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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afijo_posesivo" title="Afijo posesivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Afijo posesivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birtokos_szem%C3%A9lyjel" title="Birtokos személyjel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Birtokos személyjel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E6%8E%A5%E8%BE%9E" title="所有接辞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="所有接辞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For affixes that turn a noun into a possessive, such as the English <b>-’s</b>, see <a href="/wiki/English_possessive" title="English possessive">English possessive</a> and more generally <a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">possessive</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, a <b>possessive affix</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">affixum possessivum</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> (usually <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a>) attached to a noun to indicate its <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possessor</a>, much in the manner of <a href="/wiki/Possessive_determiner" title="Possessive determiner">possessive adjectives</a>. </p><p>Possessive affixes are found in many languages of the world. The <i><a href="/wiki/World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures" title="World Atlas of Language Structures">World Atlas of Language Structures</a></i> lists 642 languages with possessive suffixes, possessive prefixes, or both out of a total sample of 902 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possessive suffixes are found in some <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. Complicated systems are found in the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>; for example, <a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a> has 27 (3×3×3) different types of forms distinguish the possessor (first-, second- or third-<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> of possessors (singular, dual or plural) and the number of objects (singular, dual or plural). That allows Nenets-speakers to express the phrase "we two's many houses" in one word<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Nenets-example"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_affix#endnote_Nenets-example">[1]</a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nahuan_languages" title="Nahuan languages">Nahuan languages</a> also have possessive prefixes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uralic_languages">Uralic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uralic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnish">Finnish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Finnish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> uses possessive suffixes. The number of possessors and their person can be distinguished for the singular and plural except for the third person. However, the construction hides the number of possessed objects when the singular objects are in <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> and plural objects in nominative case since <i>käteni</i> may mean either "my hand" (subject or direct object), "of my hand" (genitive) or "my hands" (subject or direct object). For example, the following are the forms of <i>talo</i> (<i>house</i>), declined to show possession: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a></th> <th>Finnish word</th> <th>English phrase </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">first-person</td> <td>singular</td> <td><i>taloni</i></td> <td><i>my house(s)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>plural</td> <td><i>talomme</i></td> <td><i>our house(s)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">second-person</td> <td>singular</td> <td><i>talosi</i></td> <td><i>your (sing.) house(s)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>plural</td> <td><i>talonne</i></td> <td><i>your (pl.) house(s)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">third-person</td> <td><i>talonsa</i></td> <td><i>his/her/their house(s)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a> are not affected by the possessive suffix except for the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a> (<i>-n</i> or unmarked), which is left unmarked by anything other than the possessive suffix. The third-person suffix is used only if the possessor is the subject. For example, <i>Mari maalasi talo<u>nsa</u></i> "Mari painted <u>her</u> house", cf. the use of the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> in <i>Toni maalasi Mari<u>n</u> talon</i> "Toni painted Mari<u>'s</u> house". (The <i>-n</i> on the word <i>talon</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a>, which is pronounced the same as the genitive case.) </p><p>For emphasis or clarification, the possessor can be given outside the word as well, using the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a>. In this case, the possessive suffix remains. For example, <i>my house</i> can be <i>taloni <b>or</b> minun taloni</i> in which <i>minun</i> is the genitive form of the first-person singular pronoun. </p><p>Omission of the possessive suffix makes it possible to distinguish the plural for the possessed objects, but that is not considered proper language: <i>mun käsi</i> "my hand" vs. <i>mun kädet</i> "my hands". Systematic omission of possessive suffixes is found in <a href="/wiki/Spoken_Finnish" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoken Finnish">Spoken Finnish</a>, wherever a pronoun in the genitive is used, but that is found only in direct address: "<u>Their</u> coats are dry" is <i><u>Niiden</u> takit on kuivia</i> (<i>niiden</i> lit. "they's"). That can be contrasted with indirect possession, as in "They took <u>their</u> coats", in which the possessive suffix is used: <i>Ne otti takki<u>nsa</u></i>. Even in proper Finnish, the pronouns <i>sen</i> and <i>niiden</i>, which are the demonstrative as well as inanimate forms of <i>hänen</i> and <i>heidän</i>, do not impose possessive suffixes except indirectly. It would be <a href="/wiki/Hypercorrection" title="Hypercorrection">hypercorrect</a> to say <i>niiden talonsa</i>. There is also a distinction in meaning in the third person on whether or not the third-person possessive pronoun is used: </p> <dl><dd><i>He ottivat (omat) takkinsa.</i> = "They took their (own) coats." (The possessor cannot be mentioned, even for emphasis, when it the same as the subject.)</dd> <dd><i>He ottivat heidän takkinsa.</i> = "They took their (others') coats." (When a third person pronoun is mentioned as the possessor, it must refer to someone other than the subject of the sentence.)</dd> <dd><i>He kertoivat tekevänsä (itse).</i> = "They told they would come (themselves)." (The doer cannot be mentioned, even for emphasis, when it is the same as previously.)</dd> <dd><i>He kertoivat heidän tulevan.</i> = "They told they (others) would come." (When a third person pronoun is mentioned as the subject of the second sentence, it must refer to someone other than the subject of the first sentence.)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungarian">Hungarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hungarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> is another <a href="/wiki/Uralic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic language">Uralic language</a>. Distantly related to <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, Hungarian follows similar rule as given above for Finnish, except that it does not use <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> for emphasis. To say "Maria's house", one would say <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Mária háza</i></span>: literally 'Maria her house', where <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">háza</i></span> means 'her/his/its house' (<i>see <a href="/wiki/His_genitive" title="His genitive">His genitive</a></i>). </p> <dl><dd>See also <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_grammar_(noun_phrases)#Possessive_suffixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian grammar (noun phrases)">Possessive suffixes in the article <i>Hungarian grammar (noun phrases)</i></a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semitic_languages">Semitic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Semitic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic">Arabic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic language">Semitic language</a>, uses personal suffixes, also classified as <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitic</a> pronouns, for the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative cases</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a>. The genitive and accusative forms are identical, except for the 1st person singular, which is <i>-ī</i> in genitive and <i>-nī</i> in accusative case. They can be used with <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, expressing possession, with <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>, which require the genitive case, or with <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>, expressing the <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>. Examples for personal suffixes expressing possession, using the word بيت <i>bayt(u)</i> (<i>house</i>) as a base: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dual_grammatical_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual grammatical number">dual</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person</td> <td>بيتي <i>baytī</i> my house</td> <td colspan="2">بيتنا <i>baytunā</i> our house </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person (masc.)</td> <td>بيتك <i>baytuka</i> your house</td> <td rowspan="2">بيتكما <i>baytukumā</i> your (du.) house</td> <td>بيتكم <i>baytukum</i> your house </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person (fem.)</td> <td>بيتك <i>baytuki</i> your house</td> <td>بيتكن <i>baytukunna</i> your house </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person (masc.)</td> <td>بيته <i>baytuhu/baytuhi</i> his house</td> <td rowspan="2">بيتهما <i>baytuhumā</i> their (du.) house</td> <td>بيتهم <i>baytuhum/baytuhim</i> their house </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person (fem.)</td> <td>بيتها <i>baytuhā</i> her house</td> <td>بيتهن <i>baytuhun(na)/baytuhin(ne)</i> their house </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew">Hebrew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hebrew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Semitic language">Northwest Semitic language</a>, possessive suffixes are optional. They are more common in formal, archaic, or poetic language and for certain nouns than on others. For instance, <i>my home</i> can be written <i>בֵּיתִי</i> (beiti). However, the following are some different ways to express possession, using the word <i>בַּיִת</i> (<i>bayit</i>, house) as a base: </p> <ul><li>my house: <i>בֵּיתִי</i> <i>beiti</i> (house-my), <i>הַבַּיִת שֶׁלִּי</i> <i>ha-bayit sheli</i> (the-house of-me)</li> <li>your (<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">masc.</a>, sing.) house: <i>בֵּיתְךָ</i> <i>beitkha</i> (house-your), <i>הַבַּיִת שֶׁלְּךָ</i> <i>ha-bayit shelkha</i> (the-house of-you)</li> <li>Adam's house: <i>בֵּית אָדָם</i> <i>beit Adam</i> (house-of Adam), <i>בֵּיתוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם</i> <i>beito shel Adam</i> (house-his of Adam), <i>הַבַּיִת שֶׁל אָדָם</i> <i>ha-bayit shel Adam</i> (the-house of Adam)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyrian">Assyrian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Assyrian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Modern_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Aramaic">Modern Aramaic</a> language, <a href="/wiki/Possessive_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive pronouns">possessive pronouns</a> are suffixes that are attached to the end of nouns to express possession similar to the English pronouns <i>my, your, his, her,</i> etc., which reflects the gender and the number of the person or persons.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a></th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person</td> <td><i>bĕtī</i> (my house)</td> <td><i>bĕtan</i> (our house) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person (masc.)</td> <td><i>bĕtūkh</i> (your house)</td> <td><i>bĕtōkhun</i> (your house) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person (fem.)</td> <td><i>bĕtakh</i> (your house)</td> <td><i>bĕtōkhun</i> (your house) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person (masc.)</td> <td><i>bĕtū</i> (his house)</td> <td><i>betĕh</i> (their house) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person (fem.)</td> <td><i>bĕtō</i> (her house)</td> <td><i>bĕtĕh</i> (their house) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although possessive suffixes are more convenient and common, they can be optional for some people and seldom used, especially among those with the Tyari and Barwari dialects. The following are the alternative ways to express possession, using the word "bĕtā" (<i>house</i>) as a base: </p> <ul><li>my house: <i>bĕtā it dēyi</i> ("house of mine")</li> <li>your (<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">masc.</a>, sing.) house: <i>bĕtā it dēyūkh</i> ("house of yours")</li> <li>your (fem., sing.) house: <i>bĕtā it dēyakh</i></li> <li>your (plural) house: <i>bĕtā it dēyōkhūn</i> ("house of yours")</li> <li>3rd person (masc., sing.): <i>bĕtā it dēyū</i> ("house of his")</li> <li>3rd person (fem., sing.): <i>bĕtā it dēyō</i> ("house of hers")</li> <li>3rd person (plural): <i>bĕtā it dēyĕh</i> ("house of theirs")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indo-European_languages">Indo-European languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indo-European languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian">Armenian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Armenian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, the following suffixes are used (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern standard</a>):<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></th> <th>Example</th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person</td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">տուն-ս</span></span> /tun-s/</td> <td>my house </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person</td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">տուն-դ</span></span> /tun-t/</td> <td>your house </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person</td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">տուն-ը</span></span> /tun-ə/</td> <td>his/her house </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian">Persian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a>, has possessive suffixes: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a></th> <th>Suffix </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person singular</td> <td>-am </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person singular</td> <td>-at </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person singular</td> <td>-aš </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st person plural</td> <td>-emân </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person plural</td> <td>-etân </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person plural</td> <td>-ešân </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>e.g. <b>pedar<i>-am</i></b> my father; <b>barâdar<i>-aš</i></b> his/her brother </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Central_Morocco_Tamazight">Central Morocco Tamazight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Central Morocco Tamazight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Central_Morocco_Tamazight" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Morocco Tamazight">Central Morocco Tamazight</a>'s use of possessive suffixes mirrors that of many other <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic languages</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Possessive Suffixes<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Person </th> <th colspan="2">Possessive <br /> suffix </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>(Ayt Ayache)</small> </th> <th><small>(Ayt Seghrouchen)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th>I </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-(i)nw/</span><sup>1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>you (ms) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-nʃ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-nːs/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>you (fs) </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-nːm/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>he </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ns/</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-nːs/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>she </th></tr> <tr> <th>we </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-nːɣ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-nːx/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>you (mp) </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-nːun/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>you (fp) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-nːkʷnt/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-nːʃnt/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>they (m) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-nsn/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-nːsn/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>they (f) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-nsnt/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-nːsnt/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>-inw is used when the noun ends in a consonant</li></ol> <p>Independent possessives are formed by attaching the possessive suffixes to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wi-/</span> (if the object possessed is masculine) or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ti-/</span>' (for feminine), e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/winw/</span> ('mine'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkish">Turkish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Turkish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possessive forms of the noun <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ev#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:ev">ev</a></i> ("house"): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a></th> <th>Translation</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a></th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person</td> <td>(benim) evim</td> <td>my house</td> <td rowspan="1">(bizim) evimiz</td> <td>our house </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person</td> <td>(senin) evin</td> <td>your house</td> <td rowspan="1">(sizin) eviniz</td> <td>your house </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person</td> <td>(onun) evi</td> <td>(his/her/its) house</td> <td rowspan="1">(onların) evleri</td> <td>their house </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The plural of <i>ev</i> is <i>evler</i>, and the form <i>evleri</i> is ambiguous; it can be <span class="nowrap"><i>ev</i> + <i>-leri</i></span>, with the 3rd-person plural possessive suffix, or <span class="nowrap"><i>evler</i> + <i>-i</i></span>, with the 3rd-person singular possessive suffix. Additionally, when suffixed to a plural form, the plural suffix <i>-leri</i> is replaced by <i>-i</i>, so "their houses" is not *<i>evlerleri</i> but just also <i>evleri</i>, making this form triply ambiguous. </p><p>The Turkish possessive suffixes obey <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony#Turkish" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ok#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:ok">ok</a></i> – "arrow"; <i>okum</i> – "my arrow"; <i>okları</i> – "their arrow" or "his/her/their arrows"). If the word to which they are attached ends on a vowel, an initial vowel of the possessive suffix is elided (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baba#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:baba">baba</a></i> – "father"; <i>babam</i> – "my father"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malay">Malay</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Malay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian language</a>, the following suffixes can be added to nouns to indicate possession. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></th> <th>Example</th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person</td> <td><i>negaraku</i></td> <td><i>my country</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person</td> <td><i>negaramu</i></td> <td><i>your country</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person</td> <td><i>negaranya</i></td> <td><i>his/her country</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Not all pronouns are added in this way; most are written as separate words. For example, <i>your country</i> can also be expressed as <i>negara anda</i> or <i>negara engkau</i>, and <i>our country</i> as <i>negara kita</i> (if the reader is included) or <i>negara kami</i> (if the reader is excluded). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_Nahuatl">Classical Nahuatl</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classical Nahuatl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl" title="Classical Nahuatl">Classical Nahuatl</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uto-Aztecan language">Uto-Aztecan language</a>, uses possessive prefixes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></th> <th>Example</th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person singular</td> <td>no-ta</td> <td>my father </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person singular</td> <td>mo-ta</td> <td>your (sg.) father </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person singular</td> <td>i-ta</td> <td>his/her father </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st person plural</td> <td>to-ta</td> <td>our father </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person plural</td> <td>amo-ta</td> <td>your (pl.) father </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person plural</td> <td>in-ta</td> <td>their father </td></tr> <tr> <td>indefinite</td> <td>te-ta</td> <td>one's father </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe#Possessive_apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">Possessive apostrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive case">Possessive case</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew S. Dryer. 2013. <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/chapter/57">Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes.</a></span>In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Accessed on 2018-12-03</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zwicky, Arnold M. "<i>Clitics and Particles</i>." Language 61.2 (1985): 283-305. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sakayan, Dora. (2007) <i>Eastern Armenian for the English-speaking World. A Contrastive Approach</i>. Yerevan State University Press. p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbdel-Massih1971" class="citation book cs1">Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1971). <i>A Reference Grammar of Tamazight</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. pp. 35–40, 46, 77–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reference+Grammar+of+Tamazight&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=35-40%2C+46%2C+77-80&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Abdel-Massih&rft.aufirst=Ernest+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APossessive+affix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangacker1972" class="citation journal cs1">Langacker, Robert W. (1972). "Possessives in Classical Nahuatl". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 173–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F465203">10.1086/465203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144063035">144063035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Possessives+in+Classical+Nahuatl&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=173-186&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F465203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144063035%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Langacker&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APossessive+affix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Nenets-example"><b><a href="#ref_Nenets-example">^</a></b></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span> <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Laakso" title="Johanna Laakso">Johanna Laakso</a>. <i>Uralilaiset kansat. Tietoa suomen sukukielistä ja niiden puhujista.</i> WSOY 1991.</li></ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&oldid=1253355561">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive_affix&oldid=1253355561</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suffixes" title="Category:Suffixes">Suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Affixes" title="Category:Affixes">Affixes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hungarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hungarian-language text">Articles containing Hungarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Armenian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Armenian-language text">Articles containing Armenian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)" title="Category:Articles with Finnish-language sources (fi)">Articles with Finnish-language sources (fi)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 15:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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