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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet 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minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Islamica" title="Encyclopaedia Islamica">Encyclopaedia Islamica</a> or <a href="/wiki/TDV_Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="TDV Encyclopedia of Islam">TDV Encyclopedia of Islam</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <i><b>Encyclopaedia of Islam</b></i> (<i><b>EI</b></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference work</a> that facilitates the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">academic study of Islam</a>. It is published by <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a> and provides information on various aspects of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a>. It is considered to be the standard reference work in the field of Islamic studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Greskowiak_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greskowiak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first edition was published in 1913–1938, the second in 1954–2005, and the third was begun in 2007. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Encyclopaedia of Islam <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.author=Various+scholars&rft.date=1954%E2%80%932008+%28Second+Edition%29&rft.pub=%5B%5BBrill+Publishers%7CBrill%5D%5D&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pages=13+volumes"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:EncyclopediaIslam1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/EncyclopediaIslam1.JPG/220px-EncyclopediaIslam1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/EncyclopediaIslam1.JPG/330px-EncyclopediaIslam1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/EncyclopediaIslam1.JPG/440px-EncyclopediaIslam1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Editor</th><td class="infobox-data">P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data">Various scholars</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">Islam, Islamic studies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">Reference work</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1954–2008 (Second Edition)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">Netherlands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print, Online</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">13 volumes</td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Content"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Content</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Reception"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Reception</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Editions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Editions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1st_edition,_EI1"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">1st edition, <i>EI1</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#SEI"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>SEI</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#2nd_edition,_EI2"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">2nd edition, <i>EI2</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#3rd_edition,_EI3"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">3rd edition, <i>EI3</i></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Translation"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Translation</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Urdu"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Urdu</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Content" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>According to Brill, the <i>EI</i> includes "articles on distinguished Muslims of every age and land, on tribes and dynasties, on the crafts and sciences, on political and religious institutions, on the geography, ethnography, flora and fauna of the various countries and on the history, topography and monuments of the major towns and cities. In its geographical and historical scope it encompasses the old Arabo-Islamic empire, the Islamic countries of Iran, Central Asia, the Indian sub-continent and Indonesia, the Ottoman Empire and all other Islamic countries".<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-description_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-description-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reception" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><i>EI</i> is considered to be the standard reference work in the field of Islamic studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Greskowiak_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greskowiak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each article was written by a recognized specialist on the relevant topic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The most important, authoritative reference work in English on Islam and Islamic subjects. Includes long, signed articles, with bibliographies. Special emphasis is given in this (<i>EI2</i>) edition to economic and social topics, but it remains the standard encyclopedic reference on the Islamic religion in English.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Librarian Suzanne K. Lorimer, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Library" title="Yale University Library">Yale University Library</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The most important and comprehensive reference tool for Islamic studies is the <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>, an immense effort to deal with every aspect of Islamic civilization, conceived in the widest sense, from its origins down to the present day... <i>EI</i> is no anonymous digest of received wisdom. Most of the articles are signed, and while some are hardly more than dictionary entries, others are true research pieces – in many cases the best available treatment of their subject.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Historian <a href="/wiki/R._Stephen_Humphreys" title="R. Stephen Humphreys">R. Stephen Humphreys</a><sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This reference work is of fundamental importance on topics dealing with the geography, ethnography and biography of Muslim peoples.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Iranologist <a href="/wiki/Elton_L._Daniel" title="Elton L. Daniel">Elton L. Daniel</a><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton" title="Richard M. Eaton">Richard Eaton</a> criticised the <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> in the book <i>India's Islamic Traditions, 711–1750</i>, published in 2003. He writes that in attempting to describe and define Islam, the project subscribes to the <a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Oriental_studies" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a>, monolithic notion that Islam is a "bounded, self-contained entity".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Editions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The first edition (<i>EI1</i>) was modeled on the <a href="/wiki/Pauly-Wissowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauly-Wissowa">Pauly-Wissowa</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_classischen_Altertumswissenschaft" title="Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft">Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft</a></i>. <i>EI1</i> was created under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Academies" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Academies">International Union of Academies</a>, and coordinated by <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>. It was published by Brill in four volumes plus supplement from 1913 to 1938 in English, German, and French editions. </p><p>An abridged version was published in 1953 as the <i>Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (<i>SEI</i>), covering mainly law and religion. Excerpts of the <i>SEI</i> have been translated and published in Turkish, Arabic, and Urdu. </p><p>The second edition of <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (<i>EI2</i>) was begun in 1954 and completed in 2005 (several indexes to be published until 2007); it is published by the Dutch academic publisher Brill and is available in English and French. Since 1999, (<i>EI2</i>) has been available in electronic form, in both CD-ROM and web-accessible versions. Besides a great expansion in content, the second edition of <i>EI</i> differs from the first mainly in incorporating the work of scholars of Muslim and Middle Eastern background among its many hundreds of contributors: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>EI1</i> and <i>SEI</i> were produced almost entirely by European scholars, and they represent a specifically European interpretation of Islamic civilization. The point is not that this interpretation is "wrong", but that the questions addressed in these volumes often differ sharply from those which Muslims have traditionally asked about themselves. <i>EI2</i> is a somewhat different matter. It began in much the same way as its predecessor, but a growing proportion of the articles now come from scholars of Muslim background. The persons do not represent the traditional learning of <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">al-Azhar</a>, to be sure; they have been trained in Western-style universities, and they share the methodology if not always the cultural values and attitudes of their Western colleagues. Even so, the change in tone is perceptible and significant.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>R. Stephen Humphreys<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Publication of the Third Edition of <i>EI</i> (<i>EI3</i>) started in 2007. It is available online, printed "Parts" appearing four times per year. The editorial team consists of twenty 'Sectional Editors' and five 'Executive Editors' (i.e. editors-in-chief). The Executive Editors are Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer (<a href="/wiki/Free_University,_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Free University, Berlin">Free University, Berlin</a>), Everett Rowson (New York University), John Nawas (<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">Catholic University of Leuven</a>), and Denis Matringe (EHESS, CNRS). The scope of <i>EI3</i> includes comprehensive coverage of Islam in the twentieth century; expansion of geographical focus to include all areas where Islam has been or is a prominent or dominant aspect of society; attention to Muslim minorities all over the world; and full attention to social science as well as humanistic perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1st_edition,_EI1"><span id="1st_edition.2C_EI1"></span>1st edition, <i>EI1</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1st edition, EI1" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFM._Th._Houtsma" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martijn_Theodoor_Houtsma" title="Martijn Theodoor Houtsma">M. Th. Houtsma</a>; et al. (eds.). <i>The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples</i>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">E.J. Brill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Islam%3A+A+Dictionary+of+the+Geography%2C+Ethnography+and+Biography+of+the+Muhammadan+Peoples&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopaedia+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></span> 1913–38. 4 vols. and Suppl. <ul><li>Vol.1. <b>A–D</b>, M. Th. Houtsma, <a href="/wiki/T._W._Arnold" class="mw-redirect" title="T. W. Arnold">T. W. Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Basset" title="René Basset">R. Basset</a> eds., 1913. <ul><li>Reprint <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ">A-Ba</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5U3AAAAIAAJ">Ba-Bu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vol.2. <b>E–K</b>, M. Th. Houtsma, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arent_Jan_Wensinck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arent Jan Wensinck (page does not exist)">A. J. Wensinck</a>, T. W. Arnold eds., 1927. <ul><li>Reprint <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC">Itk-Kan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vol.3. <b>L–R</b>, M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wensinck, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Évariste Lévi-Provençal">E. Levi-Provençal</a> eds., 1934. <ul><li>Reprint <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC">L-M</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWNpIGNFz0IC">Morocco-Ruyan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vol.4. <b>S–Z</b>, M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wensinck, <a href="/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">H. A. R. Gibb</a>, eds., 1936. <ul><li>Reprint <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sP_hVmik-QYC">S</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC">T-Z</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GpQ3AAAAIAAJ">Supplement</a></li> <li>Suppl. No.1. Ab-Djughrafiya, 1934.</li> <li>Suppl. No.2. Djughrafiya-Kassala, 1936.</li> <li>Suppl. No.3. Kassala-Musha'sha', 1937.</li> <li>Suppl. No.4. Musha'sha'-Taghlib, 1937.</li> <li>Suppl. No.5. Taghlib-Ziryab, 1938.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>M. Th. Houtsma, R. Basset et T. W. Arnold, eds., <i>Encyclopédie de l'Islam: Dictionnaire géographique, ethnographique et biographique des peuples musulmans. Publié avec le concours des principaux orientalistes,</i> 4 vols. avec Suppl., Leyde: Brill et Paris: Picard, 1913–1938. (French)</li> <li>M. Th. Houtsma, R. Basset und T. W. Arnold, herausgegeben von, <i>Enzyklopaedie des Islām : Geographisches, ethnographisches und biographisches Wörterbuch der muhammedanischen Völker,</i> 5 vols., Leiden: Brill und Leipzig : O. Harrassowitz, 1913–1938. (German) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enzyklopaediedes01hout">vol. 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enzyklopaediedes03hout">vol. 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enzyklopaediedes04hout">vol. 4</a></li> <li>M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., <i>E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936,</i> Leiden: E. J. Brill, 8 vols. with Supplement (vol. 9), 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09796-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09796-1">90-04-09796-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SEI"><i>SEI</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: SEI" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>H. A. R. Gibb and J. H. Kramers eds. on behalf of the Royal Netherlands Academy, <i>Shorter Encyclopäedia of Islam</i>, Leiden: Brill, 1953. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-00681-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-00681-8">90-04-00681-8</a></li> <li>M. Th. Houtsma et al. eds., <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_Ansiklopedisi" title="İslâm Ansiklopedisi">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a> : İslâm âlemi coğrafya, etnografya ve biyografya lûgati</i></span>, 13 in 15 vols., İstanbul: Maarif Matbaası, 1940–1988. (Turkish)</li> <li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أحمد الشنتناوي، إبراهيم زكي خورشيد، عبد الحميد يونس، دائرة المعارف الإسلامية: اصدر بالألمانية والإنجليزية والفرنسية واعتمد في الترجمة العربية على الأصلين الإنجليزي والفرنسي، الطبعة ٢، القاهرة: دار الشعب، -۱۹٦۹</span></span> (Arabic)</li> <li><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl">محمود ‌الحسن عارف، مختصر اردو دائرۀ معارف اسلامیه، لاهور: دانشگاه پنجاب، ۲۵ ج.ها، ۱۹۵۹-۱۹۹۳</span></span> (Urdu)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2nd_edition,_EI2"><span id="2nd_edition.2C_EI2"></span><span class="anchor" id="EI2"></span> 2nd edition, <i>EI2</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2nd edition, EI2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EncyclopediaIslam2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/EncyclopediaIslam2.JPG/220px-EncyclopediaIslam2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/EncyclopediaIslam2.JPG/220px-EncyclopediaIslam2.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/EncyclopediaIslam2.JPG/330px-EncyclopediaIslam2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/EncyclopediaIslam2.JPG/440px-EncyclopediaIslam2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Edited by <a href="/wiki/P._J._Bearman" class="mw-redirect" title="P. J. Bearman">P. J. Bearman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Th. Bianquis</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">C. E. Bosworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">E. van Donzel</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._P._Heinrichs" class="mw-redirect" title="W. P. Heinrichs">W. P. Heinrichs</a> et al., <i>Encyclopædia of Islam,</i> 2nd Edition., 12 vols. with indexes, etc., Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–2005 <ul><li>Vol. 1, <b>A – l–B</b>, Edited by an Editorial Committee Consisting of <a href="/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">H. A. R. Gibb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers" title="Johannes Hendrik Kramers">J. H. Kramers</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Évariste Lévi-Provençal">E. Lévi-Provençal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">J. Schacht</a>, Assisted by <a href="/wiki/S._M._Stern" class="mw-redirect" title="S. M. Stern">S. M. Stern</a> (pp. 1–320); – B. Lewis, Ch. Pellat and J. Schacht, Assisted by C. Dumont and R. M. Savory (pp. 321–1359). 1960. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08114-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08114-3">90-04-08114-3</a></li> <li>Vol. 2, <b>C–G</b>, Edited by B. Lewis, Ch. Pellat and J. Schacht. Assisted by J. Burton-Page, C. Dumont and V.L. Ménage., 1965. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07026-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07026-5">90-04-07026-5</a></li> <li>Vol. 3, <b>H–Iram</b> Edited by B. Lewis, V.L. Ménage, Ch. Pellat and J. Schacht, Assisted by C. Dumont, E. van Donzel and G.R. Hawting eds., 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08118-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08118-6">90-04-08118-6</a></li> <li>Vol. 4, <b>Iran–Kha</b>, Edited by E. van Donzel, B. Lewis and Ch. Pellat, Assisted by C. Dumont, G.R. Hawting and M. Paterson (pp. 1–256); – C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, B. Lewis and Ch. Pellat, Assisted by C. Dumont and M. Paterson (pp. 257–768); – Assisted by F. Th. Dijkema, M., 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-05745-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-05745-5">90-04-05745-5</a></li> <li>Vol. 5, <b>Khe–Mahi</b>, Edited by C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, B. Lewis and Ch. Pellat, Assisted by F.Th. Dijkema and S. Nurit., 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07819-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07819-3">90-04-07819-3</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJY3AAAAIAAJ">via Google Books</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vol. 6, <b>Mahk–Mid</b>, Edited by C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and Ch. Pellat, Assisted by F.Th. Dijkema and S. Nurit. With B. Lewis (pp. 1–512) and W.P. Heinrichs (pp. 513–1044)., 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08112-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08112-7">90-04-08112-7</a></li> <li>Vol. 7, <b>Mif–Naz</b>, Edited by C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs and Ch. Pellat, Assisted by F.Th. Dijkema (pp. 1–384), P. J. Bearman (pp. 385–1058) and Mme S. Nurit, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09419-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09419-9">90-04-09419-9</a></li> <li>Vol. 8, <b>Ned–Sam</b>, Edited by C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs and G. Lecomte, Assisted by P.J. Bearman and Mme S. Nurit., 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09834-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09834-8">90-04-09834-8</a></li> <li>Vol. 9, <b>San–Sze</b>, Edited by C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs and the late G. Lecomte, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10422-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10422-4">90-04-10422-4</a></li> <li>Vol. 10, <b>Tā'–U[..]</b>, Edited by P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11211-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11211-1">90-04-11211-1</a></li> <li>Vol. 11, <b>V–Z</b>, Edited by P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12756-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12756-9">90-04-12756-9</a></li> <li>Vol. 12, Supplement, Edited by P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13974-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13974-5">90-04-13974-5</a></li> <li>Glossary and index of terms to v. 1–9, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11635-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11635-4">90-04-11635-4</a></li> <li>Index of proper names v. 1–10, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12107-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12107-2">90-04-12107-2</a></li> <li>Index of subjects, fasc. 1, compiled by P. J. Bearman, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14361-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14361-0">90-04-14361-0</a></li> <li>Glossary and index of terms to v. 1–12, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-15610-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-15610-0">90-04-15610-0</a></li> <li>An Historical Atlas of Islam, ed., <a href="/wiki/William_C._Brice" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Brice">William C. Brice</a>, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06116-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-06116-9">90-04-06116-9</a></li></ul></li> <li>E. van Donzel, <i>Islamic desk reference: compiled from The Encyclopaedia of Islam,</i> Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09738-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09738-4">90-04-09738-4</a> (an abridged selection)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3rd_edition,_EI3"><span id="3rd_edition.2C_EI3"></span>3rd edition, <i>EI3</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 3rd edition, EI3" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>Edited by Kate Fleet, <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Gudrun Krämer</a>, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Everett K. Rowson</a>, <i>Encyclopædia of Islam,</i> 3rd Edition., available online, printed "Parts" appearing four times per year, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2007–. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1873-9830">1873-9830</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Translation">Translation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Translation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urdu">Urdu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Urdu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urdu_Daira_Maarif_Islamiya" title="Urdu Daira Maarif Islamiya">Urdu Daira Maarif Islamiya</a></div> <p>It was translated into Urdu in 23 volumes named <i><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Daira_Maarif_Islamiya" title="Urdu Daira Maarif Islamiya">Urdu Daira Maarif Islamiya</a></i>, published by <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">University of the Punjab</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>, English-language encyclopedia from a Catholic perspective (1907-1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>, English-language encyclopedia of Iranian studies (1985-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Islamica" title="Encyclopaedia Islamica">Encyclopaedia Islamica</a></i>, Persian-language encyclopedia of Islam and Iranian studies (1983-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān">Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</a></i>, English-language encyclopedia of Quranic studies (2001-2006)</li> <li><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_Ansiklopedisi" title="İslâm Ansiklopedisi">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></i></span>, Turkish-language encyclopedia of Islamic studies closely related to the <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (1939-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>, English-language encyclopedia of Jewish studies (1901-1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_classischen_Altertumswissenschaft" title="Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft">Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft</a></i>, also known as the <i>Pauly–Wissowa</i>, German-language encyclopedia of classical studies (1894–1980)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Greskowiak-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greskowiak_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greskowiak_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111023510/http://www.brill.com/publications/encyclopaedia-islam">"Encyclopaedia of Islam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/publications/encyclopaedia-islam">the original</a> on 2016-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-11</span></span>. <q>It is the standard international reference for all fields of 'Islam' (Es ist das internationale Standardwerk für alle Bereiche 'des Islams'. Martin Greskowiak, Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 1990).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brill.com%2Fpublications%2Fencyclopaedia-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopaedia+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-description-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-description_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111023510/http://www.brill.com/publications/encyclopaedia-islam">"Encyclopaedia of Islam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/publications/encyclopaedia-islam">the original</a> on 2016-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brill.com%2Fpublications%2Fencyclopaedia-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopaedia+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorimer1997" class="citation web cs1">Lorimer, Suzanne K. (October 20, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990128144234/http://www.library.yale.edu/rsc/islam/dicts.htm">"Yale University Library Research Guide: Islam"</a>. Yale University Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.yale.edu/rsc/islam/dicts.htm">the original</a> on January 28, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yale+University+Library+Research+Guide%3A+Islam&rft.pub=Yale+University+Library&rft.date=1997-10-20&rft.aulast=Lorimer&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.yale.edu%2Frsc%2Fislam%2Fdicts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopaedia+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphreys-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1991" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, R. Stephen (1991). <i>Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00856-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00856-6"><bdi>0-691-00856-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+History%3A+A+Framework+for+Inquiry&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-691-00856-6&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=R.+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopaedia+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elton_L._Daniel" title="Elton L. Daniel">Daniel, Elton L.</a> (December 15, 2011) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/encyclopaedia-of-islam">"Encyclopaedia of Islam"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition</i>. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Elton+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopaedia+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></span> Adapted from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elton_L._Daniel" title="Elton L. Daniel">Daniel, Elton L.</a> (1998). "Encyclopaedia of Islam". In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/4: Elam VI–English IV</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 432–435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-053-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-053-0"><bdi>978-1-56859-053-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+VIII%2F4%3A+Elam+VI%E2%80%93English+IV&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=432-435&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56859-053-0&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Elton+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopaedia+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></span> Revised from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elton_L._Daniel" title="Elton L. Daniel">Daniel, Elton L.</a> (1998). "Encyclopaedia of Islam". In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/4: Elam VI–English IV</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 432–435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-053-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-053-0"><bdi>978-1-56859-053-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+VIII%2F4%3A+Elam+VI%E2%80%93English+IV&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=432-435&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56859-053-0&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Elton+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopaedia+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2003" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard Maxwell (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiasislamictra0000unse/page/11/mode/1up">"Introduction"</a>. In Eaton, Richard Maxwell (ed.). <i>India's Islamic Traditions, 711-1750</i>. Themes in Indian History. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565974-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565974-0"><bdi>978-0-19-565974-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=India%27s+Islamic+Traditions%2C+711-1750&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.series=Themes+in+Indian+History&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565974-0&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiasislamictra0000unse%2Fpage%2F11%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopaedia+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=18&pid=24186">"Encyclopaedia of Islam Three"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403030602/http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=18&pid=24186">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Three&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brill.nl%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpartid%3D18%26pid%3D24186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopaedia+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></span> Serial. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411154128/http://www.brill.nl/uploadedFiles/EI3preview.pdf">"IE3 Preview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. Spring 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.nl/uploadedFiles/EI3preview.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IE3+Preview&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brill.nl%2FuploadedFiles%2FEI3preview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopaedia+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/cluster/Encyclopaedia%20of%20Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i> – online access, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&oldid=1251235592">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&oldid=1251235592</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Flemmish Nietzsche" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1728959757"> <span>Last edited on 15 October 2024, at 02:35</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دائرة المعارف الإسلامية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دائرة المعارف الإسلامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam_Ensiklopediyas%C4%B1" title="İslam Ensiklopediyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İslam Ensiklopediyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব ইসলাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব ইসলাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D3%99)" title="Ислам энциклопедияһы (инглизсә) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ислам энциклопедияһы (инглизсә)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Енциклопедия на исляма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енциклопедия на исляма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A8dia_de_l%27Islam" title="Enciclopèdia de l'Islam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enciclopèdia de l'Islam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedio_de_Islamo" title="Enciklopedio de Islamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Enciklopedio de Islamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="دانشنامه اسلام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشنامه اسلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die_de_l%27Islam" title="Encyclopédie de l'Islam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encyclopédie de l'Islam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%8C_%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84" title="이슬람 백과사전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이슬람 백과사전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="इनसाइक्लोपीडिया ऑफ इस्लाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इनसाइक्लोपीडिया ऑफ इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D" title="האנציקלופדיה של האסלאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האנציקלופדיה של האסלאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="ഇസ്‌ലാമിക വിജ്ഞാനകോശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്‌ലാമിക വിജ്ഞാനകോശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8" title="イスラーム百科事典 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラーム百科事典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islom_ensiklopediyasi" title="Islom ensiklopediyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Islom ensiklopediyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81" title="دائرہ معارف اسلامیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دائرہ معارف اسلامیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Энциклопедия ислама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энциклопедия ислама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija_islama" title="Enciklopedija islama – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Enciklopedija islama" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Енциклопедія ісламу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енциклопедія ісламу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81" title="دائرۃ المعارف الاسلامیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دائرۃ المعارف الاسلامیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_H%E1%BB%93i_gi%C3%A1o" title="Encyclopaedia Hồi giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Encyclopaedia Hồi giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="伊斯兰百科全书 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊斯兰百科全书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 October 2024, at 02:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li 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