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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corrosion-resistant_brass_for_harsh_environments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Corrosion-resistant brass for harsh environments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corrosion-resistant_brass_for_harsh_environments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_musical_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_musical_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Use in musical instruments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_musical_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germicidal_and_antimicrobial_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germicidal_and_antimicrobial_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Germicidal and antimicrobial applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germicidal_and_antimicrobial_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Season_cracking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Season_cracking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Season cracking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Season_cracking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brass_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brass_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Brass alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brass_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_copper-zinc_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_copper-zinc_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Early copper-zinc alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_copper-zinc_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Roman world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Medieval period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_and_post-medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_and_post-medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Renaissance and post-medieval Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_and_post-medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 General references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Brass</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" > 109 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelkoper" title="Geelkoper – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geelkoper" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1" title="نحاس أصفر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نحاس أصفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%B3n" title="Latón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Latón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCr%C3%BCnc" title="Bürünc – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bürünc" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B2" title="পিতল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিতল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%CC%82g-t%C3%A2ng" title="N̂g-tâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="N̂g-tâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Латунь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Латунь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Латунь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Латунь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Месинг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Месинг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesing" title="Mesing – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mesing" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laton" title="Laton – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Laton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Гуулин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гуулин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llaut%C3%B3" title="Llautó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llautó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81" title="Йĕс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaz" title="Mosaz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mosaz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musafuri" title="Musafuri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Musafuri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ορείχαλκος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορείχαλκος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%B3n" title="Latón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Latón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latuno" title="Latuno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latuno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letoi" title="Letoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Letoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC_(%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%98)" title="برنج (آلیاژ) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنج (آلیاژ)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laiton" title="Laiton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laiton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1s" title="Prás – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Prás" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A0is" title="Pràis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pràis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%B3n" title="Latón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Latón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EB%8F%99" title="황동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="황동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%80" title="Արույր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արույր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2" title="पीतल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीतल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjed" title="Mjed – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mjed" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latuno" title="Latuno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Latuno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuningan" title="Kuningan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuningan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laton" title="Laton – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Laton" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80_(%C3%A6%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Бур (æмтад) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бур (æмтад)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1t%C3%BAn" title="Látún – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Látún" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottone_(lega)" title="Ottone (lega) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ottone (lega)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96" title="פליז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פליז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%9B%C9%9Bt%C9%94%C9%94_(Laiton)" title="Lɛɛtɔɔ (Laiton) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lɛɛtɔɔ (Laiton)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86" title="ಹಿತ್ತಾಳೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿತ್ತಾಳೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="თითბერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თითბერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8E%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8E%D9%84" title="سَرتَل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سَرتَل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Жез – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жез" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaba_nyeupe" title="Shaba nyeupe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shaba nyeupe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Дукни – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Дукни" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orichalcum" title="Orichalcum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Orichalcum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Misiņš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Misiņš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messeng" title="Messeng – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Messeng" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDalvaris" title="Žalvaris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žalvaris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latton" title="Latton – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Latton" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lastu" title="lastu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lastu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loton" title="Loton – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Loton" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1rgar%C3%A9z" title="Sárgaréz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sárgaréz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2" title="पीतल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पीतल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Месинг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Месинг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahimavo" title="Varahimavo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Varahimavo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B3" title="പിത്തള – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിത്തള" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B3" title="पितळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पितळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyang" title="Loyang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Loyang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="ကြေးဝါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြေးဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing_(legering)" title="Messing (legering) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Messing (legering)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2" title="पित्तल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पित्तल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="ली – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ली" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%8A%85" title="黄銅 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黄銅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meesing" title="Meesing – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Meesing" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laton" title="Laton – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Laton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Той – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Той" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jez" title="Jez – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jez" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B2" title="ਪਿੱਤਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿੱਤਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%DD%AA" title="پتݪ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پتݪ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosi%C4%85dz" title="Mosiądz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mosiądz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A3o" title="Latão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Latão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam%C4%83" title="Alamă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alamă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Латунь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латунь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bress" title="Bress – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bress" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunxhi" title="Tunxhi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tunxhi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttuni" title="Uttuni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Uttuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass" title="Brass – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosadz" title="Mosadz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mosadz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med_(kemija)" title="Med (kemija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Med (kemija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesing" title="Mesing – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mesing" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="مسی سپی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مسی سپی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Месинг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Месинг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesing" title="Mesing – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mesing" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuningan_(logam)" title="Kuningan (logam) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kuningan (logam)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messinki" title="Messinki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Messinki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4ssing" title="Mässing – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mässing" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansong_dilaw" title="Tansong dilaw – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tansong dilaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88" title="பித்தளை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பித்தளை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaru%C9%A3" title="Adaruɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adaruɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF" title="ఇత్తడి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇత్తడి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ทองเหลือง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทองเหลือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%B1" title="ᏣᏱ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirin%C3%A7_(ala%C5%9F%C4%B1m)" title="Pirinç (alaşım) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pirinç (alaşım)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Латунь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Латунь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%84" title="پیتل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیتل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_thau" title="Đồng thau – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng thau" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djaene_keuve" title="Djaene keuve – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djaene keuve" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%93%9C" title="黄铜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黄铜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%8A%85" title="黃銅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黃銅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDalvaris" title="Žalvaris – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žalvaris" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%8A%85" title="黃銅 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黃銅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Alloy of copper and zinc</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Arsenical brass" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Arsenical_bronze" title="Arsenical bronze">arsenical bronze</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arsenical_copper" title="Arsenical copper">arsenical copper</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brass_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brass (disambiguation)">Brass (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planispheric_Astrolabe_MET_DP105325.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Planispheric_Astrolabe_MET_DP105325.jpg/220px-Planispheric_Astrolabe_MET_DP105325.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Planispheric_Astrolabe_MET_DP105325.jpg/330px-Planispheric_Astrolabe_MET_DP105325.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Planispheric_Astrolabe_MET_DP105325.jpg/440px-Planispheric_Astrolabe_MET_DP105325.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> brass <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brass_lectern_in_the_form_of_an_eagle_attributed_to_Aert_van_Tricht_the_Elder,_Limburg_(Netherlands),_c._1500,_The_Cloisters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Brass_lectern_in_the_form_of_an_eagle_attributed_to_Aert_van_Tricht_the_Elder%2C_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29%2C_c._1500%2C_The_Cloisters.jpg/250px-Brass_lectern_in_the_form_of_an_eagle_attributed_to_Aert_van_Tricht_the_Elder%2C_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29%2C_c._1500%2C_The_Cloisters.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Brass_lectern_in_the_form_of_an_eagle_attributed_to_Aert_van_Tricht_the_Elder%2C_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29%2C_c._1500%2C_The_Cloisters.jpg/330px-Brass_lectern_in_the_form_of_an_eagle_attributed_to_Aert_van_Tricht_the_Elder%2C_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29%2C_c._1500%2C_The_Cloisters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Brass_lectern_in_the_form_of_an_eagle_attributed_to_Aert_van_Tricht_the_Elder%2C_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29%2C_c._1500%2C_The_Cloisters.jpg/500px-Brass_lectern_in_the_form_of_an_eagle_attributed_to_Aert_van_Tricht_the_Elder%2C_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29%2C_c._1500%2C_The_Cloisters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>Brass <a href="/wiki/Lectern" title="Lectern">lectern</a> with an eagle. Attributed to <a href="/wiki/Aert_van_Tricht" title="Aert van Tricht">Aert van Tricht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg (Netherlands)</a>, c. 1500.</figcaption></figure> Brass is an <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, in proportions which can be varied to achieve different colours and mechanical, electrical, acoustic and chemical properties,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> but copper typically has the larger proportion, generally <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2⁄3 copper and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />1⁄3 zinc. In use since prehistoric times, it is a <a href="/wiki/Substitutional_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Substitutional alloy">substitutional alloy</a>: atoms of the two constituents may replace each other within the same crystal structure. Brass is similar to <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, a copper alloy that contains <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> instead of zinc.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Both bronze and brass may include small proportions of a range of other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> including <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>. Historically, the distinction between the two alloys has been less consistent and clear,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and increasingly museums use the more general term "<a href="/wiki/List_of_copper_alloys" title="List of copper alloys">copper alloy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Brass has long been a popular material for its bright gold-like appearance and is still used for <a href="/wiki/Drawer_pull" title="Drawer pull">drawer pulls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Door_handle" title="Door handle">doorknobs</a>. It has also been widely used to make sculpture and utensils because of its low melting point, high workability (both with hand tools and with modern <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">turning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">milling</a> machines), durability, and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a>. Brasses with higher copper content are softer and more golden in colour; conversely those with less copper and thus more zinc are harder and more silvery in colour. Brass is still commonly used in applications where corrosion resistance and low <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> are required, such as <a href="/wiki/Padlock" title="Padlock">locks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinge" title="Hinge">hinges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">gears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a> casings, <a href="/wiki/Zipper" title="Zipper">zippers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">plumbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hose_coupling" title="Hose coupling">hose couplings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">valves</a>, SCUBA regulators, and <a href="/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets" title="AC power plugs and sockets">electrical plugs and sockets</a>. It is used extensively for <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">musical instruments</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Horn_(instrument)" title="Horn (instrument)">horns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metallophone" title="Metallophone">bells</a>. The composition of brass makes it a favorable substitute for copper in <a href="/wiki/Costume_jewelry" title="Costume jewelry">costume jewelry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fashion_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion jewellery">fashion jewelry</a>, as it exhibits greater resistance to corrosion. Brass is not as hard as bronze and so is not suitable for most weapons and tools. Nor is it suitable for marine uses, because the zinc reacts with minerals in salt water, leaving porous copper behind; marine brass, with added tin, avoids this, as does bronze. Brass is often used in situations in which it is important that <a href="/wiki/Spark_(fire)" title="Spark (fire)">sparks</a> not be struck, such as in fittings and tools used near flammable or explosive materials.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass;_magnification_400X.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg/220px-Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg/330px-Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg/440px-Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Microstructure" title="Microstructure">Microstructure</a> of rolled and <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealed</a> brass (400× magnification)</figcaption></figure> Brass is more malleable than bronze or zinc. The relatively low <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of brass (900 to 940 °C; 1,650 to 1,720 °F, depending on composition) and its flow characteristics make it a relatively easy material to <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">cast</a>. By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of the brass can be changed, allowing hard and soft brasses. The <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of brass is 8.4 to 8.73 g/cm3 (0.303 to 0.315 lb/cu in).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Today, almost 90% of all brass alloys are recycled.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Because brass is not <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetic</a>, ferrous scrap can be separated from it by passing the scrap near a powerful magnet. Brass scrap is melted and recast into <a href="/wiki/Billet_(semi-finished_product)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billet (semi-finished product)">billets</a> that are extruded into the desired form and size. The general softness of brass means that it can often be machined without the use of <a href="/wiki/Cutting_fluid" title="Cutting fluid">cutting fluid</a>, though there are exceptions to this.<a href="#cite_note-Camm1949-8">[8]</a> Aluminium makes brass stronger and more corrosion-resistant. Aluminium also causes a highly beneficial hard layer of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a> (Al2O3) to be formed on the surface that is thin, transparent, and self-healing. Tin has a similar effect and finds its use especially in <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> applications (naval brasses). Combinations of iron, aluminium, silicon, and manganese make brass <a href="/wiki/Wear" title="Wear">wear</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Tear_resistance" title="Tear resistance">tear-resistant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The addition of as little as 1% iron to a brass alloy will result in an alloy with a noticeable magnetic attraction.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagramme_binaire_Cu_Zn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diagramme_binaire_Cu_Zn.svg/350px-Diagramme_binaire_Cu_Zn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diagramme_binaire_Cu_Zn.svg/525px-Diagramme_binaire_Cu_Zn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diagramme_binaire_Cu_Zn.svg/700px-Diagramme_binaire_Cu_Zn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Binary phase diagram</figcaption></figure> Brass will <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrode</a> in the presence of moisture, <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chlorides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">acetates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, and certain acids. This often happens when the copper reacts with sulfur to form a brown and eventually black surface layer of <a href="/wiki/Copper_sulfide" title="Copper sulfide">copper sulfide</a> which, if regularly exposed to slightly acidic water such as urban rainwater, can then oxidize in air to form a <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patina</a> of green-blue <a href="/wiki/Copper_carbonate" title="Copper carbonate">copper carbonate</a>. Depending on how the patina layer was formed, it may protect the underlying brass from further damage.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Although copper and zinc have a large difference in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical potential">electrical potential</a>, the resulting brass alloy does not experience internalized <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion" title="Galvanic corrosion">galvanic corrosion</a> because of the absence of a corrosive environment within the mixture. However, if brass is placed in contact with a more noble metal such as silver or gold in such an environment, the brass will corrode galvanically; conversely, if brass is in contact with a less-noble metal such as zinc or iron, the less noble metal will corrode and the brass will be protected. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lead_content">Lead content</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lead content">edit</a>]</div> To enhance the machinability of brass, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> is often added in concentrations of about 2%. Since lead has a lower <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> than the other constituents of the brass, it tends to migrate towards the <a href="/wiki/Grain_boundary" title="Grain boundary">grain boundaries</a> in the form of globules as it cools from casting. The pattern the globules form on the surface of the brass increases the available lead surface area which, in turn, affects the degree of leaching. In addition, cutting operations can smear the lead globules over the surface. These effects can lead to significant lead leaching from brasses of comparatively low lead content.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In October 1999, the California State Attorney General sued 13 key manufacturers and distributors over lead content. In laboratory tests, state researchers found the average brass key, new or old, exceeded the <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_65_(1986)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 65 (1986)">California Proposition 65</a> limits by an average factor of 19, assuming handling twice a day.<a href="#cite_note-ca_ag-13">[13]</a> In April 2001 manufacturers agreed to reduce lead content to 1.5%, or face a requirement to warn consumers about lead content. Keys plated with other metals are not affected by the settlement, and may continue to use brass alloys with a higher percentage of lead content.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Also in California, lead-free materials must be used for "each component that comes into contact with the wetted surface of pipes and <a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fittings" class="mw-redirect" title="Piping and plumbing fittings">pipe fittings, plumbing fittings</a> and fixtures". On 1 January 2010, the maximum amount of lead in "lead-free brass" in California was reduced from 4% to 0.25% lead.<a href="#cite_note-info.sen.ca.gov-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corrosion-resistant_brass_for_harsh_environments">Corrosion-resistant brass for harsh environments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Corrosion-resistant brass for harsh environments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:00_BMA_Automation_Sampling_cock.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/00_BMA_Automation_Sampling_cock.JPG/220px-00_BMA_Automation_Sampling_cock.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/00_BMA_Automation_Sampling_cock.JPG/330px-00_BMA_Automation_Sampling_cock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/00_BMA_Automation_Sampling_cock.JPG/440px-00_BMA_Automation_Sampling_cock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Brass sampling cock with stainless steel handle</figcaption></figure> Dezincification-resistant (<a href="/wiki/Selective_leaching#Leaching_of_zinc" title="Selective leaching">DZR</a> or DR) brasses, sometimes referred to as CR (<a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> resistant) brasses, are used where there is a large corrosion risk and where normal brasses do not meet the requirements. Applications with high water temperatures, <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chlorides</a> present or deviating water qualities (<a href="/wiki/Soft_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft water">soft water</a>) play a role. DZR-brass is used in water <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a> systems. This brass alloy must be produced with great care, with special attention placed on a balanced composition and proper production temperatures and parameters to avoid long-term failures.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> An example of DZR brass is the C352 brass, with about 30% zinc, 61–63% copper, 1.7–2.8% lead, and 0.02–0.15% arsenic. The lead and arsenic significantly suppress the zinc loss.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> "Red brasses", a family of alloys with high copper proportion and generally less than 15% zinc, are more resistant to zinc loss. One of the metals called "red brass" is 85% copper, 5% tin, 5% lead, and 5% zinc. Copper alloy C23000, which is also known as "red brass", contains 84–86% copper, 0.05% each iron and lead, with the balance being zinc.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Another such material is <a href="/wiki/Gunmetal" title="Gunmetal">gunmetal</a>, from the family of red brasses. Gunmetal alloys contain roughly 88% copper, 8–10% tin, and 2–4% zinc. Lead can be added for ease of machining or for bearing alloys.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> "Naval brass", for use in seawater, contains 40% zinc but also 1% tin. The tin addition suppresses zinc-leaching.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/NSF_International" title="NSF International">NSF International</a> requires brasses with more than 15% zinc, used in <a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting" title="Piping and plumbing fitting">piping and plumbing fittings</a>, to be dezincification-resistant.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_musical_instruments">Use in musical instruments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use in musical instruments">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Brass" title="Talk:Brass">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Brass%22">"Brass"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Brass%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Brass%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Brass%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Brass%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Brass%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trumpets02262006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Trumpets02262006.jpg/170px-Trumpets02262006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Trumpets02262006.jpg/255px-Trumpets02262006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Trumpets02262006.jpg/340px-Trumpets02262006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>A collection of brass instruments</figcaption></figure> The high <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">malleability</a> and workability, relatively good resistance to <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>, and traditionally attributed <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustic</a> properties of brass, have made it the usual metal of choice for construction of <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> whose acoustic <a href="/wiki/Resonator" title="Resonator">resonators</a> consist of long, relatively narrow tubing, often folded or coiled for compactness; <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and its alloys, and even <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, have been used for the same reasons, but brass is the most economical choice. Collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instruments</a>, or simply 'the brass', these include the <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flugelhorn" title="Flugelhorn">flugelhorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">baritone horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">euphonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor_horn" title="Tenor horn">tenor horn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a>, and many other "<a href="/wiki/Horn_(instrument)" title="Horn (instrument)">horns</a>", many in variously sized families, such as the <a href="/wiki/Saxhorns" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxhorns">saxhorns</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">wind instruments</a> may be constructed of brass or other metals, and indeed most modern student-model <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolos</a> are made of some variety of brass, usually a <a href="/wiki/Cupronickel" title="Cupronickel">cupronickel</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">nickel silver (also known as German silver)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarinets" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarinets">Clarinets</a>, especially low clarinets such as the <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_clarinet" title="Contrabass clarinet">contrabass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subcontrabass_clarinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcontrabass clarinet">subcontrabass</a>, are sometimes made of metal because of limited supplies of the dense, fine-grained tropical hardwoods traditionally preferred for smaller <a href="/wiki/Woodwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodwind">woodwinds</a>. For the same reason, some low clarinets, <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoons</a> feature a hybrid construction, with long, straight sections of wood, and curved joints, neck, and/or bell of metal. The use of metal also avoids the risks of exposing wooden instruments to changes in temperature or humidity, which can cause sudden cracking. Even though the <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarrusophone" title="Sarrusophone">sarrusophones</a> are classified as woodwind instruments, they are normally made of brass for similar reasons, and because their wide, conical bores and thin-walled bodies are more easily and efficiently made by forming sheet metal than by machining wood. The keywork of most modern woodwinds, including wooden-bodied instruments, is also usually made of an alloy such as nickel silver. Such alloys are stiffer and more durable than the brass used to construct the instrument bodies, but still workable with simple hand tools—a boon to quick repairs. The <a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(brass)" title="Mouthpiece (brass)">mouthpieces</a> of both brass instruments and, less commonly, woodwind instruments are often made of brass among other metals as well. Next to the brass instruments, the most notable use of brass in music is in various <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion instruments</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gongs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">orchestral (tubular) bells</a> (large "church" <a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">bells</a> are normally made of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>). Small <a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">handbells</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Jingle_bell" title="Jingle bell">jingle bells</a>" are also commonly made of brass. The <a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonica</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Free_reed_aerophone" title="Free reed aerophone">free reed aerophone</a>, also often made from brass. In <a href="/wiki/Reed_pipe" title="Reed pipe">organ pipes</a> of the reed family, brass strips (called tongues) are used as the reeds, which beat against the <a href="/wiki/Reed_pipe" title="Reed pipe">shallot</a> (or beat "through" the shallot in the case of a "free" reed). Although not part of the brass section, <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drums</a> are also sometimes made of brass. Some parts on <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitars" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric guitars">electric guitars</a> are also made from brass, especially inertia blocks on tremolo systems for its tonal properties, and for string nuts and saddles for both tonal properties and its low friction.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germicidal_and_antimicrobial_applications">Germicidal and antimicrobial applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germicidal and antimicrobial applications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_copper-alloy_touch_surfaces" title="Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces">Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_properties_of_copper" title="Antimicrobial properties of copper">Antimicrobial properties of copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture" title="Copper alloys in aquaculture">Copper alloys in aquaculture</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bactericidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactericidal">bactericidal</a> properties of brass have been observed for centuries, particularly in marine environments where it prevents <a href="/wiki/Biofouling" title="Biofouling">biofouling</a>. Depending upon the type and concentration of <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> and the medium they are in, brass kills these <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> within a few minutes to hours of contact.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-r6-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-r7-28">[28]</a> A large number of independent studies<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-r6-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-r7-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-r1-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-r10-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-r20-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-r25-32">[32]</a> confirm this antimicrobial effect, even against antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as MRSA and VRSA. The mechanisms of antimicrobial action by copper and its alloys, including brass, are a subject of intense and ongoing investigation.<a href="#cite_note-r6-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-r8-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-r9-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Season_cracking">Season cracking</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Season cracking">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrassSCC1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BrassSCC1.jpg/220px-BrassSCC1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BrassSCC1.jpg/330px-BrassSCC1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BrassSCC1.jpg/440px-BrassSCC1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Cracking in brass caused by <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> attack</figcaption></figure> Brass is susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Stress_corrosion_cracking" title="Stress corrosion cracking">stress corrosion cracking</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> especially from <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> or substances containing or releasing ammonia. The problem is sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Season_cracking" title="Season cracking">season cracking</a> after it was first discovered in brass <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">cartridges</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a> during the 1920s in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>. The problem was caused by high <a href="/wiki/Residual_stress" title="Residual stress">residual stresses</a> from cold forming of the cases during manufacture, together with chemical attack from traces of ammonia in the atmosphere. The cartridges were stored in stables and the ammonia concentration rose during the hot summer months, thus initiating brittle cracks. The problem was resolved by <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealing</a> the cases, and storing the cartridges elsewhere. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Class </th> <th colspan="2">Proportion by weight (%) </th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Copper </th> <th>Zinc </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alpha brasses</td> <td>> 65</td> <td>< 35</td> <td>Alpha brasses are malleable, can be worked cold, and are used in pressing, forging, or similar applications. They contain only one phase, with <a href="/wiki/Face-centred_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centred cubic">face-centred cubic</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a>. With their high proportion of copper, these brasses have a more golden hue than others. The alpha phase is a substitution <a href="/wiki/Solid_solution" title="Solid solution">solid solution</a> of zinc in copper. It is close in properties to copper, tough, strong, and somewhat difficult to machine. Best formability is with 32% of zinc. Corrosion-resistant red brasses, with 15% of zinc or less, belong here. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alpha-beta brasses</td> <td>55–65</td> <td>35–45</td> <td>Also called duplex brasses, these are suited for hot working. They contain both α and β' phases; the β'-phase is ordered <a href="/wiki/Body-centred_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centred cubic">body-centred cubic</a>, with zinc atoms in the centre of the cubes, and is harder and stronger than α. Alpha-beta brasses are usually worked hot. The higher proportion of zinc means these brasses are brighter than alpha brasses. At 45% of zinc the alloy has the highest strength. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beta brasses[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td> <td>50–55</td> <td>45–50</td> <td>Beta brasses can only be worked hot, and are harder, stronger, and suitable for casting. The high zinc-low copper content means these are some of the brightest and least-golden of the common brasses. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gamma brasses</td> <td>33–39</td> <td>61–67</td> <td>There are also Ag-Zn and Au-Zn gamma brasses, Ag 30–50%, Au 41%.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The gamma phase is a cubic-lattice <a href="/wiki/Intermetallic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermetallic compound">intermetallic compound</a>, Cu5Zn8. </td></tr> <tr> <td>White brass</td> <td>< 50</td> <td>> 50</td> <td>These are too brittle for general use. The term may also refer to certain types of <a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">nickel silver</a> alloys as well as Cu-Zn-Sn alloys with high proportions (typically 40%+) of tin and/or zinc, as well as predominantly zinc casting alloys with copper additives. These have virtually no yellow colouring at all, and instead have a much more silvery appearance. </td></tr></tbody></table> Other phases than α, β and γ are ε, a hexagonal intermetallic CuZn3, and η, a solid solution of copper in zinc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brass_alloys">Brass alloys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brass alloys">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Alloy name </th> <th colspan="4">Proportion by weight (%) </th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Other </th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Copper </th> <th>Zinc </th> <th>Tin </th> <th>Lead </th></tr> <tr> <td>Abyssinian gold (Commercial bronze [C220])</td> <td>90</td> <td>10</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Admiralty brass</td> <td>69</td> <td>30</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Tin inhibits <a href="/wiki/Dezincification_resistant_brass" class="mw-redirect" title="Dezincification resistant brass">loss of zinc</a> in many environments. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aich's alloy</td> <td>60.66</td> <td>36.58</td> <td>1.02</td> <td></td> <td>1.74% iron</td> <td>Designed for use in marine service owing to its corrosion resistance, hardness and toughness. A characteristic application is to the protection of ships' bottoms, but more modern methods of cathodic protection have rendered its use less common. Its appearance resembles that of gold.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aluminium brass</td> <td>77.5</td> <td>20.5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2% aluminium</td> <td>Aluminium improves corrosion resistance. It is used for heat exchanger and condenser tubes.<a href="#cite_note-Davis2001-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arsenical brass</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a>; frequently <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a></td> <td>Used for boiler <a href="/wiki/Firebox_(steam_engine)" title="Firebox (steam engine)">fireboxes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-awm-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arsenical brass 259</td> <td>70</td> <td>29.5</td> <td></td> <td>≤0.05</td> <td>Arsenic 0.2-0.6, Iron ≤0.05</td> <td>Heat exchangers, plumbing requiring excellent corrosion resistance in water.<a href="#cite_note-awm-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brastil</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>Copper, Silicon, Zinc</td> <td>An alloy of copper, zinc, and silicon which has an incredibly high tensile strength and is corrosion resistant. Doehler Die Casting Co. of Toledo, Ohio were known for the production of Brastil.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> It was notably tested in 1932 on an <a href="/wiki/M1911_pistol" title="M1911 pistol">M1911 pistol</a> as it was cheaper than steel at the time as a cost-effective measure. </td></tr> <tr> <td>California lead-free brass</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>< 0.25</td> <td></td> <td>Defined by California Assembly Bill AB 1953 contains "not more than 0.25 percent lead content".<a href="#cite_note-info.sen.ca.gov-16">[16]</a> Prior upper limit was 4%. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cartridge brass (C260)</td> <td>70</td> <td>30</td> <td>—</td> <td>≤ 0.07<a href="#cite_note-alcobrametals.com-43">[43]</a></td> <td></td> <td>Good <a href="/wiki/Cold_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold work">cold working</a> properties. Used for ammunition cases, plumbing, and hardware. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Common brass</td> <td>63</td> <td>37</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Also called rivet brass. Cheap and standard for cold working. </td></tr> <tr> <td>DZR brass</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Arsenic</td> <td>Dezincification resistant brass with a small percentage of arsenic. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Delta metal</td> <td>55</td> <td>41–43</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1–3% iron with the balance consisting of various other metals.</td> <td>The proportions used make the material harder and suitable for valves and bearings. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Free machining brass (C360)</td> <td>61.5</td> <td>35.5</td> <td></td> <td>2.5–3.7</td> <td>0.35% iron</td> <td>Also called 360 or C360 brass. High machinability.<a href="#cite_note-alcobrametals.com-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilding_metal" title="Gilding metal">Gilding metal</a></td> <td>95</td> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Softest type of brass commonly available. Gilding metal is typically used for ammunition bullet "jackets"; e.g., <a href="/wiki/Full_metal_jacket_bullet" class="mw-redirect" title="Full metal jacket bullet">full metal jacket</a> bullets. Almost red in colour. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gunmetal" title="Gunmetal">Gunmetal</a></td> <td>88</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>E.g. British Admiralty gunmetal. Has variations. </td></tr> <tr> <td>High brass</td> <td>65</td> <td>35</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Has a high <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> and is used for <a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">screws</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rivet" title="Rivet">rivets</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leaded brass</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>> 0</td> <td></td> <td>An alpha-beta brass with an addition of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> for improved machinability. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Low brass</td> <td>80</td> <td>20</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Light golden colour, very ductile; used for flexible metal hoses and metal <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manganese brass</td> <td>77</td> <td>12</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>7% <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, 4% <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a></td> <td>Used as cladding for United States <a href="/wiki/Dollar_coin_(United_States)" title="Dollar coin (United States)">golden dollar</a> coins.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Other manganese brass alloy compositions exist. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muntz_metal" title="Muntz metal">Muntz metal</a></td> <td>60</td> <td>40</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Traces of iron</td> <td>Used as a lining on boats. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Naval brass (C464)</td> <td>59</td> <td>40</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Similar to admiralty brass. Also known as Tobin bronze, 464, or C464.<a href="#cite_note-Kormax-45">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Naval brass, high lead (C485)</td> <td>60.5</td> <td>37.5</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>0.7</td> <td></td> <td>Naval brass with added lead for machinability. Also known as 485, or C485.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel_brass" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel brass">Nickel brass</a></td> <td>70–76</td> <td>20–24.5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4–5.5% nickel</td> <td>The outer ring of the bi-metallic <a href="/wiki/One_pound_(British_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="One pound (British coin)">one pound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Two_pounds_(British_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two pounds (British coin)">two pound</a> sterling coins and the <a href="/wiki/Euro_coins#Specification" title="Euro coins">one euro coin</a>, plus the centre part of the two euro coin. Formerly used for the round one pound coin. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nordic_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic gold">Nordic gold</a></td> <td>89</td> <td>5</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td>5% aluminum</td> <td>Used in 10, 20, and 50 cents <a href="/wiki/Euro_coins#Small-denomination_coins" title="Euro coins">euro coins</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orichalcum" title="Orichalcum">Orichalcum</a></td> <td>75-80</td> <td>15-20</td> <td></td> <td>Trace</td> <td>Trace amounts of nickel and iron</td> <td>Determined from 39 ingots recovered from an ancient shipwreck in <a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></td> <td>89% or 93%</td> <td>11% or 7%</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Invented in the early 18th century by Christopher Pinchbeck. Resembles gold to a point where people can buy the metal as budget gold "effect" jewelry. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prince's metal</td> <td>75</td> <td>25</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>A type of alpha brass. Due to its yellow colour, it is used as an imitation of gold.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Also called Prince Rupert's metal, the alloy was named after <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince Rupert of the Rhine">Prince Rupert of the Rhine</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ounce_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ounce metal">ounce metal</a></td> <td>85</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td>Sometimes called "red brass" </td></tr> <tr> <td>copper alloy C23000</td> <td>84–85.9</td> <td>14-16</td> <td></td> <td>minimum 0.07%</td> <td>minimum 0.05% iron</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-alcobrametals.com-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-suppliersonline.com-48">[48]</a> Sometimes called "red brass" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Red brass, Rose brass (C230)</td> <td>85</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td>Both an American term for the copper-zinc-tin alloy known as <a href="/wiki/Gunmetal" title="Gunmetal">gunmetal</a>, and an alloy which is considered both a brass and a bronze.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-twsI26-50">[50]</a> Red brass is also an alternative name for copper alloy C23000, which is composed of 14–16% zinc, a minimum 0.05% iron and minimum 0.07% lead content,<a href="#cite_note-alcobrametals.com-43">[43]</a> and the remainder copper.<a href="#cite_note-suppliersonline.com-48">[48]</a> It may also refer to <a href="/wiki/Ounce_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ounce metal">ounce metal</a> (Cu 85.0, Zn 5.0, Pb 5.0, Sn 5.0). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap">Rich low brass, <a href="/wiki/Tombac" title="Tombac">Tombac</a></td> <td>80-97</td> <td>5–20</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Often used in jewelry applications. Many variations. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tombac" title="Silicon tombac">Silicon tombac</a></td> <td>80</td> <td>16</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4% silicon</td> <td>Used as an alternative for investment cast steel parts. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tonval brass</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>> 0</td> <td></td> <td>Also called CW617N or CZ122 or OT58. It is not recommended for sea water use, being susceptible to dezincification.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yellow brass</td> <td>67</td> <td>33</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>An American term for 33% zinc brass. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Art_in_bronze_and_brass" title="Art in bronze and brass">Art in bronze and brass</a></div> Although forms of brass have been in use since <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> its true nature as a copper-zinc alloy was not understood until the post-medieval period because the zinc <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a> which reacted with copper to make brass was not recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a> makes many references to "brass"<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> to translate "nechosheth" (bronze or copper) from Hebrew to English. The earliest brasses may have been natural alloys made by <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> zinc-rich copper <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Craddock-56">[56]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the <a href="/wiki/Cementation_process#Brass_production" title="Cementation process">cementation</a> process, the product of which was <a href="/wiki/Calamine_brass" title="Calamine brass">calamine brass</a>, and variations on this method continued until the mid-19th century.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> It was eventually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Spelter" title="Spelter">speltering</a>, the direct alloying of copper and zinc metal which was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-Craddock-56">[56]</a> Brass has sometimes historically been referred to as "yellow copper".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_copper-zinc_alloys">Early copper-zinc alloys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early copper-zinc alloys">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> early copper-zinc alloys are now known in small numbers from a number of 3rd millennium BC sites in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and from 2nd millennium BC sites in <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">western India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, Iraq and <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Isolated examples of copper-zinc <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> are known in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> from the 1st century AD, long after bronze was widely used.<a href="#cite_note-r5-61">[61]</a> Hilt of <a href="/wiki/Sirohi_sword" title="Sirohi sword">Sirohi sword</a> was made up of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">brass</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The compositions of these early "brass" objects are highly variable and most have zinc contents of between 5% and 15% wt which is lower than in brass produced by cementation.<a href="#cite_note-Craddock_and_Eckstein_2003_p.217-62">[62]</a> These may be "natural alloys" manufactured by smelting zinc rich copper ores in <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> conditions. Many have similar tin contents to contemporary bronze <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefacts</a> and it is possible that some copper-zinc alloys were accidental and perhaps not even distinguished from copper.<a href="#cite_note-Craddock_and_Eckstein_2003_p.217-62">[62]</a> However the large number of copper-zinc alloys now known suggests that at least some were deliberately manufactured and many have zinc contents of more than 12% wt which would have resulted in a distinctive golden colour.<a href="#cite_note-Craddock_and_Eckstein_2003_p.217-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> By the 8th–7th century BC <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablets mention the exploitation of the "copper of the mountains" and this may refer to "natural" brass.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> "Oreikhalkon" (mountain copper),<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> translation of this term, was later adapted to the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Aurichalcum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurichalcum">aurichalcum</a> meaning "golden copper" which became the standard term for brass.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In the 4th century BC <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> knew orichalkos as rare and nearly as valuable as gold<a href="#cite_note-r11-67">[67]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> describes how aurichalcum had come from <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cypriot</a> ore deposits which had been exhausted by the 1st century AD.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a> analysis of 39 <a href="/wiki/Orichalcum" title="Orichalcum">orichalcum</a> ingots recovered from a 2,600-year-old shipwreck off Sicily found them to be an alloy made with 75–80% copper, 15–20% zinc and small percentages of nickel, lead and iron.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_world">Roman world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Roman world">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_-_Ewer_-_Walters_54457_-_Profile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Iranian_-_Ewer_-_Walters_54457_-_Profile.jpg/170px-Iranian_-_Ewer_-_Walters_54457_-_Profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Iranian_-_Ewer_-_Walters_54457_-_Profile.jpg/255px-Iranian_-_Ewer_-_Walters_54457_-_Profile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Iranian_-_Ewer_-_Walters_54457_-_Profile.jpg/340px-Iranian_-_Ewer_-_Walters_54457_-_Profile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>7th-century Persian <a href="/wiki/Ewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewer">ewer</a> in brass with copper inlay, <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, US</figcaption></figure> During the later part of first millennium BC the use of brass spread across a wide geographical area from <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-r13-72">[72]</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> This seems to have been encouraged by exports and influence from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and eastern Mediterranean where deliberate production of brass from metallic copper and zinc ores had been introduced.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The 4th century BC writer <a href="/wiki/Theopompus" title="Theopompus">Theopompus</a>, quoted by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, describes how heating earth from <a href="/wiki/Astyra_(Aeolis)" title="Astyra (Aeolis)">Andeira</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> produced "droplets of false silver", probably metallic zinc, which could be used to turn copper into oreichalkos.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In the 1st century BC the Greek <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> seems to have recognized a link between zinc <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> and brass describing how <a href="/wiki/Cadmia" title="Cadmia">Cadmia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a>) was found on the walls of <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_furnace" title="Metallurgical furnace">furnaces</a> used to heat either zinc ore or copper and explaining that it can then be used to make brass.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> By the first century BC brass was available in sufficient supply to use as <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coinage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-r14-77">[77]</a> and after the Augustan <a href="/wiki/Currency_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Currency reform">currency reform</a> of 23 BC it was also used to make Roman <a href="/wiki/Dupondius" title="Dupondius">dupondii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sestertii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r15-78">[78]</a> The uniform use of brass for coinage and military equipment across the <a href="/wiki/Roman_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman world">Roman world</a> may indicate a degree of state involvement in the industry,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-r16-80">[80]</a> and brass even seems to have been deliberately boycotted by <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> communities in Palestine because of its association with Roman authority.<a href="#cite_note-r17-81">[81]</a> Brass was produced by the cementation process where copper and zinc ore are heated together until zinc vapor is produced which reacts with the copper. There is good archaeological evidence for this process and <a href="/wiki/Crucible" title="Crucible">crucibles</a> used to produce brass by cementation have been found on <a href="/wiki/Roman_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman period">Roman period</a> sites including <a href="/wiki/Xanten" title="Xanten">Xanten</a><a href="#cite_note-r18-82">[82]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nidda,_Hesse" title="Nidda, Hesse">Nidda</a><a href="#cite_note-r19-83">[83]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-84">[84]</a> and at a number of sites in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> They vary in size from tiny acorn sized to large <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphorae</a> like vessels but all have elevated levels of zinc on the interior and are lidded.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-84">[84]</a> They show no signs of <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> or metal <a href="/wiki/Prills" class="mw-redirect" title="Prills">prills</a> suggesting that zinc minerals were heated to produce zinc vapor which reacted with metallic copper in a <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state reaction">solid state reaction</a>. The fabric of these crucibles is porous, probably designed to prevent a buildup of pressure, and many have small holes in the lids which may be designed to release pressure<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-84">[84]</a> or to add additional zinc minerals near the end of the process. Dioscorides mentioned that zinc minerals were used for both the working and finishing of brass, perhaps suggesting secondary additions.<a href="#cite_note-ce2003p224-86">[86]</a> Brass made during the early Roman period seems to have varied between 20% and 28% wt zinc.<a href="#cite_note-ce2003p224-86">[86]</a> The high content of zinc in coinage and brass objects declined after the first century AD and it has been suggested that this reflects zinc loss during <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> and thus an interruption in the production of new brass.<a href="#cite_note-r15-78">[78]</a> However it is now thought this was probably a deliberate change in composition<a href="#cite_note-r21-87">[87]</a> and overall the use of brass increases over this period making up around 40% of all <a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper alloys">copper alloys</a> used in the Roman world by the 4th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Medieval period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renier_de_Huy_JPG0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Renier_de_Huy_JPG0.jpg/220px-Renier_de_Huy_JPG0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Renier_de_Huy_JPG0.jpg/330px-Renier_de_Huy_JPG0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Renier_de_Huy_JPG0.jpg/440px-Renier_de_Huy_JPG0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2454" data-file-height="1604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Christ</a> on the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font_at_St_Bartholomew%27s_Church,_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège">baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège</a></figcaption></figure> Little is known about the production of brass during the centuries immediately after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Disruption in the trade of tin for bronze from <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> may have contributed to the increasing popularity of brass in the east and by the 6th–7th centuries AD over 90% of <a href="/wiki/Copper_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper alloy">copper alloy</a> artefacts from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> were made of brass.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> However other alloys such as low tin bronze were also used and they vary depending on local cultural attitudes, the purpose of the metal and access to zinc, especially between the <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> world.<a href="#cite_note-r4-90">[90]</a> Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favor of <a href="/wiki/Gunmetal" title="Gunmetal">gunmetals</a> and other mixed alloys<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> but by about 1000 brass artefacts are found in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> graves in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-r24-92">[92]</a> brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of <a href="/wiki/Calamine_brass" title="Calamine brass">calamine brass</a> in Germany<a href="#cite_note-r18-82">[82]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="The Low Countries">the Low Countries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> areas rich in <a href="/wiki/Calamine_(mineral)" title="Calamine (mineral)">calamine</a> ore. These places would remain important centres of brass making throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> period,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> especially <a href="/wiki/Dinant" title="Dinant">Dinant</a>. Brass objects are still collectively known as dinanderie in French. The <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font_at_St_Bartholomew%27s_Church,_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège">baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (before 1117) is an outstanding masterpiece of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> brass casting, though also often described as bronze. The metal of the early 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Candlestick" title="Gloucester Candlestick">Gloucester Candlestick</a> is unusual even by medieval standards in being a mixture of copper, zinc, tin, lead, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, iron, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> with an unusually large amount of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, ranging from 22.5% in the base to 5.76% in the pan below the candle. The proportions of this mixture may suggest that the candlestick was made from a hoard of old coins, probably Late Roman.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latten" title="Latten">Latten</a> is a term for medieval alloys of uncertain and often variable composition often covering decorative borders and similar objects cut from sheet metal, whether of brass or bronze. Especially in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Tibetan art</a>, analysis of some objects shows very different compositions from different ends of a large piece. <a href="/wiki/Aquamanile" title="Aquamanile">Aquamaniles</a> were typically made in brass in both the European and Islamic worlds. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_Aquamanile,_1200-1250_AD,_German,_Lower_Saxony,_Hildesheim,_bronze_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08638.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lion_Aquamanile%2C_1200-1250_AD%2C_German%2C_Lower_Saxony%2C_Hildesheim%2C_bronze_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08638.JPG/250px-Lion_Aquamanile%2C_1200-1250_AD%2C_German%2C_Lower_Saxony%2C_Hildesheim%2C_bronze_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08638.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lion_Aquamanile%2C_1200-1250_AD%2C_German%2C_Lower_Saxony%2C_Hildesheim%2C_bronze_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08638.JPG/330px-Lion_Aquamanile%2C_1200-1250_AD%2C_German%2C_Lower_Saxony%2C_Hildesheim%2C_bronze_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08638.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lion_Aquamanile%2C_1200-1250_AD%2C_German%2C_Lower_Saxony%2C_Hildesheim%2C_bronze_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08638.JPG/500px-Lion_Aquamanile%2C_1200-1250_AD%2C_German%2C_Lower_Saxony%2C_Hildesheim%2C_bronze_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08638.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3005" data-file-height="3766" /></a><figcaption>Brass <a href="/wiki/Aquamanile" title="Aquamanile">aquamanile</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, Germany, c. 1250</figcaption></figure> The cementation process continued to be used but literary sources from both Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> seem to describe variants of a higher temperature liquid process which took place in open-topped crucibles.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Islamic cementation seems to have used zinc oxide known as tutiya or <a href="/wiki/Tutty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutty">tutty</a> rather than zinc ores for brass-making, resulting in a metal with lower <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> impurities.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> A number of Islamic writers and the 13th century <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> describe how this was obtained by <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a> from zinc ores and <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensed</a> onto <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> or iron bars, archaeological examples of which have been identified at <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Kush</a> in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> It could then be used for brass making or medicinal purposes. In 10th century <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Muhammad_al-Hasan_al-Hamd%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī">al-Hamdani</a> described how spreading <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-iglimiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-iglimiya (page does not exist)">al-iglimiya</a>, probably zinc oxide, onto the surface of molten copper produced tutiya vapor which then reacted with the metal.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The 13th century Iranian writer <a href="/wiki/Al-Kashani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kashani">al-Kashani</a> describes a more complex process whereby tutiya was mixed with <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a> and gently roasted before being added to the surface of the molten metal. A temporary lid was added at this point presumably to minimize the escape of zinc vapor.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In Europe a similar liquid process in open-topped crucibles took place which was probably less efficient than the Roman process and the use of the term tutty by <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> in the 13th century suggests influence from Islamic technology.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The 12th century <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Presbyter" title="Theophilus Presbyter">Theophilus</a> described how preheated crucibles were one sixth filled with powdered calamine and <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> then topped up with copper and charcoal before being melted, stirred then filled again. The final product was <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">cast</a>, then again melted with calamine. It has been suggested that this second melting may have taken place at a lower temperature to allow more zinc to be <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorbed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Albertus Magnus noted that the "power" of both calamine and tutty could <a href="/wiki/Evaporate" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporate">evaporate</a> and described how the addition of powdered <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> could create a film to bind it to the metal.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> German brass making crucibles are known from <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> dating to the 10th century AD and from <a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schwerte" title="Schwerte">Schwerte</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a> dating to around the 13th century confirm Theophilus' account, as they are open-topped, although <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> discs from Soest may have served as loose lids which may have been used to reduce zinc <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>, and have slag on the interior resulting from a liquid process.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_yoruba,_nigeria,_testa_da_ife,_12-15mo_secolo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arte_yoruba%2C_nigeria%2C_testa_da_ife%2C_12-15mo_secolo.JPG/250px-Arte_yoruba%2C_nigeria%2C_testa_da_ife%2C_12-15mo_secolo.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arte_yoruba%2C_nigeria%2C_testa_da_ife%2C_12-15mo_secolo.JPG/330px-Arte_yoruba%2C_nigeria%2C_testa_da_ife%2C_12-15mo_secolo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arte_yoruba%2C_nigeria%2C_testa_da_ife%2C_12-15mo_secolo.JPG/500px-Arte_yoruba%2C_nigeria%2C_testa_da_ife%2C_12-15mo_secolo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="2364" /></a><figcaption>12th century "<a href="/wiki/Bronze_Head_from_Ife" title="Bronze Head from Ife">Bronze Head from Ife</a>", actually of "heavily leaded zinc-brass"</figcaption></figure> Some of the most famous objects in <a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">African art</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Lost_wax" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost wax">lost wax</a> castings of West Africa, mostly from what is now <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, produced first by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ife">Kingdom of Ife</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin Empire">Benin Empire</a>. Though normally described as "bronzes", the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a>, now mostly in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> and other Western collections, and the large portrait heads such as the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Head_from_Ife" title="Bronze Head from Ife">Bronze Head from Ife</a> of "heavily leaded zinc-brass" and the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Head_of_Queen_Idia" title="Bronze Head of Queen Idia">Bronze Head of Queen Idia</a>, both also British Museum, are better described as brass, though of variable compositions.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Work in brass or bronze continued to be important in <a href="/wiki/Benin_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin art">Benin art</a> and other West African traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Akan_goldweights" title="Akan goldweights">Akan goldweights</a>, where the metal was regarded as a more valuable material than in Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_and_post-medieval_Europe">Renaissance and post-medieval Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Renaissance and post-medieval Europe">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> saw important changes to both the theory and practice of brassmaking in Europe. By the 15th century there is evidence for the renewed use of lidded cementation crucibles at <a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a> in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> These large crucibles were capable of producing c.20 kg of brass.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> There are traces of slag and pieces of metal on the interior. Their irregular composition suggests that this was a lower temperature, not entirely liquid, process.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The crucible lids had small holes which were blocked with clay plugs near the end of the process presumably to maximize zinc <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorption</a> in the final stages.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Triangular crucibles were then used to melt the brass for <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> 16th-century technical writers such as <a href="/wiki/Vannoccio_Biringuccio" title="Vannoccio Biringuccio">Biringuccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Ercker" title="Lazarus Ercker">Ercker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Agricola</a> described a variety of cementation brass making techniques and came closer to understanding the true nature of the process noting that copper became heavier as it changed to brass and that it became more golden as additional calamine was added.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Zinc metal was also becoming more commonplace. By 1513 metallic zinc <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingots</a> from India and China were arriving in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and pellets of zinc condensed in <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_furnace" title="Metallurgical furnace">furnace</a> flues at the <a href="/wiki/Rammelsberg" title="Rammelsberg">Rammelsberg</a> in Germany were exploited for cementation brass making from around 1550.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Eventually it was discovered that metallic zinc could be <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloyed</a> with copper to make brass, a process known as speltering,<a href="#cite_note-Craddock_and_Eckstein_2003,_228-114">[114]</a> and by 1657 the German chemist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Glauber" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Glauber">Johann Glauber</a> had recognized that calamine was "nothing else but unmeltable zinc" and that zinc was a "half ripe metal".<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> However some earlier high zinc, low iron brasses such as the 1530 Wightman brass memorial <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">plaque</a> from England may have been made by alloying copper with zinc and include traces of <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> similar to those found in some zinc ingots from China.<a href="#cite_note-Craddock_and_Eckstein_2003,_228-114">[114]</a> However, the cementation process was not abandoned, and as late as the early 19th century there are descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">solid-state</a> cementation in a domed furnace at around 900–950 °C and lasting up to 10 hours.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The European brass industry continued to flourish into the post medieval period buoyed by innovations such as the 16th century introduction of water powered hammers for the production of wares such as pots.<a href="#cite_note-Day_1990,_131-117">[117]</a> By 1559 the Germany city of <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> alone was capable of producing 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Centum_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Centum weight">cwt</a> of brass per year.<a href="#cite_note-Day_1990,_131-117">[117]</a> After several false starts during the 16th and 17th centuries the brass industry was also established in England taking advantage of abundant supplies of cheap copper <a href="/wiki/Smelted" class="mw-redirect" title="Smelted">smelted</a> in the new <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> fired <a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">reverberatory furnace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In 1723 <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> brass maker Nehemiah Champion patented the use of <a href="/wiki/Granulated" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulated">granulated</a> copper, produced by pouring molten metal into cold water.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> This increased the <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> of the copper helping it react and zinc contents of up to 33% wt were reported using this new technique.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In 1738 Nehemiah's son <a href="/wiki/William_Champion_(metallurgist)" title="William Champion (metallurgist)">William Champion</a> patented a technique for the first industrial scale <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> of metallic zinc known as distillation per descencum or "the English process".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-r3-122">[122]</a> This local zinc was used in speltering and allowed greater control over the zinc content of brass and the production of high-zinc copper alloys which would have been difficult or impossible to produce using cementation, for use in expensive objects such as <a href="/wiki/Scientific_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific instruments">scientific instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clocks</a>, brass <a href="/wiki/Buttons" class="mw-redirect" title="Buttons">buttons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Costume_jewelry" title="Costume jewelry">costume jewelry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Day_1991,_183-123">[123]</a> However Champion continued to use the cheaper calamine cementation method to produce lower-zinc brass<a href="#cite_note-Day_1991,_183-123">[123]</a> and the archaeological remains of bee-hive shaped cementation furnaces have been identified at his works at <a href="/wiki/Warmley" title="Warmley">Warmley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r2-124">[124]</a> By the mid-to-late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> as well as demand for <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>-resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid-19th century.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Brass bed">Brass bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_rubbing" title="Brass rubbing">Brass rubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copper_alloys" title="List of copper alloys">List of copper alloys</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Engineering Designer 30(3): 6–9, May–July 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Machinery Handbook, New York, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Press" title="Industrial Press">Industrial Press</a>, Edition 24, p. 501 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bearingsandbear01unkngoog">Bearings and bearing metals</a>. The Industrial Press. 1921. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bearingsandbear01unkngoog/page/n40">29</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bearings+and+bearing+metals&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=The+Industrial+Press&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbearingsandbear01unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?scopeType=Terms&scopeId=18864">"copper alloy (Scope note)"</a>. British Museum. <q>The term copper alloy should be searched for full retrievals on objects made of bronze or brass. This is because bronze and brass have at times been used interchangeably in the old documentation, and copper alloy is the Broad Term of both. In addition, the public may refer to certain collections by their popular name, such as 'The <a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a>' most of which are actually made of brass.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=copper+alloy+%28Scope+note%29&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fterm_details.aspx%3FscopeType%3DTerms%26scopeId%3D18864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/hand_tools/nonsparking.html">"Hand Tools – Non-sparking tools"</a>. Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety. 1 December 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Center+for+Occupational+Health+and+Safety&rft.atitle=Hand+Tools+%E2%80%93+Non-sparking+tools&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccohs.ca%2Foshanswers%2Fsafety_haz%2Fhand_tools%2Fnonsparking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_metals.htm">"Mass, Weight, Density or Specific Gravity of Different Metals"</a>. Density of Materials. United Kingdom: SImetric.co.uk. Retrieved 9 January 2009. <q>brass – casting, 8400–8700... brass – rolled and drawn, 8430–8730</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Density+of+Materials&rft.atitle=Mass%2C+Weight%2C+Density+or+Specific+Gravity+of+Different+Metals&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simetric.co.uk%2Fsi_metals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._F._AshbyKara_Johnson2002" class="citation book cs1">M. F. Ashby; Kara Johnson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/materialsdesigna0000ashb">Materials and design: the art and science of material selection in product design</a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/materialsdesigna0000ashb/page/223">223</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5554-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5554-5"><bdi>978-0-7506-5554-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+and+design%3A+the+art+and+science+of+material+selection+in+product+design&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-5554-5&rft.au=M.+F.+Ashby&rft.au=Kara+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaterialsdesigna0000ashb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Camm1949-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Camm1949_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_James_Camm1949" class="citation book cs1">Frederick James Camm (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iXxGAAAAMAAJ">Newnes Engineer's Reference Book</a>. George Newnes. p. 594.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newnes+Engineer%27s+Reference+Book&rft.pages=594&rft.pub=George+Newnes&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Frederick+James+Camm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiXxGAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCopper_Development_Association" class="citation web cs1">Copper Development Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030061920/http://www.copperinfo.co.uk/alloys/brass/downloads/117/117-section-6-types-of-brass.pdf">"Pub 117 The Brasses – Properties & Applications"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copperinfo.co.uk/alloys/brass/downloads/117/117-section-6-types-of-brass.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pub+117+The+Brasses+%E2%80%93+Properties+%26+Applications&rft.au=Copper+Development+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copperinfo.co.uk%2Falloys%2Fbrass%2Fdownloads%2F117%2F117-section-6-types-of-brass.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316090220/https://www.scrapmetaljunkie.com/2105/is-brass-magnetic-what-is-magnetic-brass">"Is Brass Magnetic? 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ASM International. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-726-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-726-0"><bdi>978-0-87170-726-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copper+and+Copper+Alloys&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-726-0&rft.au=Joseph+R.+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxkPJzmkhnUC%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet.aspx?matguid=9e9610ea79184323840d8838c6591e8b">"Aluminum Brass Arsenical, UNS C68700"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=MatWeb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MatWeb (page does not exist)">MatWeb</a>. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MatWeb&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Brass+Arsenical%2C+UNS+C68700&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.matweb.com%2Fsearch%2Fdatasheet.aspx%3Fmatguid%3D9e9610ea79184323840d8838c6591e8b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-awm-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-awm_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-awm_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australwright.com.au/technical-data/alloys/copper-brass/c26130-70-30-arsinical-brass/">"70/30 Arsinical Brass Alloy 259, UNS-C26130"</a>. Austral Wright Metals. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608211306/https://www.australwright.com.au/technical-data/alloys/copper-brass/c26130-70-30-arsinical-brass/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Austral+Wright+Metals&rft.atitle=70%2F30+Arsinical+Brass+Alloy+259%2C+UNS-C26130&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.australwright.com.au%2Ftechnical-data%2Falloys%2Fcopper-brass%2Fc26130-70-30-arsinical-brass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utoledo.edu/library/canaday/HTML_findingaids/MSS-202.html">"Doehler-Jarvis Company Collection, MSS-202"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doehler-Jarvis+Company+Collection%2C+MSS-202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utoledo.edu%2Flibrary%2Fcanaday%2FHTML_findingaids%2FMSS-202.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Woldman’s Engineering Alloys, 9th Edition 1936, American Society for Metals, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-691-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-691-1">978-0-87170-691-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-alcobrametals.com-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alcobrametals.com_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alcobrametals.com_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alcobrametals.com_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alcobrametals.com_43-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alcobrametals.com/brass-product-guide/">"Brass Product Guide"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brass+Product+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falcobrametals.com%2Fbrass-product-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/innovations/2007/04/presidential_dollars.html">"The Presidential Dollars"</a>. Copper Development Association. April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Copper+Development+Association&rft.atitle=The+Presidential+Dollars&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copper.org%2Fpublications%2Fnewsletters%2Finnovations%2F2007%2F04%2Fpresidential_dollars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kormax-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Kormax_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817155547/https://kormax.co.nz/products/464-naval-brass/">"464 Naval Brass (Tobin Bronze)"</a>. Kormax Engineering Supplies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kormax.co.nz/products/464-naval-brass/">the original</a> on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=464+Naval+Brass+%28Tobin+Bronze%29&rft.pub=Kormax+Engineering+Supplies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkormax.co.nz%2Fproducts%2F464-naval-brass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avivametals.com/products/c48500-naval-brass-high-leaded">"C48500 Naval Brass "High Leaded""</a>. Aviva Metals. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128174023/https://www.avivametals.com/products/c48500-naval-brass-high-leaded">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C48500+Naval+Brass+%22High+Leaded%22&rft.pub=Aviva+Metals&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avivametals.com%2Fproducts%2Fc48500-naval-brass-high-leaded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/27.html">National Pollutant Inventory – Copper and compounds fact sheet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302034606/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/27.html">Archived</a> 2 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Npi.gov.au. Retrieved on 9 December 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-suppliersonline.com-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suppliersonline.com_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suppliersonline.com_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330005005/http://www.suppliersonline.com/propertypages/C23000.asp">"C23000 Copper Alloys (Red Brass, C230) Material Property Data Sheet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suppliersonline.com/propertypages/C23000.asp">the original</a> on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C23000+Copper+Alloys+%28Red+Brass%2C+C230%29+Material+Property+Data+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suppliersonline.com%2Fpropertypages%2FC23000.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmmen2000" class="citation book cs1">Ammen, C. W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/metalcasting00cwam">Metalcasting</a>. McGraw–Hill Professional. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/metalcasting00cwam/page/133">133</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-134246-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-134246-9"><bdi>978-0-07-134246-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metalcasting&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=McGraw%E2%80%93Hill+Professional&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-07-134246-9&rft.aulast=Ammen&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmetalcasting00cwam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsI26-50"><a href="#cite_ref-twsI26_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Pope2009" class="citation news cs1">Jeff Pope (23 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2009/feb/23/plumbing-problems-may-continue-grow/">"Plumbing problems may continue to grow"</a>. Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved 9 July 2011. <q>... Red brass typically has 5 percent to 10 percent zinc ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft.atitle=Plumbing+problems+may+continue+to+grow&rft.date=2009-02-23&rft.au=Jeff+Pope&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Ffeb%2F23%2Fplumbing-problems-may-continue-grow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULky89_6e0QC&pg=PA125">Surveying Yachts and Small Craft</a>. Adlard Coles. 2011. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408114032" title="Special:BookSources/9781408114032"><bdi>9781408114032</bdi></a>. <q>Beware of through hull fittings and tailpipes, or any other component in the assembly, made of TONVAL. This is basically brass and totally unsuitable for use below the waterline due to its tendency to dezincify and disintegrate</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surveying+Yachts+and+Small+Craft&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Adlard+Coles&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781408114032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULky89_6e0QC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquafax.co.uk/aquafax_v2/html/images/aceimages/TechData.pdf">Print Layout 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808150005/http://www.aquafax.co.uk/aquafax_v2/html/images/aceimages/TechData.pdf">Archived</a> 8 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (PDF) . Retrieved on 9 December 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Thornton, C. P. (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Brass2007.pdf">"Of brass and bronze in prehistoric southwest Asia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093433/http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Brass2007.pdf">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in La Niece, S. Hook, D. and Craddock, P.T. (eds.) 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London: British Museum Occasional Papers 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Cruden's Complete Concordance p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-Craddock-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Craddock_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craddock_56-1">b</a> Craddock, P. T. and Eckstein, K (2003) "Production of Brass in Antiquity by Direct Reduction" in Craddock, P. T. and Lang, J. (eds.) Mining and Metal Production Through the Ages. London: British Museum, pp. 226–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Rehren and Martinon Torres 2008, pp. 170–175 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChen2018" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Hailian (3 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2d9DwAAQBAJ&q=%22yellow+copper%22+brass&pg=PA93">Zinc for Coin and Brass: Bureaucrats, Merchants, Artisans, and Mining Laborers in Qing China, ca. 1680s–1830s</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38304-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38304-3"><bdi>978-90-04-38304-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zinc+for+Coin+and+Brass%3A+Bureaucrats%2C+Merchants%2C+Artisans%2C+and+Mining+Laborers+in+Qing+China%2C+ca.+1680s%E2%80%931830s&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018-12-03&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38304-3&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Hailian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz2d9DwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522yellow%2Bcopper%2522%2Bbrass%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1897" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, Henry Noel (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OhoLAAAAIAAJ&q=%22yellow+copper%22+brass&pg=PA374">The Coin Collector's Manual: Comprising an Historical and Critical Account of the Origin and Progress of Coinage, from the Earliest Period to the Fall of the Roman Empire; with Some Account of the Coinages of Modern Europe, More Especially of Great Brit</a>. Bell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coin+Collector%27s+Manual%3A+Comprising+an+Historical+and+Critical+Account+of+the+Origin+and+Progress+of+Coinage%2C+from+the+Earliest+Period+to+the+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire%3B+with+Some+Account+of+the+Coinages+of+Modern+Europe%2C+More+Especially+of+Great+Brit&rft.pub=Bell&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Henry+Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOhoLAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522yellow%2Bcopper%2522%2Bbrass%26pg%3DPA374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Thornton 2007, pp. 189–201 </li> <li id="cite_note-r5-61"><a href="#cite_ref-r5_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhou_Weirong2001" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou Weirong (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061916/http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200112/000020011201A0425152.php">"The Emergence and Development of Brass Smelting Techniques in China"</a>. 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Accessed 26 May 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Martinon Torres and Rehren 2002, pp. 95–111 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Martinon Torres and Rehren 2002, pp. 105–06 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Martinon Torres and Rehren 2002, p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Martinon Torres and Rehren 2002, p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Martinon Torres and Rehren 2002, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Martinon Torres and Rehren 2008, 181–82, de Ruette 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> de Ruette 1995, 198 </li> <li id="cite_note-Craddock_and_Eckstein_2003,_228-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Craddock_and_Eckstein_2003,_228_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craddock_and_Eckstein_2003,_228_114-1">b</a> Craddock and Eckstein 2003, 228 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> de Ruette 1995, 198–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Craddock and Eckstein 2003, 226–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Day_1990,_131-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Day_1990,_131_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_1990,_131_117-1">b</a> Day 1990, p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Day 1991, pp. 135–144 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Day 1990, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Craddock and Eckstein 2003, p. 227 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Day 1991, pp. 179–181 </li> <li id="cite_note-r3-122"><a href="#cite_ref-r3_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDungworth,_D.White,_H.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dungworth, D. & White, H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=19926763">"Scientific examination of zinc-distillation remains from Warmley, Bristol"</a>. Historical Metallurgy. 41: 77–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Metallurgy&rft.atitle=Scientific+examination+of+zinc-distillation+remains+from+Warmley%2C+Bristol&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Dungworth%2C+D.&rft.au=White%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D19926763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Day_1991,_183-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Day_1991,_183_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_1991,_183_123-1">b</a> Day 1991, p. 183 </li> <li id="cite_note-r2-124"><a href="#cite_ref-r2_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDay,_J.1988" class="citation journal cs1">Day, J. (1988). "The Bristol Brass Industry: Furnaces and their associated remains". Journal of Historical Metallurgy. 22 (1): 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Metallurgy&rft.atitle=The+Bristol+Brass+Industry%3A+Furnaces+and+their+associated+remains&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Day%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Day 1991, pp. 186–189 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Day 1991, pp. 192–93, Craddock and Eckstein 2003, p. 228 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bayley, J. (1990). "The Production of Brass in Antiquity with Particular Reference to Roman Britain". In Craddock, P. T. (ed.). 2000 Years of Zinc and Brass. London: British Museum.</li> <li>Craddock, P. T. and Eckstein, K (2003). "Production of Brass in Antiquity by Direct Reduction". In Craddock, P. T. and Lang, J. (eds.). Mining and Metal Production Through the Ages. London: British Museum.</li> <li>Day, J. (1990). "Brass and Zinc in Europe from the Middle Ages until the 19th century". In Craddock, P. T. (ed.). 2000 Years of Zinc and Brass. London: British Museum.</li> <li>Day, J. (1991). "Copper, Zinc and Brass Production". In Day, J. and Tylecote, R. F. (eds.). The Industrial Revolution in Metals. London: The Institute of Metals.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartinon_TorresRehren2002" class="citation journal cs1">Martinon Torres, M.; Rehren, T. (2002). "Agricola and Zwickau: theory and practice of Renaissance brass production in SE Germany". Historical Metallurgy. 36 (2): 95–111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Metallurgy&rft.atitle=Agricola+and+Zwickau%3A+theory+and+practice+of+Renaissance+brass+production+in+SE+Germany&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Martinon+Torres&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Rehren%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrass" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rehren, T. and Martinon Torres, M. (2008) "Naturam ars imitate: European brassmaking between craft and science". In Martinon-Torres, M. and Rehren, T. (eds.). Archaeology, History and Science: Integrating Approaches to Ancient Material. Left Coast Press.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brass&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_chain" title="Jewellery chain">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewelry_model" title="Jewelry model">Jewelry model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrine_(quartz)" title="Citrine (quartz)">Citrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> 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