CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-GB"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta http-equiv="Referrer-Policy" content="origin, strict-origin-when-cross-origin"> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://physicsworld.com/xmlrpc.php"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://use.typekit.net" crossorigin /> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn-cookieyes.com/client_data/32a66075cd31d8fea8d5fadf/script.js" as="script" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com" crossorigin /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.ampproject.org" crossorigin /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://in.hotjar.com" crossorigin /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" >  <script src="//use.typekit.net/mfv1unu.js"></script> <script>try{Typekit.load({ async: true, active: function() { jQuery('body').addClass('typekit'); } });}catch(e){}</script>  <link href="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/themes/iopp/static/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-TQRT9K38');</script>  <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>Interview Archives – Physics World</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/venkat-srinivasan-batteries-are-largely-bipartisan/" /> <link rel="next" href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/page/2/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Interview Archives – Physics World" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Physics World" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@PhysicsWorld" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/","url":"https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/","name":"Interview Archives – Physics World","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://physicsworld.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-scaled.jpg","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/#primaryimage","url":"https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-scaled.jpg","contentUrl":"https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-scaled.jpg","width":2560,"height":1858,"caption":"Battery advocate: Argonne Collaborative Center for Energy Storage Science director Venkat Srinivasan. (Courtesy: Argonne National Laboratory)"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://physicsworld.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Interview"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://physicsworld.com/#website","url":"https://physicsworld.com/","name":"Physics World","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://physicsworld.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"}]}</script>  <meta name="oas:article-type" content="interviews" /><link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.jsdelivr.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//players.brightcove.net' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://physicsworld.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%} </style> <style id='powerpress-player-block-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='nine3-style-css' href='https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/themes/iopp/dist/css/main.d85b8b6e29494c1a81f4c002bb8e1b11.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='brightcove-pip-css-css' href='https://players.brightcove.net/videojs-pip/1/videojs-pip.css?ver=2.8.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='brightcove-playlist-css' href='https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/plugins/brightcove-video-connect/assets/css/brightcove_playlist.min.css?ver=2.8.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script id="real3d-flipbook-forntend-js-extra"> var rootFolder = ["https:\/\/physicsworld.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/real3d-flipbook\/"]; </script> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/plugins/real3d-flipbook/js/frontend.js?ver=3.61" id="real3d-flipbook-forntend-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://physicsworld.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://physicsworld.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <script id="dzsap-main-settings" type="application/json">{"dzsap_site_url":"https:\/\/physicsworld.com\/","pluginurl":"https:\/\/physicsworld.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/dzs-zoomsounds\/audioplayer\/","dzsap_curr_user":0,"version":"6.50","ajax_url":"https:\/\/physicsworld.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","action_received_time_total":"send_total_time"}</script> <script type="text/javascript"> </script>  <meta name="onesignal" content="wordpress-plugin"/> <script> window.OneSignal = window.OneSignal || []; OneSignal.push( function() { OneSignal.SERVICE_WORKER_UPDATER_PATH = "OneSignalSDKUpdaterWorker.js.php"; OneSignal.SERVICE_WORKER_PATH = "OneSignalSDKWorker.js.php"; OneSignal.SERVICE_WORKER_PARAM = { scope: "/" }; OneSignal.setDefaultNotificationUrl("https://physicsworld.com"); var oneSignal_options = {}; window._oneSignalInitOptions = oneSignal_options; oneSignal_options['wordpress'] = true; oneSignal_options['appId'] = '7322d010-59eb-4b97-8b58-47d4ecec27f1'; oneSignal_options['allowLocalhostAsSecureOrigin'] = true; oneSignal_options['welcomeNotification'] = { }; oneSignal_options['welcomeNotification']['title'] = "Physics World"; oneSignal_options['welcomeNotification']['message'] = ""; oneSignal_options['path'] = "https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/plugins/onesignal-free-web-push-notifications/sdk_files/"; oneSignal_options['promptOptions'] = { }; oneSignal_options['notifyButton'] = { }; oneSignal_options['notifyButton']['enable'] = true; oneSignal_options['notifyButton']['position'] = 'bottom-right'; oneSignal_options['notifyButton']['theme'] = 'default'; oneSignal_options['notifyButton']['size'] = 'medium'; oneSignal_options['notifyButton']['showCredit'] = true; oneSignal_options['notifyButton']['text'] = {}; OneSignal.init(window._oneSignalInitOptions); OneSignal.showSlidedownPrompt(); }); function documentInitOneSignal() { var oneSignal_elements = document.getElementsByClassName("OneSignal-prompt"); var oneSignalLinkClickHandler = function(event) { OneSignal.push(['registerForPushNotifications']); event.preventDefault(); }; for(var i = 0; i < oneSignal_elements.length; i++) oneSignal_elements[i].addEventListener('click', oneSignalLinkClickHandler, false); } if (document.readyState === 'complete') { documentInitOneSignal(); } else { window.addEventListener("load", function(event){ documentInitOneSignal(); }); } </script>  <script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:788234,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); /* Hotjar user attributes */ window.hj( 'identify', null, { Language: window.navigator.language, }); </script> <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> "use strict"; /** * Returns the OpenGraph type of this page (as set by Yoast) * * Cannot use `getMetaContent` for this as it uses the "property" attribute * instead of the expected "name". * * @return {string} OpenGraph type */ function getOgType() { let og_type = document.querySelector('meta[property="og:type"]'); return ( og_type && og_type.content ? og_type.content : '' ); } /** * Returns the content attribute of the named <meta> tag * * @param {string} name - Meta name * @return {string} Meta content */ function getMetaContent( name ) { let element = document.querySelector('meta[name="' + name + '"]'); return element ? element.content : ''; } /** * Defines a GA slot only if the slot actually exists * * @param {string} ref - Slot reference * @param {Array} dimensions - Target dimensions * @param {string} slot_id - Element ID * @param {PubAdsService} service - Service to bind to */ function defineIfSlot(ref, dimensions, slot_id, service) { const element = document.getElementById(slot_id); // No ad slot if (!element) return; return googletag.defineSlot(ref, dimensions, slot_id).addService(service); } window.googletag = ( window.googletag || { cmd: [] } ); googletag.cmd.push( function() { const pubads = googletag.pubads(); // Conditionally define slots only if the element actually exists defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_r2_ap', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1567436410454-0', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_m_ap', [[300,250]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-1', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x01_gs', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-2', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x02_gs', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-3', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x03_gs', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-4', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x04_gs', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-5', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x05_gs', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-6', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x06_gs', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-7', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_r_ap', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1563268425067-0', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_r1_ap', [[300,250]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-11', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x10_ss', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-12', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x11_ss', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-13', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x12_ss', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-14', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x13_ss', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-15', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x14_ss', [160, 60], 'div-gpt-ad-1563269243507-0', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x15_ss', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-17', pubads); const leaderboard = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([970, 0], [[970, 90], [728, 90]]) // Larger screen ads .addSize([768, 0], [[728, 90]]) // Smaller (laptop) screen ads .addSize([0, 0], [[300, 250], [320, 50]]) // Mobile screen ads .build(); // Homepage & listing ads const t_1 = defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_t_hp', [[970,90],[728,90],[729,90],[300,250],[320,50]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-18', pubads); const t_2 = defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_t1_hp', [[970,90],[728,90],[729,90],[300,250],[320,50]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-19', pubads); const t_3 = defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_t2_hp', [[970,90],[728,90],[729,90],[300,250],[320,50]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-20', pubads); // Only map if they actually exist t_1 && t_1.defineSizeMapping(leaderboard); t_2 && t_2.defineSizeMapping(leaderboard); t_3 && t_3.defineSizeMapping(leaderboard); // Search results const headerSize = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([970, 0], [[970, 90]]) .addSize([0, 0], [[320, 50]]) .build() // Header ad (always appears) googletag.defineSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_h_sw', [[970,90], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-5400963-20').defineSizeMapping(headerSize).addService(pubads); // Only apply targeting if values exist const article_og = getOgType(); if ( article_og ) { pubads.setTargeting( "articleTag", article_og ); } const article_type = getMetaContent( "oas:article-type" ); if ( article_type ) { pubads.setTargeting( "articleType", article_type ); } const article_category = getMetaContent( "oas:category" ); if ( article_category ) { pubads.setTargeting( "category", article_category ); } const article_sub = getMetaContent( "oas:sub-category" ); if ( article_sub ) { pubads.setTargeting( "subCategory", article_sub ); } // Add class to body if ads are visible pubads.addEventListener( "impressionViewable", function () { document.body.classList.add("has-ads"); }); pubads.enableSingleRequest(); pubads.collapseEmptyDivs(); // Start! googletag.enableServices(); }); </script>  </head> <body class="archive tax-article-type term-interviews term-120 not-logged-in"> <a class="sr-only" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>  <noscript aria-hidden="true"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-TQRT9K38" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" > </iframe> </noscript>  <header class="physics-world-nav"> <span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-5400963-20' class="advert">  <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-5400963-20'); }); </script> </div> </span> <div class="top-bar"> <div class="top-bar__left"> <a href="https://ioppublishing.org/" class="top-bar__logo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/themes/iopp/static/img/iop-publishing-logo-white.png" width="198" height="31" alt="" /> <span class="sr-only">IOP Publishing site</span> </a> </div> <button class="top-bar__menu--mobile"> Menu </button> <div class="top-bar__right"> <div class="top-bar__user"> <ul class="top-bar__links"> <li><button class="sign-in-btn"><span class="top-bar__icon"></span>Sign in</button></li> <li><button class="register-btn">Register</button></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="physics-world-nav__wrapper"> <div class="physics-world-nav__left"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com" class="physics-world-nav__logo"> <span class="sr-only">Back to homepage</span> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/themes/iopp/static/img/svg/pw-logo-red.svg" alt="IOP Physics World logo" width="217" height="40" /> </a> </div> <div class="physics-world-nav__right"> <nav class="nav-items__wrapper"> <button class="physics-world-nav__dropdown">Topics</button> <div class="topic-dropdown" aria-expanded="false"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="topic-content-container"> <div><img width="798" height="449" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-1024x576.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-711x400.jpg 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-257x145.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px" /><h2>Browse articles by topic</h2></div> <ul class="topic-dropdown__list"> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/astronomy-space/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Astronomy_and_space_164193.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Astronomy and space</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/atomic-molecular/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Atomic_and_molecular__774E92.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Atomic and molecular</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/biophysics-bioengineering/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Biophysics_and_bioengineering__05958E-1.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Biophysics and bioengineering</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/condensed-matter/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Condensed_matter__774E92.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Condensed matter</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/culture-history-society/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Culture.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Culture, history and society</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/environment-energy/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Environment_and_energy__85AD21-1.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Environment and energy</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/instrumentation-measurement/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Instrumentation_and_measurement__9D9D9C.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Instrumentation and measurement</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/materials/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Materials__0085C8.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Materials</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Mathematics_and_computation__EC660F.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Mathematics and computation</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/medical-physics/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Medical_physics__05958.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Medical physics</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/optics-photonics/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Optics_and_photonics__774E92.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Optics and photonics</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/particle-nuclear/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Particle_and_nuclear__774E92.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Particle and nuclear</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/people/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/People-icon-purple.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">People</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/quantum/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Quantum__774E92.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Quantum</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/scientific-enterprise/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Enterprise-cogs.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Scientific enterprise</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> <div class='primary-nav'><ul class='menu'><li class='menu-item-has-children'><button class='menu-item-button' aria-expanded='false'>Latest content</button><ul class='sub-menu'><li class='menu-item__featured-content'><div><img width="798" height="394" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-1024x506.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-1024x506.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-211x104.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-317x157.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-768x380.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-809x400.jpg 809w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-732x362.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-720x356.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-635x314.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-350x173.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-257x127.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-300x148.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-160x79.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-128x63.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px" /><h2>Browse articles by content type</h2></div></li><li><h2>Short reads</h2><ul class='sub-menu'><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/'>Research updates</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/news/'>News</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/blog/'>Blog</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/innovation-showcases/'>Innovation showcases</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/events/'>Events</a></li></ul></li><li><h2>Long reads</h2><ul class='sub-menu'><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/features/'>Features</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/opinion-reviews/'>Opinion and reviews</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/'>Interviews</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/analysis/'>Analysis</a></li></ul></li><li><h2>Multimedia</h2><ul class='sub-menu'><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/audio/'>Podcasts</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/videos/'>Video</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/webinars/'>Webinars</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=''><a href='https://physicsworld.com/p/magazine/archive/'>Magazine</a></li><li class=''><a href='https://physicsworld.com/p/physics-world-live/'>Physics World Live</a></li></ul></div> <a href="https://www.physicsworldjobs.com" target="_blank" class="nav__link-img link-img--pw-jobs"> <span class='screen-reader-text'>IOP Physics World Jobs logo</span> <svg width="121" height="18" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M84.433 9.612V7.308c0-.324-.105-.792-.281-1.08-.352-.864-1.02-1.44-1.97-1.44-1.971 0-2.183 2.52-2.183 4.032 0 1.584.176 4.176 2.288 4.176.492 0 .915-.144 1.302-.468.844-.72.844-1.836.844-2.916Zm1.478 4.428h-1.337V12.6c-.598 1.116-1.443 1.656-2.71 1.656-2.815 0-3.554-2.88-3.554-5.256 0-2.34.775-5.508 3.59-5.508 1.196 0 2.006.504 2.533 1.62V.9h1.478v13.14Z" fill="#9460A4"/><path d="M8.879 8.783c0-2.124-.563-5.22-3.237-5.22-1.197 0-1.725.72-2.288 1.692V3.707H.75V17.53h2.78v-4.248c.528.613 1.091.937 1.936.937 2.815-.037 3.413-3.133 3.413-5.436Zm-2.92-.072c0 .755.034 2.34-.388 2.987-.211.36-.457.468-.88.468-1.302 0-1.196-1.296-1.196-2.268v-2.52c0-.864.211-1.907 1.267-1.907 1.302 0 1.196 2.196 1.196 3.095v.144ZM17.29 14.04V7.164c0-1.908-.211-3.672-2.534-3.672-1.126 0-1.83.324-2.463 1.296V.9H9.478v13.14h2.815V7.488c0-.936.105-1.728 1.196-1.728 1.056 0 .986.792.986 1.692v6.588h2.815ZM25.207 3.709H22.78l-1.302 6.3-1.372-6.3H17.29l2.885 10.152c-.317 1.116-.492 1.476-1.654 1.476a5.65 5.65 0 0 1-.81-.072v2.268c.423.108.81.18 1.197.18 2.288 0 2.71-1.62 3.273-3.492l3.026-10.512ZM32.387 10.872c0-2.016-1.408-2.592-2.992-3.168-.316-.108-.95-.324-1.267-.54-.281-.216-.422-.468-.422-.864 0-.54.352-.9.88-.9.88 0 1.232.648 1.478 1.404l2.006-.612c-.458-1.764-1.654-2.7-3.414-2.7-1.935 0-3.59 1.188-3.59 3.276 0 1.944 1.409 2.7 3.027 3.24.352.108.88.288 1.197.504.317.216.422.468.422.864 0 .684-.528.936-1.09.936-.986 0-1.408-.612-1.62-1.548l-2.217.36c.317 2.196 1.69 3.06 3.801 3.06 2.006.072 3.8-1.08 3.8-3.312ZM35.8 3.709h-2.816v10.332H35.8V3.709ZM35.8.9h-2.816v1.908H35.8V.9ZM44.527 10.188l-2.64-.18c-.035.792-.175 1.908-1.16 1.908-1.373 0-1.338-2.232-1.338-3.168 0-.972.035-3.096 1.408-3.096.95 0 1.055 1.224 1.09 1.944l2.64-.108c-.106-1.224-.211-2.052-1.091-2.952-.774-.792-1.654-1.044-2.71-1.044-3.132 0-4.187 2.52-4.187 5.364 0 2.772.914 5.4 4.047 5.4 2.568 0 3.66-1.584 3.94-4.068ZM52.34 10.872c0-2.016-1.408-2.592-2.992-3.168-.316-.108-.95-.324-1.267-.54-.281-.216-.422-.468-.422-.864 0-.54.352-.9.88-.9.88 0 1.231.648 1.478 1.404l2.006-.612c-.458-1.764-1.654-2.7-3.414-2.7-1.935 0-3.59 1.188-3.59 3.276 0 1.944 1.408 2.7 3.027 3.24.352.108.88.288 1.197.504.316.216.422.468.422.864 0 .684-.528.936-1.09.936-.986 0-1.409-.612-1.62-1.548l-2.217.36c.317 2.196 1.69 3.06 3.8 3.06 2.007.072 3.802-1.08 3.802-3.312Z" class="svg-fill-colour"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M63.002 3.709h-1.231l-1.83 7.848-1.865-7.848h-1.091l-1.69 7.74-1.759-7.74h-1.478l2.499 10.332h1.372l1.619-7.272 1.724 7.272h1.267l2.463-10.332ZM70.568 9c0-2.664-.739-5.58-3.87-5.58-3.062 0-3.872 2.844-3.872 5.472 0 2.628.81 5.436 3.836 5.436 3.027 0 3.906-2.7 3.906-5.328Zm-1.654-.108c0 1.476-.21 4.14-2.217 4.14-2.005 0-2.217-2.664-2.217-4.176s.247-4.14 2.217-4.14c2.006 0 2.217 2.664 2.217 4.176ZM75.495 5.184V3.456c-.106-.036-.211-.036-.352-.036-.563 0-1.055.288-1.443.612-.598.54-.809 1.08-1.09 1.836v-2.16h-1.338V14.04h1.513V8.712c0-1.584.458-3.564 2.358-3.564.07 0 .246 0 .352.036Z" fill="#9460A4"/><path d="M77.712.9h-1.513v13.14h1.513V.9Z" fill="#9460A4"/><path d="M89.395.9h-.352v15.948h.352V.9ZM92.844 16.848c-.422 0-.774-.072-1.161-.18v-1.26c.351.108.668.18 1.02.18 1.161 0 1.161-.828 1.161-1.764V3.924h1.478v9c.036 1.944 0 3.924-2.498 3.924ZM93.829 2.7V.9h1.619v1.8h-1.619ZM100.339 14.545c-3.026 0-3.836-2.808-3.836-5.436s.81-5.472 3.871-5.472c3.132 0 3.871 2.88 3.871 5.58-.035 2.592-.915 5.328-3.906 5.328Zm0-9.612c-1.97 0-2.217 2.628-2.217 4.14 0 1.512.211 4.176 2.217 4.176 1.971 0 2.217-2.664 2.217-4.14 0-1.512-.211-4.176-2.217-4.176ZM108.926 14.473c-1.372 0-1.935-.432-2.569-1.656-.14.468-.246.972-.387 1.44h-.774V.29h1.478v5.004c.633-1.008 1.337-1.584 2.569-1.584 2.815 0 3.519 2.988 3.519 5.328 0 2.628-.809 5.436-3.836 5.436Zm.035-9.468c-1.654 0-2.252 1.836-2.252 3.276v1.584c0 1.584.317 3.348 2.217 3.348 2.112 0 2.182-2.628 2.182-4.212 0-1.62-.07-3.996-2.147-3.996ZM116.739 14.544c-2.006 0-3.203-.936-3.625-2.952l1.408-.324c.281 1.332.985 1.98 2.322 1.98.986 0 2.041-.54 2.041-1.692 0-1.872-3.237-1.728-4.504-2.88a2.592 2.592 0 0 1-.845-1.908c0-1.872 1.549-3.096 3.308-3.096.915 0 1.795.324 2.428 1.008.423.468.563.972.739 1.62l-1.302.324c-.316-.972-.879-1.656-1.97-1.656-.915 0-1.725.576-1.725 1.584 0 .828.599 1.224 1.302 1.476 1.725.54 4.118 1.008 4.118 3.384-.036 2.052-1.83 3.132-3.695 3.132Z" class="svg-fill-colour"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path fill="#fff" transform="translate(.75)" d="M0 0h120v18H0z"/></clipPath></defs></svg> </a> </nav> <button class="physics-world-nav__search-btn"> <i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i> Search<span class="sr-only">Open Search Dialog</span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="homepage-search" aria-expanded="false"> <form action="https://physicsworld.com"> <label for="input-home-search">Search by content type, topic, person, research area and more</label> <div class="homepage-search__form-container"> <input id="input-home-search" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search..." value="" /> <button type="submit"> <i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i>Search<span class="sr-only">Submit search</span> </button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="other-sites"> <ul class="items"> <li> <a href="https://ioppublishing.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> IOP Publishing </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="top-bar__social"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/physicsworld/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Follow us on Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/PhysicsWorld" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Follow us on Twitter</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/physics-world" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Follow us on LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/PhysicsWorldTV" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-youtube-play" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Watch us on Youtube</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/feed" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-rss" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">RSS Feed</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="items"> <li> <a href="https://www.physicsworldjobs.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Jobs </a> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="popup sign-in"> <div class="popup__tabs"> <button class="popup__tab popup__tab--active popup__tab-sign-in" data-tab="0">Sign in</button> <button class="popup__tab popup__tab-register" data-tab="1">Register</button> <button class="fa fa-times-circle btn--close popup__close"></button> </div> <div class="popup__content"> <div class="sign-in__content popup__row popup__row--active ajax_container"> <form action="#" method="POST" data-ajax="login" class="login-form ajax__content" data-dest=".sign-in__content" data-keep="1"> <div class="flex flex--rows popup__row__content"> <div class="popup__col"> <input type="hidden" name="redirect" value="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews"> <input type="hidden" name="page" value="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews"> <ul class="sign-in__inputs"> <li> <label for="input-signin-email">Enter e-mail address</label> <input id="input-signin-email" type="email" name="user-email" required oninvalid="this.setCustomValidity('Please enter a valid e-mail address')" oninput="this.setCustomValidity('')"/> </li> <li class="password-input"> <label for="input-signin-password">Enter password</label> <input type="password" name="user-password" id="input-signin-password" class="password-field" required oninvalid="this.setCustomValidity('Please enter a password')" oninput="this.setCustomValidity('')"/> <input type="checkbox" name="password" id="show-pw" /> <label for="show-pw" class="password-label">Show</label> </li> <li> <div> <input type="checkbox" name="remember-me" id="form-checkbox" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="form-checkbox"><span></span>Remember me</label> </div> <div> <a href="#" class="forgot-btn">Forgot your password?</a> </div> </li> </ul> <aside class="register__benefits"> <strong>Are you an IOP member?</strong> <p>Sign into your <em>Physics World</em> account to get access to all available digital issues of the monthly magazine. Your <em>Physics World</em> account is separate to any IOP accounts you may have</p> </aside> </div> <div class="popup__col"> <div class="field__attempts"> <strong>Sign in to</strong> <ul> <li>Access more than 20 years of online content</li> <li>Manage which e-mail newsletters you want to receive</li> <li>Read about the big breakthroughs and innovations across 13 scientific topics</li> <li>Explore the key issues and trends within the global scientific community</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="popup__actions"> <input type="submit" value="Sign in" class="btn btn--green" /> </div> </form> </div> <div class="register__form popup__row"> <form action="/" class="form-register ajax__content " method="POST" data-ajax="register" data-dest=".register__form" data-keep="1"> <div class="flex flex--rows popup__row__content"> <ul class="register__email gutter "> <li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <label for="input-register-email">Enter e-mail address</label> <input id="input-register-email" type="email" name="user-email" required oninvalid="this.setCustomValidity('Please enter a valid e-mail address')" oninput="this.setCustomValidity('')"/> <div class="tooltip"> <span class="fa fa-question-circle"></span> <span class="tooltip__content">This e-mail address will be used to create your account</span> </div> <aside class="register__benefits"> <strong>Are you an IOP member?</strong> <p>Create a <em>Physics World</em> account to get access to all available digital issues of the monthly magazine. Your <em>Physics World</em> account is separate to any IOP accounts you may have.</p> <p><strong>Note:</strong> The verification e-mail to complete your account registration should arrive immediately. However, in some cases it takes longer. Don't forget to check your spam folder.</p> <p>If you haven't received the e-mail in 24 hours, please contact <a href="mailto:customerservices@ioppublishing.org">customerservices@ioppublishing.org</a>.</p> </aside> </li> <li class="register__info col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <strong>Registration is free, quick and easy</strong> <br /> <ul> <li>Access more than 20 years of online content</li> <li>Choose which e-mail newsletters you want to receive</li> <li>Read about the big breakthroughs and innovations across 13 scientific topics</li> <li>Explore the key issues and trends within the global scientific community</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="popup__actions"> <input type="submit" value="Register" class="btn btn--green" /> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="popup forgot-password "> <div class="popup__tabs"> <h4 class="popup__tab popup__tab--full">Reset your password</h4> <i class="fa fa-times-circle btn--close popup__close"></i> </div> <div class="popup__content forgot-parent ajax__container"> <form class="popup__row popup__row--active ajax__content forgot-form " action="/" method="POST" data-ajax="forgot" data-dest=".forgot-parent" data-keep="1"> <div class="popup__row__content"> <p>Please enter the e-mail address you used to register to reset your password</p> <p><strong>Note:</strong> The verification e-mail to change your password should arrive immediately. However, in some cases it takes longer. Don't forget to check your spam folder.</p> <p>If you haven't received the e-mail in 24 hours, please contact <a href="mailto:customerservices@ioppublishing.org">customerservices@ioppublishing.org</a></p> <label for="input-ajax-forgotten-email">Enter e-mail address</label> <input id="input-ajax-forgotten-email" type="email" name="user-email" required oninvalid="this.setCustomValidity('Please enter a valid e-mail address')" oninput="this.setCustomValidity('')"/> </div> <div class="popup__actions"> <input type="submit" value="Reset my password" class="btn btn--green" /> </div> </form> <div class="ajax__content forgot__message popup__row--active"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="popup popup-message autoclose "> <div class="popup__tabs"> <h4 class="popup__tab popup__tab--full">Registration complete</h4> <i class="fa fa-times-circle btn--close popup__close"></i> </div> <div class="popup__content ajax__container"> <div class="popup__row__content"> <p><strong>Thank you for registering with <em>Physics World</em></strong><br /> If you'd like to change your details at any time, please visit My account</p> </div> <div class="popup__actions"> <a class="btn btn--green" href="/">Close</a> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="overlay "></div> <main class="site-window" id="main-content"> <div class="type-bar type-bar--noicon"> <h1 class="type-bar__heading"> interviews </h1> </div> <div id="main-container" class="category-container"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="row"> <div id="primary" class="col-md-8 col-sm-7 equalize-sidebar"> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/venkat-srinivasan-batteries-are-largely-bipartisan/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="124" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-124x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Photo of Venkat Srinivasan" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-124x90.jpg 124w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-211x153.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-1024x743.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-317x230.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-768x557.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-1536x1115.jpg 1536w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-2048x1486.jpg 2048w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-551x400.jpg 551w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-568x412.jpg 568w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-565x410.jpg 565w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-635x461.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-271x197.jpg 271w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-257x186.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-300x218.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Srinivasan-head-shot-smallest-size-128x93.jpg 128w" sizes="(max-width: 124px) 100vw, 124px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Venkat Srinivasan: ‘Batteries are largely bipartisan’</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/materials/materials-for-energy/" style="color: #0085c8;">Materials for energy</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/" style="color: #0085c8;">Interview</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/venkat-srinivasan-batteries-are-largely-bipartisan/" title="Venkat Srinivasan: ‘Batteries are largely bipartisan’"> <b>Venkat Srinivasan: ‘Batteries are largely bipartisan’</b> </a> </h3> <p>Energy storage expert <strong>Venkat Srinivasan</strong> discusses the pros and cons of different battery technologies and the motivations people have for adopting them</p> </div> </article> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/ask-me-anything-raghavendra-srinivas-experimental-physics-is-never-boring/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="160" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-AMA-Srinivas-LISTING-160x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Raghavendra Srinivas" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-AMA-Srinivas-LISTING-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-AMA-Srinivas-LISTING-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-AMA-Srinivas-LISTING-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-AMA-Srinivas-LISTING-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-AMA-Srinivas-LISTING-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-AMA-Srinivas-LISTING-711x400.jpg 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-AMA-Srinivas-LISTING-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-AMA-Srinivas-LISTING-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-AMA-Srinivas-LISTING-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-AMA-Srinivas-LISTING-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-AMA-Srinivas-LISTING-257x145.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-AMA-Srinivas-LISTING-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-AMA-Srinivas-LISTING-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-AMA-Srinivas-LISTING.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Ask me anything: Raghavendra Srinivas – ‘Experimental physics is never boring’</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/people/careers/" style="color: #764992;">Careers</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/" style="color: #764992;">Interview</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/ask-me-anything-raghavendra-srinivas-experimental-physics-is-never-boring/" title="Ask me anything: Raghavendra Srinivas – ‘Experimental physics is never boring’"> <b>Ask me anything: Raghavendra Srinivas – ‘Experimental physics is never boring’</b> </a> </h3> <p>Quantum scientist <strong>Raghavendra Srinivas</strong> thinks young researchers shouldn’t be afraid to ask questions</p> </div> </article> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/to-boost-battery-recycling-keep-a-close-eye-on-the-data/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="160" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/web-Sensmet-environmental-monitoring-160x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Sensmet environmental monitoring" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/web-Sensmet-environmental-monitoring-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/web-Sensmet-environmental-monitoring-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/web-Sensmet-environmental-monitoring-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/web-Sensmet-environmental-monitoring-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/web-Sensmet-environmental-monitoring-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/web-Sensmet-environmental-monitoring-711x400.jpg 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/web-Sensmet-environmental-monitoring-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/web-Sensmet-environmental-monitoring-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/web-Sensmet-environmental-monitoring-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/web-Sensmet-environmental-monitoring-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/web-Sensmet-environmental-monitoring-257x145.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/web-Sensmet-environmental-monitoring-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/web-Sensmet-environmental-monitoring-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/web-Sensmet-environmental-monitoring.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: To boost battery recycling, keep a close eye on the data</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/materials/materials-for-energy/" style="color: #0085c8;">Materials for energy</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/" style="color: #0085c8;">Interview</a></li> <li><span style="color: #0085c8;">SPONSORED</span></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/to-boost-battery-recycling-keep-a-close-eye-on-the-data/" title="To boost battery recycling, keep a close eye on the data"> <b>To boost battery recycling, keep a close eye on the data</b> </a> </h3> <p>Real-time analysis can drive improvements that benefit manufacturers as well as the environment, says <strong>Kalle Blomberg</strong></p> </div> </article> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/ask-me-anything-fatima-gunning-thinking-outside-the-box-is-a-winner-when-it-comes-to-problem-solving/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="160" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-160x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Fatima Gunning" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-711x400.jpg 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-257x145.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-20-AMA-Fatima-Gunning-128x72.jpg 128w" sizes="(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Ask me anything: Fatima Gunning – ‘Thinking outside the box is a winner when it comes to problem solving’</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/people/careers/" style="color: #764992;">Careers</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/" style="color: #764992;">Interview</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/ask-me-anything-fatima-gunning-thinking-outside-the-box-is-a-winner-when-it-comes-to-problem-solving/" title="Ask me anything: Fatima Gunning – ‘Thinking outside the box is a winner when it comes to problem solving’"> <b>Ask me anything: Fatima Gunning – ‘Thinking outside the box is a winner when it comes to problem solving’</b> </a> </h3> <p>Physicist <strong>Fatima Gunning</strong> explains how mentorship has helped her grow as a researcher and teacher</p> </div> </article> <div class="wrapper clearfix"> <div class="ajax__container fullwidth-newsletter-sign-up newsletter" > <form method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data" data-ajax="register" data-dest=".fullwidth-newsletter-sign-up"> <input type="hidden" name="signup" value="1"> <input type="hidden" name="shortform" value="1"> <input type="hidden" name="url" value="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews"> <div class="fullwidth-newsletter-sign-up__email"> <div class="gf_browser_chrome gform_wrapper" id="gform_wrapper_1"> <div class="gform_heading"> <h3 class="gform_title">Want to read more?</h3> <span class="gform_description">Registration is free, quick and easy</span> <p><strong>Note:</strong> The verification e-mail to complete your account registration should arrive immediately. However, in some cases it takes longer. Don't forget to check your spam folder.</p> <p>If you haven't received the e-mail in 24 hours, please contact <a href="mailto:customerservices@ioppublishing.org">customerservices@ioppublishing.org</a>.</p> </div> <div class="gform_body"> <ul id="gform_fields_1" class="gform_fields right_label form_sublabel_below description_below"> <li id="field_1_1" class="gfield field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible"> <label class="gfield_label" for="user-email">E-mail Address</label> <div class="ginput_container ginput_container_email"> <input name="user-email" id="user-email" type="email" value="" class="medium" placeholder="E-mail address" required oninvalid="this.setCustomValidity('Please enter a valid e-mail address')" oninput="this.setCustomValidity('')"> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="gform_footer right_label"> <button type="submit" id="register-signup" class="gform_button button button-registration-short" >Register</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"> </div> </form> </div> </div> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/quantum-brainwave-using-wearable-quantum-technology-to-study-cognitive-development/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="135" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-Cerca-frontis-135x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="A technician fits a scanning helmet onto a patient who is sat upright in front of a monitor" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-Cerca-frontis-135x90.jpg 135w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-Cerca-frontis-211x141.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-Cerca-frontis-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-Cerca-frontis-317x211.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-Cerca-frontis-768x512.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-Cerca-frontis-600x400.jpg 600w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-Cerca-frontis-618x412.jpg 618w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-Cerca-frontis-615x410.jpg 615w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-Cerca-frontis-635x423.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-Cerca-frontis-296x197.jpg 296w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-Cerca-frontis-257x171.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-Cerca-frontis-300x200.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-Cerca-frontis-128x85.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-09-Cerca-frontis.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Quantum brainwave: using wearable quantum technology to study cognitive development</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/medical-physics/" style="color: #009589;">Medical physics</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/" style="color: #009589;">Interview</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/quantum-brainwave-using-wearable-quantum-technology-to-study-cognitive-development/" title="Quantum brainwave: using wearable quantum technology to study cognitive development"> <b>Quantum brainwave: using wearable quantum technology to study cognitive development</b> </a> </h3> <p><strong>Margot Taylor</strong> and <strong>David Woolger</strong> explain to <em>Physics World</em> why quantum-sensing technology is a game-changer for studying children’s brains</p> </div> </article> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/abdus-salam-honouring-the-first-muslim-nobel-prize-winning-scientist/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="160" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-Durrani-Abdus-Salam-featured-160x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Abdus Salam" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-Durrani-Abdus-Salam-featured-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-Durrani-Abdus-Salam-featured-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-Durrani-Abdus-Salam-featured-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-Durrani-Abdus-Salam-featured-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-Durrani-Abdus-Salam-featured-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-Durrani-Abdus-Salam-featured-711x400.jpg 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-Durrani-Abdus-Salam-featured-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-Durrani-Abdus-Salam-featured-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-Durrani-Abdus-Salam-featured-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-Durrani-Abdus-Salam-featured-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-Durrani-Abdus-Salam-featured-257x145.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-Durrani-Abdus-Salam-featured-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-Durrani-Abdus-Salam-featured-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-Durrani-Abdus-Salam-featured.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Abdus Salam: honouring the first Muslim Nobel-prize-winning scientist</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/particle-nuclear/" style="color: #764992;">Particle and nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/" style="color: #764992;">Interview</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/abdus-salam-honouring-the-first-muslim-nobel-prize-winning-scientist/" title="Abdus Salam: honouring the first Muslim Nobel-prize-winning scientist"> <b>Abdus Salam: honouring the first Muslim Nobel-prize-winning scientist</b> </a> </h3> <p><strong>Claudia de Rham</strong> and <strong>Ian Walmsley</strong> pay tribute to the contributions of the great theorist Abdus Salam</p> </div> </article> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/hannah-stern-how-new-materials-are-driving-the-quantum-revolution/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="110" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Stern-Hannah-110x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Hannah Stern sat in a chair" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Stern-Hannah-110x90.jpg 110w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Stern-Hannah-211x173.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Stern-Hannah-317x260.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Stern-Hannah-768x629.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Stern-Hannah-488x400.jpg 488w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Stern-Hannah-503x412.jpg 503w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Stern-Hannah-500x410.jpg 500w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Stern-Hannah-635x520.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Stern-Hannah-240x197.jpg 240w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Stern-Hannah-236x193.jpg 236w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Stern-Hannah-300x246.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Stern-Hannah-128x105.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Stern-Hannah.jpg 930w" sizes="(max-width: 110px) 100vw, 110px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Hannah Stern: how new materials are driving the quantum revolution</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/quantum/" style="color: #764992;">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/" style="color: #764992;">Interview</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/hannah-stern-how-new-materials-are-driving-the-quantum-revolution/" title="Hannah Stern: how new materials are driving the quantum revolution"> <b>Hannah Stern: how new materials are driving the quantum revolution</b> </a> </h3> <p><strong>Hannah Stern</strong> explains why the quantum revolution needs a new toolkit of materials</p> </div> </article> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/ask-me-anything-andrew-weld-youre-probably-going-to-be-working-for-over-40-years-so-make-sure-you-enjoy-what-you-do/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="160" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-AMA-Andrew-Weld-listings-160x90.png" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Andrew Weld" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-AMA-Andrew-Weld-listings-160x90.png 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-AMA-Andrew-Weld-listings-211x119.png 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-AMA-Andrew-Weld-listings-1024x576.png 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-AMA-Andrew-Weld-listings-317x178.png 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-AMA-Andrew-Weld-listings-768x432.png 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-AMA-Andrew-Weld-listings-711x400.png 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-AMA-Andrew-Weld-listings-732x412.png 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-AMA-Andrew-Weld-listings-720x405.png 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-AMA-Andrew-Weld-listings-635x357.png 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-AMA-Andrew-Weld-listings-350x197.png 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-AMA-Andrew-Weld-listings-257x145.png 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-AMA-Andrew-Weld-listings-300x169.png 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-AMA-Andrew-Weld-listings-128x72.png 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-AMA-Andrew-Weld-listings.png 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Ask me anything: Andrew Weld: ‘You’re probably going to be working for over 40 years, so make sure you enjoy what you do’</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/people/careers/" style="color: #764992;">Careers</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/" style="color: #764992;">Interview</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/ask-me-anything-andrew-weld-youre-probably-going-to-be-working-for-over-40-years-so-make-sure-you-enjoy-what-you-do/" title="Ask me anything: Andrew Weld: ‘You’re probably going to be working for over 40 years, so make sure you enjoy what you do’"> <b>Ask me anything: Andrew Weld: ‘You’re probably going to be working for over 40 years, so make sure you enjoy what you do’</b> </a> </h3> <p><strong>Andrew Weld</strong> is the head of research and development at QLM technologies</p> </div> </article> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/gianluigi-botton-maintaining-the-diamond-synchrotrons-cutting-edge/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="135" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-22-Gianluigi-Botton-135x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Gianluigi Botton" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-22-Gianluigi-Botton-135x90.jpg 135w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-22-Gianluigi-Botton-211x141.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-22-Gianluigi-Botton-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-22-Gianluigi-Botton-317x211.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-22-Gianluigi-Botton-768x512.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-22-Gianluigi-Botton-600x400.jpg 600w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-22-Gianluigi-Botton-618x412.jpg 618w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-22-Gianluigi-Botton-615x410.jpg 615w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-22-Gianluigi-Botton-635x423.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-22-Gianluigi-Botton-296x197.jpg 296w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-22-Gianluigi-Botton-257x171.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-22-Gianluigi-Botton-300x200.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-22-Gianluigi-Botton-128x85.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-22-Gianluigi-Botton.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Gianluigi Botton: maintaining the Diamond synchrotron’s cutting edge</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/scientific-enterprise/projects-facilities/" style="color: #cf2e2e;">Projects and facilities</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/" style="color: #cf2e2e;">Interview</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/gianluigi-botton-maintaining-the-diamond-synchrotrons-cutting-edge/" title="Gianluigi Botton: maintaining the Diamond synchrotron’s cutting edge"> <b>Gianluigi Botton: maintaining the Diamond synchrotron’s cutting edge</b> </a> </h3> <p><strong>Gianluigi Botton</strong>, head of the Diamond Light Source in the UK, on the £519m Diamond-II upgrade and what it means for the national synchrotron science facility</p> </div> </article> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/claudia-de-rham-a-life-in-gravity/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="135" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Gardner-de_rham_claudia-135x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Claudia de Rham" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Gardner-de_rham_claudia-135x90.jpg 135w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Gardner-de_rham_claudia-211x141.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Gardner-de_rham_claudia-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Gardner-de_rham_claudia-317x211.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Gardner-de_rham_claudia-768x512.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Gardner-de_rham_claudia-600x400.jpg 600w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Gardner-de_rham_claudia-618x412.jpg 618w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Gardner-de_rham_claudia-615x410.jpg 615w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Gardner-de_rham_claudia-635x423.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Gardner-de_rham_claudia-296x197.jpg 296w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Gardner-de_rham_claudia-257x171.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Gardner-de_rham_claudia-300x200.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Gardner-de_rham_claudia-128x85.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-Gardner-de_rham_claudia.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Claudia de Rham: a life in gravity</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/astronomy-space/gravity/" style="color: #004f99;">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/" style="color: #004f99;">Interview</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/claudia-de-rham-a-life-in-gravity/" title="Claudia de Rham: a life in gravity"> <b>Claudia de Rham: a life in gravity</b> </a> </h3> <p><strong>Claudia de Rham</strong> on her new book <em>The Beauty of Falling</em> and her career in theoretical physics</p> </div> </article> <nav class="pagination col-sm-12"> <ul class="pagination-list"> <li class="active"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/page/1/">1</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/page/2/">2</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/page/3/">3</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/page/4/">4</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/page/5/">5</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/page/6/">6</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/page/7/">7</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/page/8/">8</a> </li> <li> <span>...</span> </li> <li class="next"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/page/2/" ajax-page="2">Next</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/page/33/" ajax-page="33">Last</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div>  <div class="col-md-1 col-sm-hide"></div> <div id="secondary" class="iopp-sidebar col-md-4 col-sm-5 col-xs-12 equalize-sidebar" role="complementary"> <div class="mpu-300x250"> <span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-1563268425067-0' class="advert" > <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1563268425067-0'); }); </script> </div></span></div> <div class="key-suppliers wrapper"> <ul> <li> <span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-2'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-2'); }); </script> </div></span> </li> <li> <span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-3'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-3'); }); </script> </div></span> </li> <li> <span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-4'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-4'); }); </script> </div></span> </li> <li> <span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-5'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-5'); }); </script> </div></span> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mpu-300x250"> <span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-1567436410454-0' class="advert" > <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1567436410454-0'); }); </script> </div></span> </div> <div class="sticky-me" role="complementary"> <div class="mpu-300x250 mpu-300x250--internal"> <article class="journal-ad"> <a href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/author_guide_download/?utm_campaign=authorguide&utm_medium=pw&utm_source=banner_ad"> <div class="journal-ad__image object-fit-element"> <img width="350" height="197" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Author-Guide-2024-350x197.jpg" class="attachment-1-3-cols size-1-3-cols wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Author-Guide-2024-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Author-Guide-2024-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Author-Guide-2024-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Author-Guide-2024-257x144.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Author-Guide-2024-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Author-Guide-2024-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Author-Guide-2024-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Author-Guide-2024.jpg 466w" sizes="(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px" /> <div class="journal-ad__content"> </div> </div> <div class="journal-ad__info" style="background-color: #b2b6c7"> <h3 class="journal-ad__title" >Download your publishing guide</h3> <p>A step-by-step guide unlocking your research’s scientific impact</p> </div> </a> </article> </div> <div class="mpu-300x250"> <span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-11' class="advert"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-11'); }); </script> </div></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="wrapper m08b"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-6"> <div class="section-breaks"> <h2 class="section-breaks__heading">Related jobs</h2> </div> <div class="bright-recruits"> <ul class='bright-recruits__jobs'> <li class="bright-recruits__item"> <a href="https://www.physicsworldjobs.com/job/19554/postdoctoral-fellow-f-m-in-time-resolved-x-ray-science-on-the-beamline-id09/?trackid=9&utm_source=RestAPI&utm_medium=Referral" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-id="19554" > <span class="bright-recruits__location"> France | European Synchrotron Radiation Facility </span> <h4 class="bright-recruits__title">Postdoctoral fellow (f/m) in time-resolved X-ray science on the beamline ID09</h4> </a> </li> <li class="bright-recruits__item"> <a href="https://www.physicsworldjobs.com/job/19475/director-of-science/?trackid=9&utm_source=RestAPI&utm_medium=Referral" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-id="19475" > <span class="bright-recruits__location"> Czech Republic | The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC </span> <h4 class="bright-recruits__title">Director of Science</h4> </a> </li> <li class="bright-recruits__item"> <a href="https://www.physicsworldjobs.com/job/19204/recruitment-of-overseas-high-level-talent/?trackid=9&utm_source=RestAPI&utm_medium=Referral" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-id="19204" > <span class="bright-recruits__location"> Beijing | Institute of High Energy Physics – Chinese Academy of Sciences </span> <h4 class="bright-recruits__title">Recruitment of Overseas High-level Talent</h4> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class='col-xs-6'> <div class="section-breaks"> <h2 class="section-breaks__heading">Related events</h2> </div> <div class="bright-recruits"> <ul class='bright-recruits__jobs'> <li class="bright-recruits__item"> <span class="bright-recruits__location">Medical physics | Course</php></span> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/event/hybrid-teaching-course-particle-therapy/" class="bright-recruits__title related-title"> Hybrid Teaching Course Particle Therapy </a> <span class="bright-recruits__date">14 October — 29 November 2024 | Heidelberg, Germany</span> </li> <li class="bright-recruits__item"> <span class="bright-recruits__location">Medical physics | Meeting</php></span> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/event/medical-physics-group-translational-techniques-in-medical-physics/" class="bright-recruits__title related-title"> Medical Physics Group Translational Techniques in Medical Physics </a> <span class="bright-recruits__date">29 November 2024 | London, UK</span> </li> <li class="bright-recruits__item"> <span class="bright-recruits__location">Quantum | Conference</php></span> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/event/quantum-tech-qatar-2025-commercial-applications-of-quantum-computing-communications-and-sensing/" class="bright-recruits__title related-title"> Quantum.Tech Qatar 2025: Commercial Applications of Quantum Computing, Communications and Sensing </a> <span class="bright-recruits__date">13—15 January 2025 | Doha, Qatar</span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='m21 wrapper'> <div class='row'> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="corporate-partners col-md-12"> <ul> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-12'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-12'); }); </script> </div></span></li> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-13'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-13'); }); </script> </div></span></li> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-14'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-14'); }); </script> </div></span></li> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-15'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-15'); }); </script> </div></span></li> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-1563269243507-0' > <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1563269243507-0'); }); </script> </div></span></li> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-17' > <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-17'); }); </script> </div></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="printer-only push-me">Copyright © 2024 by IOP Publishing Ltd and individual contributors</div> </main> <footer class="footer hide-for-printer"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="row"> <div class="footer__container"> <div class="pw__info footer__grid-col--1"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/themes/iopp/src/svg/pw-logo-white-red-text.svg" alt="Physics World logo" width="228px" height="42px"> <ul class="footer__social"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/physicsworld/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" alt="Follow us on Facebook"> <i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Follow us on Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/PhysicsWorld" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" alt="Follow us on X"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" shape-rendering="geometricPrecision" text-rendering="geometricPrecision" image-rendering="optimizeQuality" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" viewBox="0 0 512 462.799"><path fill-rule="nonzero" fill="currentColor" d="M403.229 0h78.506L310.219 196.04 512 462.799H354.002L230.261 301.007 88.669 462.799h-78.56l183.455-209.683L0 0h161.999l111.856 147.88L403.229 0zm-27.556 415.805h43.505L138.363 44.527h-46.68l283.99 371.278z"/></svg> <span class="sr-only">Follow us on X</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/physics-world" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" alt="Follow us on LinkedIn"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Follow us on LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/PhysicsWorldTV" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" alt="Watch us on Youtube"> <i class="fa fa-youtube-play" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Watch us on Youtube</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/feed" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" alt="RSS Feed"> <i class="fa fa-rss" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">RSS Feed</span> </a> </li> </ul> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/account/sign-in/" class="btn btn--sign-in">Sign in</a> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/account/register/" class="btn">Register</a> </div> <div class="col__border-top footer__grid-col--2"> <h4 class="footer__heading">Our mission</h4> <p><i>Physics World</i> represents a key part of IOP Publishing’s mission to communicate world-class research and innovation to the widest possible audience. The website forms part of the <a href="https://physicsworld.com/p/our-portfolio/"><i>Physics World</i> portfolio</a>, a collection of online, digital and print information services for the global scientific community.</p> <div class="footer__podcasts"> <h4 class="footer__heading">Podcasts</h4> <a href="https://blubrry.com/physicsworldweeklypodcast/" class="footer__podcast" target="_blank" > <img width="150" height="150" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1.jpg" class="attachment-profile_150 size-profile_150" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1.jpg 1500w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-317x317.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-211x211.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-400x400.jpg 400w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-410x410.jpg 410w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-635x635.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-197x197.jpg 197w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-250x250.jpg 250w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-90x90.jpg 90w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-193x193.jpg 193w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-128x128.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-196x196.jpg 196w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-412x412.jpg 412w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> <div class="podcast-details"> <h4>Physics World Weekly</h4> </div> </a> <a href="https://blubrry.com/physics_world_science_podcast/" class="footer__podcast" target="_blank" > <img width="150" height="150" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-profile_150 size-profile_150" alt="Physics World Stories podcast logo" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-150x150.jpg 150w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-211x211.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-317x317.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-768x768.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-400x400.jpg 400w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-410x410.jpg 410w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-635x635.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-197x197.jpg 197w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-250x250.jpg 250w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-90x90.jpg 90w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-193x193.jpg 193w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-128x128.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-196x196.jpg 196w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-412x412.jpg 412w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-24x24.jpg 24w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-48x48.jpg 48w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-96x96.jpg 96w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-300x300.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized.jpg 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> <div class="podcast-details"> <h4>Physics World Stories</h4> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col__border-top footer__grid-col--3"> <h4 class="footer__heading">Explore</h4> <div class="menu-footer-1-container"><ul id="menu-footer-1" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-65637" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-65637"><a href="https://physicsworld.com/p/about-us/">About us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65638" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-65638"><a href="https://physicsworld.com/p/our-team/">Our team</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65639" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-65639"><a href="https://physicsworld.com/p/our-portfolio/">Our portfolio</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65640" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-65640"><a href="https://physicsworld.com/p/advertising/">Advertising</a></li> <li id="menu-item-67467" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-67467"><a href="https://physicsworld.com/p/contact-us/">Contact us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-67496" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-67496"><a rel="noreferrer" href="mailto:pwld@ioppublishing.org">Feedback</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="col__border-top footer__grid-col--4"> <h4 class="footer__heading">More information</h4> <div class="menu-footer-2-container"><ul id="menu-footer-2" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-65641" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-65641"><a rel="noreferrer" href="http://www.iop.org/">Institute of Physics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-67295" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-67295"><a rel="noreferrer" href="https://membership.iop.org/">Join the Institute</a></li> <li id="menu-item-66155" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-66155"><a rel="noreferrer" href="https://www.iop.org/slavery-and-human-trafficking-statement-financial-year-ending-31-december-2020">Modern Slavery Act</a></li> <li id="menu-item-66151" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-66151"><a rel="noreferrer" href="https://physicsworld.com/p/cookies-privacy-policy/">Privacy and cookies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65642" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-65642"><a rel="noreferrer" href="http://ioppublishing.org/">IOP Publishing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-66154" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-66154"><a rel="noreferrer" href="http://ioppublishing.org/copyright/">Copyright</a></li> <li id="menu-item-66153" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-66153"><a rel="noreferrer" href="http://ioppublishing.org/legal-statements/terms-conditions/">Terms and conditions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-66152" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-66152"><a rel="noreferrer" href="http://ioppublishing.org/legal-statements/disclaimer/">Disclaimer</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <button class="back-to-top">Back to top</button> </footer> <script id="js-onesignal-ga"> "use strict"; window.OneSignal = window.OneSignal || []; // In some browsers the console might be undefined const log = function (message) { console && console.log(message); }; const callback = function (payload) { log("OneSignal notification opened!"); OneSignal.getUserId(function (user_id) { ga("send", { hitType: "event", eventCategory: 'OSNotification', eventAction: 'u_id ' + user_id, eventLabel: 'n_id ' + payload.id }); }); // Allow future opens to also trigger the callback OneSignal.addListenerForNotificationOpened(callback); }; // Defer function until OneSignal has finished loading OneSignal.push(function () { log("OneSignal loaded!"); // Listen for notification opened OneSignal.addListenerForNotificationOpened(callback); }); </script> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/plugins/leaky-paywall/js/micromodal.min.js?ver=4.21.5" id="zeen101_micromodal-js"></script> <script id="leaky_paywall_validate-js-extra"> var leaky_paywall_validate_ajax = {"ajaxurl":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","register_nonce":"6496f7d95c","password_text":"Passwords do not match."}; </script> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/plugins/leaky-paywall/js/leaky-paywall-validate.js?ver=4.21.5" id="leaky_paywall_validate-js"></script> <script id="leaky_paywall_script-js-extra"> var leaky_paywall_script_ajax = {"ajaxurl":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","stripe_pk":""}; </script> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/plugins/leaky-paywall/js/script.js?ver=4.21.5" id="leaky_paywall_script-js"></script> <script id="nine3-script-js-extra"> var nine3 = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/physicsworld.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"4273a4095f","marker":"https:\/\/physicsworld.com\/wp-content\/themes\/iopp\/images\/marker.png","debug":""}; </script> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/themes/iopp/dist/js/main.d7213e1c73d0b06f3b57caecb7409889.js?ver=6.6.1" id="nine3-script-js"></script> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/themes/iopp/static/js/sticky.min.js?ver=1645453936640" id="stickykit-js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/mathjax/MathJax@2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=MML_CHTML&ver=1645453936640" id="mathjax-js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.onesignal.com/sdks/OneSignalSDK.js?ver=1.0.0" id="remote_sdk-js" async data-wp-strategy="async"></script> </body> </html>