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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_the_Roman_/_Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_the_Roman_/_Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Within the Roman / Byzantine Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_the_Roman_/_Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Within the Kingdom of Georgia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_domination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_domination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Ottoman domination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_domination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Within Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_Georgian_Democratic_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_Georgian_Democratic_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Within Georgian Democratic Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_Georgian_Democratic_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Within the Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Post-Soviet Georgia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Abkhazia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Abkhazia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 War in Abkhazia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Abkhazia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_cleansing_of_Georgians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_cleansing_of_Georgians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Ethnic cleansing of Georgians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_cleansing_of_Georgians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Post-war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_developments_since_2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_developments_since_2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11.1 Political developments since 2014 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_developments_since_2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Status </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Status subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law_on_occupied_territories_of_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_on_occupied_territories_of_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Law on occupied territories of Georgia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_on_occupied_territories_of_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status-neutral_passports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status-neutral_passports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Status-neutral passports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-neutral_passports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Russian involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 International involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposals_on_entry_into_Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposals_on_entry_into_Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Proposals on entry into Russian Federation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposals_on_entry_into_Russian_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography and climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Politics and government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics and government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Abkhazia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Abkhazia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Republic of Abkhazia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Abkhazia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harmonization_of_laws_with_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harmonization_of_laws_with_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Harmonization of laws with Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harmonization_of_laws_with_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationality_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationality_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Nationality issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationality_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adoption_of_Russian_nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_of_Russian_nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5.1 Adoption of Russian nationality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_of_Russian_nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue_of_ethnic_Georgians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue_of_ethnic_Georgians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5.2 Issue of ethnic Georgians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue_of_ethnic_Georgians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Abkhazia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 172 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-172" aria-hidden="true" > 172 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Азгъей – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Азгъей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Адзыгъэй – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Адзыгъэй" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abchasi%C3%AB" title="Abchasië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Abchasië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%9D%E1%8B%AB" title="አብካዝያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አብካዝያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अबखाजिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अबखाजिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D4%A5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%90%D2%B3%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BD%D2%AD%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аԥсны Аҳәынҭқарра – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аԥсны Аҳәынҭқарра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="حكومة جمهورية أبخازيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حكومة جمهورية أبخازيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhasia" title="Abkhasia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Abkhasia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abcazia" title="Abcazia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Abcazia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhasia" title="Abkhasia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Abkhasia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avek%C3%A1sia" title="Avekásia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Avekásia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абхазия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Абхазия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abxaziya" title="Abxaziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abxaziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آبخازیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آبخازیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আবখাজিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আবখাজিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абхазия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Абхазия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Рэспубліка Абхазія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэспубліка Абхазія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Абхазія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Абхазія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абхазия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Абхазия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abchasien" title="Abchasien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Abchasien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhazija" title="Abhazija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Abhazija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abc%27hazia" title="Abc'hazia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Abc'hazia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Абхази – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Абхази" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkh%C3%A0zia" title="Abkhàzia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abkhàzia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Абхази – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Абхази" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abch%C3%A1zie" title="Abcházie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abcházie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjasia" title="Abjasia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Abjasia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abchasia" title="Abchasia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Abchasia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhasien" title="Abkhasien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abkhasien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abchasien" title="Abchasien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abchasien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhaasia" title="Abhaasia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abhaasia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αμπχαζία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμπχαζία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Абхазия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Абхазия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjasia" title="Abjasia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abjasia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C4%A5azio" title="Abĥazio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abĥazio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="آبخاز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبخاز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkasia" title="Abkasia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Abkasia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_d%27Abkhazie" title="République d'Abkhazie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République d'Abkhazie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Abc%C3%A1is" title="An Abcáis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Abcáis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Abcaaish" title="Yn Abcaaish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Abcaaish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhaziya" title="Abhaziya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Abhaziya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Abchas" title="An Abchas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Abchas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Абхази – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Абхази" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="અબ્ખાજિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અબ્ખાજિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%95%ED%95%98%EC%A7%80%EC%95%BC" title="압하지야 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="압하지야" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աբխազիայի Հանրապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբխազիայի Հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अबख़ाज़िया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अबख़ाज़िया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abchaziska" title="Abchaziska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Abchaziska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhazija" title="Abhazija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Abhazija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhazia" title="Abhazia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Abhazia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Abkhazia" title="Republik Abkhazia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%91%89%E1%91%B2%E1%93%AF%E1%90%8A" title="ᐊᑉᑲᓯᐊ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᑉᑲᓯᐊ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apikasiaq" title="Apikasiaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Apikasiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Абхаз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Абхаз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkas%C3%ADa" title="Abkasía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Abkasía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abcasia" title="Abcasia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abcasia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94" title="אבחזיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבחזיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhasya" title="Abhasya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Abhasya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Хачыпсы – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Хачыпсы" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="აფხაზეთის რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აფხაზეთის რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Абхазия Республикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Абхазия Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhazi" title="Abhazi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Abhazi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abukaziya" title="Abukaziya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Abukaziya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абхазия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Абхазия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebxazya" title="Ebxazya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ebxazya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абхазия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Абхазия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Абхази – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Абхази" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abcasia" title="Abcasia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Abcasia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhazia" title="Abhazia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Abhazia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abascia" title="Abascia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abascia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abh%C4%81zija" title="Abhāzija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Abhāzija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абхазия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Абхазия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abchazija" title="Abchazija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Abchazija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abchazi%C3%AB" title="Abchazië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Abchazië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abcasia" title="Abcasia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Abcasia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abh%C3%A1zia" title="Abházia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Abházia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अबखाजिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अबखाजिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Абхазија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Абхазија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkazia" title="Abkazia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abkazia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="അബ്ഖാസിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അബ്ഖാസിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abka%C5%BCja" title="Abkażja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Abkażja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अबखाझिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अबखाझिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="აფხაზეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აფხაზეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ابخازيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابخازيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آبخازیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آبخازیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Абхаз – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Абхаз" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abchazi%C3%AB" title="Abchazië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abchazië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abchazie" title="Abchazie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Abchazie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अबखाजिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अबखाजिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%8F%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2" title="アブハジア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アブハジア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Абхази – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Абхази" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abchaasien" title="Abchaasien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Abchaasien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repablik_o%27_Abkasiya" title="Repablik o' Abkasiya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Repablik o' Abkasiya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhasia" title="Abkhasia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abkhasia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhasia" title="Abkhasia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Abkhasia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkasia" title="Abkasia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Abkasia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abcazia" title="Abcazia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Abcazia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Абхазий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Абхазий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଆବାଖାଜିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆବାଖାଜିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abxaziya" title="Abxaziya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abxaziya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਅਬਖ਼ਾਜ਼ੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਬਖ਼ਾਜ਼ੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अब्खाजिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="अब्खाजिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ابخازیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابخازیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ابخازيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابخازيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abchazja" title="Abchazja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abchazja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abec%C3%A1sia" title="Abecásia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abecásia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abxaziya" title="Abxaziya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Abxaziya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhaziya_Cumhuriyeti" title="Abhaziya Cumhuriyeti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Abhaziya Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhazia" title="Abhazia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abhazia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Републіка Абхазія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Републіка Абхазія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Республика Абхазия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Республика Абхазия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абхазия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Абхазия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abc%C3%A0sia" title="Abcàsia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Abcàsia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazie" title="Abkhazie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Abkhazie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkazia" title="Abkazia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abkazia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkh%C3%A0zzia" title="Abkhàzzia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Abkhàzzia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ابخازيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابخازيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abch%C3%A1zsko" title="Abcházsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abcházsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhazija" title="Abhazija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abhazija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%EA%99%81%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Абхаꙁїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Абхаꙁїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abchazyj%C5%8F" title="Abchazyjŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Abchazyjŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئەبخازیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەبخازیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Абхазија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Абхазија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhazija" title="Abhazija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abhazija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhasia" title="Abhasia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abhasia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abchazien" title="Abchazien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abchazien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="அப்காசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அப்காசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abxazya" title="Abxazya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Abxazya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abxazya" title="Abxazya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Abxazya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абхазия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Абхазия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A2%E1%82%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%81%B6%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B8%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="ဢႅပ်ႉၶေးၸီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဢႅပ်ႉၶေးၸီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="అబ్‌ఖజియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అబ్‌ఖజియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อับคาเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อับคาเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ҷумҳурии Абхозистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Абхозистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhazya" title="Abhazya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Abhazya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhazi%C3%BDa" title="Abhaziýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Abhaziýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Республика Абхазия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Республика Абхазия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Республіка Абхазія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Республіка Абхазія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ابخازيا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابخازيا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abc%C3%A0zia" title="Abcàzia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Abcàzia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhazii" title="Abhazii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Abhazii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_Abkhazia" title="Chính phủ Cộng hòa Abkhazia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính phủ Cộng hòa Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labkas%C3%A4n" title="Labkasän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Labkasän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Abkhazia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E5%85%B9" title="阿布哈兹 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿布哈兹" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2" title="阿布哈茲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿布哈茲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abxazya" title="Abxazya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Abxazya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abchazi%C3%AB" title="Abchazië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Abchazië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkaz%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Abkazėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Abkazėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2" title="阿布哈茲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿布哈茲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhasi" title="Abhasi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Abhasi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abxazij%C9%99" title="Abxazijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Abxazijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%85%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴰⴱⵅⴰⵣⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴱⵅⴰⵣⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q31354462#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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.geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abkhazia&params=43_N_41_E_type:country">43°N 41°E / 43°N 41°E / 43; 41</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Partially recognised state in the South Caucasus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the early medieval state, see <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os 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.ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Abkhazia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Аԥсны Аҳәынҭқарра (<a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a>)</li><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Aṕsny Ah̦a̋ynţķarra</li><li>Республика Абхазия (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Respublika Abkhaziya</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Abkhazia"><img alt="Flag of Abkhazia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Abkhazia" title="Flag of Abkhazia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Abkhazia"><img alt="Emblem of Abkhazia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="536" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Abkhazia" title="Emblem of Abkhazia">Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: Аиааира (Abkhaz) <a href="/wiki/Aiaaira" title="Aiaaira">Aiaaira</a> "Victory"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="249" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Abkhazia_–_Aiaaira_(Аиааира)_(orchestral_vocal_version).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/National_anthem_of_Abkhazia_%E2%80%93_Aiaaira_%28%D0%90%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%29_%28orchestral_vocal_version%29.ogg/National_anthem_of_Abkhazia_%E2%80%93_Aiaaira_%28%D0%90%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%29_%28orchestral_vocal_version%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source 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data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Abkhaziaorthographicprojection.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abkhazia (green) within Georgia (dark grey)"><img alt="Abkhazia (green) within Georgia (dark grey)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Abkhaziaorthographicprojection.svg/250px-Abkhaziaorthographicprojection.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Abkhaziaorthographicprojection.svg/375px-Abkhaziaorthographicprojection.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Abkhaziaorthographicprojection.svg/500px-Abkhaziaorthographicprojection.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Abkhazia (green) within <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (dark grey)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Partially recognised state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abkhazia&params=43_0_0_N_41_1_40_E_type:city">43°0′0″N 41°1′40″E / 43.00000°N 41.02778°E / 43.00000; 41.02778</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>a</li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">Spoken languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Abkhaz</li><li>Russian</li><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist" style="white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li>Abkhaz</li><li>Abkhazian</li></ul></div></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Politics of Abkhazia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Badra_Gunba" title="Badra Gunba">Badra Gunba</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Abkhazia" title="Vice President of Abkhazia">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Badra Gunba</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valeri_Bganba" title="Valeri Bganba">Valeri Bganba</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia" title="People's Assembly of Abkhazia">People's Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia">Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 1921</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 February 1931</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Abkhazian declaration of sovereignty </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Abkhazian declaration of independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 July 1992</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Act of state independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 October 1999</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Abkhazia" title="Geography of Abkhazia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,664.59<a href="#cite_note-EB-2">[2]</a> km2 (3,345.42 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Abkhazia" title="Demographics of Abkhazia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">244,236<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">180th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2011 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">240,705</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">28.2/km2 (73.0/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">160th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2021 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$270 million<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$1,100</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_apsar" title="Abkhazian apsar">Abkhazian apsar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a>c</li></ul></div> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">RUB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (MSK)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Abkhazia" title="Telephone numbers in Abkhazia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Russia" title="Telephone numbers in Russia">+7</a> 840 / 940 (formerly, <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Abkhazia" title="Telephone numbers in Abkhazia">+995 44</a>)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Abkhazia<a href="#cite_note-7">[n 1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/æbˈkɑːziə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/55\/Abkhazia_pronunciation.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Abkhazia pronunciation.mp3"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Abkhazia_pronunciation.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Abkhazia_pronunciation.mp3" title="File:Abkhazia pronunciation.mp3">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ab-KAH-zee-ə</a>),<a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[7]</a> officially the Republic of Abkhazia,<a href="#cite_note-9">[n 2]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">partially recognised state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, on the eastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, at the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. It covers 8,665 square kilometres (3,346 sq mi) and has a population of around 245,000. Its capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>. The political status of Abkhazia is a central issue of the <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Georgia–Russia relations">Georgia–Russia relations</a>. Abkhazia has been <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognised as an independent state</a> by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>; however, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Georgian government</a> and nearly all <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> member states consider Abkhazia <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Faultlines-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clogg-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karagiannis-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olympics-13">[11]</a> Lacking effective control over the Abkhazian territory, Georgia maintains an Abkhaz <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia">government-in-exile</a>. The region <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">had autonomy</a> within <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Georgia</a> at the time when the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union began to disintegrate</a> in the late 1980s. Simmering ethnic tensions between the <a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhaz</a>—the region's <a href="/wiki/Titular_nation" title="Titular nation">titular ethnicity</a>—and <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>—the largest single ethnic group at that time—culminated in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">1992–1993 War in Abkhazia</a>, which resulted in Georgia's loss of control over most of Abkhazia and the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_of_Georgians_in_Abkhazia" title="Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia">ethnic cleansing of Georgians from Abkhazia</a>. Despite a <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_a_Cease-fire_and_Separation_of_Forces" title="Agreement on a Cease-fire and Separation of Forces">1994 ceasefire agreement</a> and years of negotiations, the dispute remains unresolved. The long-term presence of a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Georgia" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia">United Nations Observer Mission</a> and a Russian-led <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> peacekeeping force failed to prevent the flare-up of violence on several occasions. In August 2008, Abkhaz and Russian forces fought <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">a war</a> against Georgian forces, which led to the formal recognition of Abkhazia by Russia, the annulment of the 1994 ceasefire agreement and the termination of the UN mission. On 23 October 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament of Georgia</a> declared Abkhazia a <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territory</a>, a position shared by most United Nations member states.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> The Russian name Абхазия (Abkhaziya) is adapted from the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> აფხაზეთი (Apkhazeti). Abkhazia's name in English (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/æbˈkɑːziə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/55\/Abkhazia_pronunciation.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Abkhazia pronunciation.mp3"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Abkhazia_pronunciation.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Abkhazia_pronunciation.mp3" title="File:Abkhazia pronunciation.mp3">ⓘ</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ab-KAH-zee-ə</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/æbˈkeɪziə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/55\/Abkhazia_alternate_pronunciation.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Abkhazia alternate pronunciation.mp3"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Abkhazia_alternate_pronunciation.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Abkhazia_alternate_pronunciation.mp3" title="File:Abkhazia alternate pronunciation.mp3">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ab-KAY-zee-ə</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a>) The Abkhaz name Apsny (<a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a>: Аԥсны, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[apʰsˈnɨ]</a>) is etymologised as 'a land of the soul';<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> however, the literal meaning is 'a country of mortals'.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> It possibly first appeared in the seventh century in an Armenian text, perhaps referring to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Apsilae" title="Apsilae">Apsilians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hewitt2013-18">[16]</a> In early Muslim sources, the term Abkhazia was generally used to mean the territory of Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Presumably considered as a successor state of Lazica (Egrisi in Georgian sources), this new polity continued to be referred to as Egrisi in some Byzantine era Georgian and Armenian chronicles (e.g. The Vitae of the Georgian Kings by <a href="/wiki/Leonti_Mroveli" title="Leonti Mroveli">Leonti Mroveli</a> and The History of Armenia by <a href="/wiki/Hovhannes_Draskhanakerttsi" title="Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi">Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> The state is designated as the "Republic of Abkhazia" in its constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-22">[20]</a> On the website of the President of Abkhazia, it says: "The names the Republic of Abkhazia and Apsny are equivalent".<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> Before the 20th century, the region was sometimes referred to in English language sources as Abhasia.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">History of Abkhazia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> Between the 9th and 6th centuries BC, the territory of modern Abkhazia was part of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Colchis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Colchis">Kingdom of Colchis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Around the 6th century BC, the Greeks established trade colonies along the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast of present-day Abkhazia, in particular at <a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pitiunt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical authors</a> described various peoples living in the region and the great multitude of languages they spoke.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> have given accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Abasgoi" title="Abasgoi">Abasgoi</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mushki#Moschoi" title="Mushki">Moschoi</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> peoples somewhere in modern Abkhazia on the eastern shore of the Black Sea. This region was subsequently absorbed in 63 BC into the <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Kingdom of Lazica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> According to an Eastern tradition, <a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a> died in Abkhazia during a missionary trip and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Nicopsis" title="Nicopsis">Nicopsis</a>; his mortal remains were later transferred to <a href="/wiki/New_Athos" title="New Athos">Anacopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_the_Roman_/_Byzantine_Empire">Within the Roman / Byzantine Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Within the Roman / Byzantine Empire">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a> in the 1st century AD; however, the Roman presence was confined to the ports.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abasgoi" title="Abasgoi">Abasgoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apsilae" title="Apsilae">Apsilae</a> peoples were nominal Roman subjects, and there was a small Roman outpost in <a href="/wiki/Dioscurias" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscurias">Dioscurias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Abasgoi likely served in the Roman army in <a href="/wiki/Auxilia#Alae" title="Auxilia">Ala</a> Prima Abasgorum which was stationed in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> After the 4th century Lazica regained a measure of independence, but remained within the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>'s sphere of influence.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anacopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anacopia">Anacopia</a> was the principality's capital. The country was mostly Christian, with the archbishop's seat in <a href="/wiki/Pityus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pityus">Pityus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Stratophilus, the Metropolitan of Pityus, participated in the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Around the middle of the 6th century AD, the Byzantines and the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid Persia</a> fought for supremacy over Abkhazia, a conflict known as the <a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a>. During the war the <a href="/wiki/Abasgoi" title="Abasgoi">Abasgians</a> revolted against the Byzantine Empire and requested Sasanian assistance; the revolt was suppressed by General <a href="/wiki/Bessas_(magister_militum)" title="Bessas (magister militum)">Bessas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdisheli20181–2-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdisheli20181–2-41">[39]</a> An Arab incursion into Abasgia, led by <a href="/wiki/Marwan_II" title="Marwan II">Marwan II</a>, was repelled by <a href="/wiki/Leon_I_of_Abkhazia" title="Leon I of Abkhazia">Prince Leon I</a> jointly with his Lazic and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Iberian</a> allies in 736. Leon I then married <a href="/wiki/Mirian_of_Kakheti" title="Mirian of Kakheti">Mirian</a>'s daughter and a successor, <a href="/wiki/Leon_II_of_Abkhazia" title="Leon II of Abkhazia">King Leon II</a> exploited this dynastic union to acquire <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a> in the 770s.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus_1124_AC_en_alt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Caucasus_1124_AC_en_alt.svg/220px-Caucasus_1124_AC_en_alt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Caucasus_1124_AC_en_alt.svg/330px-Caucasus_1124_AC_en_alt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Caucasus_1124_AC_en_alt.svg/440px-Caucasus_1124_AC_en_alt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Abkhazia was united through dynastic succession with the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> in 1008 when Bagrat II of Abkhazia became <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_III_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat III of Georgia">Bagrat III of Georgia</a>.</figcaption></figure> The successful defence against the Arab Caliphate, and new territorial gains in the east gave the Abasgian princes enough power to claim more autonomy from the Byzantine Empire. Circa 778, Prince Leon II, with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, declared independence from the Byzantine Empire and transferred his residence to <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a>. During this period the Georgian language replaced <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> as the language of literacy and culture.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia">Within the Kingdom of Georgia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Within the Kingdom of Georgia">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a> flourished between 850 and 950 AD, which ended by unification of Abkhazia and eastern Georgian states under a single <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian monarchy</a> ruled by <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_III_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat III of Georgia">King Bagrat III</a> at the end of the 10th century and the beginning of the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Queen Tamar</a>, Georgian chronicles mention <a href="/wiki/Otagho_II_Sharvashidze" title="Otagho II Sharvashidze">Otagho</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Eristavi" title="Eristavi">Eristavi</a> of Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> He was one of the first representatives of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sharvashidze" title="House of Sharvashidze">House of Shervashidze</a> (also known as Chachba) which went on to rule Abkhazia until the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> In the 1240s, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> divided Georgia into eight military-administrative sectors (<a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">tümens</a>). The territory of contemporary Abkhazia formed part of the tümen administered by <a href="/wiki/Tsotne_Dadiani" title="Tsotne Dadiani">Tsotne Dadiani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_domination">Ottoman domination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ottoman domination">edit</a>]</div> In the 16th century, after the break-up of the Georgian Kingdom into small kingdoms and principalities, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a> (nominally a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a>) emerged, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sharvashidze" title="House of Sharvashidze">Shervashidze dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-2">[2]</a> In 1453, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> first attacked <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, and in the 1570s, they had a garrison there. Throughout the 17th century, they continued to launch attacks, leading to the imposition of tribute on Abkhazia. Ottoman influence grew significantly in the 18th century with the construction of a fort in Sukhumi, accompanied by a conversion of the rulers of Abkhazia and many other Abkhaz to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Nonetheless, conflicts between the Abkhaz and Turks persisted.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The spread of Islam in Abkhazia was first evidenced by the Ottoman traveler <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a> in 1641. Despite this, the <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> was more evident in the higher levels of society rather than the general population.<a href="#cite_note-rel-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-apsnyteka.-51">[49]</a> In his work, Çelebi also wrote that the principal tribe of Abkhazian principality, Chách, spoke <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian language</a>, a subset of <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a> (Georgian) languages.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Abkhazia sought protection from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1801 but was declared "an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a>" by the Russians in 1810.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Russia then annexed Abkhazia in 1864, and Abkhaz resistance was quashed as the Russians deported Muslim Abkhaz to Ottoman territories.<a href="#cite_note-EB-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_Russia">Within Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Within Russia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abkhazia_%26_Samurzakan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Abkhazia_%26_Samurzakan.jpg/220px-Abkhazia_%26_Samurzakan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Abkhazia_%26_Samurzakan.jpg/330px-Abkhazia_%26_Samurzakan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Abkhazia_%26_Samurzakan.jpg/440px-Abkhazia_%26_Samurzakan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>The borders of the <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi_District_(Russian_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhumi District (Russian Empire)">Sukhumi District</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi_Governorate" title="Kutaisi Governorate">Kutaisi Governorate</a> in 1899 when Abkhazia was part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the beginning of the 19th century, while the Russians and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> were vying for control of the region, the rulers of Abkhazia shifted back and forth across the religious divide.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> The first attempt to enter into relations with Russia was made by <a href="/wiki/Kelesh_Ahmed-Bey_Sharvashidze" title="Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Sharvashidze">Prince Kelesh-Bey</a> in 1803, shortly after the incorporation of eastern Georgia into the expanding <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Tsarist empire</a> in 1801. However, pro-Ottoman sympathy in Abkhazia prevailed for a short time after Kelesh-Bey was assassinated by his son, <a href="/wiki/Aslan-Bey_Sharvashidze" title="Aslan-Bey Sharvashidze">Aslan-Bey</a>, in 1801.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> On 2 July 1810, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Naval_Infantry" title="Russian Naval Infantry">Russian Marines</a> <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">stormed Sukhum-Kale</a> and had Aslan-Bey replaced with his rival and brother, <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Ali-Bey_Sharvashidze" title="Sefer Ali-Bey Sharvashidze">Sefer Ali-Bey</a>, who had converted to Christianity and assumed the name of George. Abkhazia joined the Russian Empire as an autonomous principality, in 1810.<a href="#cite_note-EB-2">[2]</a> However, Sefer-bey's rule was limited and many mountain regions were as independent as before. Sefer-bey ruled from 1810 to 1821.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> The next <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish war</a> (1828–1829) strongly enhanced the Russian positions, leading to a further split in the Abkhaz elite, mainly along religious divisions. During the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> (1853–1856), Russian forces had to evacuate Abkhazia and Prince <a href="/wiki/Mikhail,_Prince_of_Abkhazia" title="Mikhail, Prince of Abkhazia">Hamud-Bey Sharvashidze-Chachba</a> (Mikhail), who ruled from 1822 to 1864, seemingly switched to the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Later on, the Russian presence strengthened and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">highlanders of Western Caucasia were finally subjugated</a> by Russia in 1864. The autonomy of Abkhazia, which had functioned as a pro-Russian "buffer zone" in this troublesome region, was no longer needed by the Tsarist government and the rule of the Sharvashidze came to an end; in November 1864, Prince Mikhail (Hamud-Bey) was forced to renounce his rights and resettle in <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh, Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Later that same year, Abkhazia was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> as a special military province of Sukhum-Kale which was transformed, in 1883, into an <a href="/wiki/Okrug" title="Okrug">okrug</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi_Governorate" title="Kutaisi Governorate">Kutaisi Governorate</a>. Large numbers of Muslim Abkhazians, said to have constituted as much as 40% of the Abkhazian population, emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> between 1864 and 1878 together with other Muslim populations of the Caucasus, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Muhajirism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abkhaz_and_Georgian_generals_(A).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Abkhaz_and_Georgian_generals_%28A%29.jpg/220px-Abkhaz_and_Georgian_generals_%28A%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Abkhaz_and_Georgian_generals_%28A%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>Abkhaz and Georgian generals in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>, 19th century</figcaption></figure> Large areas of the region were left uninhabited and many <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, Georgians, Russians and others subsequently migrated to Abkhazia, resettling much of the vacated territory.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Some Georgian historians assert that Georgian tribes (<a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a>) had populated Abkhazia since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lortkipanidze-63">[61]</a> By official decision of the Russian authorities, the residents of Abkhazia and <a href="/wiki/Samurzakano" title="Samurzakano">Samurzakano</a> had to study and pray in Russian. After the mass deportation of 1878, Abkhazians were left in the minority, officially branded "guilty people", and had no leader capable of mounting serious opposition to <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tsarism-64">[62]</a> On 17 March 1898, the synodal department of the Russian Orthodox Church of Georgia-Imereti, by Order 2771, again prohibited teaching and the conduct of religious services in Georgian. Mass protests by the Georgian population of Abkhazia and Samurzakano followed, news of which reached the Russian emperor. On 3 September 1898 the <a href="/wiki/Most_Holy_Synod" title="Most Holy Synod">Holy Synod</a> issued Order 4880, which decreed that those parishes where the congregation was Mingrelian (i.e. Georgian), conduct both church services and church education in Georgian, while Abkhazian parishes use <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">old Slavic</a>. In the Sukhumi district, this order was carried out in only three of 42 parishes.<a href="#cite_note-Tsarism-64">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tedo_Sakhokia" title="Tedo Sakhokia">Tedo Sakhokia</a> demanded the Russian authorities introduce Abkhazian and Georgian languages in church services and education. The official response was a criminal case brought against Tedo Sakhokia and leaders of his "Georgian Party" active in Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-Tsarism-64">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_Georgian_Democratic_Republic">Within Georgian Democratic Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Within Georgian Democratic Republic">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Commissariat" title="Transcaucasian Commissariat">Transcaucasian Commissariat</a> was set up in Southern Caucasus, which gradually took steps towards the independence.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Transcaucasia declared its independence from Russia on 9 April 1918 as a <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">federative republic</a>. On 8 May 1918, the Bolsheviks seized power in Abkhazia and disbanded the local Abkhaz People's Council. It requested aid from the Transcausian authorities, which dispatched the Georgian People's Guard and <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_operation" title="Abkhazia operation">defeated the rebels</a> on 17 May.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> On 26 May 1918, Georgia declared independence from the Transcaucasian Federation, which soon dissolved. On 8 June 1918, the Abkhaz People's Council signed a treaty with the Georgian National Council, which confirmed Abkhazia's status as an autonomy within the Georgian Democratic Republic. Georgian army defeated another Bolshevik rebellion in the region. It remained part of Georgia after another Bolshevik revolt and a Turkish expedition were defeated in 1918.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Russian general and a leader of <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a> laid claims on Abkhazia and captured <a href="/wiki/Gagra" title="Gagra">Gagra</a>, but Georgians counter-attacked in April 1919 and retook the city.<a href="#cite_note-nik-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Denikin's <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Army" title="Volunteer Army">Volunteer Army</a> was eventually defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Bolshevik Russia</a> signed an agreement with Georgia in May 1920, recognizing Abkhazia as a part of Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-nik-67">[65]</a> In 1919, a first <a href="/wiki/1919_Abkhazian_People%27s_Council_election" title="1919 Abkhazian People's Council election">election</a> was held to the Abkhaz People's Council. The Council favored being an autonomous region within Georgia, and it lasted until <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a> in February 1921.<a href="#cite_note-MG-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_the_Soviet_Union">Within the Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Within the Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia">Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/220px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/330px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/440px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> Caucasus (1957–91) showing the <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Abkhaz ASSR</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1921, the Bolshevik Red Army <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">invaded Georgia</a> and ended its short-lived independence. Abkhazia was made a socialist Soviet republic (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia">SSR Abkhazia</a>) with the ambiguous status of a "treaty republic" associated with the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-constitution-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> made it an autonomous republic (<a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Abkhaz ASSR</a>) within the Georgian SSR.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-56">[54]</a> Despite its nominal autonomy, it was subjected to strong direct rule from central Soviet authorities. The publishing of materials in Abkhazian dwindled and was eventually stopped altogether; Abkhaz schools were closed in 1945–1946, requiring Abkhaz children to study in the Georgian language.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-jrl-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> This was part of the wider Soviet educational reform launched in all <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Socialist Republic">SSRs</a> in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> The teaching of Abkhaz language was preserved in the new reorganized Abkhaz schools as a mandatory subject by the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Georgia_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Georgia (Soviet Union)">Georgian Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Terror of 1937–38</a>, the ruling elite was purged of Abkhaz and by 1952 over 80% of the 228 top party and government officials and enterprise managers were ethnic Georgians; there remained 34 Abkhaz, 7 Russians and 3 Armenians in these positions.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Georgia_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Georgia (Soviet Union)">Georgian Communist Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Kandid_Charkviani" title="Kandid Charkviani">Kandid Charkviani</a> supported the Georgianization of Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Peasant households from the rest of the Georgian SSR were resettled to Abkhazia, which included the organised settlement of ethnic Georgians.<a href="#cite_note-Reaktion_books-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> About 9,000 peasant households were settled in the underpopulated areas of Abkhazia between 1947 and 1952 and left to fend for themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Reaktion_books-80">[78]</a> The policy of repression was eased after Stalin's death and Beria's execution, and the Abkhaz were given a greater role in the governance of the republic.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-56">[54]</a> As in most of the smaller autonomous republics, the Soviet government encouraged the development of culture and particularly of literature.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> The Abkhazian ASSR was the only autonomous republic in the USSR in which the language of the titular nation (in that case Abkhazian) was confirmed in its constitution as one of its official languages.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">post-war</a> period, the Abkhazian ASSR was dominated by the ethnic Abkhazs, which occupied much more positions in the autonomous republic compared to Georgians. During the late Soviet period, ethnic Abkhazs occupied 41% of the seats in Abkhazian Supreme Soviet, and 67% of the republican ministers were ethnically Abkhaz. Moreover, they held even larger proportion of lower level official posts within the autonomous republic. The first secretary of the communist party in Abkhazia was also ethnically Abkhaz. All of this was despite the fact that Abkhazians made up only 17.8% of the region’s population, while Georgians were 45.7% and other ethnicities (Greeks, Russians, Armenians, etc.) — 36,5%.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_Georgia">Post-Soviet Georgia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet Georgia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Abkhaz_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian–Abkhaz conflict">Georgian–Abkhaz conflict</a></div> As the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> began to disintegrate at the end of the 1980s, ethnic tensions grew between the Abkhaz and Georgians over Georgia's moves towards independence. Many Abkhaz opposed this, fearing that an independent Georgia would lead to the elimination of their autonomy, and argued instead for the establishment of Abkhazia as a separate Soviet republic in its own right. With the onset of <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>, the agenda of Abkhaz nationalists became more radical and exclusive.<a href="#cite_note-auto-85">[83]</a> In 1988, they began to ask for the reinstatement of Abkhazia's former status of <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Union Republic</a>, as the submission of Abkhazia to another Union Republic was not considered to give enough guarantees of their development.<a href="#cite_note-auto-85">[83]</a> They justified their request by referring to the Leninist tradition of the right of nations to self-determination, which they asserted was violated when Abkhazia's sovereignty was curtailed in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-auto-85">[83]</a> In June 1988, a manifesto defending Abkhaz distinctiveness (known as the <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Letter" title="Abkhazian Letter">Abkhaz Letter</a>) was sent to Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Georgian–Abkhaz <a href="/wiki/1989_Sukhumi_riots" title="1989 Sukhumi riots">dispute turned violent</a> on 16 July 1989 in Sukhumi. Numerous Georgians were killed or injured when they tried to enroll in a Georgian university instead of an Abkhaz one. After several days of violence, Soviet troops restored order in the city.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In March 1990, Georgia declared sovereignty, unilaterally nullifying treaties concluded by the Soviet government since 1921 and thereby moving closer to independence. The Republic of Georgia boycotted the 17 March 1991 <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_Union_referendum" title="1991 Soviet Union referendum">all-Union referendum</a> on the renewal of the Soviet Union called by Gorbachev; however, 52.3% of Abkhazia's population (almost all of the ethnic non-Georgian population) took part in the referendum and voted by an overwhelming majority (98.6%) to preserve the Union.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Most ethnic non-Georgians in Abkhazia later boycotted a 31 March <a href="/wiki/1991_Georgian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Georgian independence referendum">referendum on Georgia's independence</a>, which was supported by a huge majority of Georgia's population. Within weeks, Georgia declared independence on 9 April 1991, under former Soviet dissident <a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Zviad Gamsakhurdia</a>. Under Gamsakhurdia, the situation was relatively calm in Abkhazia and a power-sharing agreement was soon reached between the Abkhaz and Georgian factions, granting to the Abkhaz a certain over-representation in the local legislature.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Gamsakhurdia's rule was soon challenged by armed opposition groups, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Tengiz_Kitovani" title="Tengiz Kitovani">Tengiz Kitovani</a>, that forced him to flee the country in a <a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_Georgian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état">military coup</a> in January 1992. Gamsakhurdia was replaced by former <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Georgian</a> leader and Soviet foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a>, who became the country's head of state.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> On 21 February 1992, Georgia's ruling military council announced that it was abolishing the Soviet-era constitution and restoring the 1921 Constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a>. Many Abkhaz interpreted this as an abolition of their autonomous status, although the 1921 constitution contained a provision for the region's autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> On 23 July 1992, the Abkhaz faction in the republic's Supreme Council declared effective independence from Georgia, although the session was boycotted by ethnic Georgian deputies and the gesture went unrecognised by any other country. The Abkhaz leadership launched a campaign of ousting Georgian officials from their offices, a process which was accompanied by violence. In the meantime, the Abkhaz leader <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Ardzinba" title="Vladislav Ardzinba">Vladislav Ardzinba</a> intensified his ties with hard-line Russian politicians and military elite and declared he was ready for a war with Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-Svante-92">[90]</a> To respond to this situation, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a>, new leader of Georgia, had interrupted his trip to Western Georgia, where the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a> had been going on between his government and supporters of former President <a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Zviad Gamsakhurdia</a>, ousted during the <a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_Georgian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état">December 1991 Coup</a>. Shevardnadze announced that the Abkhaz faction took the decision without considering the opinion of the majority of population in Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Abkhazia">War in Abkhazia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: War in Abkhazia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%9393)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–93)">War in Abkhazia (1992–93)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1993_Georgia_war1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1993_Georgia_war1.svg/220px-1993_Georgia_war1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1993_Georgia_war1.svg/330px-1993_Georgia_war1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1993_Georgia_war1.svg/440px-1993_Georgia_war1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a> in August–October 1993</figcaption></figure> In August 1992, <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">war broke out</a> when the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Georgia" title="National Guard of Georgia">National Guard of Georgia</a> entered Abkhazia to free captive Georgian officials,<a href="#cite_note-petersen-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2010157–158-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoene2010150-96">[94]</a> and to reopen the railway line.<a href="#cite_note-nalbandov-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-ceiig-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009116-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2010157–158-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Abkhaz troops were the first to open fire.<a href="#cite_note-petersen-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009116-99">[97]</a> Abkhaz separatist government retreated to <a href="/wiki/Gudauta" title="Gudauta">Gudauta</a> where the Russian military base was located.<a href="#cite_note-petersen-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2010157–158-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoene2010150-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell2001159-103">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> reported the ethnic-based violence against Georgians in Gudauta.<a href="#cite_note-C.Dale-104">[102]</a> The Abkhaz were relatively unarmed at the time and the Georgian troops were able to march into the capital Sukhumi with relatively little resistance<a href="#cite_note-mirsky1-105">[103]</a> and subsequently engaged in ethnically based pillage, looting, assault, and murder.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> The Abkhaz military defeat was met with a hostile response by the self-styled <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Mountain_Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" title="Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus">Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_organization" title="Umbrella organization">umbrella group</a> uniting a number of movements in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, including elements of <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> and hundreds of volunteer paramilitaries and mercenaries from Russia, including the then-little-known <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a>, later a leader of the anti-Moscow Chechen secessionists. They sided with the Abkhaz separatists to fight against the Georgian government. Russian military did not impede the crossing of the Russia-Georgia border by the North Caucasian militants into Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell2001338-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoene2010150-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2010160-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-petersen-94">[92]</a> In the case of Basayev, it has been suggested that when he and the members of his battalion came to Abkhazia, they received training by the Russian Army (though others dispute this), presenting another possible motive.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> on September 25, 1992, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Russian Supreme Council</a> (parliament) passed a resolution which condemned Georgia, supported Abkhazia and called for the suspension of the delivery of any weapons and equipment to Georgia and the deployment of a Russian peacekeeping force in Abkhazia. It was sponsored by a <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalist</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Baburin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Baburin">Sergei Baburin</a>, a Russian deputy who met <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Ardzinba" title="Vladislav Ardzinba">Vladislav Ardzinba</a> and argued that he was not that much sure that Abkhazia was part of Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> In October, the Abkhaz and North Caucasian paramilitaries mounted a major <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gagra" title="Battle of Gagra">offensive against Gagra</a> after breaking a cease-fire, which drove the Georgian forces out of large swathes of the republic. Shevardnadze's government accused Russia of giving covert military support to the rebels with the aim of "detaching from Georgia its native territory and the Georgia-Russian frontier land". 1992 ended with the rebels in control of much of Abkhazia northwest of Sukhumi.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The conflict was in stalemate until July 1993, when Abkhaz separatist militias launched an abortive attack on Georgian-held Sukhumi. They surrounded and heavily shelled the capital, where Shevardnadze was trapped. The warring sides <a href="/wiki/Sochi_agreement" title="Sochi agreement">agreed to a Russian-brokered truce in Sochi</a> at the end of July. But the ceasefire broke down again on 16 September 1993. Abkhaz forces, with armed support from outside Abkhazia, launched attacks on Sukhumi and Ochamchira. Notwithstanding UN Security Council's call for the immediate cessation of hostilities and its condemnation of the violation of the ceasefire by the Abkhaz side, fighting continued.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> After ten days of heavy fighting, Sukhumi was taken by Abkhazian forces on 27 September 1993. Shevardnadze narrowly escaped death, after vowing to stay in the city no matter what. He changed his mind, however, and decided to flee when separatist snipers fired on the hotel where he was staying. Abkhaz, North Caucasian militants, and their allies committed numerous atrocities<a href="#cite_note-hrwreport-112">[110]</a> against the city's remaining ethnic Georgians, in what has been dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_of_Georgians_in_Sukhumi" title="Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Sukhumi">Sukhumi Massacre</a>. The mass killings and destruction continued for two weeks, leaving thousands dead and missing.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Abkhaz forces quickly overran the rest of Abkhazia as the Georgian government faced a second threat; an uprising by the supporters of the deposed Zviad Gamsakhurdia in the region of Mingrelia (Samegrelo). Only a small region of eastern Abkhazia, the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Abkhazia" title="Upper Abkhazia">upper Kodori gorge</a>, remained under Georgian control (until 2008).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the war, gross human rights violations were reported on both sides (see <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report).<a href="#cite_note-hrwreport-112">[110]</a> Georgian troops have been accused of having committed looting<a href="#cite_note-mirsky1-105">[103]</a> and murders "for the purpose of terrorising, robbing and driving the Abkhaz population out of their homes"<a href="#cite_note-hrwreport-112">[110]</a> in the first phase of the war (according to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>), while Georgia blames the Abkhaz forces and their allies for the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia, which has also been recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> (OSCE) Summits in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> (1994),<a href="#cite_note-osce1-113">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (1996)<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (1999).<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_cleansing_of_Georgians">Ethnic cleansing of Georgians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ethnic cleansing of Georgians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_of_Georgians_in_Abkhazia" title="Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia">Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abkhazia_genocide_anniversary_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Abkhazia_genocide_anniversary_2005.jpg/220px-Abkhazia_genocide_anniversary_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Abkhazia_genocide_anniversary_2005.jpg/330px-Abkhazia_genocide_anniversary_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Abkhazia_genocide_anniversary_2005.jpg/440px-Abkhazia_genocide_anniversary_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Exhibition at the 2005 commemoration of the ethnic cleansing in Abkhazia, held on its 12th anniversary in Tbilisi.</figcaption></figure> Before the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">1992 War in Abkhazia</a>, Georgians made up nearly half of Abkhazia's population, while less than one-fifth of the population was <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz people">Abkhaz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-censuses2-116">[114]</a> As the war progressed, confronted with hundreds of thousands of ethnic Georgians who were unwilling to leave their homes, the Abkhaz separatists implemented the process of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> in order to expel and eliminate the Georgian ethnic population in Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> About 5,000 were killed, 400 went missing<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> and up to 250,000 ethnic Georgians were expelled from their homes.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>, as of 2006 slightly over 200,000 Georgians remained displaced in Georgia proper.<a href="#cite_note-Abkhazia_Today-121">[119]</a> The campaign of ethnic cleansing also included Russians, Armenians, Greeks, moderate Abkhaz and other minor ethnic groups living in Abkhazia. More than 20,000 houses owned by ethnic Georgians were destroyed. Hundreds of schools, kindergartens, churches, hospitals, and historical monuments were pillaged and destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Following the process of ethnic cleansing and mass expulsion, the population of Abkhazia has been reduced to 216,000, from 525,000 in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">Pogroms</a> against ethnic Georgians organized by Abkhaz leaders continued even after the end of war, as far as February 1995.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Of about 250,000 Georgian refugees, some 60,000 subsequently returned to Abkhazia's <a href="/wiki/Gali_District,_Abkhazia" title="Gali District, Abkhazia">Gali District</a> between 1994 and 1998, but tens of thousands were displaced again when fighting resumed in the Gali District in 1998. Nevertheless, between 40,000 and 60,000 refugees have returned to the Gali District since 1998, including persons commuting daily across the ceasefire line and those migrating seasonally in accordance with agricultural cycles.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> The human rights situation remained precarious for a while in the Georgian-populated areas of the Gali District. The United Nations and other international organisations have been fruitlessly urging the Abkhaz de facto authorities "to refrain from adopting measures incompatible with the right to return and with international human rights standards, such as discriminatory legislation... [and] to cooperate in the establishment of a permanent international human rights office in Gali and to admit United Nations civilian police without further delay."<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Key officials of the Gali District are virtually all ethnic Abkhaz, though their support staff are ethnic Georgian.<a href="#cite_note-Today-127">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war">Post-war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post-war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Abkhaz_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian–Abkhaz conflict">Georgian–Abkhaz conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apsua_Holding_Apsny_Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Apsua_Holding_Apsny_Flag.jpg/220px-Apsua_Holding_Apsny_Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Apsua_Holding_Apsny_Flag.jpg/330px-Apsua_Holding_Apsny_Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Apsua_Holding_Apsny_Flag.jpg/440px-Apsua_Holding_Apsny_Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Abkhazians carrying the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Abkhazia" title="Flag of Abkhazia">republic's flags</a> in a parade</figcaption></figure> Presidential elections were held in Abkhazia on 3 October 2004. Russia supported <a href="/wiki/Raul_Khajimba" title="Raul Khajimba">Raul Khajimba</a>, the prime minister backed by the ailing outgoing separatist President <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Ardzinba" title="Vladislav Ardzinba">Vladislav Ardzinba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> Posters of Russia's President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> together with Khajimba, who, like Putin, had worked as a <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> official, were everywhere in Sukhumi.<a href="#cite_note-kkuzel62425-129">[127]</a> Deputies of Russia's parliament and Russian singers, led by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kobzon" title="Joseph Kobzon">Joseph Cobsohn</a>, a State Duma deputy and a popular singer, came to Abkhazia, campaigning for Khajimba.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> However, Khajimba lost the elections to <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bagapsh" title="Sergei Bagapsh">Sergei Bagapsh</a>. The tense situation in the republic led to the cancellation of the election results by the Supreme Court. After that, a deal was struck between former rivals to run jointly, with Bagapsh as a presidential candidate and Khajimba as a vice-presidential candidate. They received more than 90% of the votes in the new election.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> In July 2006, Georgian forces launched a successful police operation against the rebelled administrator of the Georgian-populated <a href="/wiki/Kodori_Valley" title="Kodori Valley">Kodori Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emzar_Kvitsiani" title="Emzar Kvitsiani">Emzar Kvitsiani</a>. Kvitsiani had been appointed by the previous president of Georgia <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a> and refused to recognise the authority of president <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a>, who succeeded Shevardnadze after the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a>. Although Kvitsiani escaped capture by Georgian police, the Kodori Gorge was brought back under the control of the central government in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Sporadic acts of violence continued throughout the postwar years. Despite the peacekeeping status of the Russian peacekeepers in Abkhazia, Georgian officials routinely claimed that Russian peacekeepers were inciting violence by supplying Abkhaz rebels with arms and financial support. Russian support of Abkhazia became pronounced when the <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a> became the <a href="/wiki/De_facto_currency" title="De facto currency">de facto currency</a> and Russia began issuing passports to the population of Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Georgia has also accused Russia of violating its airspace by sending helicopters to <a href="/wiki/2007_Georgia_helicopter_incident" title="2007 Georgia helicopter incident">attack Georgian-controlled towns in the Kodori Gorge</a>. In April 2008, a Russian MiG – prohibited from Georgian airspace, including Abkhazia – shot down a Georgian <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pitsunda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pitsunda.JPG/220px-Pitsunda.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pitsunda.JPG/330px-Pitsunda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pitsunda.JPG/440px-Pitsunda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Seaside in <a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pitsunda</a>, Abkhazia in 2006</figcaption></figure> On 9 August 2008, Abkhazian forces fired on Georgian forces in <a href="/wiki/Kodori_Valley" title="Kodori Valley">Kodori Gorge</a>. This coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">2008 South Ossetia war</a> where Russia decided to support the Ossetian separatists who had been attacked by Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> The conflict escalated into a full-scale war between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Georgia. On 10 August 2008, an estimated 9,000 Russian soldiers entered Abkhazia ostensibly to reinforce the Russian peacekeepers in the republic. About 1,000 Abkhazian soldiers moved to expel the residual Georgian forces within Abkhazia in the Upper Kodori Gorge.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> By 12 August the Georgian forces and civilians had evacuated the last part of Abkhazia under Georgian government control. Russia recognised the <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">independence of Abkhazia</a> on 26 August 2008.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> This was followed by the annulment of the 1994 ceasefire agreement and the termination of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Georgia" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia">UN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a> monitoring missions.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> On 28 August 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament of Georgia</a> passed a resolution declaring Abkhazia a Russian-occupied territory.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Since independence was recognised by Russia, a series of controversial agreements were made between the Abkhazian government and the Russian Federation that leased or sold a number of key state assets and relinquished control over the borders. In May 2009 several opposition parties and war veteran groups protested against these deals complaining that they undermined state sovereignty and risked exchanging one colonial power (Georgia) for another (Russia).<a href="#cite_note-rfe-143">[141]</a> The vice-president, Raul Khajimba, resigned on 28 May saying he agreed with the criticism the opposition had made.<a href="#cite_note-apress0528-144">[142]</a> Subsequently, a conference of opposition parties nominated Raul Khajimba as their candidate in the December 2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Abkhazian_presidential_election" title="2009 Abkhazian presidential election">Abkhazian presidential election</a> won by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bagapsh" title="Sergei Bagapsh">Sergei Bagapsh</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_developments_since_2014">Political developments since 2014</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political developments since 2014">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Revolution" title="Abkhazian Revolution">Abkhazian Revolution</a></div> In the spring of 2014, the opposition submitted an ultimatum to President <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ankvab" title="Alexander Ankvab">Aleksandr Ankvab</a> to dismiss the government and make radical reforms.<a href="#cite_note-khadzhimba-145">[143]</a> On 27 May 2014, in the centre of <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, 10,000 supporters of the Abkhaz opposition gathered for a mass demonstration.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> On the same day, Ankvab's headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a> was stormed by opposition groups led by <a href="/wiki/Raul_Khajimba" title="Raul Khajimba">Raul Khajimba</a>, forcing him into flight to <a href="/wiki/Gudauta" title="Gudauta">Gudauta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> The opposition claimed that the protests were sparked by poverty, but the main point of contention was President Ankvab's liberal policy towards ethnic Georgians in the <a href="/wiki/Gali_District,_Abkhazia" title="Gali District, Abkhazia">Gali region</a>. The opposition said these policies could endanger Abkhazia's ethnic Abkhazian identity.<a href="#cite_note-khadzhimba-145">[143]</a> After Ankvab fled the capital, on 31 May, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia" title="People's Assembly of Abkhazia">People's Assembly of Abkhazia</a> appointed parliamentary speaker <a href="/wiki/Valeri_Bganba" title="Valeri Bganba">Valery Bganba</a> as acting president, declaring Ankvab unable to serve. It also decided to hold an early presidential election on 24 August 2014.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Ankvab soon declared his formal resignation, although he accused his opponents of acting immorally and violating the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Raul Khajimba was later <a href="/wiki/2014_Abkhazian_presidential_election" title="2014 Abkhazian presidential election">elected president</a>, taking office in September 2014.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> In November 2014, Vladimir Putin moved to formalise the Abkhazian military's relationship as part of the Russian armed forces, signing a treaty with Khajimba.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> The Georgian government denounced the agreement as "a step towards annexation".<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> In December 2021, there was <a href="/wiki/2021_Abkhazia_unrest" title="2021 Abkhazia unrest">unrest</a> in the territory.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Status">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia_high_detail_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Georgia_high_detail_map.png/220px-Georgia_high_detail_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Georgia_high_detail_map.png/330px-Georgia_high_detail_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Georgia_high_detail_map.png/440px-Georgia_high_detail_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Map of Georgia highlighting Abkhazia (green) and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> (purple)</figcaption></figure> Abkhazia, <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> are post-Soviet "<a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">frozen conflict</a>" zones.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> These three states maintain friendly relations with each other and form the <a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-recognition1-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> Russia and Nicaragua officially recognised Abkhazia after the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a>. Venezuela recognised Abkhazia in September 2009.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> In December 2009, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> recognised Abkhazia, reportedly in return for $50 million in humanitarian aid from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> The unrecognised republic of Transnistria and the partially recognised republic of South Ossetia have recognised Abkhazia since 2006. Abkhazia is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a> (UNPO).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A majority of sovereign states recognise Abkhazia as an integral part of Georgia and support its <a href="/wiki/Territorial_integrity" title="Territorial integrity">territorial integrity</a> according to the principles of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, although Belarus has expressed sympathy toward the recognition of Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> Some have officially noted Abkhazia as under <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">occupation by the Russian military</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> The United Nations has been urging both sides to settle the dispute through diplomatic dialogue and ratifying the final status of Abkhazia in the Georgian constitution.<a href="#cite_note-hrwreport-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> However, the Abkhaz de facto government considers Abkhazia a sovereign country even if it is recognised by few other countries. In early 2000, then-UN Special Representative of the Secretary General Dieter Boden and the Group of Friends of Georgia, consisting of the representatives of Russia, the United States, Britain, France, and Germany, drafted and informally presented a document to the parties outlining a possible distribution of competencies between the Abkhaz and Georgian authorities, based on core respect for Georgian territorial integrity. The Abkhaz side, however, has never accepted the paper as a basis for negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> Eventually, Russia also withdrew its approval of the document.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> In 2005 and 2008, the Georgian government offered Abkhazia a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> and possible <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal structure</a> within the borders and <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> of Georgia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 18 October 2006, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia" title="People's Assembly of Abkhazia">People's Assembly of Abkhazia</a> passed a resolution, calling upon Russia, international organisations and the rest of the international community to recognise Abkhaz independence on the basis that Abkhazia possesses all the properties of an independent state.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> The United Nations has reaffirmed "the commitment of all Member States to the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Georgia within its internationally recognised borders" and outlined the basic principles of conflict resolution which call for immediate return of all displaced persons and for non-resumption of hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Georgia accuses the Abkhaz secessionists of having conducted a deliberate campaign of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of up to 250,000 Georgians, a claim supported by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE; Budapest, Lisbon and Istanbul declaration).<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> The UN Security Council has avoided the use of the term "ethnic cleansing" but has affirmed "the unacceptability of the demographic changes resulting from the conflict".<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> On 15 May 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> adopted a non-binding resolution recognising the right of all refugees (including victims of reported "ethnic cleansing") to return to Abkhazia and to retain or regain their property rights there. It "regretted" the attempts to alter pre-war demographic composition and called for the "rapid development of a timetable to ensure the prompt voluntary return of all refugees and internally displaced persons to their homes."<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> On 28 March 2008, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President of Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> unveiled his government's new proposals to Abkhazia: the broadest possible autonomy within the framework of a Georgian state, a joint free economic zone, representation in the central authorities including the post of vice-president with the right to veto Abkhaz-related decisions.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> The Abkhaz leader <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bagapsh" title="Sergei Bagapsh">Sergei Bagapsh</a> rejected these new initiatives as "propaganda", leading to Georgia's complaints that this skepticism was "triggered by Russia, rather than by real mood of the Abkhaz people."<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Russia_in_Sukhumi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Embassy_of_Russia_in_Sukhumi.jpg/220px-Embassy_of_Russia_in_Sukhumi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Embassy_of_Russia_in_Sukhumi.jpg/330px-Embassy_of_Russia_in_Sukhumi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Embassy_of_Russia_in_Sukhumi.jpg/440px-Embassy_of_Russia_in_Sukhumi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>The Russian embassy in Sukhumi</figcaption></figure> On 3 July 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE Parliamentary Assembly</a> passed a resolution at its annual session in <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, expressing concern over Russia's recent moves in breakaway Abkhazia. The resolution calls on the Russian authorities to refrain from maintaining ties with the breakaway regions "in any manner that would constitute a challenge to the sovereignty of Georgia" and also urges Russia "to abide by OSCE standards and generally accepted international norms with respect to the threat or use of force to resolve conflicts in relations with other participating States."<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> On 9 July 2012, the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly passed a resolution at its annual session in <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, underlining Georgia's territorial integrity and referring to breakaway Abkhazia and South Ossetia as "occupied territories". The resolution "urges the Government and the Parliament of the Russian Federation, as well as the de facto authorities of Abkhazia, Georgia and South Ossetia, Georgia, to allow the European Union Monitoring Mission unimpeded access to the occupied territories." It also says that the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly is "concerned about the humanitarian situation of the displaced persons both in Georgia and in the occupied territories of Abkhazia, Georgia and South Ossetia, Georgia, as well as the denial of the right of return to their places of living." The Assembly is the parliamentary dimension of the OSCE with 320 lawmakers from the organisation's 57 participating states, including Russia.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_on_occupied_territories_of_Georgia">Law on occupied territories of Georgia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Law on occupied territories of Georgia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occupied_territories_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied territories of Georgia">Occupied territories of Georgia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Abkhazia_August_2010-7.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Abkhazia_August_2010-7.jpeg/260px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Abkhazia_August_2010-7.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Abkhazia_August_2010-7.jpeg/390px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Abkhazia_August_2010-7.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Abkhazia_August_2010-7.jpeg/520px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Abkhazia_August_2010-7.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> (centre, with dark tie) visited the Russian military base in Gudauta in 2010</figcaption></figure> In late October 2008 President Saakashvili signed into law legislation on the occupied territories passed by the Georgian Parliament. The law covers the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and <a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a> (territories of former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast).<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> The law spells out restrictions on free movement and economic activity in the territories. In particular, according to the law, foreign citizens should enter the two breakaway regions only through Georgia proper. Entry into Abkhazia should be carried out from the <a href="/wiki/Zugdidi_Municipality" title="Zugdidi Municipality">Zugdidi Municipality</a> and into South Ossetia from the <a href="/wiki/Gori_Municipality" title="Gori Municipality">Gori Municipality</a>. The major road leading to South Ossetia from the rest of Georgia passes through the Gori District.<a href="#cite_note-georgia-law-179">[177]</a> The legislation, however, also lists "special" cases in which entry into the breakaway regions will not be regarded as illegal. It stipulates that a special permit on entry into the breakaway regions can be issued if the trip there "serves Georgia's state interests; peaceful resolution of the conflict; de-occupation or humanitarian purposes." The law also bans any type of economic activity – entrepreneurial or non-entrepreneurial, if such activities require permits, licences or registration in accordance with Georgian legislation. It also bans air, sea and railway communications and international transit via the regions, mineral exploration and money transfers. The provision covering economic activities is retroactive, going back to 1990.<a href="#cite_note-georgia-law-179">[177]</a> The law says that the Russian Federation – the state which has carried out military occupation – is fully responsible for the violation of human rights in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The Russian Federation, according to the document, is also responsible for compensation of material and moral damage inflicted on Georgian citizens, stateless persons and foreign citizens, who are in Georgia and enter the occupied territories with appropriate permits. The law also says that de facto state agencies and officials operating in the occupied territories are regarded by Georgia as illegal. The law will remain in force until "the full restoration of Georgian jurisdiction" over the breakaway regions is realised.<a href="#cite_note-georgia-law-179">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status-neutral_passports">Status-neutral passports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Status-neutral passports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_passport" title="Abkhazian passport">Abkhazian passport</a></div> According to a 2006 report, Georgia considers all residents of Abkhazia its citizens, while they see themselves as Abkhaz citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Abkhazia_Today-121">[119]</a> In the summer of 2011, the Parliament of Georgia adopted a package of legislative amendments providing for the issuance of neutral identification and travel documents to residents of Abkhazia and the former South Ossetian autonomous province of Georgia. The document allows travelling abroad as well as enjoying social benefits existing in Georgia. The new neutral identification and travel documents were called "neutral passports".<a href="#cite_note-Neutral_Passports-180">[178]</a> The status-neutral passports do not carry state symbols of Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-:2-181">[179]</a> Abkhazia's foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Chirikba" title="Viacheslav Chirikba">Viacheslav Chirikba</a>, criticised the status-neutral passports and called their introduction "unacceptable".<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> Some Abkhazian residents with Russian passports were being denied <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen visas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-181">[179]</a> As of May 2013, neutral documents have been recognised by Japan, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, the United States, Bulgaria, Poland, Israel, Estonia and Romania.<a href="#cite_note-Neutral_Passports-180">[178]</a> According to Russian media, the President of the Republic of Abkhazia, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ankvab" title="Alexander Ankvab">Alexander Ankvab</a> threatened international organisations that accepted neutral passports, saying during a meeting with the leadership of the foreign ministry that "international organizations that suggest the so-called neutral passports, will leave Abkhazia."<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_involvement">Russian involvement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Russian involvement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_17_September_2008-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dmitry_Medvedev_17_September_2008-3.jpg/220px-Dmitry_Medvedev_17_September_2008-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dmitry_Medvedev_17_September_2008-3.jpg/330px-Dmitry_Medvedev_17_September_2008-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dmitry_Medvedev_17_September_2008-3.jpg/440px-Dmitry_Medvedev_17_September_2008-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>The leaders of Abkhazia, Russia and South Ossetia, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/2008_South_Ossetia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 South Ossetia War">2008 war</a>. Left to right: South Ossetian President <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Kokoity" title="Eduard Kokoity">Eduard Kokoity</a>; <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Russian Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a>; Abkhazian President <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bagapsh" title="Sergei Bagapsh">Sergei Bagapsh</a>.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Georgian–Abkhaz conflict</a>, the Russian authorities and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">military</a> supplied logistical and military aid to the separatist side.<a href="#cite_note-hrwreport-112">[110]</a> Today, Russia still maintains a strong political and military influence over separatist rule in Abkhazia. Russia has also issued passports to the citizens of Abkhazia since 2000 (as Abkhazian passports cannot be used for international travel) and subsequently paid them retirement pensions and other monetary benefits. More than 80% of the Abkhazian population had received Russian passports by 2006. As Russian citizens living abroad, Abkhazians do not pay Russian taxes or serve in the Russian Army.<a href="#cite_note-crisisgroup-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> About 53,000 Abkhazian passports have been issued as of May 2007.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Moscow, at certain times, hinted that it might recognise Abkhazia and South Ossetia when Western countries recognised the independence of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, suggesting that they had created a <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_independence_precedent" title="Kosovo independence precedent">precedent</a>. Following Kosovo's declaration of independence, the Russian parliament released a joint statement reading: "Now that the situation in Kosovo has become an international precedent, Russia should take into account the Kosovo scenario... when considering ongoing territorial conflicts."<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Initially Russia continued to delay recognition of both of these republics. However, on 16 April 2008, the outgoing Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> instructed his government to establish official ties with South Ossetia and Abkhazia, leading to Georgia's condemnation of what it described as an attempt at "de facto annexation"<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> and criticism from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, NATO, and several Western governments.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Later in April 2008, Russia accused Georgia of trying to exploit NATO support in order to control Abkhazia by force and announced it would increase its military presence in the region, pledging to retaliate militarily against Georgia's efforts. The Georgian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lado_Gurgenidze" title="Lado Gurgenidze">Lado Gurgenidze</a> said Georgia will treat any additional troops in Abkhazia as "aggressors".<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> In response to the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" title="Federal Assembly (Russia)">Federal Assembly of Russia</a> called an extraordinary session for 25 August 2008 to discuss recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Following a unanimous resolution that was passed by both houses of the parliament calling on the Russian president to recognise independence of the breakaway republics,<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Russian president, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a>, officially recognised both on 26 August 2008.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Russian recognition<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> was condemned by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> nations, OSCE and <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> nations<a href="#cite_note-civil.ge-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-civil-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-civil2-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> due to "violation of <a href="/wiki/Territorial_integrity" title="Territorial integrity">territorial integrity</a> and international law".<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> stated that sovereign states have to decide themselves whether they want to recognise the independence of disputed regions.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Russia has started work on the establishment of a naval base in Ochamchire by dredging the coast to allow the passage of their larger naval vessels.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> As a response to the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_sea_blockade_of_Abkhazia" title="Georgian sea blockade of Abkhazia">Georgian sea blockade of Abkhazia</a>, in which the Georgian coast guard had been detaining ships heading to and from Abkhazia, Russia warned Georgia against ship seizures and said that a unit of Russian guard boats would provide security for ships bound to Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-civil1-204">[202]</a> The extent of Russian influence in Abkhazia has caused some locals to say Abkhazia is under full Russian control, but they still prefer Russian influence over Georgian.<a href="#cite_note-Perils-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-SpyRepublic-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-PanIntoFire-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-InterestsDiverge-208">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_involvement">International involvement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: International involvement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption>Border checkpoint on the <a href="/wiki/Psou_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Psou River">Psou River</a></figcaption></figure> The UN has played various roles during the conflict and peace process: a military role through its observer mission (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Georgia" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia">UNOMIG</a>); dual diplomatic roles through the Security Council and the appointment of a special envoy, succeeded by a special representative to the secretary-general; a humanitarian role (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">UNOCHA</a>); a development role (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a>); a human rights role (<a href="/wiki/UNHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCHR">UNHCHR</a>); and a low-key capacity and confidence-building role (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers" title="United Nations Volunteers">UNV</a>). The UN's position has been that there will be no forcible change in international borders. Any settlement must be freely negotiated and based on autonomy for Abkhazia legitimised by referendum under international observation once the multi-ethnic population has returned.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> The OSCE has increasingly engaged in dialogue with officials and civil society representatives in Abkhazia, especially from <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organisations</a> (NGO)s and the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Abkhazia" title="Mass media in Abkhazia">media</a>, regarding human dimension standards in the region and is considering a presence in Gali. The OSCE expressed concern and condemnation over ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia during the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> Summit decision<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> and later at the Lisbon Summit Declaration in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> The US rejects the unilateral secession of Abkhazia and urges its integration into Georgia as an autonomous unit. In 1998 the US announced its readiness to allocate up to $15 million for rehabilitation of infrastructure in the Gali region if substantial progress is made in the peace process. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a> has already funded some humanitarian initiatives for Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> On 22 August 2006, Senator <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a>, then visiting Georgia's capital Tbilisi, joined Georgian politicians in criticism of the Russian peacekeeping mission, stating that "the U.S. administration supports the Georgian government's insistence on the withdrawal of Russian peacekeepers from the conflict zones in Abkhazia and the Tskhinvali district".<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> On 5 October 2006, <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, ruled out the possibility of replacing the Russian peacekeepers with the EU force.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> On 10 October 2006, EU South Caucasus envoy <a href="/wiki/Peter_Semneby" title="Peter Semneby">Peter Semneby</a> noted that "Russia's actions in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Georgian%E2%80%93Russian_espionage_controversy" title="2006 Georgian–Russian espionage controversy">Georgia spy row</a> have damaged its credibility as a neutral peacekeeper in the EU's Black Sea neighbourhood."<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> On 13 October 2006, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1716" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1716">resolution</a>, based on a Group of Friends of the Secretary-General draft, extending the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Georgia" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia">UNOMIG</a> mission until 15 April 2007. Acknowledging that the "new and tense situation" resulted, at least in part, from the Georgian special forces' operation in the upper Kodori Valley, the resolution urged the country to ensure that no troops unauthorised by the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_a_Cease-fire_and_Separation_of_Forces" title="Agreement on a Cease-fire and Separation of Forces">Moscow ceasefire agreement</a> were present in that area. It urged the leadership of the Abkhaz side to address seriously the need for a dignified, secure return of refugees and internally displaced persons and to reassure the local population in the Gali district that their residency rights and identity will be respected. The Georgian side is "once again urged to address seriously legitimate Abkhaz security concerns, to avoid steps that could be seen as threatening and to refrain from militant rhetoric and provocative actions, especially in upper Kodori Valley."<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus_regions_map2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Caucasus_regions_map2.svg/220px-Caucasus_regions_map2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Caucasus_regions_map2.svg/330px-Caucasus_regions_map2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Caucasus_regions_map2.svg/440px-Caucasus_regions_map2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>The breakaway republics of Abkhazia and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> within the Caucasus region</figcaption></figure> Calling on both parties to follow up on dialogue initiatives, it further urged them to comply fully with all previous agreements regarding non-violence and confidence-building, in particular those concerning the separation of forces. Regarding the disputed role of the peacekeepers from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Council stressed the importance of close, effective cooperation between UNOMIG and that force and looked to all sides to continue to extend the necessary cooperation to them. At the same time, the document reaffirmed the "commitment of all Member States to the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Georgia within its internationally recognised borders".<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/HALO_Trust" title="HALO Trust">HALO Trust</a>, an international non-profit organisation that specialises in the removal of the debris of war, has been active in Abkhazia since 1999 and has completed the removal of landmines in Sukhumi and Gali districts. It declared Abkhazia "mine free" in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> France-based international NGO <a href="/w/index.php?title=Premi%C3%A8re-Urgence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Première-Urgence (page does not exist)">Première-Urgence</a> has been implementing a food security programme to support the vulnerable populations affected by the frozen conflict for almost 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> Russia does not allow the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Monitoring_Mission_in_Georgia" title="European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia">European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia</a> (EUMM) to enter Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition">Recognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Recognition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia" title="Foreign relations of Abkhazia">Foreign relations of Abkhazia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1.jpg/220px-%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1.jpg/330px-%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1.jpg/440px-%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4333" data-file-height="2889" /></a><figcaption>Abkhazian President <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ankvab" title="Alexander Ankvab">Alexander Ankvab</a> with Transnistrian President <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Shevchuk" title="Yevgeny Shevchuk">Yevgeny Shevchuk</a> in September 2013</figcaption></figure> The following is a list of political entities that formally recognise Abkhazia. UN member states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> recognised Abkhazia on 26 August 2008 after the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chinadaily.com.cn-222">[220]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> recognised Abkhazia on 5 September 2008.<a href="#cite_note-ncrg_recognition-223">[221]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> recognised Abkhazia on 10 September 2009.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru"><img alt="Nauru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> recognised Abkhazia on 15 December 2009.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_nauru-225">[223]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> recognised Abkhazia on 29 May 2018.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a></li></ul> Partially recognised and unrecognised territories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia"><img alt="South Ossetia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> recognised Abkhazia on 17 November 2006.<a href="#cite_note-recognition1-155">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria"><img alt="Transnistria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> recognised Abkhazia on 17 November 2006.<a href="#cite_note-recognition1-155">[153]</a></li></ul> Former recognition <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu"><img alt="Vanuatu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="Abkhazia–Vanuatu relations">recognised</a> Abkhazia on 23 May 2011,<a href="#cite_note-vanuatu-227">[225]</a> but withdrew recognition on 20 May 2013.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu"><img alt="Tuvalu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> recognised Abkhazia on 18 September 2011, but withdrew recognition on 31 March 2014.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh"><img alt="Republic of Artsakh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a> recognised Abkhazia on 17 November 2006.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> Self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> dissolved in 2023.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposals_on_entry_into_Russian_Federation">Proposals on entry into Russian Federation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Proposals on entry into Russian Federation">edit</a>]</div> Since the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">1992-1993 War in Abkhazia</a>, there have been several proposals voiced by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Republic of Abkhazia">separatist Abkhaz government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russian government</a> for Abkhazia to become part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>, which have been opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Georgian government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia">government-in-exile of Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia</a>. One of the early proposals was voiced before the war, in March 1989, when the Abkhaz ethno-nationalsit organization <a href="/wiki/Aidgylara" title="Aidgylara">Aidgylara</a> issued the Lykhny Appeal, calling for Abkhazia to become part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a>. This is thought to be a starting point for the <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia conflict</a> between the separatists and local Georgian population in Abkhazia. After the war, on 18 November 1993, a month after its ending and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_of_Georgians_in_Abkhazia" title="Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia">ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia</a>, the leader of Abkhazia <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Ardzinba" title="Vladislav Ardzinba">Vladislav Ardzinba</a> proposed to hold a referendum to join the Russian Federation.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> In 2001, a similar desire was voiced by Abkhazia's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Anri_Jergenia" title="Anri Jergenia">Anri Jergenia</a>, who said that Abkhazia was preparing to join Russia and that it was going to hold a referendum on that issue.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> In October 2022, in an interview to the Russian TV, President of Abkhazia <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Bzhania" title="Aslan Bzhania">Aslan Bzhania</a> declared Abkhazia's readiness to host a Russian navy and join the Russia-Belarus <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> However, the proposal has been criticized as impractical since <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> does not recognizes Abkhazia as a sovereign state and considers it to be part of Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> In August 2023, Deputy Chair of <a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_Russia" title="Security Council of Russia">Russian Security Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> also voiced support for these proposals, accusing Georgia of "escalating tensions" by its potential membership to the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and saying that there were "good reasons" for Abkhazia and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> to join Russia.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> Medvedev also mocked Georgia's desire to restore its territorial integrity, saying that "Georgia can only be united as part of Russia".<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> Georgia criticized the proposals for Abkhazia's entry into the Russian Federation and Union State. In 2014, Georgia's Foreign Ministry issued a statement, calling the Russia-Abkhazia treaty on integration a de facto annexation.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Geography and climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Abkhazia" title="Geography of Abkhazia">Geography of Abkhazia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agepsta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Agepsta.jpg/220px-Agepsta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Agepsta.jpg/330px-Agepsta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Agepsta.jpg/440px-Agepsta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Agepsta" title="Mount Agepsta">Mount Agepsta</a> as seen from <a href="/wiki/Aibga_Ridge" title="Aibga Ridge">Aibga Ridge</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%90.jpg/220px-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%90.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%90.jpg/330px-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%90.jpg/440px-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ritsa" title="Lake Ritsa">Lake Ritsa</a></figcaption></figure> Abkhazia covers an area of about 8,665 km2 (3,346 sq mi) at the western end of Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-EB-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> to the north and northeast separate Abkhazia and the Russian Federation. To the east and southeast, Abkhazia is bounded by the Georgian region of <a href="/wiki/Samegrelo-Zemo_Svaneti" title="Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti">Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti</a>; and on the south and southwest by the Black Sea.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Abkhazia is diverse geographically with lowlands stretching to the extremely mountainous north. The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range runs along the region's northern border, with its spurs – the Gagra, <a href="/wiki/Bzyb_Range" title="Bzyb Range">Bzyb</a> and Kodori ranges – dividing the area into a number of deep, well-watered valleys. The highest peaks of Abkhazia are in the northeast and east and several exceed 4,000 metres (13,123 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. Abkhazia's landscape ranges from coastal forests and citrus plantations to permanent snows and <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a> in the north of the region. Although Abkhazia's complex topographic setting has spared most of the territory from significant human development, its cultivated fertile lands produce tea, tobacco, wine and fruits, a mainstay of the local agricultural sector.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Abkhazia is richly irrigated by small rivers originating in the Caucasus Mountains. Chief of these are: <a href="/wiki/Kodori_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodori River">Kodori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bzyb_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bzyb River">Bzyb</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghalidzga_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghalidzga River (page does not exist)">Ghalidzga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gumista_River" title="Gumista River">Gumista</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Psou_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Psou River">Psou River</a> separates the region from Russia, and the <a href="/wiki/Inguri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Inguri River">Inguri</a> serves as a boundary between Abkhazia and Georgia proper. There are several <a href="/wiki/Periglacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Periglacial">periglacial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake" title="Volcanic crater lake">crater</a> lakes in mountainous Abkhazia. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ritsa" title="Lake Ritsa">Lake Ritsa</a> is the most important of them.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ridge_view_from_pitsunda_cape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ridge_view_from_pitsunda_cape.jpg/220px-Ridge_view_from_pitsunda_cape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ridge_view_from_pitsunda_cape.jpg/330px-Ridge_view_from_pitsunda_cape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ridge_view_from_pitsunda_cape.jpg/440px-Ridge_view_from_pitsunda_cape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>View from <a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pitsunda</a> cape</figcaption></figure> Because of Abkhazia's proximity to the Black Sea and the shield of the Caucasus Mountains, the region's climate is very mild. The coastal areas of the republic have a subtropical climate, where the average annual temperature in most regions is around 15 °C (59 °F), and the average January temperature remains above freezing.<a href="#cite_note-EB-2">[2]</a> The climate at higher elevations varies from maritime mountainous to cold and summerless. Also, due to its position on the windward slopes of the Caucasus, Abkhazia receives high amounts of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EB-2">[2]</a> though humidity decreases further inland. The annual precipitation varies from 1,200–1,400 mm (47.2–55.1 in)<a href="#cite_note-EB-2">[2]</a> along the coast to 1,700–3,500 mm (66.9–137.8 in) in the higher mountainous areas. The mountains of Abkhazia receive significant amounts of snow.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The world's deepest known cave, <a href="/wiki/Veryovkina_Cave" title="Veryovkina Cave">Veryovkina Cave</a>, is located in Abkhazia's western Caucasus mountains. The latest survey (as of March 2018) has measured the vertical extent of this cave system as 2,212 metres (7,257 ft) between its highest and lowest explored points.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The lowland regions used to be covered by swaths of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">hornbeam</a>, which have since been cleared.<a href="#cite_note-EB-2">[2]</a> There are two main entrances into Abkhazia. The southern entrance is at the <a href="/wiki/Inguri" class="mw-redirect" title="Inguri">Inguri</a> bridge, a short distance from the city of <a href="/wiki/Zugdidi" title="Zugdidi">Zugdidi</a>. The northern entrance ("Psou") is in the town of <a href="/wiki/Leselidze_(town)" title="Leselidze (town)">Leselidze</a>. Owing to the situation with a recognition controversy, many foreign governments advise their citizens against travelling to Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> According to President Raul Khajimba, over the summer of 2015, thousands of tourists visited Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Politics and government">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Abkhazia">Republic of Abkhazia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Republic of Abkhazia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Republic of Abkhazia">Government of the Republic of Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Politics of Abkhazia">Politics of Abkhazia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Abkhazia" title="Elections in Abkhazia">Elections in Abkhazia</a></div> Abkhazia is a <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, and the second elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">president of Abkhazia</a> was <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bagapsh" title="Sergei Bagapsh">Sergei Bagapsh</a>. Bagapsh came to power following the deeply divisive <a href="/wiki/2004_Abkhazian_presidential_election" title="2004 Abkhazian presidential election">October 2004 presidential election</a>. The next election was held on 12 December 2009. Bagapsh was re-elected as president with 59.4% of the total vote.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ankvab" title="Alexander Ankvab">Alexander Ankvab</a>, his vice-president, was appointed acting president after the former president's death on 29 May 2011<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> until winning election in his own right later on <a href="/wiki/2011_Abkhazian_presidential_election" title="2011 Abkhazian presidential election">26 August 2011</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Legislative powers are vested in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia" title="People's Assembly of Abkhazia">People's Assembly</a>, which consists of 35 elected members. The last <a href="/wiki/2022_Abkhazian_parliamentary_election" title="2022 Abkhazian parliamentary election">parliamentary elections</a> were held in March 2022. Ethnicities other than Abkhaz (Armenians, Russians and Georgians) are claimed to be under-represented in the Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-Today-127">[125]</a> Most refugees from the 1992–1993 war (mainly ethnic Georgians) have not been able to return and have thus been excluded from the political process.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> Abkhazian officials have stated that they have given the Russian Federation the responsibility of representing their interests abroad.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> Russia has a major military and economic presence in Abkhazia, and the relationship between the two has been described as asymmetrical, with Abkhazia being heavily dependent on Russia. Half of Abkhazia's budget comes from Russian funding, much of its state structure is integrated with Russia, it uses the <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a>, its foreign policy is coordinated with Russia, and a majority of its citizens have Russian passports as a result of Russia's <a href="/wiki/Passportization#Georgia" title="Passportization">passportization</a> policy.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> According to a 2010 study published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Colorado Boulder</a>, the vast majority of Abkhazia's population supports independence, while a smaller number is in favour of joining the Russian Federation. Support for reunification with Georgia is very low.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> Even among ethnic Georgians, nearly 50% prefer Abkhazia to remain an independent state and less than 20% of them believe returning to Georgia is necessary, as most of them have adjusted to the current situation. Among ethnic Abkhaz, explicit support for reunification with Georgia is around 1%; a similar figure can be found among ethnic Russians and Armenians as well.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harmonization_of_laws_with_Russia">Harmonization of laws with Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Harmonization of laws with Russia">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, separatist Republic of Abkhazia and Russian Federation signed the "Treaty of Alliance and Strategic Partnership" with Russia. Based on this treaty, in November 2020, Abkhazia launched a program on the "formation of common social and economic space" with Russia to make Abkhaz laws and administrative measures more similar to Russian ones in social, economic, health and political spheres.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> On 15 August 2024, the Russian Deputy Minister of Economic Development Dmitry Volvach said that the process of Abkhazia's <a href="/wiki/Harmonisation_of_law" title="Harmonisation of law">harmonization of its laws</a> with Russia was "almost complete".<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia">Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia">Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_of_Abkhazia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Government_of_Abkhazia.svg/220px-Government_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Government_of_Abkhazia.svg/330px-Government_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Government_of_Abkhazia.svg/440px-Government_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia">Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia</a></figcaption></figure> The Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia is the <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government in exile</a> that Georgia recognises as the legal government of Abkhazia. This pro-Georgian government maintained a foothold on Abkhazian territory, in the upper <a href="/wiki/Kodori_Valley" title="Kodori Valley">Kodori Valley</a> from July 2006 until it was forced out by fighting in August 2008. This government is also partly responsible for the affairs of some 250,000 <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced persons">IDPs</a>, forced to leave Abkhazia following the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%9393)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–93)">War in Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_of_Georgians_in_Abkhazia" title="Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia">ethnic cleansing</a> that followed.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> The current Head of the Government is <a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_Kolbaia" title="Vakhtang Kolbaia">Vakhtang Kolbaia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%9393)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–93)">War in Abkhazia</a>, the Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia (at the time the Georgian faction of the "Council of Ministers of Abkhazia") left Abkhazia after the Abkhaz separatist forces took control of the region's capital <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a> and relocated to Georgia's capital <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> where it operated as the Government of Abkhazia in exile for almost 13 years. During this period, the Government of Abkhazia in exile, led by <a href="/wiki/Tamaz_Nadareishvili" title="Tamaz Nadareishvili">Tamaz Nadareishvili</a>, was known for a hard-line stance towards the Abkhaz problem and frequently voiced their opinion that the solution to the conflict can be attained only through Georgia's military response to secessionism.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> Later, Nadareishvili's administration was implicated in some internal controversies and had not taken an active part in the politics of Abkhazia[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] until a new chairman, <a href="/wiki/Irakli_Alasania" title="Irakli Alasania">Irakli Alasania</a>, was appointed by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President of Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a>, his envoy in the peace talks over Abkhazia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Abkhazia" title="Subdivisions of Abkhazia">Subdivisions of Abkhazia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abkhazia_districts_map_numbered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Abkhazia_districts_map_numbered.svg/220px-Abkhazia_districts_map_numbered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Abkhazia_districts_map_numbered.svg/330px-Abkhazia_districts_map_numbered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Abkhazia_districts_map_numbered.svg/440px-Abkhazia_districts_map_numbered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>1) <a href="/wiki/Gagra_District" title="Gagra District">Gagra</a> 2) <a href="/wiki/Gudauta_District" title="Gudauta District">Gudauta</a> 3) <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi_District" title="Sukhumi District">Sukhumi</a> 4) <a href="/wiki/Gulripshi_District" title="Gulripshi District">Gulripshi</a> 5) <a href="/wiki/Ochamchira_District" title="Ochamchira District">Ochamchira</a> 6) <a href="/wiki/Tkvarcheli_District" title="Tkvarcheli District">Tkvarcheli</a> 7) <a href="/wiki/Gali_District,_Abkhazia" title="Gali District, Abkhazia">Gali</a> </figcaption></figure> The Republic of Abkhazia is divided into seven <a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raions</a> (districts) named after their primary cities: <a href="/wiki/Gagra_District" title="Gagra District">Gagra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gudauta_District" title="Gudauta District">Gudauta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi_District" title="Sukhumi District">Sukhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ochamchira_District" title="Ochamchira District">Ochamchira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulripshi_District" title="Gulripshi District">Gulripshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tkvarcheli_District" title="Tkvarcheli District">Tkvarcheli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gali_(town)" title="Gali (town)">Gali</a>. These districts remain mostly unchanged since the break-up of the Soviet Union, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Tkvarcheli_District" title="Tkvarcheli District">Tkvarcheli District</a>, created in 1995 from parts of the Ochamchira and Gali districts.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> The President of the Republic appoints districts' heads from those elected to the districts' assemblies. There are elected village assemblies whose heads are appointed by the districts' heads.<a href="#cite_note-Today-127">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">administrative subdivisions under Georgian law</a> are identical to the ones outlined above, except for the new Tkvarcheli district.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Armed_Forces" title="Abkhazian Armed Forces">Abkhazian Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Air_Force" title="Abkhazian Air Force">Abkhazian Air Force</a></div> The Abkhazian Armed Forces are the military of the Republic of Abkhazia. The basis of the Abkhazian armed forces was formed by the ethnically Abkhaz National Guard, which was established in early 1992. Most of their weapons come from the former Russian airborne division base in Gudauta.<a href="#cite_note-Chervonnaia-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhiteBookOfAbkhazia-257">[255]</a> The Abkhazian military is primarily a ground force, but includes small sea and air units. Russia deploys its own military units as part of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Military_Base" title="7th Military Base">7th Military Base</a> in Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> These units are reportedly subordinate to the Russian <a href="/wiki/49th_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="49th Army">49th Army</a> and include both ground elements and air defence assets.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> The Abkhazian Armed Forces are composed of: <ul><li>The Abkhazian Land Forces with a permanent force of around 5,000, but with <a href="/wiki/Reservists" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservists">reservists</a> and paramilitary personnel this may increase to up to 50,000 in times of military conflict. The exact numbers and the type of equipment used remain unverifiable.</li> <li>The Abkhazian Navy that consists of three divisions based in <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ochamchire" title="Ochamchire">Ochamchire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pitsunda</a>, but the Russian coast guard patrols their waters.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Air_Force" title="Abkhazian Air Force">Abkhazian Air Force</a>, a small unit consisting of a few <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopters">helicopters</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Abkhazia" title="Economy of Abkhazia">Economy of Abkhazia</a></div> The economy of Abkhazia is integrated with Russia as outlined in a bilateral agreement published in November 2014. The country uses the Russian <a href="/wiki/Ruble" title="Ruble">ruble</a> as its currency, and the two countries share a common economic and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Customs Union">customs union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> Abkhazia has experienced a modest economic upswing since the <a href="/wiki/2008_South_Ossetia_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 South Ossetia war">2008 South Ossetia war</a> and Russia's subsequent recognition of Abkhazia's independence. About half of Abkhazia's state budget is financed with aid money from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Abkhazia" title="Tourism in Abkhazia">Tourism</a> is a key industry and, according to Abkhazia's authorities, almost a million tourists (mainly from Russia) came to Abkhazia in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> Abkhazia exports wine and fruits, especially <a href="/wiki/Tangerine" title="Tangerine">tangerines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnuts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> Electricity is largely supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Inguri_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Inguri Dam">Inguri hydroelectric power station</a> located on the Inguri River between Abkhazia and Georgia (proper) and operated jointly by both parties.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Gagra,_Pla%C5%BCa_(17).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2014_Gagra%2C_Pla%C5%BCa_%2817%29.jpg/220px-2014_Gagra%2C_Pla%C5%BCa_%2817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2014_Gagra%2C_Pla%C5%BCa_%2817%29.jpg/330px-2014_Gagra%2C_Pla%C5%BCa_%2817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2014_Gagra%2C_Pla%C5%BCa_%2817%29.jpg/440px-2014_Gagra%2C_Pla%C5%BCa_%2817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4181" data-file-height="3054" /></a><figcaption>Beach in <a href="/wiki/Gagra" title="Gagra">Gagra</a> in May 2014</figcaption></figure> In the first half of 2012, the principal trading partners of Abkhazia were Russia (64%) and Turkey (18%).<a href="#cite_note-apress6859-265">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> economic sanctions imposed on Abkhazia in 1996 are still formally in force, but Russia announced on 6 March 2008 that it would no longer participate in them, declaring them "outdated, impeding the socio-economic development of the region, and causing unjustified hardship for the people of Abkhazia". Russia also called on other CIS members to undertake similar steps,<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> but met with protests from Tbilisi and lack of support from the other CIS countries.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> Despite the controversial status of the territory and its damaged infrastructure, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Abkhazia" title="Tourism in Abkhazia">tourism in Abkhazia</a> grew following the Russian recognition of Abkhazian independence in 2008 due to the arrival of Russian tourists. In 2009 the number of Russian tourists in Abkhazia increased by 20% and the total number of Russian tourists reached 1 million.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> After the tourist boom many Russian businesses began to invest money in Abkhazian tourist infrastructure. With the main highway of the country being rebuilt in 2014 many damaged hotels in Gagra are either being restored or demolished. In 2014, 1.16 million Russian tourists visited Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Abkhazia" title="Demographics of Abkhazia">Demographics of Abkhazia</a></div> According to the last census in 2011 Abkhazia had 240,705 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-apsnycensus-271">[269]</a> The Department of Statistics of Georgia estimated Abkhazia's population to be approximately 179,000 in 2003, and 178,000 in 2005 (the last year when such estimates were published in Georgia).<a href="#cite_note-yb2005-272">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> estimates the population in 2007 at 180,000<a href="#cite_note-britannica-273">[271]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> estimated Abkhazia's total population in 2006 to be between 157,000 and 190,000 (or between 180,000 and 220,000 as estimated by <a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a> in 1998).<a href="#cite_note-Today_third-274">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> The ethnic composition of Abkhazia has played a central role in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Abkhazian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Abkhazian conflict">Georgian-Abkhazian conflict</a>. The <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">1992–1993 war with Georgia</a> resulted in the expulsion and flight of over half of the republic's population, which had numbered 525,061 in the 1989 census.<a href="#cite_note-censuses2-116">[114]</a> The population of Abkhazia remains ethnically very diverse, even after the 1992–1993 war. At present the population of Abkhazia is mainly made up of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz people">Abkhaz</a> (50.7% according to the 2011 census), <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Abkhazia" title="Armenians in Abkhazia">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apsnycensus-271">[269]</a> Other ethnicities include <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonians_in_Abkhazia" title="Estonians in Abkhazia">Estonians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gogia2011-275">[273]</a> Greeks constituted a significant minority in the area in the early 1920s (50,000), and remained a major ethnic group until 1945, when they were deported to Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> Under the Soviet Union, the Russian, Armenian, and Georgian populations grew faster than the Abkhaz population, due to large-scale enforced migration, especially under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lavrenty_Beria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavrenty Beria">Lavrenty Beria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jrl-74">[72]</a> At the time of the 1989 census, Abkhazia's Georgian population numbered 239,872, forming around 45.7% of the population, and the Armenian population was 77,000.<a href="#cite_note-censuses2-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Numbers2011-277">[275]</a> Due to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_of_Georgians_in_Abkhazia" title="Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia">ethnic cleansing</a> and displacement due to people fleeing the 1992–1993 war, the Georgian population, and to a lesser extent the Russian and Armenian populations, has greatly declined.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-273">[271]</a> In 2003 Armenians formed the second-largest minority group in Abkhazia (closely matching the Georgians), numbering 44,869.<a href="#cite_note-censuses2-116">[114]</a> By the time of the 2011 census, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> formed the second-largest minority group with a population of 46,455.<a href="#cite_note-Numbers2011-277">[275]</a> Despite the official numbers, unofficial sources estimate that the Abkhaz and Armenian communities are roughly equal in number.<a href="#cite_note-oD-278">[276]</a> In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> Abkhazia granted refugee status to a few hundred Syrians with Abkhaz, <a href="/wiki/Abazin" class="mw-redirect" title="Abazin">Abazin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-oD-278">[276]</a> Facing a growing Armenian community, this move has been linked with the wish of the ruling Abkhaz —who have often been in the minority on their territory— to tilt the demographic balance in favour of the titular nation.<a href="#cite_note-oD-278">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> Thousands of Abkhaz, known as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_of_Circassians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Cleansing of Circassians">muhajirun</a>, were exiled to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the mid-19th century after resisting the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> conquest of the Caucasus. Today, Turkey is home to the world's largest Abkhaz diaspora community. Size estimates vary – diaspora leaders say 1 million people; Abkhaz estimates range from 150,000 to 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Abkhazia" title="Religion in Abkhazia">Religion in Abkhazia</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Abkhazia (2003)<a href="#cite_note-portal-credo-281">[279]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DodgerBlue; width:60%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">60%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:LimeGreen; width:16%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">16%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz Native Religion">Abkhaz Native Religion</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other religions</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkKhaki; width:2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligious</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Silver; width:8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Undetermined</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkGray; width:6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Nowy_Aton,_Widok_ze_szczytu_G%C3%B3ry_Iwerskiej_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/2014_Nowy_Aton%2C_Widok_ze_szczytu_G%C3%B3ry_Iwerskiej_%2802%29.jpg/220px-2014_Nowy_Aton%2C_Widok_ze_szczytu_G%C3%B3ry_Iwerskiej_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/2014_Nowy_Aton%2C_Widok_ze_szczytu_G%C3%B3ry_Iwerskiej_%2802%29.jpg/330px-2014_Nowy_Aton%2C_Widok_ze_szczytu_G%C3%B3ry_Iwerskiej_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/2014_Nowy_Aton%2C_Widok_ze_szczytu_G%C3%B3ry_Iwerskiej_%2802%29.jpg/440px-2014_Nowy_Aton%2C_Widok_ze_szczytu_G%C3%B3ry_Iwerskiej_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4189" data-file-height="2356" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Athos" title="New Athos">New Athos</a> monastery in Abkhazia</figcaption></figure> A majority of inhabitants of Abkhazia are Christian (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church" title="Abkhazian Orthodox Church">Abkhazian Orthodox Church</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic</a>) while a significant minority are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz Native Religion">Abkhaz Native Religion</a> has undergone a strong revival in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> There is a very small number of adherents of Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-portal-credo-281">[279]</a> The Jehovah's Witnesses organisation has officially been banned since 1995, though the decree is not currently enforced.<a href="#cite_note-state-284">[282]</a> According to the constitutions of both Abkhazia and Georgia, the adherents of all religions have equal rights before the law.<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> According to a survey held in 2003, 60% of respondents identified themselves as Christian, 16% as Muslim, 8% as atheist or irreligious, 8% as adhering to the traditional Abkhazian religion or as Pagan, 2% as follower of other religions and 6% as undecided.<a href="#cite_note-portal-credo-281">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> Article 6 of the Constitution of Abkhazia states: <blockquote>The official language of the Republic of Abkhazia shall be the Abkhazian language. The Russian language, equally with the Abkhazian language, shall be recognized as a language of State and other institutions. The State shall guarantee the right to freely use the mother language for all the ethnic groups residing in Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a></blockquote> The languages spoken in Abkhazia are <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian (language)">Armenian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek (language)">Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> The Autonomous Republic passed a law in 2007 defining the Abkhaz language as the only state language of Abkhazia.<a href="#cite_note-OBC_transeuropa-288">[286]</a> As such, Abkhaz is the required language for legislative and executive council debates (with translation from and to Russian) and at least half of the text of all magazines and newspapers must be in Abkhaz.<a href="#cite_note-OBC_transeuropa-288">[286]</a> Despite the official status of Abkhaz, the dominance of other languages within Abkhazia, especially Russian, is so great that experts called it an "<a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered language</a>" in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Hewitt-289">[287]</a> During the Soviet era, language instruction would begin in schools in Abkhaz, only to switch to Russian for the majority of required schooling.<a href="#cite_note-Hewitt-289">[287]</a> The government of the Republic is attempting to institute Abkhaz-only primary education but there has been limited success due to a lack of facilities and educational materials.<a href="#cite_note-OBC_transeuropa-288">[286]</a> The primary schools in Georgian-speaking areas switched from Georgian to Russian in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationality_issues">Nationality issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Nationality issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adoption_of_Russian_nationality">Adoption of Russian nationality</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Adoption of Russian nationality">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Suchum,_Rosyjski_Teatr_Dramatyczny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2014_Suchum%2C_Rosyjski_Teatr_Dramatyczny.jpg/220px-2014_Suchum%2C_Rosyjski_Teatr_Dramatyczny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2014_Suchum%2C_Rosyjski_Teatr_Dramatyczny.jpg/330px-2014_Suchum%2C_Rosyjski_Teatr_Dramatyczny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2014_Suchum%2C_Rosyjski_Teatr_Dramatyczny.jpg/440px-2014_Suchum%2C_Rosyjski_Teatr_Dramatyczny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4050" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption>Russian Drama Theatre, Sukhumi</figcaption></figure> After the break-up of the Soviet Union, many Abkhazians kept their <a href="/wiki/Soviet_passport" title="Soviet passport">Soviet passports</a>, even after a decade, and used them to eventually apply for Russian citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-Soviet_Abkhazians-291">[289]</a> Before 2002, Russian law allowed residents of former Soviet Union to apply for citizenship if they had not become citizens of their newly independent states. The procedure was extremely complex. The new <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">citizenship law of Russia</a> adopted on 31 May 2002 introduced a simplified procedure of citizenship acquisition for former citizens of the Soviet Union regardless of their place of residence. In Abkhazia and South Ossetia, the application process was simplified even further, and people could apply even without leaving their homes. Russian non-governmental organisations with close ties to Russian officialdom simply took their papers to a nearby Russian city for processing.<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> Abkhazians began mass acquisition of Russian passports in 2002. It is reported that the public organisation the Congress of Russian Communities of Abkhazia started collecting Abkhazians' Soviet-era travel documents. It then sent them to a consular department specially set up by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Foreign_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Foreign Ministry">Russian Foreign Ministry</a> officials in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>. After they were checked, Abkhazian applicants were granted Russian citizenship. By 25 June 2002, an estimated 150,000 people in Abkhazia had acquired the new passports, joining 50,000 who already possessed Russian citizenship. The Sukhum authorities, although officially not involved in the registration for Russian nationality process, openly encouraged it. Government officials said privately that President Putin's administration agreed with the passport acquisition during Abkhazia's prime minister <a href="/wiki/Anri_Jergenia" title="Anri Jergenia">Djergenia</a>'s visit to Moscow in May 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Soviet_Abkhazians-291">[289]</a> The "passportisation" caused outrage in Tbilisi, worsening its already shaky relations with Russia. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Georgia" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia">Georgian Foreign Ministry</a> issued a statement insisting that Abkhazians were citizens of Georgia and calling the passport allocation an "unprecedented illegal campaign". President <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a> said that he would be asking his Russian counterpart, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, for an explanation. The speaker of parliament <a href="/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze" title="Nino Burjanadze">Nino Burjanadze</a> said that she would raise the matter at the forthcoming OSCE parliamentary assembly.<a href="#cite_note-Soviet_Abkhazians-291">[289]</a> 1 February 2011 was the last day in the post-Soviet era when a passport of <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> was valid for crossing the Russian-Abkhaz border. According to the staff of Abkhazia's passport and visa service, there were about two to three thousand mostly elderly people left with Soviet passports who had no chance of acquiring new documents. These people were not able to get Russian citizenship. But they can first get an internal Abkhaz passport and then a travelling passport to visit Russia.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Issue_of_ethnic_Georgians">Issue of ethnic Georgians</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Issue of ethnic Georgians">edit</a>]</div> In 2005, citing the need to integrate ethnic Georgian residents of eastern districts of Abkhazia, the then leadership of Abkhazia showed signs of a softening stance towards granting of citizenship to the residents of Gali, Ochamchire and Tkvarcheli districts.<a href="#cite_note-Abkhaz_Parliament-294">[292]</a> According to the Abkhazian law on citizenship, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz people">ethnic Abkhazians</a>, regardless of place of residence, can become Abkhaz citizens. Those who are not ethnic Abkhazians are eligible for citizenship if they lived in Abkhazia for at least five years prior to adoption of act of independence in October 1999. This provision aimed at creating a legal hurdle in obtaining Abkhaz passports for those ethnic Georgians who fled Abkhazia as a result of 1992–1993 armed conflict and who then returned to the Gali district. Abkhazian legislation forbids citizens of Abkhazia from holding <a href="/wiki/Dual_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual citizenship">dual citizenship</a> with any other state apart from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Abkhaz_Opposition-295">[293]</a> Ethnic Georgians who have returned to the Gali district and want to obtain Abkhaz passports, according to Abkhazian law, should undergo lengthy procedures which also include a requirement to submit documented proof that they renounced their Georgian citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-Abkhaz_Opposition-295">[293]</a> President Bagapsh was inclined to regard Georgians in Gali as "Georgianised Abkhazians." According to Bagapsh, these were actually ethnic Abkhaz people who were "Georgianised" during the long process of the Georgianisation of Abkhazia that culminated during the rule of Joseph Stalin and Lavrenti Beria. So in his official speeches, Bagapsh often added the Gali Georgians to population estimates of the Abkhaz, disregarding the fact that they still thought of themselves as ethnic Georgians rather than Abkhaz.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> In early 2013 the process of passportisation of ethnic Georgians came under the scrutiny of Abkhaz opposition groups who turned this issue into one of the central topics of the breakaway region's internal politics, and issuing of passports was suspended in May. Opposition claimed that "massive" passportisation involving granting citizenship to ethnic Georgians in eastern districts was fraught with risk of "losing sovereignty and territorial integrity." According to Apsnypress, <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Lakoba" title="Stanislav Lakoba">Stanislav Lakoba</a>, secretary of Abkhaz security council, said that "We are facing the process of the total Georgianization of Abkhazia."<a href="#cite_note-Abkhaz_Opposition-295">[293]</a> Pressures have been placed upon teachers in areas of Abkhazia which retain large Georgian populations to abandon the use of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian language</a> in education and adopt Russian textbooks.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> On 18 September 2013, the Parliament of Republic of Abkhazia adopted a resolution instructing the prosecutor's office to carry out a "sweeping" probe into passport offices of the interior ministry and where wrongdoings were found in the distribution of passports to refer those violations to the Ministry of Internal Affairs for "annulment of illegally issued passports." Abkhaz officials announced that a significant number of residents of Gali, Ochamchire and Tkvarcheli districts received Abkhaz passports while at the same time retaining their Georgian citizenship, which constituted a "violation of the law on Abkhaz citizenship". According to the Abkhaz officials, more than 26,000 passports were distributed in Gali, Tkvarcheli and Ochamchire districts, including about 23,000 of which were given out since Russian recognition of Abkhazia's independence in August 2008. These political debates have caused concerns in the ethnic Georgian population of Abkhazia, who reside mainly in Gali district, that they would be stripped of Abkhazian citizenship and thus forced to leave Abkhazia again.<a href="#cite_note-Abkhaz_Parliament-294">[292]</a> In October 2013 Alexander Ankvab signed a document ordering the firing of Stanislav Lakoba. The document did not state any reason for the decision but Lakoba saw it as related to his political position on granting citizenship to Georgians living in Gali. Lakoba claimed that, according to data from the Abkhaz Security Council, 129 local people in Gali fought against Abkhazia. Local political parties and the coordination council of civil organisations expressed concern about Lakoba's dismissal. They claimed that, by dismissing him, the president "made an illegal process legal" – giving Abkhazian passports to Georgian citizens.<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Until the 19th century, young people from Abkhazia usually received their education mainly at religious schools (Muslims at madrasas and Christians at seminaries), although a small number of children from wealthy families had opportunity to travel to foreign countries for education. The first modern educational institutions (both schools and colleges) in Abkhazia were established in the late 19th-early 20th centuries and rapidly grew until the second half of the 20th century. By the middle of the 20th century, Sukhumi had become a home for large educational institutions (both higher education institutions and technical vocational education and training (TVET) colleges) and largest students' community in Abkhazia. For example, the number of college students grew from few dozens in the 1920s to several thousands in the 1980s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to the official statistical data, Abkhazia has 12 TVET colleges (as of 2019, est.) providing education and vocational training to youth mostly in the capital city, though there are several colleges in all major district centers.<a href="#cite_note-:1-301">[299]</a> Independent international assessments suggest that these colleges train in about 20 different specialties attracting between 1000 and 1300 young people annually (aged between 16 and 29) (as of 2019, est.).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The largest colleges are as follows:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_State_University" title="Abkhazian State University">Abkhaz State University</a> (1979), has its own campus which is a home for 42 departments organised into 8 faculties providing education to about 3300 students (as of 2019, est.).<a href="#cite_note-:1-301">[299]</a></li> <li>Abkhaz Multiindustrial College (1959) (from 1959 to 1999 – Sukhumi Trade and Culinary School),</li> <li>Sukhumi State College (1904) (from 1904 to 1921 – Sukhumi Real School; from 1921 to 1999 – Sukhumi Industrial Technical School),</li> <li>Sukhumi Art College (1935)</li> <li>Sukhum Medical College (1931)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Culture of Abkhazia</a></div> The apsuara, the Abkhaz code of honor, is very stringent regarding hospitality. One of its principles is to respect guests even if they have committed crimes against the host.<a href="#cite_note-Olympics-13">[11]</a> The written <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a> literature appeared relatively recently, in the beginning of the 20th century. However, Abkhaz share the <a href="/wiki/Nart_saga" title="Nart saga">Nart sagas</a>, a series of tales about mythical heroes, with other Caucasian peoples. The <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_alphabet" title="Abkhaz alphabet">Abkhaz alphabet</a> was created in the 19th century. The first newspaper in Abkhaz, called Abkhazia and edited by <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Gulia" title="Dmitry Gulia">Dmitry Gulia</a>, appeared in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a> Arguably the most famous Abkhaz writers are <a href="/wiki/Fazil_Iskander" title="Fazil Iskander">Fazil Iskander</a>, who wrote mostly in Russian, and <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_Shinkuba" title="Bagrat Shinkuba">Bagrat Shinkuba</a>, a poet and writer.<a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Abkhazia">Media of Abkhazia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DaurAhvledianiStadium_-_13.07.2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/DaurAhvledianiStadium_-_13.07.2013.JPG/220px-DaurAhvledianiStadium_-_13.07.2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/DaurAhvledianiStadium_-_13.07.2013.JPG/330px-DaurAhvledianiStadium_-_13.07.2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/DaurAhvledianiStadium_-_13.07.2013.JPG/440px-DaurAhvledianiStadium_-_13.07.2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daur_Akhvlediani_Stadium" title="Daur Akhvlediani Stadium">Daur Akhvlediani Stadium</a>, Gagra</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> remains the most popular <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Abkhazia" title="Sport in Abkhazia">sport in Abkhazia</a>. Other popular sports include basketball, boxing and wrestling.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The National Basketball Team of Abkhazia played its first game with the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Basketball team on 27 May 2015, which Abkhaz team won by 76–59.<a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> Abkhaz basketball team "Apsny" also plays in the Russian Basketball League's Third-Tier in Krasnodar Krai. Abkhazia has had its own amateur football league called the <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Premier_League" title="Abkhazian Premier League">Abkhazian Premier League</a>, but it has no international football union membership.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In total, there are nineteen Abkhazian Football Clubs across the two leagues. In 2016 it hosted and won the <a href="/wiki/ConIFA_World_Football_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="ConIFA World Football Cup">ConIFA World Football Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> Since the early 2000s, tennis has become increasingly popular among school age children in Abkhazia. Several tennis players from Sukhumi participated as the national competitions in Russia and played at major international competitions under the Russian flag. For example, tennis player Alen Avidzba participated at the Davis Cup in 2016<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> and Amina Anshba won a silver medal at an international tournament in Turkey in 2017.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In fact, according to the official information from the Tennis portal.ru the highest career achievement of Amina Anshba was 278th place in the ranking among women in 2021<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Abkhazia" title="Portal:Abkhazia">Abkhazia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia" class="mw-disambig" title="Portal:Georgia">Georgia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Abkhazia" title="Outline of Abkhazia">Outline of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Abkhazia">Bibliography of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Darkness" title="Land of Darkness">Land of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, another region of Georgia which is also a disputed territory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">List of states with limited recognition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a>: Аԥсны, romanized: Apsny, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[apʰsˈnɨ]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Абха́зия, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Abkhaziya, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɐˈpxazʲɪjə]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: აფხაზეთი, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">romanized</a>: apkhazeti <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">[ˈapʰχazetʰi]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a>: აბჟუა, romanized: abzhua, or სააფხაზო saapkhazo</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a>: Аԥсны Аҳәынҭқарра, romanized: Apsny Ahwyntqarra</li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Абхазия, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Respublika Abkhaziya</li></ul></div> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mfaapsny.org/en/helpful-information/general_information/">"Useful information"</a>. mfaapsny.org. Retrieved 29 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mfaapsny.org&rft.atitle=Useful+information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmfaapsny.org%2Fen%2Fhelpful-information%2Fgeneral_information%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_2-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/33">"Abkhazia"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/33">33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8"><bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abkhazia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-837-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia2009ency%2Fpage%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170012/https://ugsra.org/ofitsialnaya-statistika.php?ELEMENT_ID=600">"Государственный комитет Республики Абхазия по статистике"</a>. ugsra.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugsra.org/ofitsialnaya-statistika.php?ELEMENT_ID=600">the original</a> on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ugsra.org&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugsra.org%2Fofitsialnaya-statistika.php%3FELEMENT_ID%3D600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civil.ge/archives/478378/">Moscow Says Abkhazia, S. Ossetia Shall be Less Dependent on Russia</a>, 10 March 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moscow+Says+Abkhazia%2C+S.+Ossetia+Shall+be+Less+Dependent+on+Russia&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivil.ge%2Farchives%2F478378%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.today.az/print/news/georgia/58953.html">"Abkhazia remains available by Georgian phone codes"</a>. today.az. 6 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712005819/http://www.today.az/print/news/georgia/58953.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abkhazia+remains+available+by+Georgian+phone+codes&rft.pub=today.az&rft.date=2010-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.az%2Fprint%2Fnews%2Fgeorgia%2F58953.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220025759/http://www.wtng.info/wtng-995-ge.html">"Georgia +995"</a>. World Telephone Numbering Guide. 2 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtng.info/wtng-995-ge.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Telephone+Numbering+Guide&rft.atitle=Georgia+%2B995&rft.date=2011-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wtng.info%2Fwtng-995-ge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325154956/https://www.lexico.com/definition/abkhazia">"Abkhazia | Meaning of Abkhazia by Lexico"</a>. Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/abkhazia">the original</a> on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=Abkhazia+%7C+Meaning+of+Abkhazia+by+Lexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fabkhazia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faultlines-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Faultlines_10-0">^</a> Olga Oliker, Thomas S. Szayna. Faultlines of Conflict in Central Asia and the South Caucasus: Implications for the U.S. Army. Rand Corporation, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3260-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3260-7">978-0-8330-3260-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Clogg-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Clogg_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClogg2001" class="citation web cs1">Clogg, Rachel (January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302113248/http://www.c-r.org/resources/occasional-papers/abkhazia-ten-years-on.php">"Abkhazia: ten years on"</a>. Conciliation Resources. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-r.org/resources/occasional-papers/abkhazia-ten-years-on.php">the original</a> on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abkhazia%3A+ten+years+on&rft.pub=Conciliation+Resources&rft.date=2001-01&rft.aulast=Clogg&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-r.org%2Fresources%2Foccasional-papers%2Fabkhazia-ten-years-on.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karagiannis-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Karagiannis_12-0">^</a> Emmanuel Karagiannis. Energy and Security in the Caucasus. Routledge, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1481-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1481-0">978-0-7007-1481-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Olympics-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olympics_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olympics_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParfitt2007" class="citation web cs1">Parfitt, Tom (6 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/07/russia.sport">"Georgia up in arms over Olympic cash"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221104213010/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/07/russia.sport">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Georgia+up+in+arms+over+Olympic+cash&rft.date=2007-08-06&rft.aulast=Parfitt&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Faug%2F07%2Frussia.sport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/georgiarussia-independent-international-fact-finding-mission-conflict-south-ossetia">"Georgia/Russia, Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in South Ossetia | How does law protect in war? - Online casebook"</a>. casebook.icrc.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004173607/https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/georgiarussia-independent-international-fact-finding-mission-conflict-south-ossetia">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=casebook.icrc.org&rft.atitle=Georgia%2FRussia%2C+Independent+International+Fact-Finding+Mission+on+the+Conflict+in+South+Ossetia+%7C+How+does+law+protect+in+war%3F+-+Online+casebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcasebook.icrc.org%2Fcase-study%2Fgeorgiarussia-independent-international-fact-finding-mission-conflict-south-ossetia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127185336/http://poli.vub.ac.be/publi/ContBorders/eng/ch0103.htm">"Contested Borders in the Caucasus: Chapter I (3/4)"</a>. vub.ac.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poli.vub.ac.be/publi/ContBorders/eng/ch0103.htm">the original</a> on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vub.ac.be&rft.atitle=Contested+Borders+in+the+Caucasus%3A+Chapter+I+%283%2F4%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoli.vub.ac.be%2Fpubli%2FContBorders%2Feng%2Fch0103.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzgan1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Ozgan" title="Konstantin Ozgan">Ozgan, Konstantin</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abkhazalliance.com/ozganp.html">"Abkhazia: Problems and the Paths to their Resolution"</a>. In Ole Høiris, Sefa Martin Yürükel (ed.). Contrasts and Solutions in the Caucasus. Aarhus University Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7288-708-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7288-708-1"><bdi>978-87-7288-708-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227150801/http://www.abkhazalliance.com/ozganp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2015. <q>[...] Apsny, which when translated, means 'Land of the Abkhazians [Mortals]' [...] See Chirikba (1991) for the etymology deriving the Abkhazian native <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> from the root 'die' in the sense of 'mortal being'. The popular belief that the toponym is etymologisable as 'Land of the Soul' is demonstrated by Chirikba to be no longer tenable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abkhazia%3A+Problems+and+the+Paths+to+their+Resolution&rft.btitle=Contrasts+and+Solutions+in+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Aarhus+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-87-7288-708-1&rft.aulast=Ozgan&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abkhazalliance.com%2Fozganp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hewitt2013-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Hewitt2013_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2013" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, George B. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eshhfkTqkXkC&pg=PA9">Discordant Neighbours: A Reassessment of the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-South Ossetian Conflicts</a>. BRILL. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24893-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24893-9"><bdi>978-90-04-24893-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117204359/https://books.google.com/books?id=eshhfkTqkXkC&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discordant+Neighbours%3A+A+Reassessment+of+the+Georgian-Abkhazian+and+Georgian-South+Ossetian+Conflicts&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24893-9&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=George+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeshhfkTqkXkC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProf._Lordkipanidze_M." class="citation web cs1">Prof. Lordkipanidze M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225231434/http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/div/m.lordkiPaniZe_abkh.html">"The Abkhazians and Abkhazia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/div/m.lordkiPaniZe_abkh.html">the original</a> on 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Abkhazians+and+Abkhazia&rft.au=Prof.+Lordkipanidze+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsi.ge%2Fistoria%2Fdiv%2Fm.lordkiPaniZe_abkh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> For all practical purposes the term Abkhdz or Afkhdz, in early Muslim sources covers Georgia and Georgians. <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Bartold" title="Vasily Bartold">Barthold, Wasil</a> & <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Minorsky" title="Vladimir Minorsky">Minorsky, Vladimir</a>, "Abkhaz", in <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, Vol. 1, 1960. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLortkipanidzeOtkhmezuri2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lortkipanidze, Mariam; Otkhmezuri, Giorgi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/abkhazia-s-status-as-part-of-georgia-historical-perspective">"Abkhazia's status as part of Georgia: historical perspective"</a>. Central Asia and the Caucasus. 4 (1–2): 175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asia+and+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Abkhazia%27s+status+as+part+of+Georgia%3A+historical+perspective&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=175&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lortkipanidze&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft.au=Otkhmezuri%2C+Giorgi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fabkhazia-s-status-as-part-of-georgia-historical-perspective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abkhazworld.com/aw/reports-and-key-texts/607-constitution-of-the-republic-of-abkhazia-apsny">"Constitution of the Republic of Abkhazia (Apsny)"</a>. Abkhazworld.com. 22 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624045315/http://abkhazworld.com/aw/reports-and-key-texts/607-constitution-of-the-republic-of-abkhazia-apsny">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Abkhazia+%28Apsny%29&rft.pub=Abkhazworld.com&rft.date=2008-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabkhazworld.com%2Faw%2Freports-and-key-texts%2F607-constitution-of-the-republic-of-abkhazia-apsny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://presidentofabkhazia.org/en/respublika_abkhazia/respublika-abkhaziya-obshchaya-informatsiya/">"Website of the President of Abkhazia"</a>. presidentofabkhazia.org. Retrieved 12 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=presidentofabkhazia.org&rft.atitle=Website+of+the+President+of+Abkhazia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpresidentofabkhazia.org%2Fen%2Frespublika_abkhazia%2Frespublika-abkhaziya-obshchaya-informatsiya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> The British and Foreign Review: Or, European Quarterly. 1838, p. 422.; </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Edmund Ollier. Cassell's illustrated history of the Russo-Turkish. 1885 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraund1994" class="citation cs2">Braund, David (1994), Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC – AD 562, Oxford: Clarendon, p. 359</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia+in+Antiquity%3A+A+History+of+Colchis+and+Transcaucasian+Iberia%2C+550+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+562&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Braund&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman" class="citation cs2">Kaufman, Stuart J, Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, p. 91</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Hatreds%3A+The+Symbolic+Politics+of+Ethnic+War&rft.pages=91&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Stuart+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigor" class="citation cs2">Grigor, Ronald, The Making of the Georgian Nation, SUNY, pp. 3–13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Georgian+Nation&rft.pages=3-13&rft.pub=SUNY&rft.aulast=Grigor&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Graham Smith, Edward A. Allworth, Vivien A. Law et al., pages 56–58; Abkhaz by <a href="/wiki/W._Barthold" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Barthold">W. Barthold</a> <a href="/wiki/V._Minorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="V. Minorsky">V. Minorsky</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonPappasPappas1994" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James S; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas C. J. (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27497-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27497-8"><bdi>978-0-313-27497-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary+of+the+Russian+and+Soviet+Empires&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-313-27497-8&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+S&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Lee+Brigance&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Nicholas+C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Strabo, in agreement with <a href="/wiki/Stephan_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephan of Byzantium">Stephan of Byzantium</a> quoting <a href="/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos" title="Hellanicus of Lesbos">Hellanicus</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraund1994" class="citation cs2">Braund, David (8 September 1994), Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC – AD 562, US: Oxford University Press, p. 27</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia+in+Antiquity%3A+A+History+of+Colchis+and+Transcaucasian+Iberia%2C+550+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+562&rft.place=US&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994-09-08&rft.aulast=Braund&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2005" class="citation cs2">Gregory, Timothy E (2005), A History of Byzantium, Wiley, p. 78, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23512-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23512-5"><bdi>978-0-631-23512-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Byzantium&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23512-5&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Timothy+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell2016" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, Sean (2016). The Fate of the Apostles: Examining the Martyrdom Accounts of the Closest Followers of Jesus. Routledge. pp. 24, 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-03189-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-03189-5"><bdi>978-1-317-03189-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+the+Apostles%3A+Examining+the+Martyrdom+Accounts+of+the+Closest+Followers+of+Jesus&rft.pages=24%2C+247&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-03189-5&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2013" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2013). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. ReaktionBooks. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2"><bdi>978-1-78023-070-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=ReaktionBooks&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-070-2&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_King_(professor_of_international_affairs)" title="Charles King (professor of international affairs)">King, Charles</a> (2004). "The Expedition of Flavius Arrianus". The Black Sea. A history. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924161-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924161-3"><bdi>978-0-19-924161-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Expedition+of+Flavius+Arrianus&rft.btitle=The+Black+Sea.+A+history.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924161-3&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rossi, Corinna (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/isaw/isaw-papers/16/">"Egyptian cubits and Late Roman architecture: the design of the forts of the Kharga Oasis (Egypt)"</a>. ISAW Papers. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240126081641/https://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/isaw/isaw-papers/16/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISAW+Papers&rft.atitle=Egyptian+cubits+and+Late+Roman+architecture%3A+the+design+of+the+forts+of+the+Kharga+Oasis+%28Egypt%29&rft.volume=16&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Corinna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlib.nyu.edu%2Fawdl%2Fisaw%2Fisaw-papers%2F16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2013" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2013). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. ReaktionBooks. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2"><bdi>978-1-78023-070-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=ReaktionBooks&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-070-2&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), p. 975 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCOWPER" class="citation web cs1">COWPER, B. Harris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/syriac_misc.htm">"B.H.Cowper, Syriac Miscellanies (1861)"</a>. www.tertullian.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111092239/https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/syriac_misc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tertullian.org&rft.atitle=B.H.Cowper%2C+Syriac+Miscellanies+%281861%29&rft.aulast=COWPER&rft.aufirst=B.+Harris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fsyriac_misc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdisheli20181–2-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdisheli20181–2_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdisheli20181–2_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOdisheli2018">Odisheli 2018</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeppin2021" class="citation book cs1">Leppin, Hartmut (2021). "The Eastern Roman Empire and Its Neighbours in the "Age of Justinian"". In Meier, Mischa; Montinaro, Federico (eds.). A Companion to Procopius of Caesarea. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49877-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49877-8"><bdi>978-90-04-49877-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Eastern+Roman+Empire+and+Its+Neighbours+in+the+%22Age+of+Justinian%22&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Procopius+of+Caesarea&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-49877-8&rft.aulast=Leppin&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithVivien_Law1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Graham; Vivien Law (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationbuildingin0000unse/page/56">Nation-building in the post-Soviet borderlands</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationbuildingin0000unse/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59968-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59968-9"><bdi>978-0-521-59968-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation-building+in+the+post-Soviet+borderlands&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59968-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Vivien+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationbuildingin0000unse%2Fpage%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Alexei Zverev, Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus; Graham Smith, Edward A Allworth, Vivien A Law et al., pages 56–58; Abkhaz by W. Barthold [V. Minorsky] in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>; The Georgian-Abkhaz State (summary), by George Anchabadze, in: Paul Garb, Arda Inal-Ipa, Paata Zakareishvili, editors, Aspects of the Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict: Cultural Continuity in the Context of Statebuilding, Volume 5, 26–28 August 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2013" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2013). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. ReaktionBooks. pp. 63–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2"><bdi>978-1-78023-070-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.pages=63-72&rft.pub=ReaktionBooks&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-070-2&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАмичба1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Амичба, Георгий (1986). "История и восхваление венценосцев". Сообщения средневековых грузинских письменных источников об Абхазии (in Russian). Алашара.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B1%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. London, UK: Reaktion Books Ltd. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-030-6"><bdi>978-1-78023-030-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-030-6&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2013" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2013). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. ReaktionBooks. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2"><bdi>978-1-78023-070-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=ReaktionBooks&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-070-2&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБгажбаЛакоба2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Бгажба, О. Х.; Лакоба, С. З. (2007). "§9. Абхазское княжество и Турция (XV–XVIII ВВ.)". История Абхазии с древнейших времен до наших дней (in Russian). Алашарбага.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A79.+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%28XV%E2%80%93XVIII+%D0%92%D0%92.%29&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%9E.+%D0%A5.&rft.au=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%2C+%D0%A1.+%D0%97.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rel-50"><a href="#cite_ref-rel_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2013" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Brian George (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-YUfAgAAQBAJ">The Abkhazians: A Handbook</a>. Springer. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136802058" title="Special:BookSources/9781136802058"><bdi>9781136802058</bdi></a>. <q>The first evidence of Abkhazian Muslims was given in the 1640s by the Turkish historian Evliya Qelebi, whose mother was an Abkhazian. On his travels he recorded that the Abkhazians had a mosque and that among them were "many Muslims." This Muslim population, according to Qelebi, was hostile to Christians, in spite of not recognising the Quran or being of any religious denomination. Other sources would seem to indicate, however, that although the Christian presence was on the wane, and the dissemination of Islam increasing, evidence of traditional Islam was more apparent among the higher levels of society by the end of the 18th century than among the population at large. The Abkhaz rulers were not in a position to decline Islam, a fact witnessed bythe forced conversion of Shervashidze-Chachba, Abkhazia's ruling prince, to Islam in 1733, following the destruction by the Turks of Elyr, a pilgrimage-site of particular religious significance to the Abkhaz near Ochamchira.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abkhazians%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136802058&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Brian+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-YUfAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apsnyteka.-51"><a href="#cite_ref-apsnyteka._51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apsnyteka.org/1556-lakoba_s_dvuglavy_oriol_i_traditsionnaja_abkhazia.html">"Станислав Лакоба. Двуглавый орел и традиционная Абхазия"</a>. apsnyteka.org (in Russian). 23 November 1953.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apsnyteka.org&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0.+%D0%94%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=1953-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapsnyteka.org%2F1556-lakoba_s_dvuglavy_oriol_i_traditsionnaja_abkhazia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2019" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Everill (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339412320">"Travellers' Tales of Mingrelia and of the ancient fortress of Nokalakevi"</a>. Ancient West & East. 18: 201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FAWE.18.0.3287214">10.2143/AWE.18.0.3287214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+West+%26+East&rft.atitle=Travellers%27+Tales+of+Mingrelia+and+of+the+ancient+fortress+of+Nokalakevi&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=201&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FAWE.18.0.3287214&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Everill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F339412320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇelebi2020" class="citation book cs1">Çelebi, Evliya (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-bLyDwAAQBAJ">Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia and Africa in the Seventeenth Century</a>. Vol. 2. Outlook Verlag. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783752350876" title="Special:BookSources/9783752350876"><bdi>9783752350876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+Travels+in+Europe%2C+Asia+and+Africa+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Outlook+Verlag&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783752350876&rft.aulast=%C3%87elebi&rft.aufirst=Evliya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bLyDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeradzeTopuriaKhorava2009" class="citation web cs1">Beradze, T.; Topuria, K.; Khorava, B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_18802-544-2-30.pdf">"A Historical-Geographical Review of Modern Abkhazia in:Causes of War-Prospects for Peace. Proceedings of the Holy Synod of the Georgian Orthodox Church and the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung scientific conference on the theme: Causes of War – Prospects for Peace (2008), 2–3 December: CGS ltd"</a> (PDF). www.kas.de. pp. 10–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191659/http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_18802-544-2-30.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kas.de&rft.atitle=A+Historical-Geographical+Review+of+Modern+Abkhazia+in%3ACauses+of+War-Prospects+for+Peace.+Proceedings+of+the+Holy+Synod+of+the+Georgian+Orthodox+Church+and+the+Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung+scientific+conference+on+the+theme%3A+Causes+of+War+%E2%80%93+Prospects+for+Peace+%282008%29%2C+2%E2%80%933+December%3A+CGS+ltd&rft.pages=10-12&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Beradze&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Topuria%2C+K.&rft.au=Khorava%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kas.de%2Fwf%2Fdoc%2Fkas_18802-544-2-30.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2007" class="citation web cs1">Mikaberidze, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rustaveli.tripod.com/history.html">"History"</a>. Georgia: Past, Present and Future. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016164333/http://rustaveli.tripod.com/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Georgia%3A+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.atitle=History&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frustaveli.tripod.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_56-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3261059.stm">"BBC News – Regions and territories: Abkhazia"</a>. BBC News. London: <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</a>. 22 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303174523/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3261059.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+Regions+and+territories%3A+Abkhazia&rft.date=2011-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F3261059.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt1998" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, George (1998). The Abkhazians. A Handbook. St. Martin's Press. pp. 67–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21975-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21975-8"><bdi>978-0-312-21975-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abkhazians.+A+Handbook&rft.pages=67-77&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-312-21975-8&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Mikaberidze, Alexander, "Historical Dictionary of Georgia", Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p.84 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt1998" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, George (1998). The Abkhazians. A Handbook. 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Spekali.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spekali&rft.atitle=Functioning+of+the+Abkhazian+Language+in+Education&rft.date=2010-10&rft.aulast=Gvantseladze&rft.aufirst=Teimuraz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spekali.tsu.ge%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Farticle%2FviewArticle%2F2%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaavaGvantseladze2021" class="citation book cs1">Chaava, Sophia; Gvantseladze, Teimuraz (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/348740/1/Abkhazian_language_In_Past_Present_And_eng.pdf">Abkhaz language in the past, present and...</a> (PDF). Tbilisi. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-9771-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9941-9771-0-7"><bdi>978-9941-9771-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abkhaz+language+in+the+past%2C+present+and...&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Tbilisi&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9941-9771-0-7&rft.aulast=Chaava&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft.au=Gvantseladze%2C+Teimuraz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.nplg.gov.ge%2Fbitstream%2F1234%2F348740%2F1%2FAbkhazian_language_In_Past_Present_And_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abkhazworld.com/aw/history/499-stalin-beria-terror-in-abkhazia-1936-53-by-stephen-shenfield">The Stalin-Beria Terror in Abkhazia, 1936–1953, by Stephen D. Shenfield</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910100322/http://abkhazworld.com/aw/history/499-stalin-beria-terror-in-abkhazia-1936-53-by-stephen-shenfield">Archived</a> 10 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Abkhaz World, 30 June 2010, retrieved 11 September 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Bernard A. Cook (2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7-2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT46">Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124224128/https://books.google.com/books?id=P7-2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT46">Archived</a> 24 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Routledge. p.2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-135-17932-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-135-17932-8">1-135-17932-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reaktion_books-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reaktion_books_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reaktion_books_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires. A History of Georgia. Reaktion books. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-030-6"><bdi>978-1-78023-030-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires.+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Reaktion+books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-030-6&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTüysüzoğluÖzkan2022" class="citation book cs1">Tüysüzoğlu, Göktürk; Özkan, Arda, eds. (25 January 2022). Conflict Areas in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Lexington Books. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-5126-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-5126-6"><bdi>978-1-7936-5126-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+Areas+in+the+Caucasus+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2022-01-25&rft.isbn=978-1-7936-5126-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaparov2014" class="citation book cs1">Saparov, Arsène (2014). From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh. Routledge. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-63784-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-63784-4"><bdi>978-1-317-63784-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Conflict+to+Autonomy+in+the+Caucasus%3A+The+Soviet+Union+and+the+Making+of+Abkhazia%2C+South+Ossetia+and+Nagorno+Karabakh&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-63784-4&rft.aulast=Saparov&rft.aufirst=Ars%C3%A8ne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027111846/http://geocities.com/abkhazia_dream/public/19.htm"><bdi lang="ru">ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: Государственной комиссии Грузии по установлению фактов политики этнической чистки – геноцида, проводимой в отношении грузинского населения Абхазии, Грузия, и передачи материалов в Международный трибунал</bdi></a> [CONCLUSION: State Commission of Georgia on established facts of the politics of ethnic cleansing – genocide carried out against the Georgian population of Abkhazia, Georgia, and the transfer of materials to the International Tribunal] (in Russian). geocities.com. February 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geocities.com/abkhazia_dream/public/19.htm">the original</a> on 27 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%9B%D0%AE%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95%3A+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB&rft.pub=geocities.com&rft.date=1997-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeocities.com%2Fabkhazia_dream%2Fpublic%2F19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatley2005" class="citation book cs1">Wheatley, Jonathan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dGqLAAAAMAAJ">Georgia from National Awakening to Rose Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754645030" title="Special:BookSources/9780754645030"><bdi>9780754645030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia+from+National+Awakening+to+Rose+Revolution&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780754645030&rft.aulast=Wheatley&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdGqLAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_85-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCéline.2011" class="citation book cs1">Céline., Francis (2011). Conflict Resolution and Status: the Case of Georgia and Abkhazia (1989–2008). Bruxelles: ASP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5487-899-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5487-899-5"><bdi>978-90-5487-899-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/922966407">922966407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+Resolution+and+Status%3A+the+Case+of+Georgia+and+Abkhazia+%281989%E2%80%932008%29.&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.pub=ASP&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F922966407&rft.isbn=978-90-5487-899-5&rft.aulast=C%C3%A9line.&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Conciliation Resources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/georgia-abkhazia/chronology.php">Georgia-Abkhazia, Chronology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007200548/http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/georgia-abkhazia/chronology.php">Archived</a> 7 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Парламентская газета (Parlamentskaya Gazeta). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnp.ru/archive/18870125.html">Референдум о сохранении СССР. Грузия строит демократию на беззаконии.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928082832/http://www.pnp.ru/archive/18870125.html">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Георгий Николаев, 17 March 2006 (in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pesd.princeton.edu/?q=node/274">"Georgia: Abkhazia and South Ossetia"</a>. www.pesd.princeton.edu. Encyclopedia Princetoniensis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804112845/https://pesd.princeton.edu/?q=node%2F274">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pesd.princeton.edu&rft.atitle=Georgia%3A+Abkhazia+and+South+Ossetia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpesd.princeton.edu%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Coppieters, Bruno et al.(2005), Statehood and security: Georgia after the Rose Revolution, p. 384. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03343-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03343-5">978-0-262-03343-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greensboro.com/shevardnadze-named-head-of-new-government/article_d02d70f0-9c07-52b2-83c2-3625238a52d7.html">"Shevardnadze Named Head of New Government"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greensboro" class="mw-redirect" title="Greensboro">Greensboro</a>. 10 March 1992. Retrieved 10 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shevardnadze+Named+Head+of+New+Government&rft.date=1992-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreensboro.com%2Fshevardnadze-named-head-of-new-government%2Farticle_d02d70f0-9c07-52b2-83c2-3625238a52d7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rrc.ge/law/konstG_1921_02_21_e.htm?lawid=108&lng_3=en">1921 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Georgia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523161919/http://www.rrc.ge/law/konstG_1921_02_21_e.htm?lawid=108&lng_3=en">Archived</a> 23 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Chapter XI, Articles 107–108 (adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Georgia" title="Constituent Assembly of Georgia">Constituent Assembly of Georgia</a> 21 February 1921): "Abkhasie (district of Soukhoum), ..., which are integral parts of the Georgian Republic, enjoy autonomy in the administration of their affairs. The statute concerning the autonomy of [these] districts ... will be the object of special legislation". Regional Research Centre. Retrieved on 25 November 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Svante-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Svante_92-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Svante_Cornell" title="Svante Cornell">Svante E. Cornell</a> (2001), Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, pp. 345–9. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/president/press/news/detail.php?ID=5972&phrase_id=12832/">the original</a> on 28 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83+2007+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+90+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82&rft.pub=Abkhaziagov.org&rft.date=2007-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abkhaziagov.org%2Fru%2Fpresident%2Fpress%2Fnews%2Fdetail.php%3FID%3D5972%26phrase_id%3D12832%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080531165158/http://www.unomig.org/media/headlines/?id=10173&y=2008&m=02&d=21">"Recognition may come 'this year', South Ossetia's leaders says – Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Georgia" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia">United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia</a>. 21 February 2008. 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BBC News. 16 April 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civil.ge/eng/detail.php?id=17617">In Quotes: International Reaction to Russia's Abkhaz, S.Ossetian Move</a>. Civil Georgia. 19 April 2008. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7374546.stm">Georgia-Russia tensions ramped up.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080815023445/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7374546.stm">Archived</a> 15 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_BBC_News" class="mw-redirect" title="The BBC News">The BBC News</a>. 30 April 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpin2008" class="citation news cs1">Halpin, Tony (20 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080904004911/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4572733.ece">"Russia to recognise breakaway region's independence"</a>. The Times. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4572733.ece">the original</a> on 4 September 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+to+recognise+breakaway+region%27s+independence&rft.date=2008-08-20&rft.aulast=Halpin&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Farticle4572733.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloverIsabel_Gorst2008" class="citation news cs1">Clover, Charles; Isabel Gorst (25 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b176fd64-7292-11dd-983b-0000779fd18c,dwp_uuid=70662e7c-3027-11da-ba9f-00000e2511c8.html">"Duma backs South Ossetia independence"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090604190549/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b176fd64-7292-11dd-983b-0000779fd18c%2Cdwp_uuid%3D70662e7c-3027-11da-ba9f-00000e2511c8.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Duma+backs+South+Ossetia+independence&rft.date=2008-08-25&rft.aulast=Clover&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Isabel+Gorst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fb176fd64-7292-11dd-983b-0000779fd18c%2Cdwp_uuid%3D70662e7c-3027-11da-ba9f-00000e2511c8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/7582181.stm">BBC News: "Russia recognises Georgian rebels"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080830041857/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/7582181.stm">Archived</a> 30 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 26 August 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/228066,russia-recognizes-independence-of-georgias-rebel-regions--2nd-update.html">Russia recognizes independence of Georgia's rebel regions</a>, Earth Times, 26 August 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171016223523/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/228066,russia-recognizes-independence-of-georgias-rebel-regions--2nd-update.html">Archived</a> 16 October 2017 at <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090605205547/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/12661/">"'West Ignored Us on Kosovo', says Medvedev"</a>. Balkaninsight.com. 27 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/12661/">the original</a> on 5 June 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27West+Ignored+Us+on+Kosovo%27%2C+says+Medvedev&rft.pub=Balkaninsight.com&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninsight.com%2Fen%2Fmain%2Fnews%2F12661%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-civil.ge-196"><a href="#cite_ref-civil.ge_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607104542/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19301">"Scheffer 'Rejects' Russia's Move, Civil.ge, 26 August 2008"</a>. Civil.ge. 1 July 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19301">the original</a> on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scheffer+%27Rejects%27+Russia%27s+Move%2C+Civil.ge%2C+26+August+2008&rft.pub=Civil.ge&rft.date=2001-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D19301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-civil-197"><a href="#cite_ref-civil_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607101230/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19300">"CoE, PACE Chairs Condemn Russia's Move, Civil Georgia, 26 August 2008"</a>. Civil.ge. 1 July 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19300">the original</a> on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CoE%2C+PACE+Chairs+Condemn+Russia%27s+Move%2C+Civil+Georgia%2C+26+August+2008&rft.pub=Civil.ge&rft.date=2001-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D19300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-civil2-198"><a href="#cite_ref-civil2_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607105557/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19296">"OSCE Chair Condemns Russia's Recognition of Abkhazia, S. Ossetia, Civil Georgia, 26 August 2008"</a>. Civil.ge. 1 July 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19296">the original</a> on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OSCE+Chair+Condemns+Russia%27s+Recognition+of+Abkhazia%2C+S.+Ossetia%2C+Civil+Georgia%2C+26+August+2008&rft.pub=Civil.ge&rft.date=2001-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D19296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_199-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7583164.stm">"West condemns Russia over Georgia, BBC, 26 August 2008"</a>. BBC News. 26 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420213422/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7583164.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=West+condemns+Russia+over+Georgia%2C+BBC%2C+26+August+2008&rft.date=2008-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7583164.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080830003832/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/27/russia.georgia/index.html">"Tensions build as U.S. ship arrives in Georgia, CNN, 29 August 2008"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/27/russia.georgia/index.html">the original</a> on 30 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Tensions+build+as+U.S.+ship+arrives+in+Georgia%2C+CNN%2C+29+August+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F08%2F27%2Frussia.georgia%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil.ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil.ge">Civil.ge</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19300">CoE, PACE Chairs Condemn Russia's Move</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607101230/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19300">Archived</a> 7 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 26 August 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=27829&Cr=georgia&Cr1=">Resolving Georgian crisis may be harder after Russian recognition move</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215024611/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=27829&Cr=georgia&Cr1=">Archived</a> 15 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UN News Centre. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723125852/http://www.paltelegraph.com/world/asia-news/2139-russias-build-up-in-the-black-sea">"Russia's build-up in the Black Sea"</a>. 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United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128185700/https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/georgia">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508202706/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/world/europe/14abkhazia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=President+of+Abkhazia+Re-elected+by+Wide+Margin&rft.date=2009-12-13&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F12%2F14%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F14abkhazia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13587660">"Abkhazia President Sergei Bagapsh dies at 62"</a>. BBC. 29 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110529112008/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13587660">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Abkhazia+President+Sergei+Bagapsh+dies+at+62&rft.date=2011-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-13587660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarkovic_Bookman1997" class="citation book cs1">Zarkovic Bookman, Milica (1997). The Demographic Struggle for Power: The Political Economy of Demographic Engineering in the Modern World. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4732-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4732-6"><bdi>978-0-7146-4732-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Demographic+Struggle+for+Power%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Demographic+Engineering+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4732-6&rft.aulast=Zarkovic+Bookman&rft.aufirst=Milica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpin2008" class="citation news cs1">Halpin, Tony (30 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080903215639/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4635843.ece">"Kremlin announces that South Ossetia will join "one united Russian state""</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">Times Online</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4635843.ece">the original</a> on 3 September 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Online&rft.atitle=Kremlin+announces+that+South+Ossetia+will+join+%22one+united+Russian+state%22&rft.date=2008-08-30&rft.aulast=Halpin&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Farticle4635843.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/georgia/abkhazia-deepening-dependence">"Abkhazia: Deepening Dependence"</a>. International Crisis Group. 26 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Crisis+Group&rft.atitle=Abkhazia%3A+Deepening+Dependence&rft.date=2010-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Feurope-central-asia%2Fcaucasus%2Fgeorgia%2Fabkhazia-deepening-dependence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTkemaladze2021" class="citation web cs1">Tkemaladze, Tamar (14 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2021/02/14/abkhazia-is-not-crimea-but-everything-is-set-to-become-it/">"Abkhazia Is Not Crimea but Everything Is Set to Become It"</a>. Modern Diplomacy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128003159/https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2021/02/14/abkhazia-is-not-crimea-but-everything-is-set-to-become-it/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+Diplomacy&rft.atitle=Abkhazia+Is+Not+Crimea+but+Everything+Is+Set+to+Become+It&rft.date=2021-02-14&rft.aulast=Tkemaladze&rft.aufirst=Tamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoderndiplomacy.eu%2F2021%2F02%2F14%2Fabkhazia-is-not-crimea-but-everything-is-set-to-become-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard_Toal2014" class="citation news cs1">Gerard Toal (20 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/20/how-people-in-south-ossetia-abkhazia-and-transnistria-feel-about-annexation-by-russia/">"How people in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Transnistria feel about annexation by Russia"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701044838/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/20/how-people-in-south-ossetia-abkhazia-and-transnistria-feel-about-annexation-by-russia/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+people+in+South+Ossetia%2C+Abkhazia+and+Transnistria+feel+about+annexation+by+Russia&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft.au=Gerard+Toal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2014%2F03%2F20%2Fhow-people-in-south-ossetia-abkhazia-and-transnistria-feel-about-annexation-by-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> University of Colorado-Boulder, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.edu/ibs/pec/johno/pub/InsideAbkhazia.pdf">Inside Abkhazia: A Survey of Attitudes in a De Facto State</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045646/http://www.colorado.edu/ibs/pec/johno/pub/InsideAbkhazia.pdf">Archived</a> 8 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civil.ge/archives/384342">"Moscow, Sokhumi Sign 'Common Social-Economic Space' Program, Tbilisi Decries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Civil_Georgia" title="Civil Georgia">Civil Georgia</a>. 25 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Georgia&rft.atitle=Moscow%2C+Sokhumi+Sign+%27Common+Social-Economic+Space%27+Program%2C+Tbilisi+Decries&rft.date=2020-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivil.ge%2Farchives%2F384342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civil.ge/archives/620660">"Russian Deputy Minister for Economic Development: "Harmonization of Legislation" Between Moscow and Occupied Abkhazia "Mostly Complete""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Civil_Georgia" title="Civil Georgia">Civil Georgia</a>. 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Georgia&rft.atitle=Russian+Deputy+Minister+for+Economic+Development%3A+%22Harmonization+of+Legislation%22+Between+Moscow+and+Occupied+Abkhazia+%22Mostly+Complete%22&rft.date=2020-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivil.ge%2Farchives%2F620660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Birgitte Refslund Sørensen, Marc Vincent (2001), Caught Between Borders: Response Strategies of the Internally Displaced, pp. 234–5. Pluto Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1818-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1818-9">978-0-7453-1818-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union Georgiy I. Mirsky, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020310105503/http://www.parliament.ge/GENERAL/HotPoints/ABKHAZIA/nadarei.html">"The speech by Tamaz Nadareishvili, chairman of the Supreme Council of the Abkhazian Autonomous Republic, delivered at the session of Georgian Parliament"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.ge/GENERAL/HotPoints/ABKHAZIA/nadarei.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2002. <q>We see no perspective in arranging of Abkhazian conflict by political and peaceful means.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+speech+by+Tamaz+Nadareishvili%2C+chairman+of+the+Supreme+Council+of+the+Abkhazian+Autonomous+Republic%2C+delivered+at+the+session+of+Georgian+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.ge%2FGENERAL%2FHotPoints%2FABKHAZIA%2Fnadarei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringaToje2016" class="citation book cs1">Bringa, Tone; Toje, Hege (2016). Eurasian Borderlands: Spatializing Borders in the Aftermath of State Collapse. Springer. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-58309-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-58309-3"><bdi>978-1-137-58309-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Borderlands%3A+Spatializing+Borders+in+the+Aftermath+of+State+Collapse&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-58309-3&rft.aulast=Bringa&rft.aufirst=Tone&rft.au=Toje%2C+Hege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chervonnaia-256"><a href="#cite_ref-Chervonnaia_256-0">^</a> Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994 </li> <li id="cite_note-WhiteBookOfAbkhazia-257"><a href="#cite_ref-WhiteBookOfAbkhazia_257-0">^</a> White Book of Abkhazia. 1992–1993 Documents, Materials, Evidences. Moscow, 1993. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://de.rian.ru/postsowjetischen/20081030/118035800.html">"Russland legitimiert Beziehungen zu Abchasien und Südossetien"</a>. De.rian.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716054404/http://de.rian.ru/postsowjetischen/20081030/118035800.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russland+legitimiert+Beziehungen+zu+Abchasien+und+S%C3%BCdossetien&rft.pub=De.rian.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fde.rian.ru%2Fpostsowjetischen%2F20081030%2F118035800.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gfsis.org/maps/view/russian-military-forces">"Russian Military Forces: Interactive Map"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215151446/https://www.gfsis.org/maps/view/russian-military-forces">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Military+Forces%3A+Interactive+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfsis.org%2Fmaps%2Fview%2Frussian-military-forces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/putin-sparks-georgia-fury-with-annexation-deal-in-abkhazia/869407">"Putin Sparks Georgia Fury With 'Annexation' Deal in Abkhazia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)" title="Outlook (Indian magazine)">Outlook (Indian magazine)</a>. New Delhi. 25 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303074810/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/putin-sparks-georgia-fury-with-annexation-deal-in-abkhazia/869407">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook+%28Indian+magazine%29&rft.atitle=Putin+Sparks+Georgia+Fury+With+%27Annexation%27+Deal+in+Abkhazia&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnewswire%2Fstory%2Fputin-sparks-georgia-fury-with-annexation-deal-in-abkhazia%2F869407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolaus_von_Twickel2011" class="citation news cs1">Nikolaus von Twickel (26 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/no-clear-frontrunner-as-abkhazia-goes-to-poll/442702.html">"No Clear Frontrunner as Abkhazia Goes to Poll"</a>. The Moscow Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221151310/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/no-clear-frontrunner-as-abkhazia-goes-to-poll/442702.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=No+Clear+Frontrunner+as+Abkhazia+Goes+to+Poll&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft.au=Nikolaus+von+Twickel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fno-clear-frontrunner-as-abkhazia-goes-to-poll%2F442702.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a>-Dengi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=1020594">Тяжелая экономическая независимость</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913001619/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=1020594">Archived</a> 13 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Hard Economical Independence), 8 September 2008 (in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2553872">"Безграничная Абхазия Что получила республика от российского признания"</a>. Коммерсантъ (in Russian). 8 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220729233457/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2553872">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2014-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F2553872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhashig2020" class="citation news cs1">Khashig, Inal (4 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jam-news.net/abkhazia-will-transfer-the-power-system-to-russia-to-save-itself-from-the-energy-crisis-news-mining-non-payment/">"Op-ed: Abkhazia will have to transfer its power system to Russia or live without electricity"</a>. JAMnews. Retrieved 6 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMnews&rft.atitle=Op-ed%3A+Abkhazia+will+have+to+transfer+its+power+system+to+Russia+or+live+without+electricity&rft.date=2020-12-04&rft.aulast=Khashig&rft.aufirst=Inal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjam-news.net%2Fabkhazia-will-transfer-the-power-system-to-russia-to-save-itself-from-the-energy-crisis-news-mining-non-payment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apress6859-265"><a href="#cite_ref-apress6859_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202183029/http://apsnypress.info/news/6859.html"><bdi lang="ru">Основными торговыми партнерами Абхазии продолжают оставаться Россия и Турция</bdi></a> [Russia and Turkey continue to be Abkhazia's main trade partners]. Apsnypress.info (in Russian). 27 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apsnypress.info/news/6859.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Apsnypress.info&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2012-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapsnypress.info%2Fnews%2F6859.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080901193119/http://www.ln.mid.ru/Brp_4.nsf/arh/79C58F476CAEC4E8C32574040058934C?OpenDocument">"Russian Federation Withdraws from Regime of Restrictions Established in 1996 for Abkhazia"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia</a>. 6 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ln.mid.ru/Brp_4.nsf/arh/79C58F476CAEC4E8C32574040058934C?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Federation+Withdraws+from+Regime+of+Restrictions+Established+in+1996+for+Abkhazia&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+Russia&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ln.mid.ru%2FBrp_4.nsf%2Farh%2F79C58F476CAEC4E8C32574040058934C%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandrova2008" class="citation news cs1">Alexandrova, Lyudmila (9 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510143133/http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=12565744">"Russia expands economic ties with Abkhazia, Georgia angry, CIS idle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Itar-Tass" class="mw-redirect" title="Itar-Tass">Itar-Tass</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=12565744">the original</a> on 10 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Itar-Tass&rft.atitle=Russia+expands+economic+ties+with+Abkhazia%2C+Georgia+angry%2C+CIS+idle&rft.date=2008-04-09&rft.aulast=Alexandrova&rft.aufirst=Lyudmila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itar-tass.com%2Feng%2Flevel2.html%3FNewsID%3D12565744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abkhasia.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/165554/">"Кавказский Узел – В 2009 году туристический поток в Абхазии увеличился на 20%"</a>. Кавказский Узел. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150122053801/http://abkhasia.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/165554/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB+%E2%80%93+%D0%92+2009+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D0%B2+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+20%25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabkhasia.kavkaz-uzel.ru%2Farticles%2F165554%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150122072059/http://chechnya.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/164334/">"Кавказский Узел – В 2009 году Абхазию посетило около миллиона туристов"</a>. Кавказский Узел. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chechnya.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/164334/">the original</a> on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB+%E2%80%93+%D0%92+2009+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchechnya.kavkaz-uzel.ru%2Farticles%2F164334%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tourbus.ru/news/8118.html">"Ростуризм увеличил туристические показатели сразу в несколько раз"</a>. tourbus.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150122061220/http://tourbus.ru/news/8118.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tourbus.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC+%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83+%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftourbus.ru%2Fnews%2F8118.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apsnycensus-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apsnycensus_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apsnycensus_271-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209185131/http://apsnypress.info/news/5084.html"><bdi lang="ru">Численность населения Абхазии составляет 240 705 человек</bdi></a> [The population of Abkhazia is 240,705 people]. Apsnypress.info (in Russian). 28 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apsnypress.info/news/5084.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Apsnypress.info&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B5%D1%82+240+705+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.date=2011-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapsnypress.info%2Fnews%2F5084.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yb2005-272"><a href="#cite_ref-yb2005_272-0">^</a> Statistical Yearbook of Georgia 2005: Population, Table 2.1, p. 33, Department for Statistics, Tbilisi (2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_273-1">b</a> "Abkhazia." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1358/Abkhazia">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910230908/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1358/Abkhazia">Archived</a> 10 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 9 September 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Today_third-274"><a href="#cite_ref-Today_third_274-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/abkhazia-today">Abkhazia Today.</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> Europe Report N°176, 15 September 2006, page 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510033711/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=4377">Archived</a> 10 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gogia2011-275"><a href="#cite_ref-Gogia2011_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGogia2011" class="citation book cs1">Gogia, Giorgi (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/georgia0711LR.pdf">Georgia/Abkhazia: Living in Limbo – The Rights of Ethnic Georgian Returnees to the Gali District of Abkhazia</a> (PDF). New York, NY: Human Rights Watch. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-790-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-790-1"><bdi>978-1-56432-790-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017202339/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/georgia0711LR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia%2FAbkhazia%3A+Living+in+Limbo+%E2%80%93+The+Rights+of+Ethnic+Georgian+Returnees+to+the+Gali+District+of+Abkhazia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-790-1&rft.aulast=Gogia&rft.aufirst=Giorgi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Fgeorgia0711LR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218130517/http://www.eek.gr/default.asp?pid=6&id=579">"ΕΕΚ"</a>. 18 December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eek.gr/default.asp?pid=6&id=579">the original</a> on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%95%CE%95%CE%9A&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eek.gr%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpid%3D6%26id%3D579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Numbers2011-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Numbers2011_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Numbers2011_277-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1drv.ms/b/s!AklmesgT05Ojg1dboN8APR-WneLo">"Abkhazia in numbers 2011"</a>. 2011. 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Retrieved 10 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Authorities+in+Abkhazia+Plan+to+Strip+Georgians+of+Citizenship&rft.pub=Jamestown+Foundation&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft.au=Giorgi+Menabde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F524e99f14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEka_Kevanishvili2009" class="citation news cs1">Eka Kevanishvili (22 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Teachers_In_Abkhazias_Gali_District_Under_Pressure_To_Give_Up_Georgian_Language/1514767.html">"Teachers in Abkhazia's Gali District Under Pressure To Give Up Georgian Language"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915121431/http://www.rferl.org/content/Teachers_In_Abkhazias_Gali_District_Under_Pressure_To_Give_Up_Georgian_Language/1514767.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Teachers+in+Abkhazia%27s+Gali+District+Under+Pressure+To+Give+Up+Georgian+Language&rft.date=2009-03-22&rft.au=Eka+Kevanishvili&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2FTeachers_In_Abkhazias_Gali_District_Under_Pressure_To_Give_Up_Georgian_Language%2F1514767.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abkhazeti.info/abkhazia/2013/1377048996.php">"Сухуми требует от директоров грузинских школ перехода на русскоязычное обучение"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221220030/http://abkhazeti.info/abkhazia/2013/1377048996.php">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabkhazeti.info%2Fabkhazia%2F2013%2F1377048996.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiorgio_Comai2012" class="citation news cs1">Giorgio Comai (6 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Abkhazia/In-Abkhazia-worried-about-the-language-law-124824">"In Abkhazia, worried about the language law"</a>. Osservatorio balconie caucaso. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810033550/http://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Abkhazia/In-Abkhazia-worried-about-the-language-law-124824">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+Abkhazia%2C+worried+about+the+language+law&rft.date=2012-11-06&rft.au=Giorgio+Comai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balcanicaucaso.org%2Feng%2FAreas%2FAbkhazia%2FIn-Abkhazia-worried-about-the-language-law-124824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dfwatch.net/top-abkhazian-security-official-dismissed-25881">"Top Abkhazian security official dismissed"</a>. DFWATCH STAFF. 30 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222174817/http://dfwatch.net/top-abkhazian-security-official-dismissed-25881">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+Abkhazian+security+official+dismissed&rft.pub=DFWATCH+STAFF&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdfwatch.net%2Ftop-abkhazian-security-official-dismissed-25881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-301">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_301-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_301-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806133545/https://ugsra.org/ofitsialnaya-statistika.php?ELEMENT_ID=409">"Государственный комитет Республики Абхазия по статистике"</a>. ugsra.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugsra.org/ofitsialnaya-statistika.php?ELEMENT_ID=409">the original</a> on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ugsra.org&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugsra.org%2Fofitsialnaya-statistika.php%3FELEMENT_ID%3D409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБгажбаЗелинский1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Бгажба, Х. С.; Зелинский, К. Л. (1965). Дмитрий Гулиа Критико-биографический очерк (in Russian). Сухуми: Алашара. pp. 57–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA&rft.place=%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%A5.+%D0%A1.&rft.au=%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D0%9A.+%D0%9B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerluguian2005" class="citation book cs1">Derluguian, Georgi M. (2005). Bourdieu's Secret Admirer in the Caucasus: A World-System Biography. University of Chicago Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14282-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14282-1"><bdi>978-0-226-14282-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bourdieu%27s+Secret+Admirer+in+the+Caucasus%3A+A+World-System+Biography&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-14282-1&rft.aulast=Derluguian&rft.aufirst=Georgi+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988">: Iskander is named while only Shinkuba's work ("popular novels about the fate of muhajeers") is mentioned; in the Russian translation (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Адепт Бурдье на Кавказе: Эскизы к биографии в миросистемной перспективе. Litres. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-457-06529-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-457-06529-1"><bdi>978-5-457-06529-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82+%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%3A+%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8B+%D0%BA+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft.pub=Litres&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-5-457-06529-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988">) Shinkuba is also explicitly named </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://altinpost.org/haber-arsivi/item/2699-abhazya-milli-tak%C4%B1m%C4%B1-kktc-de-basketbol-turnuvas%C4%B1-nda.html">"Altınpost – Abhazya Haberleri – Abhazya Basketbol Milli Takımı KKTC Milli Takımını 76-59 Yendi"</a>. altinpost.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205194623/http://altinpost.org/haber-arsivi/item/2699-abhazya-milli-tak%C4%B1m%C4%B1-kktc-de-basketbol-turnuvas%C4%B1-nda.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=altinpost.org&rft.atitle=Alt%C4%B1npost+%E2%80%93+Abhazya+Haberleri+%E2%80%93+Abhazya+Basketbol+Milli+Tak%C4%B1m%C4%B1+KKTC+Milli+Tak%C4%B1m%C4%B1n%C4%B1+76-59+Yendi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faltinpost.org%2Fhaber-arsivi%2Fitem%2F2699-abhazya-milli-tak%25C4%25B1m%25C4%25B1-kktc-de-basketbol-turnuvas%25C4%25B1-nda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayhan_Demytrie2016" class="citation news cs1">Rayhan Demytrie (2 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-36429207">"A World Cup for unrecognised states"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605134341/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-36429207">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=A+World+Cup+for+unrecognised+states&rft.date=2016-06-02&rft.au=Rayhan+Demytrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-36429207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21700177-football-championship-unrecognised-regions-and-stateless-peoples-won-abkhazia-world">"A World Cup for countries that are not actually countries"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+World+Cup+for+countries+that+are+not+actually+countries&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F21700177-football-championship-unrecognised-regions-and-stateless-peoples-won-abkhazia-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apsadgil.info/news/sport/alen-avidzba-provel-master-klass-dlya-yunykh-tennisistov-a-ego-trenery-provedut-dlya-nikh-trenirovki/">"Ален Авидзба провел мастер-класс для юных теннисистов, а его тренеры проведут для них тренировки"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815142532/https://apsadgil.info/news/sport/alen-avidzba-provel-master-klass-dlya-yunykh-tennisistov-a-ego-trenery-provedut-dlya-nikh-trenirovki/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B0+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapsadgil.info%2Fnews%2Fsport%2Falen-avidzba-provel-master-klass-dlya-yunykh-tennisistov-a-ego-trenery-provedut-dlya-nikh-trenirovki%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tennisportal.ru/tennisist/anshba_amina">"Амина Аншба / Anshba, Amina - биография теннисистки, фото и видео - Теннис портал Tennisportal.ru"</a>. tennisportal.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326035748/http://tennisportal.ru/tennisist/anshba_amina">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tennisportal.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B1%D0%B0+%2F+Anshba%2C+Amina+-+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE+-+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+Tennisportal.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftennisportal.ru%2Ftennisist%2Fanshba_amina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wtatennis.com/players/321965/amina-anshba/rankings-history">"Amina Anshba"</a>. World Tennis Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208063822/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/321965/amina-anshba/rankings-history">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amina+Anshba&rft.pub=World+Tennis+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wtatennis.com%2Fplayers%2F321965%2Famina-anshba%2Frankings-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal2010" class="citation book cs1">de Waal, Thomas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZ1oAgAAQBAJ">The Caucasus: an Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975043-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975043-6"><bdi>978-0-19-975043-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caucasus%3A+an+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975043-6&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkZ1oAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoene2010" class="citation book cs1">Coene, Frederik (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuMAgAAQBAJ">The Caucasus: an Introduction</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-20302-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-20302-3"><bdi>978-1-135-20302-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caucasus%3A+an+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-135-20302-3&rft.aulast=Coene&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7XuMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHille2010" class="citation book cs1">Hille, Charlotte (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxFP6K8iZzQC">State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17901-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17901-1"><bdi>978-90-04-17901-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Building+and+Conflict+Resolution+in+the+Caucasus&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17901-1&rft.aulast=Hille&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxFP6K8iZzQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2001" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Svante E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/podzim2012/MVZ208/um/35586974/Small_Nations_and_Great_Powers__A_Study_of_Ethnopolitical_Conflict_in_the_Caucasus__.pdf">Small Nations and Great Powers</a> (PDF). RoutledgeCurzon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Nations+and+Great+Powers&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fis.muni.cz%2Fel%2F1423%2Fpodzim2012%2FMVZ208%2Fum%2F35586974%2FSmall_Nations_and_Great_Powers__A_Study_of_Ethnopolitical_Conflict_in_the_Caucasus__.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2009" class="citation book cs1">George, Julie A (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ULFAAAAQBAJ">The Politics of Ethnic Separatism in Russia and Georgia</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10232-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10232-3"><bdi>978-0-230-10232-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Ethnic+Separatism+in+Russia+and+Georgia&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10232-3&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Julie+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ULFAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdisheli2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Odisheli, Manana (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-4?rskey=LIcawH&result=1">"Abasgia"</a>. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity">The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abasgia&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft.aulast=Odisheli&rft.aufirst=Manana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-4%3Frskey%3DLIcawH%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Abkhazia at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Abkhazia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Abkhazia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D4%A5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="c:Аԥсны">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Abkhazia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Abkhazia">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Abkhazia" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Abkhazia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Abkhazia" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Abkhazia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Abkhazia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Abkhazia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Abkhazia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Abkhazia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Abkhazia" class="extiw" title="voy:Abkhazia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Abkhazia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Abkhazia">Wikimedia Atlas of Abkhazia</a></li> <li>(in English, Russian, and Georgian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://presidentofabkhazia.org">Официальный сайт Президента Республики Абхазия</a> (official webpage of the President of Abkhazia).</li> <li>(in English, Russian, and Abkhaz) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfaapsny.org/">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia</a> (official site).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3261059.stm">BBC Regions and territories: Abkhazia</a></li> <li>(in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apsnypress.info">State Information Agency of the Abkhaz Republic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/georgia/">UN Documents for Georgia</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezaQasemi2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reza, Enayatollah; Qasemi, Jawad (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/abkhazia-abkhaz-SIM_0083?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-islamica&s.q=Abkhaz">"Abkhazia (Abkhāz)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9831">1875-9831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abkhazia+%28Abkh%C4%81z%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1875-9831&rft.aulast=Reza&rft.aufirst=Enayatollah&rft.au=Qasemi%2C+Jawad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-islamica%2Fabkhazia-abkhaz-SIM_0083%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-islamica%26s.q%3DAbkhaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbkhazia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abkhazia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abkhazia_topics" title="Template:Abkhazia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abkhazia_topics" title="Template talk:Abkhazia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abkhazia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abkhazia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abkhazia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abkhazia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Abkhazia-related_articles" title="Index of Abkhazia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lazica" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Lazica">Kingdom of Lazica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abasgoi" title="Abasgoi">Abasgia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tskhumi" title="Duchy of Tskhumi">Duchy of Tskhumi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Russian rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia">Soviet Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz–Georgian conflict">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_of_Georgians_in_Abkhazia" title="Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia">Georgian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Georgia" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia">United Nations Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Revolution" title="Abkhazian Revolution">Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Politics of Abkhazia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Abkhazia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Abkhazia" title="Constitution of Abkhazia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">Foreign recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia" title="Foreign relations of Abkhazia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Republic of Abkhazia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia">Government in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Abkhazia" title="Human rights in Abkhazia">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Abkhazia" title="Law enforcement in Abkhazia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Abkhazia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia" title="People's Assembly of Abkhazia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Chamber_of_Abkhazia" title="Public Chamber of Abkhazia">Public Chamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Abkhazia" title="List of airports in Abkhazia">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="National Bank of the Republic of Abkhazia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Abkhazia">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Abkhazia" title="List of companies of Abkhazia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Abkhazia" title="Subdivisions of Abkhazia">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Abkhazia" title="Economy of Abkhazia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Abkhazia" title="Geography of Abkhazia">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_railway" title="Abkhazian railway">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Abkhazia" title="Tourism in Abkhazia">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiaaira" title="Aiaaira">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Abkhazia">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Abkhazia" title="Demographics of Abkhazia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Abkhazia" title="Emblem of Abkhazia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Abkhazia" title="Flag of Abkhazia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_literature" title="Abkhaz literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Abkhazia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Abkhazia" title="Public holidays in Abkhazia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Abkhazia" title="Religion in Abkhazia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Abkhazia" title="Sport in Abkhazia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Abkhazia" title="Women in Abkhazia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Outline of Georgia (country)">Georgia (outline)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Abkhazia" title="Outline of Abkhazia">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Abkhazia-related_articles" title="Index of Abkhazia-related articles">Index</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#References">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abkhazia" title="Category:Abkhazia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Abkhazia" title="Portal:Abkhazia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Georgia_(country)&#124;link=Georgia_(country)_Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template:Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Georgia_(country)&#124;link=Georgia_(country)_Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions of Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Regions_of_Georgia_(country).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regions of Georgia"><img alt="Regions of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Regions_of_Georgia_%28country%29.svg/200px-Regions_of_Georgia_%28country%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Regions_of_Georgia_%28country%29.svg/300px-Regions_of_Georgia_%28country%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Regions_of_Georgia_%28country%29.svg/400px-Regions_of_Georgia_%28country%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="913" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guria" title="Guria">Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvemo_Kartli" title="Kvemo Kartli">Kvemo Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtskheta-Mtianeti" title="Mtskheta-Mtianeti">Mtskheta-Mtianeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racha-Lechkhumi_and_Kvemo_Svaneti" title="Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti">Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samegrelo-Zemo_Svaneti" title="Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti">Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe%E2%80%93Javakheti" title="Samtskhe–Javakheti">Samtskhe–Javakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shida_Kartli" title="Shida Kartli">Shida Kartli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City with special status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> (capital)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_South_Ossetia" title="Administration of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>1 De facto independent (see <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_regions_of_Georgia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_regions_of_Georgia" title="Template:Historical regions of Georgia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_regions_of_Georgia" title="Template talk:Historical regions of Georgia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_regions_of_Georgia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical regions of Georgia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_regions_of_Georgia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical regions of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abkhazia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abasgoi" title="Abasgoi">Abkhazeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abzhywa" title="Abzhywa">Abzhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsilae" title="Apsilae">Tsebelda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurzakano" title="Samurzakano">Samurzakano</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Georgia"><img alt="Flag of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/100px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/150px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/200px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machakheli" title="Machakheli">Machakhela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazistan" title="Lazistan">Chaneti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guria" title="Guria">Guria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surebi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surebi (page does not exist)">Surebi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argveti" title="Argveti">Argveti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vake_(historical_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vake (historical region (page does not exist)">Vake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhurisi" title="Mukhurisi">Mukhurisi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okriba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okriba (page does not exist)">Okriba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sachino (page does not exist)">Sachino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sajavakho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sajavakho (page does not exist)">Sajavakho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garekakheti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garekakheti (page does not exist)">Garekakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagmamkhari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gagmamkhari (page does not exist)">Gagmamkhari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujareti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gujareti (page does not exist)">Gujareti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiziki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiziki (page does not exist)">Kiziki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereti" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereti">Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saingilo" title="Saingilo">Saingilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusheti" title="Tusheti">Tusheti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kvemo_Kartli" title="Kvemo Kartli">Kvemo Kartli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borchali" class="mw-redirect" title="Borchali">Borchalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardabani_(historic_district)" title="Gardabani (historic district)">Gardabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gachiani" title="Gachiani">Gachiani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmaniskhevi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmaniskhevi (page does not exist)">Dmaniskhevi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mtskheta-Mtianeti" title="Mtskheta-Mtianeti">Mtskheta-Mtianeti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mtiuleti" title="Mtiuleti">Mtiuleti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhrani" title="Mukhrani">Mukhrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pshavi" title="Pshavi">Pshavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pkhovi" title="Pkhovi">Pkhovi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tskhavati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tskhavati (page does not exist)">Tskhavati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksniskhevi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ksniskhevi (page does not exist)">Ksniskhevi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tskhradzmiskhevi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tskhradzmiskhevi (page does not exist)">Tskhradzmiskhevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsanareti" title="Tsanareti">Tsanareti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsilkani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsilkani (page does not exist)">Tsilkani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsobeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsobeni (page does not exist)">Tsobeni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tchartali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tchartali (page does not exist)">Tchartali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khada" class="mw-redirect" title="Khada">Khada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandro" class="mw-redirect" title="Khandro">Khandro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khevi" title="Khevi">Khevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khevsureti" title="Khevsureti">Khevsureti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kherki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kherki (page does not exist)">Kherki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khorkhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khorkhi (page does not exist)">Khorkhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racha-Lechkhumi_and_Kvemo_Svaneti" title="Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti">Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takveri" class="mw-redirect" title="Takveri">Takveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechkhumi" title="Lechkhumi">Lechkhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racha" title="Racha">Racha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Kvemo Svaneti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samegrelo-Zemo_Svaneti" title="Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti">Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egrisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Egrisi">Egrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odishi" title="Odishi">Odishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabediano" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabediano">Sabediano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samegrelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Samegrelo">Samegrelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Svaneti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shida_Kartli" title="Shida Kartli">Shida Kartli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bazaleti_(historical_area)" title="Bazaleti (historical area)">Bazaleti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaleti" title="Dvaleti">Dvaleti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maghrandvaleti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maghrandvaleti (page does not exist)">Maghrandvaleti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samachablo" title="Samachablo">Samachablo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zena_Sopeli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zena Sopeli (page does not exist)">Zena Sopeli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tao-Klarjeti" title="Tao-Klarjeti">Tao-Klarjeti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klarjeti" title="Klarjeti">Klarjeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speri_(region)" title="Speri (region)">Speri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6le" title="Göle">Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavsheti" class="mw-redirect" title="Shavsheti">Shavsheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardahan" title="Ardahan">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigali_valley" title="Nigali valley">Nigali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasiane_(historical_region)" title="Phasiane (historical region)">Basiani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokhoista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sokhoista (page does not exist)">Sokhoista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemo_Kartli" title="Zemo Kartli">Zemo Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tori_(Georgia)" title="Tori (Georgia)">Tori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti" title="Trialeti">Trialeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtskhe">Samtskhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javakheti" title="Javakheti">Javakheti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Movements_of_regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Template:Stateless nationalism in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Stateless nationalism in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless nationalism in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Movements_of_regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Europe" title="List of active separatist movements in Europe">Movements</a> of <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">stateless</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Lachin" title="Kurdish Republic of Lachin">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh-Mughan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic">Talysh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bosnia and Herzegovina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_secession_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Proposed secession of Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_identity" title="Istrian identity">Istrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">Turkish Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">Greek Cypriot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Ålandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">North Catalan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abkhazian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjaria">Adjarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Javakhk_Democratic_Alliance" title="United Javakhk Democratic Alliance">Javakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabians" title="Swabians">Swabians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Cham Albanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_independence_movement" title="South Tyrolean independence movement">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kazakhstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh%E2%80%93Russian_ethnic_conflicts" title="Kazakh–Russian ethnic conflicts">North Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Macedonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Moldova</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B4_Jednota" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaszëbskô Jednota">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_Government_in_Exile" title="Free City of Danzig Government in Exile">Free City of Danzig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania%E2%80%93Banat_League" title="Transylvania–Banat League">Transylvania–Banat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonese nationalism">Leonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_nationalism" title="Murcian nationalism">Murcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_Party" title="Scania Party">Scania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Eastern Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">Western Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">United Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">First-level NUTS of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Europe" title="Template talk:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (only <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistoric Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty#History" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty#History" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia#History" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia#History" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia"> Arsacid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia#History" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Medieval Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia#History" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1453–1829" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1453-1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)#History" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1502-1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1829–1878" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1829-1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#National_awakening:_1880s" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1880-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia#History" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Ages in Azerbaijan">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Stalinist repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_in_Belarus" title="Soviet repressions in Belarus">Soviet repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom#History" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria#History" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Bulgaria" title="Golden Age of Bulgaria">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">1878-1946</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1989">1989-present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#History" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia#History" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Czech lands in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia#History" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526-1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648-1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918-1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia#History" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech resistance against German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic#History" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">1945-1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989-1992</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)#Danish_conquest" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana#History" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estophilia#Estophile_Enlightenment_Period_(1750–1840)" title="Estophilia">Estophile Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">National awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">1920-1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Soviet deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Soviet rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">German occupation of Estonia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Asia" title="Template:Stateless nationalism in Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stateless_nationalism_in_Asia" title="Template talk:Stateless nationalism in Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless nationalism in Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">stateless nationalism</a> in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Asia" title="List of active separatist movements in Asia">List of active separatist movements in Asia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Turkestan_Movement" title="Southern Turkestan Movement">South Turkestani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Lachin" title="Kurdish Republic of Lachin">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh-Mughan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic">Talysh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bashu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_independence" title="Macau independence">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Southern Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_National_Party" title="Shanghai National Party">Shanghainese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Cypriot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abkhazian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjaria">Adjarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Javakhk_Democratic_Alliance" title="United Javakhk Democratic Alliance">Javakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiriyat" title="Kashmiriyat">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Manipur" title="Insurgency in Manipur">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">West Papuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Azerbaijan_National_Awakening_Movement" title="Southern Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement">South Azerbaijani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmeneli" title="Turkmeneli">Turkmeneli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kazakhstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh%E2%80%93Russian_ethnic_conflicts" title="Kazakh–Russian ethnic conflicts">North Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malaysia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Sovereignty_Movement" title="Sarawak Sovereignty Movement">Sarawak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Myanmar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zogam" title="Zogam">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokang" title="Kokang">Kokang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_National_Liberation_Army" title="Mon National Liberation Army">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27ang_National_Liberation_Army" title="Ta'ang National Liberation Army">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Rakhine_State_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Conflict in Rakhine State (2016–present)">Rakhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people#Shan_nationalism" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_State" title="Wa State">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiriyat" title="Kashmiriyat">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saudi Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatifi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patani_(historical_region)" title="Patani (historical region)">Patani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Eastern Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">Western Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vietnam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degar_Central_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Degar Central Highlands">Montagnard</a> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_%C4%90%C3%AAga" class="extiw" title="vi:Nhà nước Đêga">vi</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Movement" title="Southern Movement">South Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_with_limited_recognition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template talk:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_with_limited_recognition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Details concerning <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">international recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign relations</a> provided by the articles linked in parentheses</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">UN specialized agency members or <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">GA observer</a> state</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Foreign relations of the State of Palestine">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Kosovo_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Kosovo in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Foreign relations of the Cook Islands">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Niue" title="Foreign relations of Niue">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-UN member states</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised by at least one UN member</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of Abkhazia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia" title="Foreign relations of Abkhazia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Northern_Cyprus_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Northern Cyprus in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">Republic of South Ossetia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Ossetia" title="Foreign relations of South Ossetia">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised only by non-UN members</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Transnistria" title="Foreign relations of Transnistria">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Republic of Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland" title="Foreign relations of Somaliland">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNPO" title="Template:UNPO"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UNPO" title="Template talk:UNPO"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UNPO" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UNPO"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikelan" title="Ikelan">Bellah people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia" title="Oromia">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Rehoboth Basters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland" title="Western Togoland">Western Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambesia" title="Zambesia">Zambesia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:UNPO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UNPO.svg/100px-UNPO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UNPO.svg/150px-UNPO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UNPO.svg/200px-UNPO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer Krom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabs" title="Khuzestani Arabs">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madheshi_people" title="Madheshi people">Madhesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagalim">Nagalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Southern Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Maluku" title="Republic of South Maluku">South Moluccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Southern Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">West Balochistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezghin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_West_Papua" title="Republic of West Papua">West Papuans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Countries and regions of the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Countries and regions of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and regions of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and regions of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:1em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:left; horizontal-align:left; align:left;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soviet Caucasia"><img alt="Soviet Caucasia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/105px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/158px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/210px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Caucasia</figcaption></figure></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abkhazia</a>1 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg/23px-Flag_of_Adjara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg/35px-Flag_of_Adjara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg/45px-Flag_of_Adjara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /> <a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia – Alania</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>1 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:right; horizontal-align:right; align:right;"></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Partially-recognized states</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_Sea" title="Template:Black Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Sea" title="Template talk:Black Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries bordering the Black Sea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abkhazia</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Giresun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopa" title="Hopa">Hopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalia" title="Mangalia">Mangalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%83vodari" title="Năvodari">Năvodari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Ordu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonguldak" title="Zonguldak">Zonguldak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Disputed statehood — <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">partial international recognition</a>, but considered by most countries to be Georgian territory.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CDRN" title="Template:CDRN"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CDRN" title="Template talk:CDRN"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CDRN" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CDRN"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a> (2004–2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31354462#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007530803005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abkhazia&params=43_N_41_E_type:country">43°N 41°E / 43°N 41°E / 43; 41</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&oldid=1262127891">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia&oldid=1262127891</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abkhazia" title="Category:Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Autonomous_republics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Autonomous republics of Georgia (country)">Autonomous republics of Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caucasus" title="Category:Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Caucasus" 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[\"CITEREFProf._Lordkipanidze_M.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayfield2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRayfield2013\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFRayhan_Demytrie2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezaQasemi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Nalbandov2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Neil_MacFarlane1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamkharadze2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaparov2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShamba2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharia2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenfield2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithVivien_Law1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTkemaladze2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTüysüzoğluÖzkan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValery_Dzutsev2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVichos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheatley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarkovic_Bookman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Waal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇelebi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFАмичба1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFБгажбаЗелинский1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFБгажбаЛакоба2007\"] = 1,\n [\"Rivers\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n 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[\"Hlist\"] = 3,\n [\"IPA-all\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA-ka\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"In lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Lang-ka\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-rus\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 20,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Resize\"] = 2,\n [\"Respell\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Sovereign states of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 2,\n [\"Stateless nationalism in Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Stateless nationalism in Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"States with limited recognition\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 6,\n [\"UNPO\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 38,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"\\\\\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","13.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","260","12.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","11.4"],["?","180","8.6"],["recursiveClone 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