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Leather products are impure (najis) and salãt in them is not permissible, if we know that they have been made from the hide of an animal not slaughtered according to Islamic laws. … <a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/code/30/">+ Read more</a> </div> </div> </section> <section class="section_cta"> <div class="width"> <ul> <li style="background-image:url(https://fiqh.world-federation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/ico_book.png);background-size:53px auto;"> <h3>Code of Practice</h3> This book offers guidance on Islamic rulings to Muslims who live in predominantly non-Muslim countries. 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Charitable Endowment (Waqf )</option> <option class="level-0" value="1104">End Matter</option> <option class="level-1" value="1101">   Glossary</option> <option class="level-1" value="1123">   Appendix 1: Table of Weights, and Measures, Values, and Quantities</option> <option class="level-1" value="1184">   Appendix 2: Biography of His Eminence al-Sayyid Ali al-Husayni al-Sistani</option> <option class="level-1" value="1185">   Appendix 3: List of Updated Rulings</option> <option class="level-1" value="1124">   Works Consulted</option> </select> </div> <div class="col2"> <select name="subchapter_id" id="subchapter_id" class="postform"> <option value="0">SUBCHAPTER</option> </select> </div> <div class="col3"> <input type="text" class="text" name="s" placeholder="SEARCH" /> </div> <div class="col4"><input type="submit" class="submit" value="Submit" /></div> </form> </div> <div id="slider"> <ul class="slides"> <li> <a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/whats-new/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://fiqh.world-federation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Whats-New.png)"></a> <div class="ruling_cat"> <h3><a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/whats-new/">What's New</a></h3> </div> </li> <li> <a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/front-matter/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://fiqh.world-federation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/img_foreword.jpg)"></a> <div class="ruling_cat"> <h3><a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/front-matter/">Front Matter</a></h3> </div> </li> <li> <a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/purification-and-prayer/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://fiqh.world-federation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/img_prayer.jpg)"></a> <div class="ruling_cat"> <h3><a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/purification-and-prayer/">Purification and Prayer</a></h3> </div> </li> <li> <a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/ritual-acts-of-worship/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://fiqh.world-federation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/img_ritual.jpg)"></a> <div class="ruling_cat"> <h3><a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/ritual-acts-of-worship/">Ritual Acts of Worship</a></h3> </div> </li> <li> <a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/marriage-and-divorce/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://fiqh.world-federation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/img_marriage.jpg)"></a> <div class="ruling_cat"> <h3><a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/marriage-and-divorce/">Marriage and Divorce</a></h3> </div> </li> <li> <a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/will-and-inheritance/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://fiqh.world-federation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/img_will.jpg)"></a> <div class="ruling_cat"> <h3><a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/will-and-inheritance/">Will and Inheritance</a></h3> </div> </li> <li> <a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/other-transactions/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://fiqh.world-federation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/img_other.jpg)"></a> <div class="ruling_cat"> <h3><a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/other-transactions/">Other Transactions</a></h3> </div> </li> <li> <a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/end-matter/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://fiqh.world-federation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/img_end.jpg)"></a> <div class="ruling_cat"> <h3><a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/rulings/end-matter/">End Matter</a></h3> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </section><section class='section_content' style="color:#000000;background-color:#dda95a;"> <div class="width"> <img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-22811" src="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/onestopfiqhlogo.png" alt="onestopfiqhlogo" width="243" height="44" title="ONE STOP FIQH APP 1"> An attractive and free to download app that allows you access to Islamic Laws on the go. <a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/one-stop-fiqh-app/" class="button">Learn more</a> </div> </section> <section class='section_content' style="color:#000000;background-color:#FFFFFF;"> <div class="width"> <img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6519" src="/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/logo_khums.png" alt="logo khums" width="146" height="128" title="Khums 2"> This guide provides an overview of the most essential rulings on khums and explains the differences between the previous and new ruling on loans. Written in an easy-to-understand style, the guide answers questions such as ‘On what things is khums payable?’, ‘What happens to the khums payments?’, ‘Why do we pay it?’, ‘What if I have debts?’, and ‘How does the new ruling apply to mortgages?’ <a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/khums/" class="button">Learn more</a> </div> </section> <section class='section_content' style="color:#000000;background-color:#b0afa3;"> <div class="width"> <h1>Zakāt al-Fiṭrah (The Fiṭrah Alms Tax)</h1> Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq (a) said: ‘One of the signs of the completion of fasting [the month of Ramaḍān] is to give the zakāt, that is, fiṭrah, just as sending blessings upon the Prophet (s) is one of the signs of the completion of ṣalāt. <a href="https://fiqh.world-federation.org/zakat-al-fi%e1%b9%adrah-the-fi%e1%b9%adrah-alms-tax/" class="button">Learn more</a> </div> </section> <div class="minor_footer"> <div>The source of all divine laws that has given humanity a perfect system of life and a code of well-defined ethical values</div> </div> </main> <aside> <div id="glossary"> <a href="#"> Glossary </a> <div class="aside_content"> <div> <ul class="letters"> <li><a href="#letter-A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#letter-Z">Z</a></li> </ul> <div class="letter_content"> <h4 id="letter-A">A</h4> adāʾ – accomplishment of a religious duty within its prescribed time, as opposed to qaḍā adhān – call to prayer ʿādil – a dutiful person, i.e., someone who does the things that are obligatory on him and refrains from doing the things that are unlawful for him; just; possessing moral probity ʿahd – covenant aḥkām – (pl. of ḥukm) laws; rules ahl al-khibrah – expert(s) ahl al-kitāb – People of the Book, i.e. Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians al-aḥwaṭ al-awlā – more precautious and more preferred (for practical purposes, a ‘more precautious and more preferred’ juristic opinion is equivalent to recommended precaution) al‐ḥujjah al‐ijmāliyyah – non-specific authority aʿlam – the most learned mujtahid, i.e. the mujtahid who is most capable of understanding the law of Allah from among all the mujtahids of his time ʿalaqah – clot of blood ajīr – a person who is hired to do something aʿmāl – rituals; acts of worship aʿmāl Umm Dāwūd – a recommended set of ritual acts of worship that are usually performed in the middle of the month of Rajab amānah – trust ʿamdan – intentionally ʿāmil – worker amīn – (1) a trustworthy person (2) non-liable al-amr bil-maʿrūf – enjoining good anfāl – property belonging to the Imam (ʿA) al-ʿaqd al-dāʾim – permanent marriage contract al-ʿaqd al-lāzim – irrevocable contract ʿaqd al-muʿāwaḍah – contract of exchange; a contract in which something is given in exchange for something else al-ʿaqd al-munqaṭiʿ – temporary marriage contract ʿāqil – sane aqwā – stronger opinion (for practical purposes, where an opinion is stated to be ‘stronger’, a fatwa is being given) ʿāriyah – gratuitous loan; commodate arkān – (pl. of rukn) elemental components of an act of worship ʿaṣr – afternoon awliyāʾ – Friends (of Allah) awwal al-waqt – start of the prescribed time for prayers al-ʿayn al-mawqūfah – charitable endowed property ʿayn al-najāsah – intrinsic impurity; actual source of impurity aẓhar – more apparent ruling (for practical purposes in jurisprudential rulings, an opinion that is termed ‘more apparent’ equates to a fatwa) <h4 id="letter-B">B</h4> baʿīd – farfetched; unlikely (for practical purposes, a legal opinion that is termed ‘not farfetched’ equates to a fatwa) bāligh – someone who is of the age of legal responsibility; a major bāṭil – (1) invalid (2) void bulūgh – age of legal responsibility <h4 id="letter-D">D</h4> dafn – burial dāʾimah – permanent wife ḍamān – suretyship ḍāmin – (1) responsible (2) guarantor; surety ḍarīḥ – lattice encloser of a tomb dayn – debt dhabḥ – slaughtering of an animal according to Islamic law dhikr – (1) remembering Allah (2) declaring in rukūʿ and sujūd that Allah is free from imperfections dhimmī – People of the Book (ahl al-kitāb) – i.e. Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians – who have entered into a dhimmah treaty, i.e. an agreement that gives them rights as protected subjects in an Islamic state diyah – blood money duʿāʾ – supplication <h4 id="letter-F">F</h4> al-fajr al-kādhib – the false dawn, also known as ‘the first dawn’ al-fajr al-ṣādiq – the true dawn, also known as ‘the second dawn’ faqīh – (sing. of fuqahā) jurist faqīr – (sing. of fuqarā) a poor person, i.e., someone who does not possess the means to meet his and his family’s expenses for one year faskh – annulment fatwa – edict issued by a mujtahid fidyah – compensative payment of one mudd (approximately 750 grams) of staple food to a poor person for a fast of the month of Ramadan that is missed under certain circumstances fiqh – Islamic jurisprudence fuqahā – (pl. of faqīh) jurists fuqarā – (pl. of faqīr) poor people, i.e. those who do not possess the means to meet their and their family’s expenses for one year fuqqā – beer furādā – performing an act of worship on one’s own, as opposed to in jamāʿah <h4 id="letter-G">G</h4> ghanāʾim – (pl. of ghanīmah) spoils of war ghanīmah – (sing. of ghanāʾim) spoil of war ghaṣbī – usurped ghasl – washing ghaybah – occultation ghinā – singing ghurūb – sunset ghusālah – waste water, i.e. qalīl water that separates from an impure object when that object is washed or after it has been washed ghusl – ritual bathing al-ghusl al-irtimāsī – immersive ritual bathing al-ghusl al-irtimāsī al-dafʿī – instantaneous immersive ritual bathing al-ghusl al-irtimāsī al-tadrījī – gradual immersive ritual bathing ghusl mass al-mayyit – the ghusl for touching a corpse al-ghusl al-tartībī – sequential ritual bathing <h4 id="letter-H">H</h4> ḥadath – occurrence, i.e. something that invalidates wuḍūʾ al-ḥadath al-akbar – major occurrence, i.e. something that requires one to perform ghusl in order to perform an act of worship that requires wuḍūʾ al-ḥadath al-aṣghar – minor occurrence, i.e. something that requires one to perform wuḍūʾ in order to perform an act of worship that requires wuḍūʾ ḥadd al-tarakhkhuṣ – permitted limit ḥāʾiḍ – a woman in menstruation ḥāʾir – an area of approximately 11.5 metres around the sacred grave of Imam al-Ḥusayn (ʿA) in Karbala hajj – visiting the House of Allah i.e. the Kaʿbah in Mecca, and performing the prescribed rituals there ḥajj al-ifrād – pilgrimage to Mecca performed by Muslims who reside within 88 kilometres of Mecca (see also ḥajj al-qirān) ḥajjat al-islām – the hajj that is obligatory for a Muslim to perform once in his lifetime, as opposed to a hajj that is obligatory for a Muslim by means of a vow and suchlike ḥajj al-qirān – pilgrimage to Mecca performed by Muslims who reside within 88 kilometres of Mecca. Unlike ḥajj al‑ifrād, ḥajj al‑qirān requires one to have his sacrificial animal with him when he enters the state of iḥrām. hajj al-tamattuʿ – pilgrimage to Mecca performed by Muslims who reside further than 88 kilometres from Mecca al-ḥākim al-jāʾir – unjust ruler al-ḥākim al-sharʿī – fully qualified jurist ḥalāl – lawful ḥalq – shaving of the head performed by men as part of the hajj rituals ḥaraj – hardship ḥaram – (1) shrine (2) sacred precinct ḥarām – unlawful; prohibited ḥawālah – transfer of debt ḥawzah – Islamic seminary ḥayḍ – menstruation; period hibah – gift ḥubs – bequest al‑ḥujjah al‑ijmāliyyah – non-specific authority al-ḥujjah al-sharʿiyyah – legally authoritative; legal proof ḥukm – (sing. of aḥkām) law; rule al-ḥukm al-sharʿī – religious law ḥulūl – immanence ḥusayniyyah – congregation hall used by Shia Muslims for religious ceremonies <h4 id="letter-I">I</h4> ʿibādah – (sing. of ʿibādāt) ritual act of worship ʿibādāt – (pl. of ʿibādah) ritual acts of worship ibn al-sabīl – a stranded traveller ʿiddah – prescribed waiting period for a woman before she can remarry ʿiddat al-wafāt – the ʿiddah of a widow, i.e. the prescribed waiting period for a woman whose husband has died ifṭār – breaking a fast iḥrām – state of ritual consecration of pilgrims during hajj and ʿumrah iḥtiyāṭ – precaution al‐iḥtiyāṭ al‐lāzim – necessary precaution (this is the same as al-iḥtiyāṭ al-wājib) al-iḥtiyāṭ al-mustaḥabb – recommended precaution al-iḥtiyāṭ al-wājib – obligatory precaution ijārah – hiring; renting; leasing ijtihād – (1) the process of deriving Islamic laws from authentic sources (2) the level of someone who is a jurist ikhfāt – whispering the recitation (qirāʾah) of prayers, as opposed to pronouncing it aloud (jahr) ikhtiyār – volition; authority al-ʿilm al-ijmālī – non-specific knowledge imāmah – religious leadership inqilāb – change intiqāl – transfer īqāʿ – unilateral instigation iqāmah – call to stand up for prayer iqrār – (1) avowal (2) admitting to a right to one’s own detriment or denying a right for oneself over someone else irth – inheritance ʿishāʾ – evening istibrāʾ – (1) the process of clearing the male urethra of urine after urinating (2) preventing an excrement-eating animal from eating impurity for some time and feeding it pure food so that after that period, it is no longer considered to be an excrement-eating animal (3) the method of checking whether or not menstruation has stopped istiḥāḍah – irregular blood discharge al-istiḥāḍah al-kathīrah – excessive irregular blood discharge al-istiḥāḍah al-mutawassiṭah – medium irregular blood discharge al-istiḥāḍah al-qalīlah – slight irregular blood discharge istiḥālah – transformation istījārī – a ritual act of worship that a person is hired to perform on behalf of someone else istikhārah – the practice of seeking from Allah the best choice between two or more options istinjāʾ – purification of the anus and the urinary outlet istisqāʾ – invocation for rain Ithnā ʿAsharī – Twelver iʿtikāf – spiritual retreat; the act of staying in a mosque under particular conditions with the intention of worshipping Allah iṭmiʾnān – confidence ʿiwaḍ – payment in exchange <h4 id="letter-J">J</h4> jabīrah – something with which a wound or a break in a bone is bandaged, or the medication that is applied to a wound al-jāhil al-muqaṣṣir – culpably ignorant person al-jāhil al-qāṣir – inculpably ignorant person al-jahl al-quṣūrī – inculpable ignorance al-jahl al-taqṣīrī – culpable ignorance jahr – pronouncing the recitation (qirāʾah) of prayers aloud, as opposed to whispering it (ikhfāt) jāʿil – offeror jāʾiz – permitted; lawful jamāʿah – congregation janābah – ritual impurity juʿālah – reward junub – someone in the state of janābah <h4 id="letter-K">K</h4> kafālah – surety for the appearance of a debtor kafan – shroud kaffārah – recompense kafīl – surety, i.e. a person who undertakes to present a debtor whenever the creditor seeks him kāfir – (sing. of kuffār) disbeliever al-kāfir al-ḥarbī – a disbeliever who is not a dhimmī and has not entered into a peace or security treaty with Muslims kāfūr – camphor kathīr al-safar – frequent traveller kathīr al-shakk – excessive doubter khiyār – option; the right to annul a transaction khiyār al-ʿayb – option due to a defect khiyār al-ghabn – option due to cheating khiyār al-ḥayawān – option pertaining to animals khiyār al-majlis – option while meeting khiyār al-ruʾyah – option pertaining to seeing khiyār al-sharṭ – option due to a stipulated condition khiyār al-shirkah – option due to a partnership khiyār taʿadhdhur al-taslīm – option due to an inability to hand over khiyār al-tadlīs – option due to deceit khiyār takhalluf al-sharṭ – option due to a breach of condition khiyār al-taʾkhīr – option due to delay khulʿ – the divorce of a wife who has an aversion to her husband and gives him her dowry or some of her other property so that he divorces her khums – the one-fifth tax kitābī – one who is among the People of the Book, i.e. Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians kuffār – (pl. of kāfir) disbelievers kufr – disbelief al-kullī fī al-dhimmah – non-specified undertaking kunyah – an appellation given to someone as the father or mother of someone kurr – a quantity of water greater or equal to approximately 384 litres <h4 id="letter-L">L</h4> laqab – epithet; title <h4 id="letter-M">M</h4> madhhab – religious denomination madhī – fluid that sometimes comes out of the penis as a result of sexual arousal maʿdhūr – someone who is legally excused mā fī al-dhimmah – intention to fulfil whatever one’s obligation happens to be with regard to a particular act maghrib – the time shortly after sunset (ghurūb) when the redness of the sky in the east has passed overhead maḥall al–ishkāl – problematic (for practical purposes, if a matter is said to be ‘problematic’ it amounts to saying the ruling is based on obligatory precaution) maḥall al-taʾammul – a matter of deliberation (for practical purposes, if a matter is said to be one of ‘deliberation’, it amounts to saying the ruling is based on obligatory precaution) al-maḥjūr ʿalayh – someone who is prohibited from having disposal over his property mahr – dowry mahr al-mithl – the standard amount for a dowry maḥram – a person one is never permitted to marry on account of being related to them in a particular way, such as, being their parent or sibling majhūl al-mālik – unknown owner makrūh – (sing. of makrūhāt) disapproved makrūhāt – (pl. of makrūh) disapproved acts mālik – owner maʾmūm – someone who follows an imam in congregational prayers al-manūb ʿanhu – someone who is represented marājiʿ – (pl. of marjaʿ) jurists who have the necessary qualifications to be followed in matters of Islamic jurisprudence; sources of emulation in these matters marjaʿ – (sing. of marājiʿ) a jurist who has the necessary qualifications to be followed in matters of Islamic jurisprudence; a source of emulation in these matters masāʾil – (pl. of masʾalah) rulings masʾalah – (sing. of masāʾil) ruling masḥ – wiping mashaqqah – excessive difficulty mashhūr – opinion held by most jurists mashrūʿ – sanctioned in Islamic law mashrūʿiyyah – legality al-masjid al-jāmiʿ – a mosque that is not particular to a specific group of people but is frequented by people from different areas of the city maʿṣūm – (sing. of maʿṣūmīn) Infallible maʿṣūmīn – (pl. of maʿṣūm) Infallibles al-mawqūf ʿalayh – beneficiary of an endowment maẓālim – property that has been unrightfully or unknowingly taken miḥrāb – niche, chamber, or slab in a mosque facing the direction of Mecca and where the imam usually stands for congregational prayers miskīn – a needy person; someone whose living conditions are worse than that of a poor person (faqīr) muʿāhad – a cosignatory with Muslims to a peace or security treaty muʿāmalah – (sing. of muʿāmalāt) transaction muʿāmalāt – (pl. of muʿāmalah) transactions muʿāriḍ – countervailing argument muʿāwaḍah – exchange mubāḥ – (1) permissible (2) not usurped mubāhalah – mutual imprecation al-mubāḥāt al-aṣliyyah property that does not belong to anyone in particular and can be used by people in general mubārāh – a divorce that takes place when a husband and wife have an aversion to each other and the wife gives some property to her husband so that he divorces her mubtadhilah – a woman who does not observe hijab in front of non-maḥram men and does not take heed when she is forbidden from continuing with this behaviour mubtadiʾah – a menarcheal woman, i.e. a woman who has her period for the first time mubṭilāt – things that invalidate muḍāf – mixed water muḍārabah – sleeping partnership; silent partnership al-muḍārabah al-idhniyyah – sleeping partnership that is based on the owner giving the worker permission to trade with his property muḍghah – embryo muḍṭaribah – a woman with a disordered menstruation habit mufallas – someone who has been proclaimed bankrupt mughārasah – tree planting contract muḥtaḍar – a dying person; moribund muḥtalim – someone who has had a ‘wet dream’, i.e. semen has been ejaculated in his sleep muḥtaram al-māl someone whose property is inviolable, i.e. a Muslim, or a dhimmī disbeliever, or a cosignatory with Muslims to a peace or security treaty (muʿāhad) mujādalah – disputing with others muʾjir – a person who gives something on rent; lessor mujtahid – jurist; someone who has attained the level of ijtihād, qualifying him to be an authority in Islamic law mukallaf – a duty-bound person; someone who is legally obliged to fulfil religious duties mumārah – altercating with others mumayyiz – someone who is able to discern between right and wrong; a discerning minor munqaṭiʿah – temporary wife muqallid – a follower of a jurist in matters of Islamic law murḍiʿah – nursing mother murtadd – apostate al-murtadd al-fiṭrī – someone who was born to one or both Muslim parents and later became a disbeliever al-murtadd al-millī – someone who was born to one or both disbelieving parents and later became a disbeliever muṣālaḥah – arriving at a settlement with someone musāqāh – tree tending contract mushāʿ – joint ownership mūṣī – testator mustaḥabb – (sing. of mustaḥabbāt) recommended mustaḥabbāt – (pl. of mustaḥabb) recommended acts mustaḥāḍah – a woman who is experiencing istiḥāḍah mustaḥiqq – (sing. of mustaḥiqqūn) a person who is entitled (mostly used with regard to someone who is entitled to receive khums or zakat) mustaḥiqqūn – (pl. of mustaḥiqq) those who are entitled (mostly used with regard to persons who are entitled to receive khums or zakat) mustaʾjir – a person who takes something on rent; tenant; hirer; lessee mustaṭīʿ – someone who is able to go for hajj mutʿah – temporary marriage; fixed-term marriage; a temporary wife muṭahhirāt – things that purify an impure object muʿtakif – someone who is in the act of performing iʿtikāf al-muṭallaqah al-rijʿiyyah – a woman who has been given a revocable divorce al-mutamattaʿ bihā – temporary wife mutanajjis – something that has become impure by secondary means, as opposed to being an intrinsic impurity (ʿayn al-najāsah) mutawallī – trustee muṭlaq – unmixed water muwakkil – principal (used with regard to agency) muwālāh – close succession muwaswis – an obsessively doubtful person muzāraʿah – sharecropping <h4 id="letter-N">N</h4> nadhr – vow nafaqah – maintenance; alimony nāfilah – the supererogatory prayer naḥr – slaughtering of a camel according to Islamic law al-nahy ʿan al-munkar – forbidding evil nāʾib – representative najāsah – (sing. of najāsāt) an impurity najāsāt – (pl. of najāsah) impurities najis – impure naqd – immediate exchange transaction; a transaction in which there is no lapse of time between a buyer paying for an item and receiving it nāshizah – a recalcitrant wife, i.e. a wife who does not perform her obligatory marital duties nasīʾah – credit nāṣibī – (sing. of nawāṣib) someone who shows enmity towards the Imams (ʿA) nāsiyah – a woman who has forgotten the habit of her period nawāṣib – (pl. of nāṣibī) those who show enmity towards the Imams (ʿA) al-nāẓir al-muḥtaram – ‘a respected onlooker’, i.e. someone who is sane (ʿāqil), able to discern between right and wrong (mumayyiz), of the age of legal responsibility (bāligh), and not married to the person being seen nifās – lochia, i.e. blood discharge after childbirth niṣāb – taxable limit niyābah – doing something on behalf of someone else; by proxy niyyah – intention nufasāʾ – a woman who is experiencing nifās <h4 id="letter-Q">Q</h4> qaḍā – (1) making up a religious duty that was not performed in its prescribed time, as opposed to adā (2) a lapsed ritual act of worship qāʾidat al-tasāmuḥ fī adillat al-sunan – principle of leniency in evidence for recommended acts qalīl – water that does not gush from the earth and is less than kurr qasam – oath qaṣd – intention qaṣd al-inshāʾ – intention to establish qaṣd al-qurbah – intention to attain proximity to Allah, i.e. to humbly obey Allah qaṣd al-qurbah al-muṭlaqah – a general intention to attain proximity to Allah / humbly obey Allah, i.e. an intention to perform a ritual act of worship in order to attain proximity to Allah / humbly obey Allah without specifying any particulars about that act qaṣr – shortened prayers of a traveller qibla – direction towards the Kaʿbah in Mecca qirāʾah – recitation qiṣāṣ – retributory punishment qiyām – standing position in prayers qunūt – the act of supplicating in prayers with the hands placed in front of the face qur ah – lot (as in to draw lots) <h4 id="letter-R">R</h4> radd al-maẓālim – giving back property – which has been unrightfully or unknowingly taken – to its rightful owner, or if that is not possible, to the poor as ṣadaqah on behalf of the rightful owner rahn – security; deposit; collateral rakʿah – a unit of the prayer rajāʾ – (shorter form of rajāʾ al-maṭlūbiyyah) intention to perform / avoid something in the hope that it is desired by Allah rashīdah – a mature female who has reached bulūgh and is able to determine what is in her interest ribā – usury; interest risālah – manual of Islamic rulings rūḥ – spirit rujūʿ – (1) acting on the fatwa of the next most learned mujtahid when one’s marjaʿ has stated that a ruling is based on obligatory precaution (2) returning (used to refer to a condition made in iʿtikāf to leave in the middle of it if a problem arises) rukn – (sing. of arkān) elemental component of an act of worship rukūʿ – bowing position in the prayer rushd – ability to take care of one’s wealth and use it in a correct way <h4 id="letter-S">S</h4> ṣadaqah – alms given to the poor; charity sādāt – (pl. of sayyid) descendants of Hāshim, the great grandfather of Prophet Muḥammad (Ṣ) safīh – someone who is foolish with finances, i.e. someone who spends his wealth in futile ways ṣaghīr – a minor; a child who is not of the age of legal responsibility (bāligh) ṣāḥib al-laban – nursing father ṣaḥīḥ – (1) valid (2) correct sahm al-imām – the portion of khums for the Imam (ʿA) sahm al-sādāt – the portion of khums for sayyids sahwan – inadvertently sahwiyyāt – acts that are inadvertently left out in prayers sajdah – prostration sajdatā al-sahw – the two prostrations for inadvertence sajdat al-shukr – the prostration for offering thanks salaf – prepayment transaction ṣalāh – (1) prayer; ritual prayer (2) sing. of ṣalawāt ṣalāh – prayer; ritual prayer salām – salutation ṣalāt al-āyāt – the prayer of signs ṣalāt al-ghufaylah – a recommended prayer that is performed between maghrib and ʿishāʾ prayers ṣalāt al-iḥtiyāṭ – the precautionary prayer ṣalāt al-istisqāʾ – the prayer for invoking rain ṣalāt Jaʿfar al-Ṭayyār – the Prayer of Jaʿfar al-Ṭayyār; a four rakʿah recommended prayer taught by the Holy Prophet (Ṣ) to his cousin, Jaʿfar al-Ṭayyār ṣalāt al-jamāʿah – congregational prayers ṣalāt al-jumuʿah – the Friday prayer ṣalāt al-layl – the night prayer; also known as ‘ṣalāt al-tahajjud’ (the night vigil prayer) ṣalāt al-mayyit – the funeral prayer ṣalāt al-waḥshah – the prayer of loneliness (in the grave) ṣalawāt – (1) invocation of blessings upon Prophet Muḥammad (Ṣ) and his progeny (2) pl. of ṣalāh ṣarūrah – someone going for hajj for the first time ṣawm – fasting saʿy – hajj and ʿumrah ritual of traversing to and from the mountains of Ṣafā and Marwah sayyid – (sing. of sādāt) a male descendant of Hāshim, the great grandfather of Prophet Muḥammad (Ṣ) sayyidah – a female descendant of Hāshim, the great grandfather of Prophet Muḥammad (Ṣ) shahādatayn – the two testimonies, i.e. the testimony to the oneness of Allah and to the prophethood of Prophet Muḥammad (Ṣ) shākhiṣ – an indicator, such as an upright rod, used to determine the timing of certain prayers by examining the length of its shadow shakhṣī – specified (used with regard to purchases) shakk – doubt shakkiyyāt – doubts that arise in prayers sharʿan – legally sharīk – partner al-sharṭ al-wāqiʿī – absolute condition, i.e. a condition that must be fulfilled for an action to be valid irrespective of the performer’s state of knowledge with regard to that condition shirkah – partnership al-shirkah al-idhniyyah – permission based partnership al-shirkah al-muʿāwaḍiyyah – exchange based partnership shurakāʾ – partners sidr – lote tree leaves ṣīghah – formula ṣilat al-arḥām – maintaining good family ties ṣubḥ – morning sujūd – prostrating ṣulḥ – settlement surah – chapter of the Qur’an <h4 id="letter-T">T</h4> tabaʿiyyah – subsequence ṭahārah – (1) purification (2) being in a state of ritual purity, i.e. having wuḍūʾ, ghusl, or tayammum ṭāhir – pure taḥnīṭ – camphorating tajwīd – the discipline of reciting the Qur’an correctly takbīr – proclamation of Allah’s greatness by saying ‘allāhu akbar’ takbīrat al-iḥrām – saying ‘allāhu akbar’ at the beginning of the prayer takfīn – shrouding taklīf – responsibility al-ṭalāq al-bāʾin – irrevocable divorce al-ṭalāq al-rijʿī – revocable divorce talqīn – inculcation of principle beliefs to a dying person or a corpse tamām – complete form of the prayer taʿqībāt – supplications after prayers taqiyyah – dissimulation or concealment of one’s beliefs in the face of danger taqlīd – following a jurist taqwā – God-wariness tamyīz – ability to discern between right and wrong taqṣīr – snipping one’s hair or trimming one’s beard or moustache as part of the hajj and ʿumrah rituals tartīb – sequence al-tasbīḥāt al-arbaʿah – the four glorifications, i.e. ‘subḥānal lāhi wal ḥamdu lillāhi wa lā ilāha illal lāhu wal lāhu akbar’ tashahhud – testifying tashyīʿ al-janāzah – funeral procession taʿṣīb – a matter of inheritance that is common among Sunni Muslims but invalid from a Shi‘i perspective ṭawāf – circumambulation of the Kaʿbah ṭawāf al-nisāʾ – an obligatory circumambulation of the Kaʿbah that is performed as part of the hajj rituals tawriyah – equivocation tayammum – dry ablution turbah – a piece of earth or clay on which one places his forehead when prostrating <h4 id="letter-U">U</h4> ʿudhr – legitimate excuse ujrat al-mithl – standard rate paid for the hired property or work al‑ujrah al‑musammāh – agreed rate paid for the hired property or work ʿumrah – pilgrimage to Mecca that has fewer rituals than the hajj pilgrimage; the minor pilgrimage al-ʿumrah al-mufradah – recommended pilgrimage to Mecca that is performed independently of hajj at any time of the year uṣūl al-dīn – fundamentals of religion uṣūl al-fiqh – principles of jurisprudence; legal theory <h4 id="letter-W">W</h4> wadhī – fluid that sometimes comes out of the penis after the ejaculation of semen wadī – fluid that sometimes comes out of the penis after urinating wadīʿah – deposit wājib – obligatory al-wājib al-ʿaynī – individual obligation, i.e. an obligation that every duty-bound person must perform irrespective of whether or not others have also performed it al-wājib al-fawrī – immediate obligation, i.e. an obligation that must be performed as soon as it is possible to do so, and delaying its performance is not permitted al-wājib al-kifāʾī – collective obligation, i.e. an act of worship that is obligatory for all duty-bound persons in the first instance but is lifted from them all if it is discharged by someone or some people al-wājib al-muʿayyan – assigned obligation; time-specific obligation, i.e. an act of worship that must be performed at one distinct time al-wājib al-takhyīrī – optional obligation, i.e. an act of worship for which a mukallaf has the choice to either perform that act itself or some other particular act al-wājib al-taʿyīnī – fixed obligation, i.e. an act of worship for which there is no alternative act that a mukallaf can perform instead wakīl – agent; representative walī – guardian waqf – charitable endowment al-waqf al-ʿāmm – public charitable endowment al-waqf al-khāṣṣ – private charitable endowment wāqif – endower waqt al-faḍīlah – prime time for performing prayers, i.e. the early period of the prescribed time for a prayer in which there is more reward for performing it waṣī – executor of the bequest of a deceased person waṣiyyah – will waswās – obsessive doubting waṭʾ al-shubhah – sexual intercourse ensuing from a mistake waṭan – home town wikālah – agency wilāyah – (1) guardianship (2) vicegerency wuḍūʾ – ablution al-wuḍūʾ al-irtimāsī – immersive ablution <h4 id="letter-Y">Y</h4> yāʾisah – a postmenopausal woman; in rulings pertaining to marriage and divorce, a woman who has reached the age of fifty (in rulings pertaining to menstruation, the age is sixty), and due to her advanced age she does not experience menstruation and has no expectation of experiencing it again yaqīn – certainty yawm al-shakk – day of doubt, i.e. the day regarding which someone doubts whether it is the last day of Shaʿbān or the first day of the month of Ramadan <h4 id="letter-Z">Z</h4> ẓāhir – apparent ruling (for practical purposes in jurisprudential rulings, expressing an ‘apparent’ ruling equates to giving a fatwa) zakat – alms tax zakāt al-fiṭrah – fiṭrah alms tax ẓann – supposition; conjecture zawāl – the time after midday when the sun begins to decline ziyārah – visitation to the place of burial of a holy personality or a holy place ẓuhr – midday al-ẓuhr al-sharʿī – legal midday, i.e. after the midway point of the day </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="jump"> <a href="#"> Ruling </a> <div class="aside_content"> <div> Go to ruling: <form method="get"> <input type="text" class="text" name="jump_ruling" placeholder="RULING NUM" /> <input type="submit" class="submit" value="GO" /> </form> </div> </div> </div> </aside> <div id="modal_glossary_trigger" class="modal_bg"> <div class="modal"> <h4>Show glossary definitions:<a href="#">×</a></h4> <div> <label><input type="radio" name="glossary_trigger" id="glossary_trigger_hover" value="glossary_trigger_hover" /> When I hover or right-click on a word</label> <label><input type="radio" name="glossary_trigger" id="glossary_trigger_click" value="glossary_trigger_click" /> Only when I right-click on a word</label> <button class="button">Save</button> </div> </div> </div> <div id="modal_search" class="modal_bg"> <div class="modal"> <div> <a href="#" class="modal_close">×</a> <h2>Search</h2> Enter the phrase or keyword you are searching for and filter to which section of the website you wish to search within. <form method="get" action="/" class="search_form cols"> <div class="col1"><input type="text" class="text" name="s" placeholder="KEYWORD SEARCH" /></div> <div class="col2"> <select name="post_type"> <option value="">FILTER</option> <option value="ruling" selected>ISLAMIC LAWS</option> <option value="question" >ASK AN ALIM</option> <option value="code" >CODE OF PRACTICE</option> <option value="ritual" >HAJJ</option> </select> </div> <div class="col3"><input type="submit" class="submit" value="Submit" /></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="modal_terms" class="modal_bg"> <div class="modal modal_wide"> <div> <a href="#" class="modal_close">×</a> <h3>Terms and Conditions of use of the Example Will form</h3> The information in the Shia Wills section of the website, which does not purport to be a comprehensive or complete answer to any specific inheritance scenario, has been provided by The World Federation of KSIMC, Africa Federation, and The Council of European Jamaats (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Organisations’), and has not been independently verified for compliance with UK laws on inheritance or taxation, or the laws of any other country. 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