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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Toponyms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toponyms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Toponyms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Toponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endonyms_and_exonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endonyms_and_exonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Endonyms and exonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endonyms_and_exonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mythology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Later folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links_between_Greek_mythology_and_subsequent_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_between_Greek_mythology_and_subsequent_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Links between Greek mythology and subsequent folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_between_Greek_mythology_and_subsequent_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_and_mineral_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_mineral_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Energy and mineral resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_mineral_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism-related_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism-related_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Tourism-related links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-related_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Caucasus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 130 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">130 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Къаукъаз – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къаукъаз" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Къаукъаз – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Къаукъаз" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%8D%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%B6%E1%88%B5" title="ካውካሶስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካውካሶስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Caucasus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="القوقاز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القوقاز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucas" title="Caucas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Caucas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Կովկաս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կովկաս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4caso" title="Côcaso – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Côcaso" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_C%C3%A1ucasu" title="El Cáucasu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="El Cáucasu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1ukaso" title="Káukaso – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Káukaso" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qafqaz" title="Qafqaz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qafqaz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="قافقاز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قافقاز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ককেশাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ককেশাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Caucasus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Каўказ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каўказ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Каўкаскія горы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каўкаскія горы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8" title="कॉकेशस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कॉकेशस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кавказки регион – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кавказки регион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavkaz_(regija)" title="Kavkaz (regija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kavkaz (regija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaokaz" title="Kaokaz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kaokaz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucas" title="Caucas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caucas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavkaz_(region)" title="Kavkaz (region) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kavkaz (region)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasi" title="Kaukasi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kaukasi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cawcasws_(ardal)" title="Cawcasws (ardal) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cawcasws (ardal)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasien" title="Kaukasien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kaukasien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasien" title="Kaukasien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaukasien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukaasia" title="Kaukaasia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaukaasia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Καυκασία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καυκασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ucaso" title="Cáucaso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cáucaso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%ADkazio" title="Kaŭkazio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaŭkazio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasia" title="Kaukasia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaukasia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="قفقاز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قفقاز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Caucasus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucase" title="Caucase – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caucase" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9igi%C3%BAn_Chugais" title="Réigiún Chugais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réigiún Chugais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Choagaash" title="Yn Choagaash – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Choagaash" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabhcas" title="Cabhcas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cabhcas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ucaso" title="Cáucaso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cáucaso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="قفقاز – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="قفقاز" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavkaz" title="Kavkaz – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kavkaz" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%85%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="캅카스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캅카스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Կովկաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կովկաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8" title="कॉकस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कॉकस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavkaz_(regija)" title="Kavkaz (regija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kavkaz (regija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukazia" title="Kaukazia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kaukazia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Caucasus" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1kasus" title="Kákasus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kákasus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucaso" title="Caucaso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caucaso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%96" title="קווקז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קווקז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaokasus" title="Kaokasus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kaokasus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಾಕಸಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಕಸಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კავკასია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კავკასია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qefqasya" title="Qefqasya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qefqasya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Ккавкказ – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ккавкказ" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauk%C4%81zs" title="Kaukāzs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kaukāzs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Къавкъаз – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къавкъаз" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukazas" title="Kaukazas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaukazas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasi%C3%AB" title="Kaukasië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kaukasië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasos" title="Caucasos – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Caucasos" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauk%C3%A1zus_(r%C3%A9gi%C3%B3)" title="Kaukázus (régió) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kaukázus (régió)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaokazy" title="Kaokazy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kaokazy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="കൊക്കേഷ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊക്കേഷ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8" title="कॉकेशस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॉकेशस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კავკაცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კავკაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="القوقاز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القوقاز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="قفقاز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="قفقاز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Caucasus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus_(gebied)" title="Kaukasus (gebied) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaukasus (gebied)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8" title="ककेसस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ककेसस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B9" title="コーカサス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コーカサス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus_(Berger)" title="Kaukasus (Berger) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kaukasus (Berger)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koukeisiis" title="Koukeisiis – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Koukeisiis" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasia" title="Kaukasia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaukasia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasia" title="Kaukasia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kaukasia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauc%C3%A0s" title="Caucàs – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Caucàs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavkaz" title="Kavkaz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kavkaz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC" title="ਕੋਹਕਾਫ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਹਕਾਫ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="قفقاز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قفقاز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ucas" title="Càucas – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Càucas" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukaz_(region)" title="Kaukaz (region) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaukaz (region)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ucaso" title="Cáucaso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cáucaso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucaz" title="Caucaz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Caucaz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Хапхаас – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хапхаас" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ucasu" title="Càucasu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Càucasu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Caucasus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukazi_(rajon)" title="Kaukazi (rajon) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kaukazi (rajon)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasu" title="Caucasu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Caucasu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Caucasus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukaz_(geografick%C3%A1_oblas%C5%A5)" title="Kaukaz (geografická oblasť) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kaukaz (geografická oblasť)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavka%C5%A1ka_regija" title="Kavkaška regija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kavkaška regija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8A" title="Каѵкасъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Каѵкасъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qooqaas" title="Qooqaas – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qooqaas" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%95%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="قەوقاز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قەوقاز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Кавказ (регија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кавказ (регија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavkaz_(region)" title="Kavkaz (region) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kavkaz (region)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasia" title="Kaukasia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaukasia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasien" title="Kaukasien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaukasien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukaso" title="Kaukaso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaukaso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="காக்கேசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காக்கேசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="కాకసస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాకసస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="คอเคซัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอเคซัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Қафқоз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қафқоз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafkasya" title="Kafkasya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kafkasya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawkaz" title="Kawkaz – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kawkaz" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="قفقاز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قفقاز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaucasus" title="Kaucasus – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Kaucasus" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavkaz" title="Kavkaz – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kavkaz" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucaso" title="Caucaso – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Caucaso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2" title="高加索 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="高加索" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2" title="高加索 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="高加索" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofkas" title="Kofkas – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kofkas" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2" title="高加索 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高加索" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18869#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caucasus&params=42_15_40_N_44_07_16_E_source:kolossus-nlwiki_scale:2000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°15′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°07′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.26111°N 44.12111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.26111; 44.12111</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region spanning Europe and Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the geographic region in Eurasia. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Caucasus (disambiguation)">Caucasus (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caucasia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Caucasia (disambiguation)">Caucasia (disambiguation)</a>. For a meeting of party supporters, see <a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox geography"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Caucasus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus_topographic_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Caucasus_topographic_map-en.svg/350px-Caucasus_topographic_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Caucasus_topographic_map-en.svg/525px-Caucasus_topographic_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Caucasus_topographic_map-en.svg/700px-Caucasus_topographic_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="898" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Topography of the Caucasus</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caucasus&params=42_15_40_N_44_07_16_E_source:kolossus-nlwiki_scale:2000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°15′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°07′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.26111°N 44.12111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.26111; 44.12111</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caucasus_in_Encyclopedia_Britannica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caucasus_in_Encyclopedia_Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Related areas</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition"><i>De facto</i> states with almost no recognition</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Autonomous republics and federal regions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Abkhazia_%28GE%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Abkhazia_%28GE%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Abkhazia_%28GE%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Abkhazia_%28GE%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Abkhazia_%28GE%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Abkhazia_%28GE%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1785" data-file-height="1230" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><br />(since 2008, <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">in exile</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg/23px-Flag_of_Adjara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg/35px-Flag_of_Adjara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg/45px-Flag_of_Adjara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a> (partially)</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/33px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/44px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia-Alania" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia-Alania">North Ossetia-Alania</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Rostov_Oblast.svg/22px-Flag_of_Rostov_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Rostov_Oblast.svg/33px-Flag_of_Rostov_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Rostov_Oblast.svg/44px-Flag_of_Rostov_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rostov_Oblast" title="Rostov Oblast">Rostov Oblast</a> (partially)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Demonym</th><td class="infobox-data">Caucasian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time Zones</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:30" title="UTC+03:30">UTC+03:30</a> and <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B04:00" title="UTC+04:00">UTC+04:00</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest mountain</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Elbrus</a> (5,642 metres (18,510 ft))</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Caucasus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>Caucasia</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>), is a region spanning <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>. It is situated between the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, mainly comprising <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a> range, have conventionally been considered as a <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents#Asia_and_Europe" title="Boundaries between the continents">natural barrier</a> between <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, bisecting the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> landmass.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>'s highest mountain, is situated in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Caucasus" title="Western Caucasus">Western Caucasus</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia-russia-geography_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-russia-geography-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the southern side, the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Javakheti_Plateau" title="Javakheti Plateau">Javakheti Plateau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_highland" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian highland">Armenian highlands</a>, part of which is in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Caucasus is divided into the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, although the Western Caucasus also exists as a distinct geographic space within the North Caucasus. The Greater Caucasus mountain range in the north is mostly shared by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> as well as the northernmost parts of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. The Lesser Caucasus mountain range in the south is occupied by several independent states, mostly by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, but also extends to parts of northeastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. </p><p>The region is known for its <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">linguistic diversity</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aside from <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> languages, the <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Caucasian">Northwest Caucasian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Caucasian">Northeast Caucasian</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a> are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous</a> to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_name">Origin of the name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> (77–79 AD) derives the name of the Caucasus from a <a href="/wiki/Scythian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian language">Scythian</a> name, <i>Croucasis</i>, which supposedly means 'shimmering with snow'.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German linguist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kretschmer" title="Paul Kretschmer">Paul Kretschmer</a> notes that the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> word <i>kruvesis</i> also means 'frozen mud'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologies</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 625 AD</span>) also says the name means shining white like snow: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thus, toward the east, where it rises to a greater height, it is called the Caucasus, due to the whiteness of its snow, for in an eastern language, caucasus means "white," that is, shining white with a very thick snow cover. For the same reason the Scythians, who live next to this mountain range, call it Croacasim, for among them whiteness or snow is called casim. 3. The Taurus range is likewise called the Caucasus by many.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Tale of Past Years</a></i> (1113 AD), it is stated that <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> Кавкасийскыѣ горы (<i>Kavkasijskyě gory</i>) came from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> Καύκασος (<i>Kaúkasos</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, according to M. A. Yuyukin, is a compound word that can be interpreted as the 'mountain of the seagull(s)' (καύ-: καύαξ, καύηξ, -ηκος, κήξ, κηϋξ 'a kind of seagull' + the reconstructed *κάσος 'mountain' or 'rock' richly attested both in place and personal names).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Georgian tradition, the term Caucasus is derived from <a href="/wiki/Caucas" title="Caucas">Caucas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">კავკასოსი</span></span> <i>Ḳavḳasosi</i>), the son of the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Togarmah" title="Togarmah">Togarmah</a> and legendary forefather of the <a href="/wiki/Nakh_peoples" title="Nakh peoples">Nakh peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologists</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schrader_(philologist)" title="Otto Schrader (philologist)">Otto Schrader</a> and Alfons A. Nehring, the Ancient Greek word Καύκασος (<i>Kaukasos</i>) is connected to <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <i>hauhs</i> 'high' as well as <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <i>kaũkas</i> 'hillock' and <i>kaukarà</i> 'hill, top', <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <i>куча</i> 'heap'.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British linguist Adrian Room claims that *<i>kau-</i> also means 'mountain' in <a href="/wiki/Pelasgian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelasgian language">Pelasgian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this is speculative given that Pelasgian is so poorly known. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponyms">Toponyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Toponyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Elbrus_May_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mount_Elbrus_May_2008.jpg/220px-Mount_Elbrus_May_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mount_Elbrus_May_2008.jpg/330px-Mount_Elbrus_May_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mount_Elbrus_May_2008.jpg/440px-Mount_Elbrus_May_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zemo_Svaneti,_June,_2018-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zemo_Svaneti%2C_June%2C_2018-10.jpg/220px-Zemo_Svaneti%2C_June%2C_2018-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zemo_Svaneti%2C_June%2C_2018-10.jpg/330px-Zemo_Svaneti%2C_June%2C_2018-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zemo_Svaneti%2C_June%2C_2018-10.jpg/440px-Zemo_Svaneti%2C_June%2C_2018-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5422" data-file-height="3615" /></a><figcaption>Caucasus mountains in <a href="/wiki/Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Svaneti</a>, Georgia</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>Caucasus</i> is not only used for the mountains themselves but also includes <a href="/wiki/Ciscaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciscaucasia">Ciscaucasia</a> (which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Alexander Mikaberidze</a>, Transcaucasia is a "Russo-centric" term.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasus">Transcaucasus</a> region and <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> were the furthest points of <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> expansions, with areas to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a> range practically impregnable. The mythological <a href="/wiki/Mount_Qaf" title="Mount Qaf">Mount Qaf</a>, the world's highest mountain that ancient Iranian lore shrouded in mystery, was said to be situated in this region. The region is also one of the candidates for the location of <a href="/wiki/Airyanem_Vaejah" title="Airyanem Vaejah">Airyanem Vaejah</a>, the apparent homeland of the Iranians of <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> sources of the Sasanian era, the Caucasus range was referred to as <i>Kaf Kof</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-brillonline_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brillonline-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term resurfaced in Iranian tradition later on in a variant form when <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>, referred to the Caucasus mountains as <i>Kōh-i Kāf</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-brillonline_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brillonline-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Most of the modern names of the Caucasus originate from the Greek <i>Kaukasos</i> (Lat., <i>Caucasus</i>) and the Middle Persian <i>Kaf Kof</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-brillonline_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brillonline-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The earliest etymon" of the name Caucasus comes from <i>Kaz-kaz</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> designation of the "inhabitants of the southern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-brillonline_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brillonline-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also noted that in <a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a> Ков гас (<i>Kov gas</i>) means "gateway to steppe".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endonyms_and_exonyms">Endonyms and exonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Endonyms and exonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern endonym for the region is usually similar in many languages, and is generally between <i><b>Kavkaz</b></i> and <i><b>Kaukaz</b></i>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a>: <span lang="ab">Кавказ</span> <i>Kavkaz</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a>: <span lang="ady">Къаукъаз/с</span> <i>Kʺaukʺaz/s</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">القوقاز</span> <i>al-Qawqāz</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Կովկաս</span> <i>Kovkas</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a>: <span lang="av">Кавказ</span> <i>Kawkaz</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">Qafqaz</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>: <span lang="ce">Кавказ</span> <i>Kawkaz</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">კავკასია</span></span> <i>K'avk'asia</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kaukasien</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Καύκασος</span> <i>Káfkasos</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a>: <span lang="inh">Кавказ</span> <i>Kawkaz</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay-Balkar</a>: <span lang="krc">Кавказ</span> <i>Kavkaz</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a>: <span lang="kum">Къавкъаз</span> <i>Qawqaz</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <i lang="ku-Latn">Qefqasya</i>, <span title="Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ku-Latn">Qefqas</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a>: <span lang="lbe">Ккавкказ</span> <i>Kkawkkaz</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a>: <span lang="lez">Къавкъаз</span> <i>K'awk'az</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a>: <span lang="xmf">კავკაცია</span> <i>K'avk'atsia</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a>: <span lang="os">Кавказ/Каукази</span> <i>Kavkaz/Kaukazi</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">قفقاز</span> <i>Qafqāz</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Кавказ</span> <i>Kavkaz</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a>: <i lang="rut">Qawqaz</i> <i>Kavkaz</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Kafkas/Kafkasya</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Кавказ</span> <i>Kavkaz</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_geography">Political geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-political_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Caucasus-political_en.svg/220px-Caucasus-political_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Caucasus-political_en.svg/330px-Caucasus-political_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Caucasus-political_en.svg/440px-Caucasus-political_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary political map of the Caucasus</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> region is also known as the <i>Ciscaucasus</i>, whereas the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> region is alternatively known as the <i>Transcaucasus</i>. </p><p>The North Caucasus contains most of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a> mountain range. It consists of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a>, mainly the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_Federal_District" title="North Caucasian Federal District">North Caucasian Federal District</a>'s autonomous republics and the Krais in Southern Russia, and the northernmost parts of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. The North Caucasus lies between the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to its west, the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> to its east, and borders the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Federal_District" title="Southern Federal District">Southern Federal District</a> to its north. The two <a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">Federal Districts</a> are collectively referred to as "Southern Russia". </p><p>The South Caucasus borders the Greater Caucasus range and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a> to its north, the Black Sea and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to its west, the Caspian Sea to its east, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to its south. It contains the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a> mountain range and surrounding lowlands. All of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, Azerbaijan (excluding the northernmost parts), and Georgia (excluding the northernmost parts) are in the South Caucasus. </p><p>The watershed along the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a> range is considered by some sources to be the <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_continents" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between continents">dividing line</a> between <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a>. According to that, the highest peak in the Caucasus, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a> (5,642 meters) located in western Ciscaucasus, is considered the highest point in Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Kuma-Manych_Depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuma-Manych Depression">Kuma-Manych Depression</a>, the geologic depression that divides the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Plain">Russian Plain</a> from the North Caucasus foreland is often regarded by classical and non-British sources as the natural and historical boundary between Europe and Asia. Another opinion is that the rivers <a href="/wiki/Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)" title="Kura (South Caucasus river)">Kura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rioni" title="Rioni">Rioni</a> mark this border, or even that of the river <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras</a>. </p><p>The Caucasus is a <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">linguistically</a>, culturally and geographically diverse region.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a> that compose the Caucasus today are the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> Georgia (including <a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>), Azerbaijan (including <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, and the Russian Federation. The Russian divisions include <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia–Alania</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kabardino%E2%80%93Balkaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabardino–Balkaria">Kabardino–Balkaria</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karachay%E2%80%93Cherkessia" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay–Cherkessia">Karachay–Cherkessia</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a>, in clockwise order. </p><p>Two territories in the region claim independence but are recognized as such by only a handful of entities: <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>. Abkhazia and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> are largely recognized by the world community as part of Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the Caucasus</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Caucasus">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Caucasus%22">"Caucasus"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Caucasus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Caucasus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Caucasus%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Caucasus%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Caucasus%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic-1995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Caucasus-ethnic-1995.jpg/320px-Caucasus-ethnic-1995.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Caucasus-ethnic-1995.jpg/480px-Caucasus-ethnic-1995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Caucasus-ethnic-1995.jpg/640px-Caucasus-ethnic-1995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ethno-linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-linguistic group">Ethno-linguistic groups</a> in the Caucasus region as of 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The region has many different languages and language families. There are more than 50 ethnic groups living in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No fewer than three language families are unique to the area. In addition, Indo-European languages, such as <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay–Balkar</a>, are spoken in the area. <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> is used as a <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> most notably in the North Caucasus. </p><p>The peoples of the northern and southern Caucasus mostly are <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodox Christians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Christians</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">History of the Caucasus</a></div> <p>Located on the peripheries of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the region has been an arena for political, military, religious, and cultural rivalries and expansionism for centuries. Throughout its history, the Caucasus was usually incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iranian world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CAUCAIRANICA_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAUCAIRANICA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">conquered</a> the territory from <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CAUCAIRANICA_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAUCAIRANICA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg/170px-Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg/255px-Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg/340px-Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroglyphs">Petroglyphs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gobustan_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobustan National Park">Gobustan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, dating back to 10,000 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The territory of the Caucasus region was inhabited by Homo erectus since the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic Era">Paleolithic Era</a>. In 1991, early <a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a> fossils dating back 1.8 million years were found at the <a href="/wiki/Dmanisi#Archaeological_site" title="Dmanisi">Dmanisi archaeological site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. Scientists now classify the assemblage of fossil skeletons as the subspecies <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus_georgicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo erectus georgicus">Homo erectus georgicus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site yields the earliest unequivocal evidence for the presence of early humans outside the African continent;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Dmanisi skulls are the five oldest <a href="/wiki/Hominins" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominins">hominins</a> ever found outside <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a> from about 4000 BC until about 2000 BC enveloped a vast area of approximately 1,000 km by 500 km, and mostly encompassed, on modern-day territories, the Southern Caucasus (except western Georgia), northwestern Iran, the northeastern Caucasus, eastern Turkey, and as far as Syria. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (669–627 BC), the boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Empire">Assyrian Empire</a> reached as far as the Caucasus Mountains. Later ancient kingdoms of the region included <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Iberia</a>, among others. These kingdoms were later incorporated into various <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> empires, including <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>, who would altogether rule the Caucasus for many hundreds of years. In 95–55 BC, under the reign of the Armenian king <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a> included Kingdom of Armenia, vassals Iberia, Albania, Parthia, <a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean kingdom">Nabataean kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>. By the time of the first century BC, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> had become the dominant religion of the region; however, the region would go through two other religious transformations. Owing to the strong rivalry between Persia and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a>. The Romans first arrived in the region in the 1st century BC with the annexation of the kingdom of Colchis, which was later turned into the province of <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazicum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next 600 years was marked by a <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">conflict</a> between Rome and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> for the control of the region. In western Georgia the eastern Roman rule lasted until the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperio_Armenio.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Imperio_Armenio.gif/300px-Imperio_Armenio.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Imperio_Armenio.gif/450px-Imperio_Armenio.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Imperio_Armenio.gif/600px-Imperio_Armenio.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a> at the peak of its might at the beginning of the 1st century B.C.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_empire_with_tributaries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Georgian_empire_with_tributaries.png/300px-Georgian_empire_with_tributaries.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Georgian_empire_with_tributaries.png/450px-Georgian_empire_with_tributaries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Georgian_empire_with_tributaries.png/600px-Georgian_empire_with_tributaries.png 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> at the peak of its might, early 13th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia">Arsacid dynasty of Armenia</a> (an eponymous branch of the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty of Parthia">Arsacid dynasty of Parthia</a>) was the first nation to adopt Christianity as <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> (in 301 AD), and <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> had become Christian entities, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> began to overtake <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and pagan beliefs. With the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>, large parts of the region <a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_the_Caucasus" title="Arabs in the Caucasus">came under the rule of the Arabs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> penetrated the region.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 10th century, the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> (proto-<a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a>, that flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Caucasus">Northern Caucasus</a>, roughly in the location of latter-day <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia–Alania</a>, until its destruction by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion">Mongol invasion</a> in 1238–39. </p><p>During the Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tashir-Dzoraget" title="Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget">Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syunik" title="Kingdom of Syunik">Kingdom of Syunik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khachen" title="Principality of Khachen">Principality of Khachen</a> organized local Armenian population facing multiple threats after the fall of antique <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a> maintained close ties with <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Caucasian_Albania" title="Church of Caucasian Albania">Church of Caucasian Albania</a> shared the same Christian dogmas with the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> and had a tradition of their Catholicos being ordained through the Patriarch of Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 12th century, the Georgian king <a href="/wiki/David_the_Builder" class="mw-redirect" title="David the Builder">David the Builder</a> drove the Muslims out of the Caucasus and made the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> a strong regional power. In 1194–1204 Georgian <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Queen Tamar</a>'s armies crushed new Seljuk Turkish invasions from the southeast and south and launched several successful campaigns into Seljuk Turkish-controlled Southern Armenia. The Georgian Kingdom continued military campaigns in the Caucasus region. As a result of her military campaigns and the temporary fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, Georgia became the strongest Christian state in the whole <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> area, encompassing most of the Caucasus stretching from Northern Iran and Northeastern Turkey to the North Caucasus. </p><p>The Caucasus region was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Mongols">Turco-Mongols</a>, local kingdoms and khanates, as well as, once again, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Gruzinsky_-_The_mountaineers_leave_the_aul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Gruzinsky_-_The_mountaineers_leave_the_aul.jpg/220px-Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Gruzinsky_-_The_mountaineers_leave_the_aul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Gruzinsky_-_The_mountaineers_leave_the_aul.jpg/330px-Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Gruzinsky_-_The_mountaineers_leave_the_aul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Gruzinsky_-_The_mountaineers_leave_the_aul.jpg/440px-Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Gruzinsky_-_The_mountaineers_leave_the_aul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>A scene from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Gruzinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Gruzinsky">Pyotr Gruzinsky</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Up to and including the early 19th century, most of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Caucasus">Southern Caucasus</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> all formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persian Empire</a>. In 1813 and 1828 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a> respectively, the Persians were forced to irrevocably cede the Southern Caucasus and Dagestan to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ensuing years after these gains, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russians took the remaining part of the Southern Caucasus</a>, comprising western Georgia, through several wars from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second half of the 19th century, the Russian Empire also conquered the North Caucasus. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Wars">Caucasian Wars</a>, the Russian military perpetrated an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_of_Circassians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic cleansing of Circassians">ethnic cleansing of Circassians</a>, expelling this indigenous population from its homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 1850s and World War I, about a million North Caucasian Muslims arrived in the Ottoman Empire as refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamed-Troyansky202449_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamed-Troyansky202449-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having killed and deported most of the Armenians of Western Armenia during the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, the Turks intended to eliminate the Armenian population of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a>, 60,000 to 98,000 Armenian civilians were estimated to have been killed by the Turkish army.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1940s, around 480,000 <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a>, 120,000 <a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachay</a>–<a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a>, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>, and 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> in Nakchivan and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Caucasus Germans</a> were <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deported en masse</a> to Central Asia and Siberia by the Soviet security apparatus. About a quarter of them died.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1993_Georgia_war1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1993_Georgia_war1.svg/300px-1993_Georgia_war1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1993_Georgia_war1.svg/450px-1993_Georgia_war1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1993_Georgia_war1.svg/600px-1993_Georgia_war1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a> in August–October 1993</figcaption></figure> <p>The Southern Caucasus region was unified as a single political entity twice – during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a>) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918, and under the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> rule (<a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian SFSR">Transcaucasian SFSR</a>) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936. Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> became independent nations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictorial_Map_of_the_Caucasus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pictorial_Map_of_the_Caucasus.jpg/220px-Pictorial_Map_of_the_Caucasus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pictorial_Map_of_the_Caucasus.jpg/330px-Pictorial_Map_of_the_Caucasus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pictorial_Map_of_the_Caucasus.jpg/440px-Pictorial_Map_of_the_Caucasus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7257" data-file-height="5191" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic-administrative borders on the Soviet and Post-soviet Caucasus on the pictorial map of the Caucasus</figcaption></figure> <p>The region has been subject to various territorial disputes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, leading to the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> (1988–1994), the <a href="/wiki/East_Prigorodny_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="East Prigorodny Conflict">East Prigorodny Conflict</a> (1989–1991), the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%9393)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–93)">War in Abkhazia (1992–93)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a> (1994–1996), the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> (1999–2009), <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a> (2008), and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> (2020). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the Caucasus was one of the pillars supporting the world.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After presenting man with the gift of fire, <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Amirani" title="Amirani">Amirani</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian version</a>) was chained there by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, to have his liver eaten daily by an eagle as punishment for defying Zeus's wish to keep the "secret of fire" from humans. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a>, the Caucasus might be associated with the mythic <a href="/wiki/Mount_Qaf" title="Mount Qaf">Mount Qaf</a> which is believed to surround the known world. It is the battlefield of <a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a> and the nest of the <a href="/wiki/Simurgh" title="Simurgh">Simurgh</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> placed the Caucasus in <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a> and depicted it as a cold and stony mountain which was the abode of personified hunger. The Greek hero <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a> sailed to the west coast of the Caucasus in pursuit of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a>, and there met <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes" title="Aeëtes">King Aeëtes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_folklore">Later folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Caucasus has a rich folklore tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Rashidvash,_pp._33–34_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashidvash,_pp._33–34-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tradition has been preserved orally—necessitated by the fact that for most of the languages involved, there was no alphabet until the early twentieth century—and only began to be written down in the late nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One important tradition is that of the <a href="/wiki/Nart_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nart sagas">Nart sagas</a>, which tell stories of a race of ancient heroes called the Narts. These sagas include such figures as <a href="/wiki/Satanaya" title="Satanaya">Satanaya</a>, the mother of the Narts, <a href="/wiki/Sosruquo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosruquo">Sosruquo</a> a shape changer and trickster, <a href="/wiki/Tlepsh" title="Tlepsh">Tlepsh</a> a blacksmith god, and <a href="/wiki/Batradz" class="mw-redirect" title="Batradz">Batradz</a>, a mighty hero.<sup id="cite_ref-Rashidvash,_pp._33–34_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashidvash,_pp._33–34-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The folklore of the Caucasus shows ancient <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> influence, involve battles with ancient <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, and contain many connections with ancient <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavians" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavians">Norse Scandinavian</a>, and Greek cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Links_between_Greek_mythology_and_subsequent_folklore">Links between Greek mythology and subsequent folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Links between Greek mythology and subsequent folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caucasian folklore contains many links with the myths of the ancient Greeks. There are resemblances between the mother goddess Satanaya and the Greek goddess of love <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of how the trickster Nart Sosruquo, became invulnerable parallels that of the Greek hero <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a> may be connected to a Caucasian "warrior Forest-Mother, Amaz-an".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caucasian legends include stories involving giants similar to <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a> story.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these stories, the giant is almost always a <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherd</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he is variously a one-eyed rock-throwing cannibal, who lives in a cave (the exit of which is often blocked by a stone), kills the hero's companions, is blinded by a hot stake, and whose flock of animals is stolen by the hero and his men, all motifs which (along with still others) are also found in the Polyphemus story.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one example from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, two brothers, who are being held prisoner by a giant one-eyed shepherd called "One-eye", take a spit, heat it up, stab it into the giant's eye, and escape.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also links with the ancient Greek myth of <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many legends, widespread in the Caucasus, contain motifs shared with the Prometheus story.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These motifs include a giant hero, his conflict with God or gods, the stealing of fire and giving it to men, being chained, and being tormented by a bird who pecks at his liver (or heart).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe people">Adyge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> Nart Nasran,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> <a href="/wiki/Amirani" title="Amirani">Amirani</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechen</a> <a href="/wiki/Pkharmat" title="Pkharmat">Pkharmat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazian</a> <a href="/wiki/Abrskil" title="Abrskil">Abrskil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are examples of such Prometheus-like figures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CAUCASIA~Vegetation_Land_Cover_with_ethnic_borders~2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CAUCASIA~Vegetation_Land_Cover_with_ethnic_borders~2.jpg/220px-CAUCASIA~Vegetation_Land_Cover_with_ethnic_borders~2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CAUCASIA~Vegetation_Land_Cover_with_ethnic_borders~2.jpg/330px-CAUCASIA~Vegetation_Land_Cover_with_ethnic_borders~2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CAUCASIA~Vegetation_Land_Cover_with_ethnic_borders~2.jpg/440px-CAUCASIA~Vegetation_Land_Cover_with_ethnic_borders~2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>Caucasus vegetation land cover, 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_village_Zrikh_in_Dagestan,_RF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/View_of_the_village_Zrikh_in_Dagestan%2C_RF.jpg/220px-View_of_the_village_Zrikh_in_Dagestan%2C_RF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/View_of_the_village_Zrikh_in_Dagestan%2C_RF.jpg/330px-View_of_the_village_Zrikh_in_Dagestan%2C_RF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/View_of_the_village_Zrikh_in_Dagestan%2C_RF.jpg/440px-View_of_the_village_Zrikh_in_Dagestan%2C_RF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>View of the Caucasus Mountains in <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>The Caucasus is an area of great ecological importance. The region is included in the list of 34 world <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It harbors some 6400 species of higher plants, 1600 of which are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its wildlife includes <a href="/wiki/Persian_leopard" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian leopard">Persian leopards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_European_red_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="East European red deer">marals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hooded_crow" title="Hooded crow">hooded crows</a>. Among <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>, some 1000 <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a> species are recorded in the Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chaladzeetal2014_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaladzeetal2014-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of arthropod biodiversity is concentrated on Great and Lesser Caucasus ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-chaladzeetal2014_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaladzeetal2014-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region has a high level of <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemism</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Relict_(biology)" title="Relict (biology)">relict</a> animals and plants, the fact reflecting the presence of refugial forests, which survived the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">Ice Age</a> in the Caucasus Mountains. The Caucasus forest refugium is the largest throughout the Western Asian (near Eastern) region.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tgm_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tgm-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area has multiple representatives of <a href="/wiki/Disjunct_distribution" title="Disjunct distribution">disjunct</a> relict groups of plants with the closest relatives in Eastern Asia, southern Europe, and even North America.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 70 species of forest snails of the region are endemic.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some relict species of vertebrates are <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_parsley_frog" title="Caucasian parsley frog">Caucasian parsley frog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_salamander" title="Caucasian salamander">Caucasian salamander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert%27s_snow_vole" title="Robert's snow vole">Robert's snow vole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_grouse" title="Caucasian grouse">Caucasian grouse</a>, and there are almost entirely endemic groups of animals such as lizards of genus <i><a href="/wiki/Darevskia" title="Darevskia">Darevskia</a></i>. In general, the species composition of this refugium is quite distinct and differs from that of the other Western Eurasian refugia.<sup id="cite_ref-tgm_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tgm-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The natural landscape is one of <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_mixed_forests" title="Caucasus mixed forests">mixed forest</a>, with substantial areas of rocky ground above the treeline. The Caucasus Mountains are also noted for a <a href="/wiki/Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">dog breed</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Shepherd_Dog" title="Caucasian Shepherd Dog">Caucasian Shepherd Dog</a> (Rus. Kavkazskaya Ovcharka, Geo. Nagazi). <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Evans" title="Vincent Evans">Vincent Evans</a> noted that <a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">minke whales</a> have been recorded from the Black Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GreekCetacea_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreekCetacea-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_and_mineral_resources">Energy and mineral resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Energy and mineral resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Caucasus has many economically important <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> resources, such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown coal">brown</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudauri_Ski_Resort,_Gudauri,_Georgia_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gudauri_Ski_Resort%2C_Gudauri%2C_Georgia_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/220px-Gudauri_Ski_Resort%2C_Gudauri%2C_Georgia_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gudauri_Ski_Resort%2C_Gudauri%2C_Georgia_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/330px-Gudauri_Ski_Resort%2C_Gudauri%2C_Georgia_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gudauri_Ski_Resort%2C_Gudauri%2C_Georgia_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/440px-Gudauri_Ski_Resort%2C_Gudauri%2C_Georgia_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3990" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gudauri" title="Gudauri">Gudauri</a> is a popular destination for skiing, <a href="/wiki/Heliskiing" title="Heliskiing">Heliskiing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">paragliding</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus mountains.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Krasnaya_Polyana,_Sochi,_Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi, Krasnodar Krai">Krasnaya Polyana</a> is a popular center of mountain skiing and a snowboard venue.<br /> The <a href="/wiki/2015_European_Games" title="2015 European Games">2015 European Games</a> is the first in the history of the European Games to be held in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. </p><p>Mountain-skiing complexes include: </p> <ul><li>Alpika-Service</li> <li>Mountain roundabout</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Khutor_Alpine_Resort" title="Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort">Rosa Hutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsaghkadzor_ski_resort" title="Tsaghkadzor ski resort">Tsaghkadzor Ski Resort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahdag_Winter_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahdag Winter Complex">Shahdag Winter Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> <p>The 2017 <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Grand_Prix" title="Azerbaijan Grand Prix">Azerbaijan Grand Prix</a> (motor racing) was the first in the history of Formula One to be held in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2017_World_Rugby_Under_20_Championship" title="2017 World Rugby Under 20 Championship">2017 World Rugby Under 20 Championship</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. In 2017 the U-19 Europe Championship (Football) was held in Georgia. In 2019 the UEFA European Under-19 Championship was held in Armenia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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Armenia">Culture of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Culture of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture of Georgia (country)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheism" title="Prometheism">Prometheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental nation">Transcontinental nations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism-related_links">Tourism-related links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tourism-related links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Armenia" title="Tourism in Armenia">Tourism in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Tourism in Azerbaijan">Tourism in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism in Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism in Russia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWrightSchofieldGoldenberg2003" class="citation book cs1">Wright, John; Schofield, Richard; Goldenberg, Suzanne (16 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_2NAgAAQBAJ&q=parts+iran+turkey+in+transcaucasia&pg=PA72"><i>Transcaucasian Boundaries</i></a>. Routledge. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135368500" title="Special:BookSources/9781135368500"><bdi>9781135368500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcaucasian+Boundaries&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-12-16&rft.isbn=9781135368500&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Schofield%2C+Richard&rft.au=Goldenberg%2C+Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_2NAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dparts%2Biran%2Bturkey%2Bin%2Btranscaucasia%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caucasus_in_Encyclopedia_Britannica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caucasus_in_Encyclopedia_Britannica_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Caucasus">"Caucasus | Mountains, Facts, & Map"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>. 20 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Caucasus+%26%23124%3B+Mountains%2C+Facts%2C+%26+Map&rft.date=2023-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FCaucasus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shamil Shetekauri et al., <i>Mountain Flowers and Trees of Caucasia</i>; Pelagic Publishing Limited, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/178427173X" title="Special:BookSources/178427173X">178427173X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John L. Esposito, Abdulaziz Sachedina (2004). "Caucasus". <i>The Islamic World: Past and Present</i>. Volume 1. Oxford University Press USA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195165209" title="Special:BookSources/0195165209">0195165209</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicworldpast0000unse_r4t5/page/86/mode/2up">p. 86</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span>. Accessed 30 June 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Caucasus">"Caucasus - region and mountains, Eurasia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caucasus+-+region+and+mountains%2C+Eurasia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FCaucasus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-russia-geography-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cia-russia-geography_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/">"Russia, Geography"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+Geography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Frussia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Caucasus">"Caucasus - region and mountains, Eurasia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>. <q>West of the Kura-Aras Lowland rises the Lesser Caucasus range, which is extended southward by the Dzhavakhet Range and the Armenian Highland, the latter extending southwestward into Turkey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caucasus+-+region+and+mountains%2C+Eurasia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FCaucasus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=531">"The languages of the Caucasus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Language_Log" title="Language Log">Language Log</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Language+Log&rft.atitle=The+languages+of+the+Caucasus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flanguagelog.ldc.upenn.edu%2Fnll%2F%3Fp%3D531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2017" class="citation web cs1">King, Charles (23 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/The-Ghost-of-Freedom-Charles-King-audiobook/dp/B071L8JJYF/ref=tmm_aud_swatch_0?forceMsg=dp_add_success">"The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus (Audible Audio Edition)"</a>. <i>www.amazon.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.amazon.com&rft.atitle=The+Ghost+of+Freedom%3A+A+History+of+the+Caucasus+%28Audible+Audio+Edition%29&rft.date=2017-03-23&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FThe-Ghost-of-Freedom-Charles-King-audiobook%2Fdp%2FB071L8JJYF%2Fref%3Dtmm_aud_swatch_0%3FforceMsg%3Ddp_add_success&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <i>Natural History</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attalus.org/translate/pliny_hn6a.html#50">vi.(19).50</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKretschmer1928" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kretschmer" title="Paul Kretschmer">Kretschmer, Paul</a> (1928). "Weiteres zur Urgeschichte der Inder" [More about the Pre-History of the Indians]. <i>Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen [Journal of Comparative Linguistic Research into Indo-European Philology]</i> (in German). <b>55</b>: 75–103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+vergleichende+Sprachforschung+auf+dem+Gebiete+der+indogermanischen+Sprachen+%5BJournal+of+Comparative+Linguistic+Research+into+Indo-European+Philology%5D&rft.atitle=Weiteres+zur+Urgeschichte+der+Inder&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=75-103&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Kretschmer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKretschmer1930" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kretschmer" title="Paul Kretschmer">Kretschmer, Paul</a> (1930), <i>Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen [Journal of Comparative Linguistic Research into Indo-European Philology]</i>, vol. 57, pp. 251–255</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+vergleichende+Sprachforschung+auf+dem+Gebiete+der+indogermanischen+Sprachen+%5BJournal+of+Comparative+Linguistic+Research+into+Indo-European+Philology%5D&rft.pages=251-255&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Kretschmer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tezaurs.lv/kruve%C5%A1i:1">"kruveši | Tēzaurs"</a>. <i>tezaurs.lv</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tezaurs.lv&rft.atitle=kruve%C5%A1i+%7C+T%C4%93zaurs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftezaurs.lv%2Fkruve%25C5%25A1i%3A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarney,_Lewis,_Beach,_Berghof2006" class="citation book cs1">Barney, Lewis, Beach, Berghof, Stephen A., W. J., J. A., Oliver (2006). <i>The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville</i>. New York, United States: Cambridge University Press. pp. 297–298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83749-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83749-1"><bdi>978-0-521-83749-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etymologies+of+Isidore+of+Seville&rft.place=New+York%2C+United+States&rft.pages=297-298&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83749-1&rft.aulast=Barney%2C+Lewis%2C+Beach%2C+Berghof&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.%2C+W.+J.%2C+J.+A.%2C+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasmer1953–1958" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Max_Vasmer" title="Max Vasmer">Vasmer, Max Julius Friedrich</a> (1953–1958). "Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch" [Russian Etymological Dictionary]. <i>Indogermanische Bibliothek herausgegeben von Hans Krahe. Reihe 2: Wörterbüche [Indo-European Library Edited by Hans Krahe. Series 2: Dictionaries]</i> (in German). Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>: Carl Winter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russisches+etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.btitle=Indogermanische+Bibliothek+herausgegeben+von+Hans+Krahe.+Reihe+2%3A+W%C3%B6rterb%C3%BCche+%5BIndo-European+Library+Edited+by+Hans+Krahe.+Series+2%3A+Dictionaries%5D&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Carl+Winter&rft.date=1953%2F1958&rft.aulast=Vasmer&rft.aufirst=Max+Julius+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuyukin2012" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yuyukin, M. A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+XVI+%28%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%98.+%D0%9C.+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%29&rft.place=Saint+Petersburg&rft.pages=893-899+and+919&rft.date=2012-06-18%2F2012-06-20&rft.isbn=978-5-02-038298-5&rft.aulast=Yuyukin&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilology.ru%2Flinguistics1%2Fyuyukin-12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQoranashvili" class="citation book cs1">Qoranashvili, G. <i>Questions of Ethnic Identity According to Leonti Mroveli's Historical Chronicles, Studies, Vol. 1</i>. Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Questions+of+Ethnic+Identity+According+to+Leonti+Mroveli%27s+Historical+Chronicles%2C+Studies%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.aulast=Qoranashvili&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Anchabadze" class="citation web cs1">George Anchabadze. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225132940/https://www.circassianworld.com/pdf/The_Vainakhs_George_Anchabadze.pdf">"The Vainakhs (The Chechen and Ingush)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circassianworld.com/pdf/The_Vainakhs_George_Anchabadze.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vainakhs+%28The+Chechen+and+Ingush%29&rft.au=George+Anchabadze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circassianworld.com%2Fpdf%2FThe_Vainakhs_George_Anchabadze.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrader1901" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schrader_(philologist)" title="Otto Schrader (philologist)">Schrader, Otto</a> (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dyS5AAAAIAAJ"><i>Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde: Grundzüge einer Kultur- und Völkergeschichte Alteuropas</i></a> [<i>Real Lexicon of the Indo-Germanic Antiquity Studies: Basic Principles of a Cultural and People's History of Ancient Europe</i>] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>: Karl J. Trübner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+indogermanischen+Altertumskunde%3A+Grundz%C3%BCge+einer+Kultur-+und+V%C3%B6lkergeschichte+Alteuropas&rft.place=Strasbourg&rft.pub=Karl+J.+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Schrader&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_dyS5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoom1997" class="citation book cs1">Room, Adrian (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl00room"><i>Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities, and Historic Sites</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina" title="Jefferson, North Carolina">Jefferson, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0172-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0172-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-0172-7</bdi></a>. <q>*kau-meaning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Placenames+of+the+World%3A+Origins+and+Meanings+of+the+Names+for+over+5000+Natural+Features%2C+Countries%2C+Capitals%2C+Territories%2C+Cities%2C+and+Historic+Sites&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0172-7&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplacenamesofworl00room&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Caucasus">"Caucasus - region and mountains, Eurasia"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>. <q>Caucasia includes not only the mountain ranges of the Caucasus proper but also the country immediately north and south of them. The land north of the Greater Caucasus is called Ciscaucasia (Predkavkazye, or "Hither Caucasia") and south of it is Transcaucasia (Zakavkazye, or "Farther Caucasia").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caucasus+-+region+and+mountains%2C+Eurasia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FCaucasus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2015" class="citation book cs1">Mikaberidze, Alexander (6 February 2015). <i>Historical Dictionary of Georgia</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4146-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4146-6"><bdi>978-1-4422-4146-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Georgia&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015-02-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4146-6&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brillonline-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brillonline_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brillonline_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brillonline_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brillonline_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGocheleishvili" class="citation web cs1">Gocheleishvili, Iago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144345/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/caucasus-pre-9001500-COM_25472?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Caucasus+Iran">"Caucasus, pre-900/1500"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/caucasus-pre-9001500-COM_25472?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Caucasus+Iran">the original</a> on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+THREE&rft.atitle=Caucasus%2C+pre-900%2F1500&rft.aulast=Gocheleishvili&rft.aufirst=Iago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fcaucasus-pre-9001500-COM_25472%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26s.q%3DCaucasus%2BIran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolatojha J. "Древняя родина Кавкасов [The Ancient Homeland of the Caucasus]", p. 49, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/about/news/the-caucasus-land-of-diverse-cultures/">"The Caucasus: Land of Diverse Cultures - The University of Chicago Library News - The University of Chicago Library"</a>. <i>www.lib.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lib.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=The+Caucasus%3A+Land+of+Diverse+Cultures+-+The+University+of+Chicago+Library+News+-+The+University+of+Chicago+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fthe-caucasus-land-of-diverse-cultures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/non-recognition-and-engagement-eus-policy-towards-abkhazia-and-south-ossetia">"Non-recognition and engagement. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iss.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Non-recognition+and+engagement.+The+EU%27s+policy+towards+Abkhazia+and+South+Ossetia+%7C+European+Union+Institute+for+Security+Studies&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iss.europa.eu%2Fcontent%2Fnon-recognition-and-engagement-eus-policy-towards-abkhazia-and-south-ossetia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-ir.info/2020/03/02/the-spectrum-of-georgias-policy-options-towards-abkhazia-and-south-ossetia/">"The Spectrum of Georgia's Policy Options Towards Abkhazia and South Ossetia"</a>. <i>E-International Relations</i>. 2 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-International+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Spectrum+of+Georgia%27s+Policy+Options+Towards+Abkhazia+and+South+Ossetia&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-ir.info%2F2020%2F03%2F02%2Fthe-spectrum-of-georgias-policy-options-towards-abkhazia-and-south-ossetia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/95680196/">"Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region"</a>. <i>Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.+20540+USA&rft.atitle=Ethnolinguistic+groups+in+the+Caucasus+region.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F95680196%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021862/Caucasian-peoples">"Caucasian peoples"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caucasian+peoples&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9021862%2FCaucasian-peoples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAUCAIRANICA-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAUCAIRANICA_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAUCAIRANICA_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMultiple_Authors" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Multiple Authors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/caucasus-index">"Caucasus and Iran"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caucasus+and+Iran&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.au=Multiple+Authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcaucasus-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapp2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rapp, Stephen H. (2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/georgia-georgians-until-1300-COM_32056?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=georgia">"Georgia, Georgians, until 1300"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE</i>. Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>. <q>While Hodgson astutely perceived Caucasia's cross-cultural condition, subsequent research has exposed the region's long-term participation in the Iranian and wider Persianate world. This multifaceted association began in the Iron Age, survived the intensive Christianization of Caucasia, and continued until the annexation of Caucasian lands by the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century. (...) Above all, pre-modern Caucasia is characterized by its integration into the Iranian and Persianate socio-cultural world, the Iranian commonwealth, which extended from Central Asia to Anatolia and south to the Arabian Peninsula. Caucasia's active membership in this commonwealth began under the first "world empire" of the Achaemenids and survived both Christianization and the demise of the Sāsānian empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Georgia%2C+Georgians%2C+until+1300&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+THREE&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fgeorgia-georgians-until-1300-COM_32056%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26s.q%3Dgeorgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerringOmsAgustíBerna2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ferring, Reid; Oms, Oriol; Agustí, Jordi; Berna, Francesco; Nioradze, Medea; Shelia, Teona; Tappen, Martha; Vekua, Abesalom; Zhvania, David; Lordkipanidze, David (28 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3127884">"Earliest human occupations at Dmanisi (Georgian Caucasus) dated to 1.85–1.78 Ma"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>108</b> (26): 10432–10436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1106638108">10.1073/pnas.1106638108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3127884">3127884</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21646521">21646521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Earliest+human+occupations+at+Dmanisi+%28Georgian+Caucasus%29+dated+to+1.85%E2%80%931.78+Ma&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=10432-10436&rft.date=2011-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3127884%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21646521&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1106638108&rft.aulast=Ferring&rft.aufirst=Reid&rft.au=Oms%2C+Oriol&rft.au=Agust%C3%AD%2C+Jordi&rft.au=Berna%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Nioradze%2C+Medea&rft.au=Shelia%2C+Teona&rft.au=Tappen%2C+Martha&rft.au=Vekua%2C+Abesalom&rft.au=Zhvania%2C+David&rft.au=Lordkipanidze%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3127884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vekua, A., Lordkipanidze, D., Rightmire, G. P., Agusti, J., Ferring, R., Maisuradze, G., et al. (2002). A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. <i>Science</i>, 297:85–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodor_Mommsen,_William_Purdie_Dickson,_Francis_Haverfield" class="citation book cs1">Theodor Mommsen, William Purdie Dickson, Francis Haverfield. <i>The provinces of the Roman Empire: from Caesar to Diocletian</i>. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+provinces+of+the+Roman+Empire%3A+from+Caesar+to+Diocletian&rft.pages=68&rft.au=Theodor+Mommsen%2C+William+Purdie+Dickson%2C+Francis+Haverfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1932" class="citation book cs1">Allen, W.E.D (1932). <i>A history of the Georgian people</i>. p. 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Georgian+people&rft.pages=123&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=W.E.D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2004" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Shireen; et al. (2004). <i>Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security</i>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 3. <q>(..) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">conquest</a> of the Iranian Sassanian Empire. </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Russia%3A+The+Politics+of+Identity+and+Security&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Shireen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article009862.html">Аланы</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgianorthodoxchurch.wordpress.com/2013/08/09/caucasian-albanian-church-celebrates-its-1700th-anniversary/">"Caucasian Albanian Church celebrates its 1700th Anniversary"</a>. <i>The Georgian Church for English Speakers</i>. 9 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Georgian+Church+for+English+Speakers&rft.atitle=Caucasian+Albanian+Church+celebrates+its+1700th+Anniversary&rft.date=2013-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgianorthodoxchurch.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F08%2F09%2Fcaucasian-albanian-church-celebrates-its-1700th-anniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy C. Dowling <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728"><i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond</i></a> pp 728–730 ABC-CLIO, 2 Dec. 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598849486" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598849486">978-1598849486</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suny, page 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen F. Chew. "An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders", <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 1970, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yemelianova, Galina, Islam nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus. Caucasus Survey, April 2014. p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memoirs of Miliutin, "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population", per Richmond, W. <u>The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, and Future</u>. Routledge. 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamed-Troyansky202449-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamed-Troyansky202449_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamed-Troyansky2024">Hamed-Troyansky 2024</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balakian. <i>Burning Tigris</i>, pp. 319-323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vahakn_Dadrian" title="Vahakn Dadrian">Vahakn Dadrian</a>. (2003). <i>The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus</i>. New York: Berghahn Books, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCVJMAVoMM0C&pg=PA360">pp. 360–61</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-666-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-666-6">1-57181-666-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitz2003" class="citation book cs1">Weitz, Eric D. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofgenocid0000weit"><i>A century of genocide: utopias of race and nation</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofgenocid0000weit/page/82">82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00913-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00913-9"><bdi>0-691-00913-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+century+of+genocide%3A+utopias+of+race+and+nation&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-691-00913-9&rft.aulast=Weitz&rft.aufirst=Eric+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcenturyofgenocid0000weit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregović2018" class="citation web cs1">Gregović, Marko (21 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612041744/https://medium.com/@grexovic/caucasus-the-mountain-where-they-chained-prometheus-564c1ef83bab">"Caucasus — The Mountain Where They Chained Prometheus"</a>. <i>Medium</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@grexovic/caucasus-the-mountain-where-they-chained-prometheus-564c1ef83bab">the original</a> on 12 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Caucasus+%E2%80%94+The+Mountain+Where+They+Chained+Prometheus&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.aulast=Gregovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Marko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40grexovic%2Fcaucasus-the-mountain-where-they-chained-prometheus-564c1ef83bab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashidvash,_pp._33–34-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rashidvash,_pp._33–34_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rashidvash,_pp._33–34_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rashidvash, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayor, p. xx; Hunt, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rashidvash, pp. 33–34; for connections found in the Nart sagas, see Colarusso, pp. 5–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rashidvash, p. 33; Colarusso, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BaE5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">6</a>, 44, 53, 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When Sosruquo was born burning in flames, the blacksmith god Tlepsh, grabbed Sosruquo and plunged him into water, making him invulnerable except where he was held by tongs, see Rashidvash, pp. 33–34; Colarusso, pp. 52–54 (Circassian Saga 8: <i>Lady Setenaya and the Shepherd: The Birth of Sawseruquo</i>), 185–186 (Abaza Saga 47: <i>How Sosruquo Was Born</i>), 387–394 (Ubykh Saga 86: <i>The Birth of Soseruquo</i>), cf. pp. 323–328 (Abkhaz Saga 75: <i>The Mother of Heroes</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rashidvash, p. 34; Colarusso, pp. 130, 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, pp. 9, 13, 201, 210–229; Bachvarova, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wxd-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">p. 106</a>; Mayor, pp. xxi; Rashidvash, p. 34; Colarusso. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BaE5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">6–7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BaE5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA170">170</a> (Circassian Saga 37: <i>A Cyclops Bound atop Was'hamakhwa</i>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BaE5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA200">200–202</a> (Abaza Saga 52: <i>How Sosruquo Brought Fire to His Troops</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, Table 1, pp. 211–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, pp. 218–222 (45. The Story of One-eye (<i>Georgian</i>)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayor, p. xxi; Hunt, pp. 14, 330–357; Calarusso, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BaE5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BaE5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA170">170</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BaE5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA200">200—202</a>; Rashidvash, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, p. 14. Hunt, p. 330, mentions forty-four versions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, pp. 330–331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colarusso, pp. 158–168 (Circassian Saga 34: <i>How Pataraz Freed Bearded Nasran, Who Was Chained to the High Mountain</i>), 168–169 (Circassian Saga 35: <i>Bound Nasran</i>); Hunt, pp. 355–356; Rashidvash, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, pp. 332–337, 351–355; Colarusso, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, pp. 332, 339–344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, pp. 333, 347–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zazanashvili N, Sanadiradze G, Bukhnikashvili A, Kandaurov A, Tarkhnishvili D. 2004. Caucasus. In: Mittermaier RA, Gil PG, Hoffmann M, Pilgrim J, Brooks T, Mittermaier CG, Lamoreux J, da Fonseca GAB, eds. Hotspots revisited, Earth's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. Sierra Madre: CEMEX/Agrupacion Sierra Madre, 148–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508212359/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=GE0026&source=ge">"WWF – The Caucasus: A biodiversity hotspot"</a>. <i>panda.org</i>. 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"Vegetational patterns and distribution of relict taxa in humid temperate forests and wetlands of Georgia Transcaucasia". <i>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</i> 72: 287–332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pokryszko B, Cameron R, Mumladze L, Tarkhnishvili D. 2011. "Forest snail faunas from Georgian Transcaucasia: patterns of diversity in a Pleistocene refugium". <i>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</i> 102: 239–250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oceancare.org/en/startpage/">"OceanCare - Protecting oceans and marine mammals"</a>. 24 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OceanCare+-+Protecting+oceans+and+marine+mammals&rft.date=2021-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oceancare.org%2Fen%2Fstartpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwood1989" class="citation book cs1">Horwood, Joseph (1989). <i>Biology and Exploitation of the Minke Whale</i>. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+and+Exploitation+of+the+Minke+Whale&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Horwood&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreekCetacea-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GreekCetacea_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907032339/http://www.cetaceanalliance.org/download/literature/Frantzis_etal_2003.pdf">"Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2003. pp. 219–232. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+knowledge+of+the+cetacean+fauna+of+the+Greek+Seas&rft.pages=219-232&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcetaceanalliance.org%2Fdownload%2Fliterature%2FFrantzis_etal_2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/myb3-sum-2015-europe-eurasia.pdf">"2015 Minerals Yearbook: EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>USGS</i>. August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/myb3-sum-2015-europe-eurasia.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGS&rft.atitle=2015+Minerals+Yearbook%3A+EUROPE+AND+CENTRAL+EURASIA&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fassets%2Fpalladium%2Fproduction%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Fmyb3-sum-2015-europe-eurasia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bachvarova, Mary R., <i>From Hittite to Homer: The Anatolian Background of Ancient Greek Epic</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521509794" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521509794">978-0521509794</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoene2009" class="citation book cs1">Coene, Frederick (2009). <i>The Caucasus: An Introduction</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48660-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48660-6"><bdi>978-0-415-48660-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caucasus%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-48660-6&rft.aulast=Coene&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colarusso" title="John Colarusso">Colarusso, John</a>, <i>Nart Sagas from the Caucasus: Myths and Legends from the Circassians, Abazas, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs</i>, Princeton University Press, 2002, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400865284" title="Special:BookSources/9781400865284">9781400865284</a>.</li> <li>Cornell, Susan E., <i>Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal" title="Thomas de Waal">de Waal, Thomas</a> (2010). <i>The Caucasus: An Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539977-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539977-6"><bdi>978-0-19-539977-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caucasus%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539977-6&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Golvin, Ivan, <i>The Caucasus</i>.</li> <li>Griffin, Nicholas, <i>Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam</i>, University of Chicago Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226308593" title="Special:BookSources/9780226308593">9780226308593</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamed-Troyansky2024" class="citation book cs1">Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c0vpEAAAQBAJ"><i>Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State</i></a>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3696-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3696-5"><bdi>978-1-5036-3696-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Refugees%3A+North+Caucasian+Muslims+and+the+Late+Ottoman+State&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3696-5&rft.aulast=Hamed-Troyansky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc0vpEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hunt, David, <i>Legends of the Caucasus</i>, Saqi Books, London, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0863568237" title="Special:BookSources/978-0863568237">978-0863568237</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Mayor" title="Adrienne Mayor">Mayor, Adrienne</a> (2016), "Introduction to the Paperback Edition" in <i>Nart Sagas: Ancient Myths and Legends of the Circassians and Abkhazians</i>, by John Colarusso, Princeton University Press, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691-16914-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691-16914-9">978-0691-16914-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (1994). <i>The Making of the Georgian Nation</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3"><bdi>0-253-20915-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Georgian+Nation&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-253-20915-3&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2021" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (2021). <i>History of the Caucasus - Volume 1: At the Crossroads of Empires</i> (Hardback). London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788310079" title="Special:BookSources/9781788310079"><bdi>9781788310079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Caucasus+-+Volume+1%3A+At+the+Crossroads+of+Empires&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781788310079&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Caucasia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Caucasia">"Caucasia" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 546–550.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caucasia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=546-550&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bealby&rft.aufirst=John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dubrovin, Nikolai F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503193010/https://new.runivers.ru/lib/book3084/">The history of wars and Russian domination in the Caucasus</a> (История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе). Sankt-Petersburg, 1871–1888, at <a href="/wiki/Runivers.ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Runivers.ru">Runivers.ru</a> in <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> and <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> formats.</li> <li>Fadeev, Rostislav Andreevich (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504101003/https://new.runivers.ru/lib/book3194/10251/">Sixty years of the Caucasian War</a> (Шестьдесят лет Кавказской войны). <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Runivers.ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Runivers.ru">Runivers.ru</a> in <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> format.</li> <li>Gagarin, G. G. (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216032810/http://new.runivers.ru/lib/book4314/45273/">Costumes Caucasus</a> (Костюмы Кавказа). <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Runivers.ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Runivers.ru">Runivers.ru</a> in <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> and <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> formats.</li> <li>Gasimov, Zaur (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011081894"><i>The Caucasus</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>, retrieved: 18 November 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaziev_Shapi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaziev Shapi">Kaziev Shapi</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">Caucasian highlanders</a> (Повседневная жизнь горцев Северного Кавказа в XIX в.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaziev.ru/index/highlanders/0-50">Everyday life of the Caucasian Highlanders. The 19th Century (In the co-authorship with I. Karpeev). "Molodaya Gvardiy" publishers. Moscow</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-235-02585-7" title="Special:BookSources/5-235-02585-7">5-235-02585-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caucasus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Caucasus">Caucasus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Caucasus#Q18869" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Caucasus">Caucasus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.caucasianjournal.org/"><i>Caucasian Journal</i></a>—a multilingual online journal on South Caucasus</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gotocaucasus.com/">Information for travellers and others about Caucasus and Georgia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801130007/http://www.cria-online.org/"><i>Caucasian Review of International Affairs</i></a>—an academic journal on the South Caucasus</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3632274.stm">BBC News: North Caucasus at a glance</a>, 8 September 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050924024959/http://www.grid.unep.ch/product/map/images/caucasus_envsec2_landcoverb.gif">United Nations Environment Programme map: Landcover of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050924025007/http://www.grid.unep.ch/product/map/images/caucasus_envsec2_popdensityb.gif">United Nations Environment Programme map: Population density of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodsec.org/web/regional/europe/overview/en/">Food Security in Caucasus (FAO)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810031016/http://www.foodsec.org/web/regional/europe/overview/en/">Archived</a> 10 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v5f1/v5f1a032.html">Caucasus and Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012140601/http://iranica.com/newsite/articles/v5f1/v5f1a032.html">Archived</a> 12 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> entry in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080813013133/http://www.oc.unito.it/en/index.html">University of Turin-Observatory on Caucasus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827073642/http://www.circassiandiaspora.com/">Circassians Caucasus Web</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversity-georgia.net">Georgian Biodiversity Database (checklists for ca. 11,000 plant and animal species)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917010002/http://www.biodiversity-georgia.net/">Archived</a> 17 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caucasusmountains.info/">WHAT TO SEE IN CAUCASUS MOUNTAINS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024001057/https://caucasusmountains.info/">Archived</a> 24 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.raex.com%2F~obsidian%2Fcaucasus.html%23Georgian+Patriarchate&download=1#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">The Caucasus</a>, Regnal Chronologies (Wikiwix Archive, 8/21/2008)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible auotocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caucasus" title="Template:Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caucasus" title="Template talk:Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaukasus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kaukasus.jpg/135px-Kaukasus.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kaukasus.jpg/203px-Kaukasus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kaukasus.jpg/270px-Kaukasus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="3400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">History of the Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chechnya" title="History of Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kabardino-Balkaria" title="History of Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="History of North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia–Alania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Countries and regions of the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Countries and regions of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and regions of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and regions of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:1em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:left; horizontal-align:left; align:left;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soviet Caucasia"><img alt="Soviet Caucasia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/105px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/158px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/210px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Caucasia</figcaption></figure></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg/23px-Flag_of_Adjara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg/35px-Flag_of_Adjara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg/45px-Flag_of_Adjara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia – Alania</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:right; horizontal-align:right; align:right;"></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> Partially-recognized states</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Europe" title="Template:Regions of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Regions of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#Europe" title="Subregion">Regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltoscandia" title="Baltoscandia">Baltoscandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_Spit" title="Curonian Spit">Curonian Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemunas_Delta" title="Nemunas Delta">Nemunas Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_the_North" title="Cap of the North">Cap of the North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danubian countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine" title="Sloboda Ukraine">Sloboda Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambia_Peninsula" title="Sambia Peninsula">Sambia Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Coast" title="Amber Coast">Amber Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_Spit" title="Curonian Spit">Curonian Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izium_Trail" title="Izium Trail">Izium Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania_Minor" title="Lithuania Minor">Lithuania Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemunas_Delta" title="Nemunas Delta">Nemunas Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Bay" title="Vyborg Bay">Vyborg Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelia" title="East Karelia">East Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokhaniemi" title="Lokhaniemi">Lokhaniemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardia" title="Kabardia">Kabardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_Peninsula" title="Taman Peninsula">Taman Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_European_Plain" title="East European Plain">East European Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryn_Desert" title="Ryn Desert">Ryn Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_the_North" title="Cap of the North">Cap of the North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_European_Plain" title="North European Plain">North European Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_states" title="Alpine states">Alpine states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalia" title="Eastphalia">Eastphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Silesia" title="Czech Silesia">Czech Silesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kashubia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdanubia" title="Transdanubia">Transdanubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polesia" title="Polesia">Polesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Slavica" title="Germania Slavica">Germania Slavica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Plain" title="Upper Rhine Plain">Upper Rhine Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavia_(region)" title="Batavia (region)">Batavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetic_System" title="Baetic System">Baetic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meseta_Central" title="Meseta Central">Meseta Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Padania" title="Padania">Padania</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_Archipelago" title="Tuscan Archipelago">Tuscan Archipelago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Insular Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegadian_Islands" title="Aegadian Islands">Aegadian Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetic_System" title="Baetic System">Baetic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meseta_Central" title="Meseta Central">Meseta Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Arc" title="Gibraltar Arc">Gibraltar Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opuntian_Locris" title="Opuntian Locris">Opuntian Locris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocis_(ancient_region)" title="Phocis (ancient region)">Phocis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaris" title="Megaris">Megaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Chania" title="Gulf of Chania">Gulf of Chania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe#Romance" title="Languages of Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Plain" title="European Plain">European Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Fields" title="Wild Fields">Wild Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">Great Hungarian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Hungarian_Plain" title="Little Hungarian Plain">Little Hungarian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_Lowland" title="Eastern Slovak Lowland">Eastern Slovak Lowland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaronesia" title="Macaronesia">Macaronesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions of Europe</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Europe" title="Template talk:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (only <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistoric Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty#History" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty#History" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia#History" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia#History" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia"> Arsacid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia#History" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Medieval Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia#History" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1453–1829" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1453-1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)#History" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1502-1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1829–1878" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1829-1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#National_awakening:_1880s" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1880-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia#History" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Ages in Azerbaijan">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Stalinist repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_in_Belarus" title="Soviet repressions in Belarus">Soviet repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom#History" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria#History" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Bulgaria" title="Golden Age of Bulgaria">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">1878-1946</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1989">1989-present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#History" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia#History" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Czech lands in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia#History" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526-1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648-1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918-1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia#History" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech resistance against German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic#History" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">1945-1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989-1992</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)#Danish_conquest" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana#History" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estophilia#Estophile_Enlightenment_Period_(1750–1840)" title="Estophilia">Estophile Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">National awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">1920-1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Soviet deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Soviet rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">German occupation of Estonia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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