social" aria-label="Notre Dame social media navigation" vocab=""> <ul> <li><a class="soc-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/notredame/" rel="noopener" aria-label="Notre Dame on Facebook"><svg class="icon" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#icon-facebook"></use></svg> Facebook</a></li> <li><a class="soc-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/NotreDame/" rel="noopener" aria-label="Notre Dame on X/Twitter"><svg class="icon" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#icon-twitter-x"></use></svg> X/Twitter</a></li> <li><a class="soc-instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/notredame/" rel="noopener" aria-label="Notre Dame on Instagram"><svg class="icon" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#icon-instagram"></use></svg> Instagram</a></li> <li><a class="soc-youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NDdotEDU" rel="noopener" aria-label="Notre Dame on YouTube"><svg class="icon" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#icon-youtube"></use></svg> YouTube</a></li> <li><a class="soc-linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/university-of-notre-dame/" rel="noopener" aria-label="Notre Dame on Linkedin"><svg class="icon" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#icon-linkedin"></use></svg> LinkedIn</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script src="/javascripts/themes/ndt/3.0/ndt.js"></script> <script src="/javascripts/site.1702298755.js"></script> </body> </html>