3D nanofabrication by volumetric deposition and controlled shrinkage of patterned scaffolds

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We present a strategy for the direct assembly of 3D nanomaterials consisting of metals, semiconductors, and biomolecules arranged in virtually any 3D geometry. 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usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="IeCc4aSbHy4Xo8Iiwme13zwe4J8SPHZlxyGbLCfU4uVej2Tqk4QxhFnZmo8fZMmf"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="IeCc4aSbHy4Xo8Iiwme13zwe4J8SPHZlxyGbLCfU4uVej2Tqk4QxhFnZmo8fZMmf"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="IeCc4aSbHy4Xo8Iiwme13zwe4J8SPHZlxyGbLCfU4uVej2Tqk4QxhFnZmo8fZMmf"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="IeCc4aSbHy4Xo8Iiwme13zwe4J8SPHZlxyGbLCfU4uVej2Tqk4QxhFnZmo8fZMmf"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="30545883"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="IeCc4aSbHy4Xo8Iiwme13zwe4J8SPHZlxyGbLCfU4uVej2Tqk4QxhFnZmo8fZMmf"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap 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York, N.Y.)"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Science%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Science%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=Science" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Science"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Science%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Science"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Science"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Science"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2018 Dec 14;362(6420):1281-1285.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1126/science.aau5119. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> 3D nanofabrication by volumetric deposition and controlled shrinkage of patterned scaffolds </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Oran+D&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Daniel Oran">Daniel Oran</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Rodriques+SG&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Samuel G Rodriques">Samuel G Rodriques</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Gao+R&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ruixuan Gao">Ruixuan Gao</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Asano+S&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Shoh Asano">Shoh Asano</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Pfizer Internal Medicine Research Unit, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Skylar-Scott+MA&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mark A Skylar-Scott">Mark A Skylar-Scott</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 5 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chen+F&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Fei Chen">Fei Chen</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 6 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Tillberg+PW&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Paul W Tillberg">Paul W Tillberg</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Marblestone+AH&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Adam H Marblestone">Adam H Marblestone</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Boyden+ES&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Edward S Boyden">Edward S Boyden</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. esb@media.mit.edu." href="#full-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 8 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 6 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-9" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 9 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 10 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-11" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 11 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore data-fetch-url="/30545883/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title"> Expand </span> </button> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-1" id="full-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-2" id="full-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-3" id="full-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Pfizer Internal Medicine Research Unit, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-4" id="full-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-5" id="full-view-affiliation-5" ><sup class="key">5</sup> Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-6" id="full-view-affiliation-6" ><sup class="key">6</sup> Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-7" id="full-view-affiliation-7" ><sup class="key">7</sup> Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-8" id="full-view-affiliation-8" ><sup class="key">8</sup> MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. esb@media.mit.edu.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-9" id="full-view-affiliation-9" ><sup class="key">9</sup> Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-10" id="full-view-affiliation-10" ><sup class="key">10</sup> McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-11" id="full-view-affiliation-11" ><sup class="key">11</sup> Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="equal-contrib-block"> <div class="equal-contrib-explanation" id="full-view-equal-contrib-explanation"><sup class="key">#</sup> Contributed equally.</div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">30545883</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> 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class="full-name">Daniel Oran</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> Science<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <time class="citation-year" datetime="2018">2018</time><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/30545883/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"> <span class="button-label">Display 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class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Rodriques+SG&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Samuel G Rodriques">Samuel G Rodriques</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Gao+R&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ruixuan Gao">Ruixuan Gao</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Asano+S&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Shoh Asano">Shoh Asano</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Pfizer Internal Medicine Research Unit, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Skylar-Scott+MA&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mark A Skylar-Scott">Mark A Skylar-Scott</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 5 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chen+F&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Fei Chen">Fei Chen</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 6 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Tillberg+PW&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Paul W Tillberg">Paul W Tillberg</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Marblestone+AH&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Adam H Marblestone">Adam H Marblestone</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Boyden+ES&cauthor_id=30545883" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Edward S Boyden">Edward S Boyden</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. esb@media.mit.edu." href="#short-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 8 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 6 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-9" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 9 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 10 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-11" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 11 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2" id="short-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3" id="short-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Pfizer Internal Medicine Research Unit, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4" id="short-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5" id="short-view-affiliation-5" ><sup class="key">5</sup> Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-6" id="short-view-affiliation-6" ><sup class="key">6</sup> Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-7" id="short-view-affiliation-7" ><sup class="key">7</sup> Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-8" id="short-view-affiliation-8" ><sup class="key">8</sup> MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. esb@media.mit.edu.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-9" id="short-view-affiliation-9" ><sup class="key">9</sup> Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-10" id="short-view-affiliation-10" ><sup class="key">10</sup> McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-11" id="short-view-affiliation-11" ><sup class="key">11</sup> Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="equal-contrib-block"> <div class="equal-contrib-explanation" id="short-view-equal-contrib-explanation"><sup class="key">#</sup> Contributed equally.</div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">30545883</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC6423357&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423357/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC6423357 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1126/science.aau5119&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5119" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1126/science.aau5119 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/30545883/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/30545883/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> Lithographic nanofabrication is often limited to successive fabrication of two-dimensional (2D) layers. We present a strategy for the direct assembly of 3D nanomaterials consisting of metals, semiconductors, and biomolecules arranged in virtually any 3D geometry. We used hydrogels as scaffolds for volumetric deposition of materials at defined points in space. We then optically patterned these scaffolds in three dimensions, attached one or more functional materials, and then shrank and dehydrated them in a controlled way to achieve nanoscale feature sizes in a solid substrate. We demonstrate that our process, Implosion Fabrication (ImpFab), can directly write highly conductive, 3D silver nanostructures within an acrylic scaffold via volumetric silver deposition. Using ImpFab, we achieve resolutions in the tens of nanometers and complex, non-self-supporting 3D geometries of interest for optical metamaterials. </p> </div> </div> <p class="copyright" id="copyright"> Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. </p> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest"> <h2 class="title"> Conflict of interest statement </h2> <div class="statement"> <p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one"><bold>Competing Interests:</bold> S.G.R., D.D.O., S.A., R.G., F.C., P.W.T., A.H.M., M.S., and E.S.B. are inventors on a patent filed on implosion fabrication. A.H.M. is also affiliated with Deepmind Technologies Ltd. F.C. is also affiliated with the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT.</p> </div> </div> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="fig-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5710/6423357/00808b796d79/nihms-1010811-f0001.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="800" data-image-height="556" data-image-alt="Fig. 1." data-pmc-id="PMC6423357" data-figure-id="F1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5710/6423357/db2caf61cefe/nihms-1010811-f0001.gif" alt="Fig. 1." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="556"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Implosion fabrication (ImpFab) process. (… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Implosion fabrication (ImpFab) process. ( <b> A </b> ) Schematic of the patterning process, showing… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 1. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Implosion fabrication (ImpFab) process. (<b>A</b>) Schematic of the patterning process, showing the expanded polyelectrolyte gel (black lines and dots, top insets), and fluorescein (green star, bottom inset) binding covalently to the polymer matrix upon multi-photon excitation (red volume). Not to scale. Fluorescein bears a reactive group, R. (<b>B</b>) Residual fluorescence of patterned fluorescein immediately following patterning. (<b>C</b>) Schematic of functionalization of patterned gel by attaching small molecules, proteins, DNA or nanoparticles to reactive R groups from (A). Red outline indicates patterned volume in (A). (<b>D</b>) Image of fluorescent streptavidin nanogold conjugates attached to the pattern in (B). (<b>E</b>) Schematic of the volumetric deposition process, showing growth of silver (blue) on top of gold nanoparticles within the hydrogel matrix. (<b>F</b>) Image of silver deposited onto the pattern in (D) by transmission optical microscopy. Following silver growth, the pattern has high optical density. (<b>G</b>) Schematic of the shrinking and dehydration process. (<b>H</b>) SEM image of the silverized pattern from (F) following shrinking and dehydration. (<b>I</b>) Fluorescent patterns created with different laser powers(24). (<b>J</b>) Image of a gel patterned with both metal nanoparticles (yellow) and CdTe quantum dots (blue) in different locations. (<b>K</b>) Images of fluorescent patterns before shrinking (left, 10x gel), after shrinking and dehydration in a 10x gel (top right), and after shrinking and dehydration in a 20x gel (bottom right). (<b>L</b>) The mean lateral (blue) and axial (red) shrink factors (initial size/final size) for 10x gels (n = 6), including dehydration. (<b>M</b>) The mean lateral shrink factor for 20x gels (yellow, n = 3). Error bars show s.d.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="fig-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5710/6423357/8f5ec4c5958b/nihms-1010811-f0002.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="800" data-image-height="683" data-image-alt="Fig. 2." data-pmc-id="PMC6423357" data-figure-id="F2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5710/6423357/139330d60d14/nihms-1010811-f0002.gif" alt="Fig. 2." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="683"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Resolution of implosion fabrication. (A)… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Resolution of implosion fabrication. (A) Design of the resolution test pattern including pairs… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 2. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Resolution of implosion fabrication. (A) Design of the resolution test pattern including pairs of single-voxel-thick lines (bottom right). (B) Fluorescence image of the patterns from (A). (C) Fluorescence image of the pattern (from B) after shrinking. (D) Measures of isotropy in lateral and axial dimensions. Yellow and blue bars represent lateral isotropy for 10x gels and 20x gels, respectively, and the red bar represents axial isotropy for 10x gels. (E) Fluorescence images of single-voxel lines before shrinking. (F) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of single-voxel lines after 10x shrinking. The gel was functionalized with gold nanoparticles for contrast. (G) Cross-sectional intensity profiles of the lines imaged by SEM (dashed lines in (F)), showing how full-width half-maxima (FWHM) of single voxel lines were measured. (H) Linewidths, measured in G, for five different gel samples. Dots are measurements for individual lines; bars indicate mean ± s.d. across individual lines within a single gel.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="fig-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5710/6423357/aac2cb1e3c16/nihms-1010811-f0003.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="800" data-image-height="297" data-image-alt="Fig. 3." data-pmc-id="PMC6423357" data-figure-id="F3"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5710/6423357/d9a74d4e0fd5/nihms-1010811-f0003.gif" alt="Fig. 3." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="297"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 3. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Characterization of silver conductivity. (A)… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 3. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Characterization of silver conductivity. (A) SEM overview of a shrunken silver wire between… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 3. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Characterization of silver conductivity. (A) SEM overview of a shrunken silver wire between two landing pads, prior to sintering. (B) SEM image of wires before and (C) after sintering. (D) Resistance of three separate conductive pads, of dimension 35×35 µm, measured before and after sintering. Each color represents a single conductive pad. Error bars show standard error in a four-point conductivity measurement. (E) Resistance of individual sintered wires (black dots), their mean (blue), and standard deviation, as compared to the theoretical conductivity of a similar structure made of bulk silver (green).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="fig-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5710/6423357/e3abe9ecfef7/nihms-1010811-f0004.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="800" data-image-height="650" data-image-alt="Fig 4." data-pmc-id="PMC6423357" data-figure-id="F4"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5710/6423357/3a9c3a2a0a74/nihms-1010811-f0004.gif" alt="Fig 4." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="650"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 4. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Fabrication of 3D metal nanostructures.… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 4. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Fabrication of 3D metal nanostructures. (A) Two-dimensional structures fabricated with ImpFab with micron-scale… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig 4. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Fabrication of 3D metal nanostructures. (A) Two-dimensional structures fabricated with ImpFab with micron-scale resolution, before and (B) after sintering, visualized using SEM. (C) Similar structures fabricated with hundred-nanometer feature size, after shrinking and dehydration but before sintering. (D) Maximum intensity projection of fluorescence image of a 3D structure prior to shrinking (2, 28). (E) Maximum intensity projection of a reflected light image from the same structure following volumetric silver deposition, prior to shrinking. (F) Maximum intensity projection of a fluorescence image of the same structure, shrunken but not dehydrated.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div 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</div> <div class="linked-articles" id="linked-commentary"> <h2 class="title"> Comment in </h2> <ul class="item-list usa-unstyled-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/30545873/" ref="article_id=30545873&linksrc=comments_link" data-ga-category="comment_correction" data-ga-action="abstract_page_link" data-ga-label="linked-commentary"> Printing nanomaterials in shrinking gels. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Long TE, Williams CB.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Long TE, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Science. 2018 Dec 14;362(6420):1244-1245. doi: 10.1126/science.aav5712.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Science. 2018.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">30545873</span></span> <span class="no-abstract spaced-citation-item 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