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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Abraham_cycle_in_the_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure_and_narrative_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_narrative_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Structure and narrative programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_narrative_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_calling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_calling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Origins and calling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_calling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sarai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abram_and_Lot_separate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abram_and_Lot_separate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Abram and Lot separate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abram_and_Lot_separate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chedorlaomer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chedorlaomer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Chedorlaomer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chedorlaomer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Covenant_of_the_pieces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covenant_of_the_pieces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Covenant of the pieces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covenant_of_the_pieces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hagar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hagar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Hagar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hagar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Sarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_visitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_visitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Three visitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_visitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abraham's_plea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abraham's_plea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Abraham's plea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abraham's_plea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abimelech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abimelech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Abimelech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abimelech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isaac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isaac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Isaac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isaac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ishmael" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ishmael"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Ishmael</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ishmael-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binding_of_Isaac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binding_of_Isaac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Binding of Isaac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binding_of_Isaac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity_and_origins_of_the_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity_and_origins_of_the_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historicity and origins of the narrative</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historicity_and_origins_of_the_narrative-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historicity and origins of the narrative subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historicity_and_origins_of_the_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Origins of the narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amorite_origin_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amorite_origin_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Amorite origin hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amorite_origin_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestine_origin_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestine_origin_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Palestine origin hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestine_origin_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Druze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Druze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In the arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In the arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Painting_and_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting_and_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Painting and sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting_and_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Christian iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 168 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-168" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">168 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%90%E1%88%9D" title="አብርሐም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አብርሐም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="इब्राहिम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इब्राहिम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85" title="إبراهيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إبراهيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrah%C3%A1n" title="Abrahán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Abrahán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%97%DC%A1" title="ܐܒܪܗܡ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܒܪܗܡ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrah%C3%A1n" title="Abrahán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Abrahán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Ибрагьим авараг – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ибрагьим авараг" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0brahim" title="İbrahim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İbrahim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="ابراهیم پئیغمبر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ابراهیم پئیغمبر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="আব্রাহাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আব্রাহাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Авраам – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Авраам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Аўрам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўрам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Абрам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Абрам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Авраам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Авраам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨབ་ར་ཧམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨབ་ར་ཧམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrah%C3%A1m" title="Abrahám – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abrahám" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamu" title="Abrahamu – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Abrahamu" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abarahama" title="Abarahama – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Abarahama" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim" title="Ibrahim – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ibrahim" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aabraham" title="Aabraham – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aabraham" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Αβραάμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αβραάμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ابراهیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابراهیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81braham" title="Ábraham – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ábraham" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_(aartsfaar)" title="Abraham (aartsfaar) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Abraham (aartsfaar)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrah%C3%A1m" title="Abrahám – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abrahám" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrah%C3%A1n" title="Abrahán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abrahán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Авраам – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Авраам" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%8B%BF%E5%92%B8" title="阿卜拿咸 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="阿卜拿咸" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE" title="ઇબ્રાહિમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇબ્રાહિમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC" title="𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌼 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌼" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablaham" title="Ablaham – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Ablaham" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%ED%95%A8" title="아브라함 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아브라함" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim" title="Ibrahim – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ibrahim" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Աբրահամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբրահամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE" title="इब्राहीम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इब्राहीम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram" title="Abram – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Abram" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAbram" title="UAbram – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="UAbram" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abramo" title="Abramo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abramo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9D" title="אברהם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אברהם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abr%C9%A9ham" title="Abrɩham – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Abrɩham" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82" title="ಅಬ್ರಹಾಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಬ್ರಹಾಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აბრაამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბრაამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85" title="ابراہم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ابراہم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Ибраһим – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ибраһим" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamu" title="Abrahamu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Abrahamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ebrah%C3%AEm" title="Îbrahîm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îbrahîm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram" title="Abram – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Abram" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraam_Avinu" title="Avraam Avinu – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Avraam Avinu" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81" title="Ибрагьим идавс – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ибрагьим идавс" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B3" title="ອັບລາຮຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອັບລາຮຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80brams" title="Ābrams – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ābrams" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraomas" title="Abraomas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Abraomas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberahamo" title="Aberahamo – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Aberahamo" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abalayama" title="Abalayama – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Abalayama" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram" title="Abram – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Abram" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_(Terah_fia)" title="Ábrahám (Terah fia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ábrahám (Terah fia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Авраам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Авраам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahama_(patriarka)" title="Abrahama (patriarka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abrahama (patriarka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="അബ്രഹാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അബ്രഹാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE" title="अब्राहम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अब्राहम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აბრაამი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აბრაამი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85" title="ابراهيم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابراهيم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အာဗြဟာမ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="အာဗြဟာမ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ابراهیم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ابراهیم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80-b%C3%A1ik-l%C4%83k-h%C4%81ng" title="Ā-báik-lăk-hāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ā-báik-lăk-hāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Абрахам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Абрахам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အေဘရာဟမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အေဘရာဟမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0" title="アブラハム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アブラハム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="ИбрахӀим – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ИбрахӀим" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_(bibelsk_person)" title="Abraham (bibelsk person) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abraham (bibelsk person)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarken_Abraham" title="Patriarken Abraham – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Patriarken Abraham" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abr%C3%A9han" title="Abréhan – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Abréhan" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraam" title="Abraam – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Abraam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrohim" title="Ibrohim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ibrohim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE" title="ਅਬਰਾਹਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਬਰਾਹਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ابراہیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابراہیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iebriam" title="Iebriam – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Iebriam" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram" title="Abram – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Abram" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abra%C3%A3o" title="Abraão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abraão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraam" title="Avraam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Avraam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Абрагам – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Абрагам" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Авраам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авраам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Абыраам – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Абыраам" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperaamo" title="Aperaamo – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aperaamo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱟᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="حضرت ابراہیم علیہ السلام – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="حضرت ابراہیم علیہ السلام" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubraham" title="Aubraham – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aubraham" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahami" title="Abrahami – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abrahami" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85" title="ابراهيم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابراهيم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrah%C3%A1m_(biblick%C3%A1_postava)" title="Abrahám (biblická postava) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abrahám (biblická postava)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabi_Ibraahiim_NNKH" title="Nabi Ibraahiim NNKH – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nabi Ibraahiim NNKH" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ئیبراھیم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیبراھیم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Аврам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аврам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_(patriark)" title="Abraham (patriark) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abraham (patriark)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆபிரகாம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆபிரகாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahim" title="Brahim – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Brahim" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%80" title="Ибраһим пәйгамбәр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ибраһим пәйгамбәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4)" title="ఇబ్రాహీం (ప్రవక్త) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇబ్రాహీం (ప్రవక్త)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="อับราฮัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อับราฮัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0brahim" title="İbrahim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbrahim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ybra%C3%BDym_pygamber" title="Ybraýym pygamber – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ybraýym pygamber" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim" title="Ibrahim – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ibrahim" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Авраам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авраам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ابراہیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابراہیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aabraham" title="Aabraham – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aabraham" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abr%C3%A5m" title="Abråm – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Abråm" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95" title="亞伯拉罕 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="亞伯拉罕" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95" title="亚伯拉罕 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚伯拉罕" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95" title="אברהם אבינו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אברהם אבינו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamu" title="Abrahamu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Abrahamu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%B4%E9%83%8E" title="亞巴郎 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞巴郎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0brahim" title="İbrahim – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İbrahim" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrauoms" title="Abrauoms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Abrauoms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95" title="亞伯拉罕 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亞伯拉罕" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim" title="Ibrahim – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ibrahim" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim" title="Ibrahim – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ibrahim" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Abraham" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a href="https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%81%EA%A0%9B%EA%A0%86%EA%A0%9E%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%A2%EA%A0%A4%EA%A0%9D" title="ꠁꠛ꠆ꠞꠣꠢꠤꠝ – Sylheti" lang="syl" hreflang="syl" data-title="ꠁꠛ꠆ꠞꠣꠢꠤꠝ" data-language-autonym="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ" data-language-local-name="Sylheti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%80%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E" title="ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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For the 16th president of the United States, see <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. For the name, see <a href="/wiki/Abraham_(name)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Abraham (name)">Abraham (name)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Abraham_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Abraham (disambiguation)">Abraham (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Abram_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Abram (disambiguation)">Abram (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avraham_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Avraham (disambiguation)">Avraham (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avram_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Avram (disambiguation)">Avram (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Abraham</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="Hbo">אַבְרָהָם</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guercino_Abramo_ripudia_Agar_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Guercino_Abramo_ripudia_Agar_%28cropped%29.jpg/247px-Guercino_Abramo_ripudia_Agar_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Guercino_Abramo_ripudia_Agar_%28cropped%29.jpg/371px-Guercino_Abramo_ripudia_Agar_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Guercino_Abramo_ripudia_Agar_%28cropped%29.jpg/494px-Guercino_Abramo_ripudia_Agar_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="680" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Casting_out_Hagar_and_Ishmael" title="Abraham Casting out Hagar and Ishmael">Abraham Casting out Hagar and Ishmael</a></i> (1657)</span><br /><span class="nowrap">by <a href="/wiki/Guercino" title="Guercino">Giovanni Francesco Barbieri</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ur_of_the_Chaldees" title="Ur of the Chaldees">Ur of the Chaldees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Namesake of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>: traditional founder of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish nation">Jewish nation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20123_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20123-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spiritual ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20126_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20126-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> major <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20128_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20128-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestation of God</a> and originator of <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> faith in <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> third spokesman (<i>natiq</i>) prophet of <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd20093_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd20093-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a> (concubine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keturah" title="Keturah">Keturah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Oldest to youngest:</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a> (son, with Hagar) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> (son, with Sarah) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Zimran" title="Zimran">Zimran</a> (son, with Keturah) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Jokshan" title="Jokshan">Jokshan</a> (son, with Keturah) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Medan_(son_of_Abraham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medan (son of Abraham)">Medan</a> (son, with Keturah) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Midian_(son_of_Abraham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Midian (son of Abraham)">Midian</a> (son, with Keturah) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ishbak" title="Ishbak">Ishbak</a> (son, with Keturah) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Shuah" title="Shuah">Shuah</a> (son, with Keturah) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terah" title="Terah">Terah</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Amathlai" title="Amathlai">Amathlai</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">Closest to furthest:</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Haran" title="Haran">Haran</a> (brother) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah" title="Nahor, son of Terah">Nahor</a> (brother) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a> (half-sister and wife) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> (grandson) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a> (grandson) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a> (nephew) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a> (great-grandsons) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dinah" title="Dinah">Dinah</a> (great-granddaughter) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> see: <i><a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_family_tree" title="Abraham's family tree">Abraham's family tree</a></i> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abraham</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (originally <b>Abram</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the common <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">patriarch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarter20008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter20008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Judaism, he is the founding father of the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">special relationship</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>; in Christianity, he is the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jewish</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright201072_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright201072-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">in Islam</a>, he is a link in the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">chain of Islamic prophets</a> that begins with <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a> and culminates in <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20128_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20128-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered in other Abrahamic religions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd20093_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd20093-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The story of the life of Abraham, as told in the narrative of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, revolves around the themes of posterity and land. He is said to have been called by God to leave the house of his father <a href="/wiki/Terah" title="Terah">Terah</a> and settle in the land of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, which God now promises to Abraham and his progeny. This promise is subsequently inherited by <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>, Abraham's son by his wife <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a>, while Isaac's half-brother <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a> is also promised that he will be the founder of a great nation. Abraham purchases a tomb (the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> to be Sarah's grave, thus establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, his heir Isaac is married to a woman from his own kin to earn his parents' approval. Abraham later marries <a href="/wiki/Keturah" title="Keturah">Keturah</a> and has six more sons; but, on his death, when he is buried beside Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons receive only "gifts".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200926–31_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200926–31-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most scholars view the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_age" title="Patriarchal age">patriarchal age</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a> and the period of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_judges" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical judges">biblical judges</a>, as a late literary construct that does not relate to any particular historical era,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNutt199941–42_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNutt199941–42-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after a century of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no evidence has been found for a historical Abraham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDever200198_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever200198-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is largely concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed during the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">early Persian period</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span>, as a result of tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">Judah</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> and traced their right to the land through their "father Abraham", and the returning exiles who based their counterclaim on <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and the Exodus tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006227–228,_260_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006227–228,_260-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Abraham_cycle_in_the_Bible">The Abraham cycle in the Bible</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_narrative_programs">Structure and narrative programs</h3></div> <p>The Abraham cycle is not structured by a unified plot centered on a conflict and its resolution or a problem and its solution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200928_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200928-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The episodes are often only loosely linked, and the sequence is not always logical, but it is unified by the presence of Abraham himself, as either actor or witness, and by the themes of posterity and land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200928–29_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200928–29-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These themes form "narrative programs" set out in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.11.27">Genesis 11:27–31</a> concerning the sterility of Sarah and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.12.1-3">12:1–3</a> in which Abraham is ordered to leave the land of his birth for the land God will show him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200928–29_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200928–29-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_calling">Origins and calling</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham%27s_Journey_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham%27s_Journey_%28en%29.svg/220px-Abraham%27s_Journey_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham%27s_Journey_%28en%29.svg/330px-Abraham%27s_Journey_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham%27s_Journey_%28en%29.svg/440px-Abraham%27s_Journey_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Abraham's Journey to Canaan according to the Book of Genesis.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Terah" title="Terah">Terah</a>, the ninth in descent from <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, was the father of Abram, <a href="/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah" title="Nahor, son of Terah">Nahor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haran" title="Haran">Haran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">הָרָן</span> <i>Hārān</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haran was the father of <a href="/wiki/Lot_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot (Bible)">Lot</a>, who was Abram's nephew; the <a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_family_tree" title="Abraham's family tree">family</a> lived in <a href="/wiki/Ur_of_the_Chaldees" title="Ur of the Chaldees">Ur of the Chaldees</a>. Haran died there. Abram married <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah (Sarai)</a>. Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot departed for <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, but settled in a place named <a href="/wiki/Haran_(biblical_place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haran (biblical place)">Haran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חָרָן</span> <i>Ḥārān</i>), where Terah died at the age of 205.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some exegetes (like <a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a>), Abram was actually born in Haran and he later relocated to Ur, while some of his family remained in Haran.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>God had told Abram to leave his country and kindred and go to a land that he would show him, and promised to make of him a great nation, bless him, make his name great, bless them that bless him, and curse them who may curse him. Abram was 75 years old when he left Haran with his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and their possessions and people that they had acquired, and traveled to <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a> in Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then he pitched his tent in the east of <a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a>, and built an altar which was between Bethel and <a href="/wiki/Ai_(Canaan)" title="Ai (Canaan)">Ai</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarai">Sarai</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg/220px-Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg/330px-Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg/440px-Tissot_Abram%27s_Counsel_to_Sarai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption><i>Abraham's Counsel to Sarai</i>, watercolor by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span> (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_(Manhattan)" title="Jewish Museum (Manhattan)">Jewish Museum</a>, New York)</figcaption></figure> <p>There was a severe famine in the land of Canaan, so that Abram, Lot, and their households traveled to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>. On the way Abram told Sarai to say that she was his sister, so that the Egyptians would not kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials praised Sarai's beauty to <a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Pharaoh</a>, and they took her into the palace and gave Abram goods in exchange. God afflicted Pharaoh and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to try to find out what was wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon discovering that Sarai was a married woman, Pharaoh demanded that Abram and Sarai leave.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abram_and_Lot_separate">Abram and Lot separate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_and_Lot%27s_conflict" title="Abraham and Lot's conflict">Abraham and Lot's conflict</a></div> <p>When they lived for a while in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> after being banished from Egypt and came back to the <a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ai_(Canaan)" title="Ai (Canaan)">Ai</a> area, Abram's and Lot's sizable herds occupied the same pastures. This became a problem for the herdsmen, who were assigned to each family's cattle. The conflicts between herdsmen had become so troublesome that Abram suggested that Lot choose a separate area, either on the left hand or on the right hand, that there be no conflict between them. Lot decided to go eastward to the plain of <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan</a>, where the land was well watered everywhere as far as <a href="/wiki/Zoara" title="Zoara">Zoara</a>, and he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abram went south to <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> and settled in the plain of <a href="/wiki/Mamre" title="Mamre">Mamre</a>, where he built another altar to worship <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chedorlaomer">Chedorlaomer</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siddim" title="Battle of Siddim">Battle of Siddim</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg/250px-Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg/330px-Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg/500px-Dieric_Bouts_-_The_Meeting_of_Abraham_and_Melchizedek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3350" data-file-height="4163" /></a><figcaption><i>Meeting of Abraham and Melchizedek</i>, canvas by <a href="/wiki/Dieric_Bouts" title="Dieric Bouts">Dieric Bouts the Elder</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1464</span>–1467</figcaption></figure> <p>During the rebellion of the Jordan River cities, <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with his entire household by the invading Elamite forces. The Elamite army came to collect the spoils of war, after having just defeated the king of Sodom's armies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lot and his family, at the time, were settled on the outskirts of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One person who escaped capture came and told Abram what happened. Once Abram received this news, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants. Abram's force headed north in pursuit of the Elamite army, who were already worn down from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vale_of_Siddim" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Vale of Siddim">Battle of Siddim</a>. When they caught up with them at <a href="/wiki/Dan_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan (Bible)">Dan</a>, Abram devised a battle plan by splitting his group into more than one unit, and launched a night raid. Not only were they able to free the captives, Abram's unit chased and slaughtered the Elamite King <a href="/wiki/Chedorlaomer" title="Chedorlaomer">Chedorlaomer</a> at Hobah, just north of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. They freed Lot, as well as his household and possessions, and recovered all of the goods from Sodom that had been taken.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon Abram's return, Sodom's king came out to meet with him in the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_dale" class="mw-redirect" title="King's dale">Valley of Shaveh</a>, the "king's dale". Also, <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a> king of Salem (<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>), a priest of <a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">El Elyon</a>, brought out bread and wine and blessed Abram and God.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abram then gave Melchizedek a <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tenth</a> of everything. The king of Sodom then offered to let Abram keep all the possessions if he would merely return his people. Abram declined to accept anything other than the share to which his allies were entitled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Covenant_of_the_pieces">Covenant of the pieces</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_pieces" title="Covenant of the pieces">Covenant of the pieces</a></div> <p>The voice of the Lord came to Abram in a vision and repeated the promise of the land and descendants as numerous as the stars. Abram and God made a covenant ceremony, and God told of the future bondage of Israel in Egypt. God described to Abram the land that his offspring would claim: the land of the <a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenizzite" title="Kenizzite">Kenizzites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadmonites" title="Kadmonites">Kadmonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Hittites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perizzites" title="Perizzites">Perizzites</a>, Rephaims, <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girgashites" title="Girgashites">Girgashites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jebusite" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebusite">Jebusites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hagar">Hagar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Hagar in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg/180px-Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg/270px-Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg/360px-Foster_Bible_Pictures_0032-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1706" data-file-height="2114" /></a><figcaption><i>Abraham, <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a></i>, Bible illustration from 1897</figcaption></figure> <p>Abram and Sarai tried to make sense of how he would become a progenitor of nations, because after 10 years of living in Canaan, no child had been born. Sarai then offered her Egyptian slave, <a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a>, to Abram with the intention that she would bear him a son.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Hagar found she was pregnant, she began to despise her mistress, Sarai. Sarai responded by mistreating Hagar, and Hagar fled into the wilderness. An angel spoke with Hagar at the fountain on the way to <a href="/wiki/Shur_(Bible)" title="Shur (Bible)">Shur</a>. He instructed her to return to Abram's camp and that her son would be "a wild ass of a man; his hand shall be against every man, and every man's hand against him; and he shall dwell in the face of all his brethren." She was told to call her son <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>. Hagar then called God who spoke to her "<a href="/wiki/El_Roi" title="El Roi">El-roi</a>", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that day onward, the well was called Beer-lahai-roi, ("The well of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(biblical)" title="Kadesh (biblical)">Kadesh</a> and Bered. She then did as she was instructed by returning to her mistress in order to have her child. Abram was 86 years of age when Ishmael was born.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarah">Sarah</h3></div> <p>Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father of many nations".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraham then received the instructions for the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_pieces" title="Covenant of the pieces">covenant of the pieces</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">circumcision</a> was to be the sign.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>God declared Sarai's new name: "<a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a>", blessed her, and told Abraham, "I will give thee a son also of her".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraham laughed, and "said in his heart, 'Shall a <i>child</i> be born unto him that is a hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is ninety years old, bear [a child]?'"<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after Abraham's encounter with God, he had his entire household of men, including himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_visitors"><span class="anchor" id="Three_visitors"></span>Three visitors</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg/250px-Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg/330px-Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg/440px-Tissot_Abraham_and_the_Three_Angels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption><i>Abraham and the Three Angels</i>, watercolor by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1896–1902</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Not long afterward, during the heat of the day, Abraham had been sitting at the entrance of his tent by the <a href="/wiki/Terebinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Terebinth">terebinths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mamre" title="Mamre">Mamre</a>. He looked up and saw three men in the presence of God. Then he ran and bowed to the ground to welcome them. Abraham then offered to wash their feet and fetch them a morsel of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order <a href="/wiki/Ash_cake" title="Ash cake">ash cakes</a> made from choice flour, then he ordered a servant-boy to prepare a choice calf. When all was prepared, he set curds, milk and the calf before them, waiting on them, under a tree, as they ate.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the visitors told Abraham that upon his return next year, Sarah would have a son. While at the tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to herself about the prospect of having a child at their ages. The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child at her age, as nothing is too hard for God. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abraham's_plea"><span id="Abraham.27s_plea"></span>Abraham's plea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot (biblical person)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg/220px-Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg/330px-Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg/440px-Tissot_Abraham_Sees_Sodom_in_Flames.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption><i>Abraham Sees Sodom in Flames</i>, watercolor by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1896–1902</span></figcaption></figure> <p>After eating, Abraham and the three visitors got up. They walked over to the peak that overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to discuss the fate of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> for their detestable sins that were so great, it moved God to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Sodom, God revealed plans to confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the two other visitors left for Sodom. Then Abraham turned to God and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty persons to less) that "if there were at least ten righteous men found in the city, would not God spare the city?" For the sake of ten righteous people, God declared that he would not destroy the city.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the two visitors arrived in Sodom to conduct their report, they planned on staying in the city square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met with them and strongly insisted that these two "men" stay at his house for the night. A rally of men stood outside of Lot's home and demanded that Lot bring out his guests so that they may "know" (<abbr title="verse">v.</abbr> 5) them. However, Lot objected and offered his virgin daughters who had not "known" (v. 8) man to the rally of men instead. They rejected that notion and sought to break down Lot's door to get to his male guests,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus confirming the wickedness of the city and portending their imminent destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early the next morning, Abraham went to the place where he stood before God. He "looked out toward Sodom and Gomorrah" and saw what became of the cities of the plain, where not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, as "the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of a furnace."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abimelech">Abimelech</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg/150px-Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg/225px-Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg/300px-Tissot_The_Caravan_of_Abraham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i>The Caravan of Abraham</i>, watercolor by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>, before 1903 (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_(Manhattan)" title="Jewish Museum (Manhattan)">Jewish Museum</a>, New York)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wife%E2%80%93sister_narratives_in_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis">Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis</a></div> <p>Abraham settled between <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(South_of_Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadesh (South of Israel)">Kadesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shur_(Bible)" title="Shur (Bible)">Shur</a> in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the land of the <a href="/wiki/Philistine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philistine">Philistines</a>". While he was living in <a href="/wiki/Gerar" title="Gerar">Gerar</a>, Abraham openly claimed that Sarah was his sister. Upon discovering this news, King <a href="/wiki/Abimelech" title="Abimelech">Abimelech</a> had her brought to him. God then came to Abimelech in a dream and declared that taking her would result in death because she was a man's wife. Abimelech had not laid hands on her, so he inquired if he would also slay a righteous nation, especially since Abraham had claimed that he and Sarah were siblings. In response, God told Abimelech that he did indeed have a blameless heart and that is why he continued to exist. However, should he not return the wife of Abraham back to him, God would surely destroy Abimelech and his entire household. Abimelech was informed that Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early next morning, Abimelech informed his servants of his dream and approached Abraham inquiring as to why he had brought such great guilt upon his kingdom. Abraham stated that he thought there was no fear of God in that place, and that they might kill him for his wife. Then Abraham defended what he had said as not being a lie at all: "And yet indeed <i>she is</i> my sister; she <i>is</i> the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham, and gave him gifts of sheep, oxen, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased in Abimelech's lands. Further, Abimelech gave Abraham a thousand pieces of silver to serve as Sarah's vindication before all. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his household, since God had stricken the women with infertility because of the taking of Sarah.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After living for some time in the land of the Philistines, Abimelech and <a href="/wiki/Phicol" title="Phicol">Phicol</a>, the chief of his troops, approached Abraham because of a dispute that resulted in a violent confrontation at a well. Abraham then reproached Abimelech due to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of <a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_Well" title="Abraham's Well">Abraham's Well</a>. Abimelech claimed ignorance of the incident. Then Abraham offered a pact by providing sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug the well, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Because of this sworn oath, they called the place of this well: <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>. After Abimelech and Phicol headed back to <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a>, Abraham planted a <a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_in_the_Bible" title="List of plants in the Bible">tamarisk</a> grove in Beersheba and called upon "the name of the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>, the everlasting God."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isaac">Isaac</h3></div> <p>As had been prophesied in Mamre the previous year,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarah became pregnant and bore a son to Abraham, on the first anniversary of the covenant of circumcision. Abraham was "an hundred years old", when his son whom he named <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> was born; and he circumcised him when he was eight days old.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Sarah, the thought of giving birth and nursing a child, at such an old age, also brought her much laughter, as she declared, "God hath made me to laugh, so that all who hear will laugh with me."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isaac continued to grow and on the day he was weaned, Abraham held a great feast to honor the occasion. During the celebration, however, Sarah found Ishmael mocking; an observation that would begin to clarify the birthright of Isaac.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ishmael">Ishmael</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam#The_sacrifice" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ishmael in Islam § The sacrifice</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg/180px-Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg/270px-Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg/360px-Adriaen_van_der_Werff_-_The_Expulsion_of_Hagar_and_Ishmael_-_59.063_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i>The Expulsion of Hagar and Ishmael</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_van_der_Werff" title="Adriaen van der Werff">Adriaen van der Werff</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1699</span> (<a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum" title="Rhode Island School of Design Museum">Rhode Island School of Design Museum</a>, Rhode Island)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ishmael was fourteen years old when Abraham's son Isaac was born to Sarah. When she found Ishmael teasing Isaac, Sarah told Abraham to send both Ishmael and Hagar away. She declared that Ishmael would not share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's words and sought the advice of his God. God told Abraham not to be distressed but to do as his wife commanded. God reassured Abraham that "in Isaac shall seed be called to thee."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also said Ishmael would make a nation, "because he is thy seed".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early the next morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Ishmael out together. He gave her bread and water and sent them away. The two wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba until her bottle of water was completely consumed. In a moment of despair, she burst into tears. After God heard the boy's voice, an <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">angel of the Lord</a> confirmed to Hagar that he would become a great nation, and will be "living on his sword". A well of water then appeared so that it saved their lives. As the boy grew, he became a skilled <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archer</a> living in the wilderness of <a href="/wiki/Desert_of_Paran" title="Desert of Paran">Paran</a>. Eventually his mother found a wife for Ishmael from her home country, the land of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binding_of_Isaac">Binding of Isaac</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">Binding of Isaac</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_(Hermitage).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/250px-Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_%28Hermitage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_%28Hermitage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/500px-Rembrandt_Abraham%27s_Sacrifice_%28Hermitage%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2471" data-file-height="3633" /></a><figcaption><i>The Angel Hinders the Offering of Isaac</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, 1635 (<a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, Saint Petersburg)</figcaption></figure> <p>At some point in Isaac's youth, Abraham was commanded by God to offer his son up as a sacrifice in the land of <a href="/wiki/Moriah" title="Moriah">Moriah</a>. The patriarch traveled three days until he came to the mount that God told him of. He then commanded the servants to remain while he and Isaac proceeded alone into the mount. Isaac carried the wood upon which he would be sacrificed. Along the way, Isaac asked his father where the animal for the burnt offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt offering". Just as Abraham was about to sacrifice his son, he was interrupted by the angel of the Lord, and he saw behind him a "ram caught in a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of his son. The place was later named as <a href="/wiki/Jehovah-jireh" title="Jehovah-jireh">Jehovah-jireh</a>. For his obedience he received another promise of numerous descendants and abundant prosperity. After this event, Abraham went to Beersheba.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_family_tree" title="Abraham's family tree">Abraham's family tree</a></div> <p>Sarah died, and Abraham buried her in the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a> (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased along with the adjoining field from Ephron the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Hittite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Sarah, Abraham took another wife, a <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a> named <a href="/wiki/Keturah" title="Keturah">Keturah</a>, by whom he had six sons: <a href="/wiki/Zimran" title="Zimran">Zimran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jokshan" title="Jokshan">Jokshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medan_(son_of_Abraham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medan (son of Abraham)">Medan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midian_(son_of_Abraham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Midian (son of Abraham)">Midian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishbak" title="Ishbak">Ishbak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shuah" title="Shuah">Shuah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Bible, reflecting the change of his name to "Abraham" meaning "a father of many nations", Abraham is considered to be the progenitor of many nations mentioned in the Bible, among others the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishmaelites" title="Ishmaelites">Ishmaelites</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edomites</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amalek#Amalekites_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Amalek">Amalekites</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenizzite" title="Kenizzite">Kenizzites</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midianites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and through his nephew Lot he was also related to the <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moabites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammonites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraham lived to see Isaac marry <a href="/wiki/Rebekah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebekah">Rebekah</a>, and to see the birth of his twin grandsons <a href="/wiki/Jacob_and_Esau" title="Jacob and Esau">Jacob and Esau</a>. He died at age 175, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah by his sons Isaac and Ishmael.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity_and_origins_of_the_narrative">Historicity and origins of the narrative</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historicity">Historicity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_11347_Abrams_well.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_Well" title="Abraham's Well">Abraham's Well</a> at <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>, Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early and middle 20th century, leading archaeologists such as <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a> and <a href="/wiki/G._Ernest_Wright" title="G. Ernest Wright">G. Ernest Wright</a> and biblical scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Alt" title="Albrecht Alt">Albrecht Alt</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Bright_(biblical_scholar)" title="John Bright (biblical scholar)">John Bright</a> believed that the patriarchs and matriarchs were either real individuals or believable composites of people who lived in the "<a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_age" title="Patriarchal age">patriarchal age</a>", the 2nd millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, in the 1970s, new arguments concerning Israel's past and the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Thompson" title="Thomas L. Thompson">Thomas L. Thompson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historicity_of_the_Patriarchal_Narratives" title="The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives">The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives</a></i> (1974),<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Seters" title="John Van Seters">John Van Seters</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_History_and_Tradition" title="Abraham in History and Tradition">Abraham in History and Tradition</a></i> (1975).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thompson, a literary scholar, based his argument on archaeology and ancient texts. His thesis centered on the lack of compelling evidence that the patriarchs lived in the 2nd millennium BCE, and noted how certain biblical texts reflected first millennium conditions and concerns. Van Seters examined the patriarchal stories and argued that their names, social milieu, and messages strongly suggested that they were <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> creations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle201118–19_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle201118–19-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Seters' and Thompson's works were a <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shift</a> in biblical scholarship and archaeology, which gradually led scholars to no longer consider the patriarchal narratives as historical.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some conservative scholars attempted to defend the Patriarchal narratives in the following years, but this has not found acceptance among scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the beginning of the 21st century, archaeologists had stopped trying to recover any context that would make Abraham, Isaac or Jacob credible historical figures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDever200198_and_fn.2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever200198_and_fn.2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_narrative"><span class="anchor" id="Renaming"></span> Origins of the narrative</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg/220px-Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg/330px-Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg/440px-Abraham%27s_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham's Gate">Abraham's Gate, Tel Dan, Israel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Abraham's story, like those of the other patriarchs, most likely had a substantial oral prehistory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitard200127_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitard200127-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (he is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). As with <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, Abraham's name is apparently very ancient, as the tradition found in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> no longer understands its original meaning (probably "Father is exalted" – the meaning offered in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.17:5">Genesis 17:5</a>, "Father of a multitude", is a <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson201623–24_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201623–24-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some stage the <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a> became part of the written tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a>; a majority of scholars believe this stage belongs to the Persian period, roughly 520–320 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2009260_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2009260-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mechanisms by which this came about remain unknown,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnns201226_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnns201226-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there are currently at least two hypotheses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006217,_227–28_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006217,_227–28-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first, called Persian Imperial authorisation, is that the post-Exilic community devised the Torah as a legal basis on which to function within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that the Pentateuch was written to provide the criteria for determining who would belong to the post-Exilic Jewish community and to establish the power structures and relative positions of its various groups, notably the priesthood and the lay "elders".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006217,_227–28_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006217,_227–28-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The completion of the Torah and its elevation to the centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much or more about combining older texts as writing new ones – the final Pentateuch was based on existing traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrConway2010193_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrConway2010193-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written during the Exile (i.e., in the first half of the 6th century BCE), <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>, an exile in Babylon, tells how those who remained in Judah are claiming ownership of the land based on inheritance from Abraham; but the prophet tells them they have no claim because they do not observe Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200943_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200943-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similarly testifies of tension between the people of Judah and the returning post-Exilic Jews (the "<a href="/wiki/Golah" title="Golah">gôlâ</a>"), stating that God is the father of Israel and that Israel's history begins with the Exodus and not with Abraham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200944_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200944-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conclusion to be inferred from this and similar evidence (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a>), is that the figure of Abraham must have been preeminent among the great landowners of Judah at the time of the Exile and after, serving to support their claims to the land in opposition to those of the returning exiles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200944_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200944-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amorite_origin_hypothesis">Amorite origin hypothesis</h3></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Nissim_Amzallag" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissim Amzallag">Nissim Amzallag</a>, the Book of Genesis portrays Abraham as having an <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> origin, arguing that the patriarch's provenance from the region of <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> as described in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2011:31&version=nrsv">Genesis 11:31</a> associates him with the territory of the Amorite homeland. He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative and the Amorite migration into the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd millennium BCE">2nd millennium BCE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, some scholars like <a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Fleming" title="Daniel E. Fleming">Daniel E. Fleming</a> and Alice Mandell have argued that the biblical portrayal of the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to reflect the Amorite culture of the 2nd millennium BCE as attested in texts from the ancient city-state of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, suggesting that the Genesis stories retain historical memories of the ancestral origins of some of the Israelites.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Millard" title="Alan Millard">Alan Millard</a> argues that the name Abram is of <a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a> origin and that it is attested in Mari as <i>ʾabī-rām</i>. He also suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a form typical of the Middle Bronze Age and not of later periods.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestine_origin_hypothesis">Palestine origin hypothesis</h3></div> <p>The earliest possible reference to Abraham may be the name of a town in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> listed in a victory inscription of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Sheshonq_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheshonq I">Sheshonq I</a> (biblical <a href="/wiki/Shishak" title="Shishak">Shishak</a>), which is referred as "the Fortress of Abraham", suggesting the possible existence of an Abraham tradition in the 10th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarter20009_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter20009-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orientalist <a href="/wiki/Mario_Liverani" title="Mario Liverani">Mario Liverani</a> proposed to see in the name Abraham the mythical eponym of a Palestinian tribe from the 13th century BCE, that of the Raham, of which mention was found in the stele of <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beth-She'an</a> and dating back to 'around 1289 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe probably lived in the area surrounding or close to <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beth-She'an</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> (the stele in fact refers to fights that took place in the area). The semi-nomadic and pastoral Semitic tribes of the time used to prefix their names with the term banū ("sons of"), so it is hypothesized that the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted blood ties between tribe members as common descent from an eponymous ancestor (i.e., one who gave the tribe its name), rather than as the result of intra-tribal ties. The name of this eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed with the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name of the tribe; in the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Ur to Harran could be explained as a retrospective reflection of the story of the return of the Jews from the Babylonian exile. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a> suggested that the oldest Abraham traditions originated in the Iron Age (monarchic period) and that they contained an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autochthonous" class="extiw" title="wikt:autochthonous">autochthonous</a> hero story, as the oldest mentions of Abraham outside the book of Genesis (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Ezekiel.33">Ezekiel 33</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Isaiah.51">Isaiah 51</a>): do not depend on Genesis 12–26; do not have an indication of a Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; and present only two main themes of the Abraham narrative in Genesis—land and offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Abraham as ancestor who was worshiped in Hebron, which is too far from Beit She'an, and the oldest tradition of him might be about the altar he built in Hebron.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_traditions">Religious traditions</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David"><img alt="Star of David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/90px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/120px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments"><img alt="Ten Commandments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/90px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/120px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/70px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/105px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/140px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Movements</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">education</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ritual objects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a><br /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadass" title="Hadass">Hadass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)" title="Aravah (Sukkot)">Arava</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kittel" title="Kittel">Kittel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartel" title="Gartel">Gartel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleinu" title="Aleinu">Aleinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Birkat Hamazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehecheyanu" title="Shehecheyanu">Shehecheyanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachanun" title="Tachanun">Tachanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot">Selichot (S'lichot)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Major holidays</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Pesach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_and_other_religions" title="Category:Judaism and other religions">Other religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilegesh" title="Pilegesh">Pilegesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Muhammad" title="Jewish views on Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/13px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/20px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/26px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judaism" title="Template:Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism" title="Template talk:Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Abraham is given a high position of respect in three major world faiths, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. In Judaism, he is the founding father of the covenant, the special relationship between the Jewish people and God—leading to the belief that the <a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Jews are the chosen people of God</a>. In Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> taught that Abraham's faith in God—preceding the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic law">Mosaic law</a>—made him the prototype of all believers, Jewish or <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a>; and in Islam, he is seen as a link in the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">chain of prophets</a> that begins with <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> and culminates in <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20128_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20128-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> <p>In Jewish tradition, Abraham is called <i>Avraham Avinu</i> (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he is both the biological progenitor of the Jews and the father of Judaism, the first Jew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20123_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20123-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His story is read in the weekly <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> reading portions, predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Parashot" class="mw-redirect" title="Parashot">parashot</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lech-Lecha_(parsha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech-Lecha (parsha)">Lech-Lecha</a> (לֶךְ-לְךָ), <a href="/wiki/Vayeira_(parsha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vayeira (parsha)">Vayeira</a> (וַיֵּרָא), <a href="/wiki/Chayei_Sarah_(parsha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chayei Sarah (parsha)">Chayei Sarah</a> (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and <a href="/wiki/Toledot_(parsha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledot (parsha)">Toledot</a> (תּוֹלְדֹת). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hanan_bar_Rava" title="Hanan bar Rava">Hanan bar Rava</a> taught in <a href="/wiki/Abba_Arikha" title="Abba Arikha">Abba Arikha</a>'s name that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hiyya_bar_Abba" title="Hiyya bar Abba">Hiyya bar Abba</a> taught that <a href="/wiki/Abraham_and_the_Idol_Shop" title="Abraham and the Idol Shop">Abraham worked in Teraḥ's idol shop</a> in his youth.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_the_Jews" title="Legends of the Jews">Legends of the Jews</a></i>, God created heaven and earth for the sake of the merits of Abraham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol_I:_The_Wicked_Generations_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol_I:_The_Wicked_Generations-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">biblical flood</a>, Abraham was the only one among the pious who solemnly swore never to forsake God,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_In_the_Fiery_Furnace_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_In_the_Fiery_Furnace-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> studied in the house of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a> to learn about the "Ways of God,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasher184022Ch9,_vv_5–6_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasher184022Ch9,_vv_5–6-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continued the line of <a href="/wiki/Kohanim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohanim">High Priest</a> from Noah and Shem, and assigning the office to <a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">his seed</a> forever. Before leaving his father's land, Abraham was miraculously saved from the fiery furnace of <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a> following his brave action of breaking the idols of the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a> into pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his sojourning in Canaan, Abraham was accustomed to extend hospitality to travelers and strangers and taught how to praise God also knowledge of God to those who had received his kindness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_The_Covenant_with_Abimelech_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_The_Covenant_with_Abimelech-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, he is the one whose name would appear united with God, as <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> was called <i>Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob</i> ("God of Abraham, God of Isaac, and God of Jacob") and never the God of anyone else.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_Joy_and_Sorrow_in_the_House_of_Jacob_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_Joy_and_Sorrow_in_the_House_of_Jacob-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also mentioned as the father of thirty nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_The_Birth_of_Esau_and_Jacob_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_The_Birth_of_Esau_and_Jacob-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abraham is generally credited as the author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></i>, one of the earliest extant books on <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a>, Abraham underwent ten tests at God's command.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">Binding of Isaac</a> is specified in the Bible as a test;<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the other nine are not specified, but later rabbinical sources give various enumerations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg/220px-Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg/330px-Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg/440px-Aert_de_Gelder_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i>Abraham and the Angels</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Aert_de_Gelder" title="Aert de Gelder">Aert de Gelder</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1680–85</span> (<a href="/wiki/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen" title="Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen">Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, Abraham is revered as the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">prophet</a> to whom God chose to reveal himself and with whom God initiated a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenant</a> (cf. <i><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant Theology">Covenant Theology</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright201072_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright201072-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WaReMu_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaReMu-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> declared that all who believe in Jesus (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>) are "included in the seed of Abraham and are inheritors of the promise made to Abraham."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright201072_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright201072-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter to the Romans">Romans</a> 4, Abraham is praised for his "unwavering faith" in God, which is tied into the concept of partakers of the covenant of grace being those "who demonstrate faith in the saving power of Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WaReMu_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaReMu-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout history, church leaders, following Paul, have emphasized Abraham as the spiritual father of all Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffrey199210_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffrey199210-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> declared that Christians are "children (or "seed") of Abraham by faith", <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> stated that "by means of their faith Christians possess the promises made to Abraham", and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> recalled Abraham as "a paradigm of the man of faith."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, the largest Christian denomination, calls Abraham "our father in Faith" in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharistic prayer">Eucharistic prayer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Canon">Roman Canon</a>, recited during the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a>. He is also commemorated in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">calendars of saints</a> of several denominations: on 20 August by the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, 28 August in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (with the full <a href="/wiki/Daily_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily office">office</a> for the latter), and on 9 October by the Roman Catholic Church and the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LCMS_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCMS-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the introduction to his 15th-century translation of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a>'s account of Abraham, <a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">William Caxton</a> noted that this patriarch's life was read in church on <a href="/wiki/Sunday_before_Lent" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday before Lent">Quinquagesima Sunday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Caxton_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caxton-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of those in the hospitality industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolweck19247_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolweck19247-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> commemorates him as the "Righteous Forefather Abraham", with two <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast days</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_liturgical_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church liturgical calendar">liturgical calendar</a>. The first time is on 9 October (for those churches which follow the traditional <a href="/wiki/Julian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Calendar">Julian Calendar</a>, 9 October falls on 22 October of the modern <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian Calendar">Gregorian Calendar</a>), where he is commemorated together with his nephew "Righteous Lot". The other is on the "Sunday of the Forefathers" (two Sundays before Christmas), when he is commemorated together with other <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">ancestors of Jesus</a>. Abraham is also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil the Great">Basil the Great</a>, just before the Anaphora, and Abraham and Sarah are invoked in the prayers said by the priest over a newly married couple. A popular <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</a> sung in many English-speaking <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday School">Sunday Schools</a> by children is known as "Father Abraham" and emphasizes the patriarch as the spiritual progenitor of Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2000_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2000-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Christian theologians equate the <a href="#Three_visitors">"three visitors"</a> with the Holy <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, seeing in their apparition a <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a> experienced by Abraham<sup id="cite_ref-Bucur_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucur-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also the articles on the <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mamre#Late_Roman_festival_and_Byzantine_basilica" title="Mamre">Mamre</a> and the church at the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Oak_of_Mamre" title="Oak of Mamre">Oak of Mamre</a>"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folios_of_a_prophetic_and_heroic_genealogy_including_an_illustration_of_Abraham,_from_a_manuscript_of_a_Turkish_translation_of_the_13th_century_cosmological_text.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Folios_of_a_prophetic_and_heroic_genealogy_including_an_illustration_of_Abraham%2C_from_a_manuscript_of_a_Turkish_translation_of_the_13th_century_cosmological_text.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Folios_of_a_prophetic_and_heroic_genealogy_including_an_illustration_of_Abraham%2C_from_a_manuscript_of_a_Turkish_translation_of_the_13th_century_cosmological_text.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Folios_of_a_prophetic_and_heroic_genealogy_including_an_illustration_of_Abraham%2C_from_a_manuscript_of_a_Turkish_translation_of_the_13th_century_cosmological_text.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Folios of a prophetic and heroic genealogy including an illustration of Abraham, from a manuscript of a Turkish translation of the 13th century cosmological text</figcaption></figure> <p>Islam regards Ibrahim (Abraham) as a link in the chain of prophets that begins with Adam and culminates in <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> via Ismail (Ishmael).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20128_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20128-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ibrāhīm</i> is mentioned in 35 <a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapters of the Quran">chapters of the Quran</a>, more often than any other biblical personage apart from <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Moses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters20039_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters20039-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is called both a <i>hanif</i> (<a href="/wiki/Monotheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheist">monotheist</a>) and <i>muslim</i> (one who submits),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson2012200_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson2012200-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Muslims regard him as a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a>, the archetype of the perfect <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, and the revered reformer of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELings2004_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELings2004-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic traditions consider Ibrāhīm the first Pioneer of Islam (which is also called <i>millat Ibrahim</i>, the "religion of Abraham"), and that his purpose and mission throughout his life was to proclaim the <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness of God</a>. In Islam, Abraham holds an exalted position among the major prophets and he is referred to as "Ibrahim Khalilullah", meaning "Abraham the Friend of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>". </p><p>Besides <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Isaac" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Isaac">Ishaq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaqub" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqub">Yaqub</a>, Ibrahim is among the most honorable and the most excellent men in sight of God.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaulana2006104_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaulana2006104-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibrahim was also mentioned in Quran as "Father of Muslims" and the role model for the community.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druze">Druze</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> regard Abraham as the third spokesman (<i>natiq</i>) after <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, who helped transmit the foundational teachings of monotheism (<i>tawhid</i>) intended for the larger audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd20093_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd20093-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history according to the Druze faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dana_2008_17_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana_2008_17-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, Abraham (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Mandaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Mandaic language">Classical Mandaic</a>: <span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡀࡁࡓࡀࡄࡉࡌ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Classical Mandaic-language romanization"><i lang="myz-Latn">Abrahim</i></span>) is mentioned in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Ginza_Rabba/Right_Ginza/Book_18" class="extiw" title="s:Translation:Ginza Rabba/Right Ginza/Book 18">Book 18</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Right_Ginza" title="Right Ginza">Right Ginza</a></i> as the patriarch of the Jewish people. <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> consider Abraham to have been originally a Mandaean priest, however they differ with Abraham and Jews regarding circumcision which they consider to be bodily mutilation and therefore forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-GR_Gelbert_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR_Gelbert-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GR_Lidzbarski_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR_Lidzbarski-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DrowerHaranGawaita_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrowerHaranGawaita-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18, 185">: 18, 185 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a> considered Abraham as a <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestation of God</a>, and as the originator of <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a> states that Abraham was born in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEʻAbdu'l-Bahá201410_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʻAbdu'l-Bahá201410-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a> states that the language which Abraham spoke, when "he crossed the <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>", is <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> ('<i>Ibrání</i>), so "the language of the crossing."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaháʼu'lláh197654_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaháʼu'lláh197654-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, the Abraham was born to a family that was ignorant of the oneness of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEʻAbdu'l-Bahá20144_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʻAbdu'l-Bahá20144-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraham opposed his own people and government, and even his own kin, he rejected all their gods, and, alone and single-handed, he withstood a powerful nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEʻAbdu'l-Bahá20144_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʻAbdu'l-Bahá20144-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These people believed not in one God <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">but in many gods</a>, to whom they ascribed miracles, and hence they all rose up against Abraham. No one supported him except his nephew <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a> and "one or two other individuals of no consequence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEʻAbdu'l-Bahá20144_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʻAbdu'l-Bahá20144-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At last the intensity of his enemies' opposition obliged him, utterly wronged, to forsake his native land. Abraham then came to "these regions", that is, to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEʻAbdu'l-Bahá20144_135-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʻAbdu'l-Bahá20144-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Bahá'u'lláh, the "Voice of <a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">God</a>" commanded Abraham to offer up <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a> as a sacrifice, so that his steadfastness in the faith of God and his detachment from all else but him may be demonstrated unto men. The purpose of God, moreover, was to sacrifice him as a ransom for the sins and iniquities of all the peoples of the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaháʼu'lláh197623_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaháʼu'lláh197623-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Baháʼí texts, like the Islamic texts, Abraham is often referred to as "the Friend of God".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Abdu'l-Bahá described Abraham as the founder of monotheism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEʻAbdu'l-Bahá197822_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʻAbdu'l-Bahá197822-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ʻAbdu'l-Bahá also suggested the "holy manifestations who have been the sources or founders of the various religious systems" were united and agreed in purpose and teaching, and the Abraham, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">the Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a> and Bahá'u'lláh are one in "spirit and reality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEʻAbdu'l-Bahá1912118_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʻAbdu'l-Bahá1912118-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_arts">In the arts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting_and_sculpture">Painting and sculpture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg/220px-Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg/330px-Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg/440px-Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>16th-century plaster cast of a late-Roman-era <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_of_Isaac" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrifice of Isaac">Sacrifice of Isaac</a>. The hand of God originally came down to restrain Abraham's knife (both are now missing).</figcaption></figure> <p>Paintings on the life of Abraham tend to focus on only a few incidents: the sacrifice of Isaac; meeting Melchizedek; entertaining the three angels; Hagar in the desert; and a few others.<sup id="cite_ref-Abeart_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abeart-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Martin O'Kane, a professor of Biblical Studies, writes that the parable of <a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Lazarus</a> resting in the "<a href="/wiki/Bosom_of_Abraham" title="Bosom of Abraham">Bosom of Abraham</a>", as described in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, became an iconic image in Christian works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEExum2007135_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEExum2007135-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to O'Kane, artists often chose to divert from the common literary portrayal of Lazarus sitting next to Abraham at a banquet in Heaven and instead focus on the "somewhat incongruous notion of Abraham, the most venerated of patriarchs, holding a naked and vulnerable child in his bosom".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEExum2007135_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEExum2007135-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several artists have been inspired by the life of Abraham, including <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> (1471–1528), <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a> (1573–1610), <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Philip van Dyck</a> (Dutch painter, 1680–1753), and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude Lorrain</a> (French painter, 1600–1682). <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> (Dutch, 1606–1669) created at least seven works on Abraham, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> (1577–1640) did several, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a> did at least five on Abraham, Gustave Doré (French illustrator, 1832–1883) did six, and <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a> (French painter and illustrator, 1836–1902) did over twenty works on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-Abeart_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abeart-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_Junius_Bassus" title="Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus">Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus</a> depicts a set of biblical stories, including Abraham about to sacrifice Isaac. These sculpted scenes are on the outside of a marble <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian art">Early Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> used for the burial of <a href="/wiki/Junius_Bassus_Theotecnius" title="Junius Bassus Theotecnius">Junius Bassus</a>. He died in 359. This sarcophagus has been described as "probably the single most famous piece of early Christian relief sculpture."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutgers1993_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgers1993-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sarcophagus was originally placed in or under <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a>, was rediscovered in 1597, and is now below the modern basilica in the Museo Storico del Tesoro della Basilica di San Pietro (Museum of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>. The base is approximately 4 ft × 8 ft × 4 ft (1.2 m × 2.4 m × 1.2 m). The <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> scenes depicted were chosen as precursors of Christ's sacrifice in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, in an early form of <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">typology</a>. Just to the right of the middle is Daniel in the lion's den and on the left is Abraham about to sacrifice Isaac. </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Segal_(artist)" title="George Segal (artist)">George Segal</a> created figural sculptures by molding plastered gauze strips over live models in his 1987 work <i>Abraham's Farewell to Ishmael</i>. The human condition was central to his concerns, and Segal used the Old Testament as a source for his imagery. This sculpture depicts the dilemma faced by Abraham when Sarah demanded that he expel Hagar and Ishmael. In the sculpture, the father's tenderness, Sarah's rage, and Hagar's resigned acceptance portray a range of human emotions. The sculpture was donated to the Miami Art Museum after the artist's death in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_iconography">Christian iconography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80a%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8)_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%83,_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0,_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80a%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%29_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%83%2C_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80a%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%29_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%83%2C_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80a%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%29_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%83%2C_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Abraham in paradise, <a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica_Monastery" title="Gračanica Monastery">Gračanica Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Abraham can sometimes be identified by the context of the image –  the meeting with <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abraham_and_three_angels" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Abraham and three angels">the three visitors</a>, or <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sacrifice_of_Isaac" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sacrifice of Isaac">the sacrifice of Isaac</a>. In solo portraits a sword or knife may be used as his accessory, as in <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AbrahamMorlaiterJRS.JPG" class="extiw" title="commons:File:AbrahamMorlaiterJRS.JPG">this statue</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Morlaiter" title="Giovanni Maria Morlaiter">Giovanni Maria Morlaiter</a> or <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AbrahamMonacoJRS.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:AbrahamMonacoJRS.jpg">this painting</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Monaco" title="Lorenzo Monaco">Lorenzo Monaco</a>. The Bible describes him as an "older" person.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As early as the beginning of the 3rd century, Christian art followed Christian <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)#Offering_of_Isaac" title="Typology (theology)">typology</a> in making the sacrifice of Isaac a foreshadowing of Christ's sacrifice on the cross, and its memorial in the sacrifice of the Mass. See for example <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AltarFuldaClunyJRS.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:AltarFuldaClunyJRS.jpg">this 11th-century Christian altar</a> engraved with Abraham's and other sacrifices taken to prefigure that of Christ in the Eucharist.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg/220px-Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="471" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg/330px-Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg/440px-Icoan%C4%83_a_Raiului_din_Ploie%C5%9Fti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> of Abraham in <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> from the Holy Mother Church, <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C5%9Fti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ploieşti">Ploieşti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some early Christian writers interpreted the three visitors as the <a href="/wiki/Triune_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Triune God">triune God</a>. Thus in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>, Rome, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HospitalityAbrahamSMMaggioreJRS.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:HospitalityAbrahamSMMaggioreJRS.jpg">a 5th-century mosaic</a> portrays only the visitors against a <a href="/wiki/Gold_ground" title="Gold ground">gold ground</a> and puts semitransparent copies of them in the "heavenly" space above the scene. In Eastern Orthodox art, the visit is the chief means by which the Trinity is pictured (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Russian_-_Hospitality_of_Abraham_-_Walters_371185.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Russian - Hospitality of Abraham - Walters 371185.jpg">example</a>). Some images do not include Abraham and Sarah, like Andrei Rublev's <i>Trinity</i>, which shows only the three visitors as beardless youths at a table.<sup id="cite_ref-Boguslawski_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boguslawski-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>, Abraham is portrayed as one of the biblical figures waiting for the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Final_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Judgement">Final Judgement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Trembling" title="Fear and Trembling">Fear and Trembling</a></i> (original <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> title: <i>Frygt og Bæven</i>) is an influential philosophical work by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>, published in 1843 under the pseudonym <i>Johannes de silentio</i> (<i>John the Silent</i>). Kierkegaard wanted to understand the anxiety that must have been present in Abraham when God asked him to sacrifice his son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1980155–156_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1980155–156-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/W._G._Hardy" title="W. G. Hardy">W. G. Hardy</a>'s novel <i>Father Abraham</i> (1935) tells the fictionalized life story of Abraham.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her short story collection <i><a href="/wiki/Sarah_and_After" title="Sarah and After">Sarah and After</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Reid_Banks" title="Lynne Reid Banks">Lynne Reid Banks</a> tells the story of Abraham and Sarah, with an emphasis on Sarah's view of events.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <p>In 1681, <a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a> released a Dramatic motet (Oratorio), <i>Sacrificim Abrahae</i> H.402 – 402 a – 402 b, for soloists, chorus, doubling instruments and continuo. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_de_Brossard" title="Sébastien de Brossard">Sébastien de Brossard</a> composed a <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a> <i>Abraham ou le sacrifice d'Isaac.</i> between 1703 and 1708.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a> released an opera named <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cave_(opera)" title="The Cave (opera)">The Cave</a></i>. The title refers to the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a>. The narrative of the opera is based on the story of Abraham, and his immediate family, as it is recounted in religious texts, and understood by individuals from different cultures and religious traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Highway_61_Revisited_(song)" title="Highway 61 Revisited (song)">Highway 61 Revisited</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the title track for his 1965 album <i><a href="/wiki/Highway_61_Revisited" title="Highway 61 Revisited">Highway 61 Revisited</a></i>. In 2004, <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> magazine ranked the song as number 364 in their <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Songs_of_All_Time" title="Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time">500 Greatest Songs of All Time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song has five stanzas. In each stanza, someone describes an unusual problem that is ultimately resolved on Highway 61. In Stanza 1, <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God</a> tells Abraham to "<a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">kill me a son</a>". God wants the killing done on Highway 61. Abram, the original name of the biblical Abraham, is also the name of Dylan's own father.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/60px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/120px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/60px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_I_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Abraham I (disambiguation)">Abraham I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_II_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Abraham II (disambiguation)">II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_III_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Abraham III (disambiguation)">III</a> (disambiguations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Path" title="Abraham Path">Abraham Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham's Gate">Abraham's Gate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Dan">Tel Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Abraham" title="Apocalypse of Abraham">Apocalypse of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod#Nimrod_vs._Abraham" title="Nimrod">Nimrod vs. Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogies_of_Genesis" title="Genealogies of Genesis">Genealogies of Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu-Enlil" title="Shu-Enlil">Ibarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrium" title="Ibrium">Ibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_fathers" title="List of oldest fathers">List of oldest fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span style="white-space:nowrap;" lang="he" dir="rtl"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אַבְרָהָם</span>‎</span></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾAvraham</i></span></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾAḇrāhām</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Greek language">Biblical Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀβραάμ</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Abraám</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">إبراهيم</span>‎</span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ibrāhīm</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span style="white-space:nowrap;" lang="he" dir="rtl"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אַבְרָם</span>‎</span></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾAvram</i></span></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾAḇrām</i></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeffrey1992">Jeffrey 1992</a>, p. 10 writes "In the NT Abraham is recognized as the father of Israel and of the Levitical priesthood (Heb. 7), as the "legal" forebear of Jesus (i.e. ancestor of Joseph according to Matt. 1), and spiritual progenitor of all Christians (Rom. 4; Gal. 3:16, 29; cf. also the <i>Visio Pauli</i>)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MSS variants: <i>bat Barnebo, bat bar-Nebo, bar-bar-Nebo, bat Karnebi, bat Kar Nebo</i>. Karnebo (<i>outpost of <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></i>) is attested as a <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> theophoric place-name in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> inscriptions, including the <a href="/wiki/Andre_Michaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Michaux">Michaux stone</a>. It referred to at least two separate cities in antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbinic tradition connects Karnebo to the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> Kar (כר <i>lamb</i>), translating it <i><a href="/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">pure</a> lambs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeffrey1992">Jeffrey 1992</a>, p. 10 states "St. Augustine, following Paul, regards all Christians as children (or "seed") of Abraham by faith, although "born of strangers" (e.g. In Joan. Ev. 108). St. Ambrose likewise says that by means of their faith Christians possess the promises made to Abraham. Abraham's initial departure from his homeland is understood by St. Caesarius of Arles as a type of Christian leaving the world of carnal habits to follow Christ. Later commentators as diverse as Luther and Kierkegaard recall Abraham as a paradigm of the man of faith. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abeart-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abeart_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abeart_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">For a very thorough online collection of links to artwork about Abraham see: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jesuswalk.com/abraham/abraham-artwork.htm">"Artwork Depicting Scenes from Abraham's Life"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artwork+Depicting+Scenes+from+Abraham%27s+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesuswalk.com%2Fabraham%2Fabraham-artwork.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20123-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20123_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20123_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevenson2012">Levenson 2012</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendes-Flohr2005_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMendes-Flohr2005">Mendes-Flohr 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20126-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20126_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevenson2012">Levenson 2012</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson20128-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20128_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20128_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20128_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson20128_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevenson2012">Levenson 2012</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000a22,_231_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2000a">Smith 2000a</a>, p. 22, 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd20093-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd20093_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd20093_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd20093_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwayd2009">Swayd 2009</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter20008-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarter20008_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarter2000">McCarter 2000</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright201072-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright201072_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright201072_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright201072_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2010">Wright 2010</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200926–31-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200926–31_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSka2009">Ska 2009</a>, pp. 26–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNutt199941–42-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNutt199941–42_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNutt1999">McNutt 1999</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever200198-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDever200198_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDever2001">Dever 2001</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDever2020" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William G. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39HoDwAAQBAJ&q=has+archeology+buried+the+bible"><i>Has Archaeology Buried the Bible?</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-5949-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-5949-5"><bdi>978-1-4674-5949-5</bdi></a>. <q>All these stories reflect the geopolitical situation of the Israelite monarchy in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Iron Age">Late Iron Age</a>, not any historical situation in the "Age of Abraham". To be sure, these stories are set in an earlier theoretical context that may have some historical verisimilitude; but in their present form, they are clearly fictitious.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Has+Archaeology+Buried+the+Bible%3F&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4674-5949-5&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39HoDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhas%2Barcheology%2Bburied%2Bthe%2Bbible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006227–228,_260-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006227–228,_260_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSka2006">Ska 2006</a>, pp. 227–228, 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200928-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200928_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSka2009">Ska 2009</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200928–29-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200928–29_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200928–29_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSka2009">Ska 2009</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freedman, Meyers & Beck. <i>Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4">978-0-8028-2400-4</a>, 2000, p. 551 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2020:12">Genesis 20:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarsson,_Gerhard1983" class="citation journal cs1">Larsson, Gerhard (1983). "The Chronology of the Pentateuch: A Comparison of the MT and LXX". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>102</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">401–</span>409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3261014">10.2307/3261014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3261014">3261014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Chronology+of+the+Pentateuch%3A+A+Comparison+of+the+MT+and+LXX&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E409&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3261014%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3261014&rft.au=Larsson%2C+Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlein,_Reuven_Chaim2016" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Reuven Chaim (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tobias-lib.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/148219/jbq_444_KleinMeso.pdf">"Nahmanides' Understanding of Abraham's Mesopotamian Origins"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Jewish Bible Quarterly</i>. <b>44</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">233–</span>240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Bible+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Nahmanides%27+Understanding+of+Abraham%27s+Mesopotamian+Origins&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Klein%2C+Reuven+Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftobias-lib.ub.uni-tuebingen.de%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10900%2F148219%2Fjbq_444_KleinMeso.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2012:4–6">Genesis 12:4–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2012:14–17">Genesis 12:14–17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2012:18–20">Genesis 12:18–20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_W._Coats1983" class="citation book cs1">George W. Coats (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OrrdUOovklIC&pg=PA113"><i>Genesis, with an Introduction to Narrative Literature</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">113–</span>114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1954-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1954-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-1954-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis%2C+with+an+Introduction+to+Narrative+Literature&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-1954-3&rft.au=George+W.+Coats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOrrdUOovklIC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPagolu1998" class="citation book cs1">Pagolu, Augustine (1 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRolnGU5KvAC&pg=PA59"><i>The Religion of the Patriarchs</i></a>. A&C Black. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-935-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-935-5"><bdi>978-1-85075-935-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Patriarchs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1998-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-935-5&rft.aulast=Pagolu&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRolnGU5KvAC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2014:8–12">Genesis 14:8–12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2013:12">Genesis 13:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2014:13–16">Genesis 14:13–16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noth, Martin. <i>A History of Pentateuchal Traditions</i> (Englewood Cliffs 1972) p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZeligs1961" class="citation journal cs1">Zeligs, Dorothy F. (1961). "Abraham and the Covenant of the Pieces: A Study in Ambivalence". <i>American Imago</i>. <b>18</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">173–</span>186. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-860X">0065-860X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26301751">26301751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Imago&rft.atitle=Abraham+and+the+Covenant+of+the+Pieces%3A+A+Study+in+Ambivalence&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26301751%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0065-860X&rft.aulast=Zeligs&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=53&letter=H">"Jewish Encyclopedia, <i>Hagar</i>"</a>. Jewishencyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia%2C+Hagar&rft.pub=Jewishencyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D53%26letter%3DH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2016:4–16">Genesis 16:4–16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2017:5">Genesis 17:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2017:10–14">Genesis 17:10–14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2017:15–16">Genesis 17:15–16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2017:17">Genesis 17:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2017:22–27">Genesis 17:22–27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2018:1–8">Genesis 18:1–8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2018:15">Genesis 18:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2018:17–33">Genesis 18:17–33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2019:1–9">Genesis 19:1–9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2019:12–13">Genesis 19:12–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2019:27–29">Genesis 19:27–29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2020:1–7">Genesis 20:1–7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2020:12&version=nrsv">Genesis 20:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2020:8–18">Genesis 20:8–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2021:22–34&version=nrsv">Genesis 21:22–34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2017:21">Genesis 17:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2021:1–5">Genesis 21:1–5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2021:6–7">Genesis 21:6–7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2021:8–13">Genesis 21:8–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2021:12">Genesis 21:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2021:9–13">Genesis 21:9–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2021:14–21">Genesis 21:14–21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2022:1–19&version=nrsv">Genesis 22:1–19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2023:1–20">Genesis 23:1–20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2025:1–6">Genesis 25:1–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2025:12–18">Genesis 25:12–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2036:1–43&version=nrsv">Genesis 36:1–43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2036:12–16">Genesis 36:12–16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2036:9–16">Genesis 36:9–16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2025:1–5">Genesis 25:1–5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2019:35–38">Genesis 19:35–38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2025:7–10">Genesis 25:7–10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%201:32">1 Chronicles 1:32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBright1959" class="citation book cs1">Bright, John (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VG67yLs-LAC&q=Abraham"><i>A History of Israel</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22068-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22068-6"><bdi>978-0-664-22068-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israel&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22068-6&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VG67yLs-LAC%26q%3DAbraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson1974" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Thomas L. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o91vmgEACAAJ&q=The+Historicity+of+the+Patriarchal+Narratives:+The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Abraham"><i>The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives: The Quest for the Historical Abraham</i></a>. Gruyter, Walter de, & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110040968" title="Special:BookSources/9783110040968"><bdi>9783110040968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historicity+of+the+Patriarchal+Narratives%3A+The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Abraham&rft.pub=Gruyter%2C+Walter+de%2C+%26+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9783110040968&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do91vmgEACAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BHistoricity%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPatriarchal%2BNarratives%3A%2BThe%2BQuest%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BHistorical%2BAbraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeters1975" class="citation book cs1">Seters, John Van (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MySUQgAACAAJ&q=Abraham+in+history+and+tradition"><i>Abraham in History and Tradition</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01792-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01792-2"><bdi>978-0-300-01792-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+in+History+and+Tradition&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-300-01792-2&rft.aulast=Seters&rft.aufirst=John+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMySUQgAACAAJ%26q%3DAbraham%2Bin%2Bhistory%2Band%2Btradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle201118–19-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle201118–19_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMooreKelle2011">Moore & Kelle 2011</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoorey1991" class="citation book cs1">Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e1x9Rs_zdG8C&q=A+Century+of+Biblical+Archaeology"><i>A Century of Biblical Archaeology</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">153–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25392-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25392-9"><bdi>978-0-664-25392-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Biblical+Archaeology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25392-9&rft.aulast=Moorey&rft.aufirst=Peter+Roger+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De1x9Rs_zdG8C%26q%3DA%2BCentury%2Bof%2BBiblical%2BArchaeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDever2001">Dever 2001</a>, p. 98: "There are a few sporadic attempts by conservative scholars to "save" the patriarchal narratives as history, such as <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kenneth Kitchen</a> [...] By and large, however, the minimalist view of Thompson's pioneering work, <i>The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives</i>, prevails."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2007" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (2007). "Some Recent Issues in the Study of the History of Israel". In Williamson, H. G. M (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britishacademy.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5871/bacad/9780197264010.001.0001/upso-9780197264010-chapter-5"><i>Understanding the History of Ancient Israel</i></a>. British Academy. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5871%2Fbacad%2F9780197264010.001.0001">10.5871/bacad/9780197264010.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-173494-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-173494-6"><bdi>978-0-19-173494-6</bdi></a>. <q>The fact is that we are all minimalists – at least, when it comes to the patriarchal period and the settlement. When I began my PhD studies more than three decades ago in the USA, the 'substantial historicity' of the patriarchs was widely accepted as was the unified conquest of the land. These days it is quite difficult to find anyone who takes this view.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Recent+Issues+in+the+Study+of+the+History+of+Israel&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+History+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=British+Academy&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5871%2Fbacad%2F9780197264010.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-173494-6&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbritishacademy.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.5871%2Fbacad%2F9780197264010.001.0001%2Fupso-9780197264010-chapter-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever200198_and_fn.2-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDever200198_and_fn.2_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDever2001">Dever 2001</a>, p. 98 and fn.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitard200127-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitard200127_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPitard2001">Pitard 2001</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2033:24&version=nrsv">Ezekiel 33:24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2063:16&version=nrsv">Isaiah 63:16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201623–24-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson201623–24_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson2016">Thompson 2016</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2009260-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2009260_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSka2009">Ska 2009</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnns201226-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnns201226_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnns2012">Enns 2012</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006217,_227–28-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006217,_227–28_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006217,_227–28_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSka2006">Ska 2006</a>, pp. 217, 227–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrConway2010193-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrConway2010193_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarrConway2010">Carr & Conway 2010</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ezekiel%2033:24">33:24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200943-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200943_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSka2009">Ska 2009</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah%2063:16">63:16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200944-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200944_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka200944_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSka2009">Ska 2009</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmzallag2023" class="citation book cs1">Amzallag, Nissim (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qee-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76"><i>Yahweh and the Origins of Ancient Israel: Insights from the Archaeological Record</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-31478-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-31478-7"><bdi>978-1-009-31478-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yahweh+and+the+Origins+of+Ancient+Israel%3A+Insights+from+the+Archaeological+Record&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-31478-7&rft.aulast=Amzallag&rft.aufirst=Nissim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQee-EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFleming2004" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Daniel E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUcs-FQv4uIC&pg=PA193">"Genesis in History and Tradition: The Syrian Background of Israel's Ancestors, Reprise"</a>. In Hoffmeier, James K.; Millard, Alan R. (eds.). <i>The Future of Biblical Archaeology: Reassessing Methodologies and Assumptions</i>. Eerdmans. pp. <span class="nowrap">193–</span>232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2173-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2173-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-2173-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis+in+History+and+Tradition%3A+The+Syrian+Background+of+Israel%27s+Ancestors%2C+Reprise&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Biblical+Archaeology%3A+Reassessing+Methodologies+and+Assumptions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2173-7&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUcs-FQv4uIC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandell2022" class="citation book cs1">Mandell, Alice (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-EpgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143">"Genesis and its Ancient Literary Analogues"</a>. In Arnold, Bill T. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Genesis</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">143–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42375-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42375-5"><bdi>978-1-108-42375-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis+and+its+Ancient+Literary+Analogues&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Genesis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42375-5&rft.aulast=Mandell&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-EpgEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillard2024" class="citation journal cs1">Millard, Alan (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.53751%2F001c.117657">"Patriarchal Names in Context"</a>. <i>Tyndale Bulletin</i>. <b>75</b> (December): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.53751%2F001c.117657">10.53751/001c.117657</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2752-7042">2752-7042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tyndale+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Patriarchal+Names+in+Context&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=December&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.53751%2F001c.117657&rft.issn=2752-7042&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.53751%252F001c.117657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter20009-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarter20009_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarter2000">McCarter 2000</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The stele reads: «The Apiru of Mount Yarumta, together with the Tayaru, attack the Raham tribe». J. B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, p. 255. Princeton, 1955.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:82_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinRömer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Römer, Thomas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29972948">"Comments on the Historical Background of the Abraham Narrative: Between "Realia" and "Exegetica"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1628%2F219222714x13994465496820">10.1628/219222714x13994465496820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Bible+and+Ancient+Israel&rft.atitle=Comments+on+the+Historical+Background+of+the+Abraham+Narrative%3A+Between+%22Realia%22+and+%22Exegetica%22&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1628%2F219222714x13994465496820&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=R%C3%B6mer%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29972948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Batra.91a">"Bava Batra 91a"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Bava+Batra+91a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FBava_Batra.91a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yamada, Shigeo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient/40/0/40_56/_pdf">"Karus on the Frontiers of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Orient 40 (2005)</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Rashbam_on_Bava_Batra.91a.14.2?lang=bi">"Rashbam on Bava Batra 91a:14:2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sefaria.org">http://www.sefaria.org</a>. Retrieved 2021-03-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Bereishit_Rabbah.38">"Bereishit Rabbah 38"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Bereishit+Rabbah+38&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FBereishit_Rabbah.38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol_I:_The_Wicked_Generations-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol_I:_The_Wicked_Generations_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGinzberg1909">Ginzberg 1909</a>, Vol I: The Wicked Generations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_In_the_Fiery_Furnace-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_In_the_Fiery_Furnace_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGinzberg1909">Ginzberg 1909</a>, Vol. I: In the Fiery Furnace.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasher184022Ch9,_vv_5–6-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasher184022Ch9,_vv_5–6_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJasher1840">Jasher 1840</a>, p. 22, Ch9, vv 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGinzberg1909">Ginzberg 1909</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_The_Covenant_with_Abimelech-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_The_Covenant_with_Abimelech_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGinzberg1909">Ginzberg 1909</a>, Vol. I: The Covenant with Abimelech.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_Joy_and_Sorrow_in_the_House_of_Jacob-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_Joy_and_Sorrow_in_the_House_of_Jacob_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGinzberg1909">Ginzberg 1909</a>, Vol. I: Joy and Sorrow in the House of Jacob.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_The_Birth_of_Esau_and_Jacob-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinzberg1909Vol._I:_The_Birth_of_Esau_and_Jacob_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGinzberg1909">Ginzberg 1909</a>, Vol. I: The Birth of Esau and Jacob.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sefer Yetzirah Hashalem</i> (with Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Commentary), <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Yosef Qafih</a> (editor), Jerusalem 1972, p. 46 (Hebrew / Judeo-Arabic)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pirkei Avot 5:3 – עֲשָׂרָה נִסְיוֹנוֹת נִתְנַסָּה אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם וְעָמַד בְּכֻלָּם, לְהוֹדִיעַ כַּמָּה חִבָּתוֹ שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+22:1&version=gnt">Genesis 22:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaReMu-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaReMu_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaReMu_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatersReidMuether2020">Waters, Reid & Muether 2020</a>: "Paul also shows us how the Abrahamic covenant relates to the covenantal administrations that precede and follow it. ... There is, then, covenantal continuity between the inaugural administration of God's one gracious covenant in the garden of Eden (Gen. 3:15) and the subsequent administration of that covenant to Abraham and his family (Gen. 12; 15; 17). The Abrahamic administration serves to reveal more of the person and work of Christ and, in this way, continue to administer Christ to human beings through faith."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Firestone, Reuven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmje.usc.edu/articles/abraham.php">"Abraham."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233637/http://cmje.usc.edu/articles/abraham.php">Archived</a> 9 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Encyclopedia of World History</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffrey199210-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffrey199210_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeffrey1992">Jeffrey 1992</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LCMS-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LCMS_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lcms.org/worship/church-year/commemorations">"Commemorations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%94Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemorations&rft.pub=Lutheran+Church%E2%80%94Missouri+Synod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcms.org%2Fworship%2Fchurch-year%2Fcommemorations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caxton-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caxton_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaxton" class="citation web cs1">Caxton, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/goldenlegend/GoldenLegend-Volume1.asp#Abraham">"Abraham"</a>. <i>The Golden Legend</i>. Internet Medieval Source Book<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Golden+Legend&rft.atitle=Abraham&rft.aulast=Caxton&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fbasis%2Fgoldenlegend%2FGoldenLegend-Volume1.asp%23Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolweck19247-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolweck19247_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolweck1924">Holweck 1924</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2000-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2000_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000b" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Carol (2000b). <i>The Ultimate Guide to the Bible</i>. Barbour. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57748-824-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57748-824-8"><bdi>978-1-57748-824-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Guide+to+the+Bible&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Barbour&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57748-824-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bucur-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bucur_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBucur2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bucur, Bogdan G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duq.edu/assets/Documents/theology/_pdf/faculty-publications/Bucur%20publications/JECS%202015%20Genesis%2018.pdf">"The Early Christian Reception of Genesis 18: From Theophany to Trinitarian Symbolism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Early_Christian_Studies" title="Journal of Early Christian Studies">Journal of Early Christian Studies</a></i>. <b>23</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, MD: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">245–</span>272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.2015.0020">10.1353/earl.2015.0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12888388">12888388</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.duq.edu/assets/Documents/theology/_pdf/faculty-publications/Bucur%20publications/JECS%202015%20Genesis%2018.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Early+Christian+Reception+of+Genesis+18%3A+From+Theophany+to+Trinitarian+Symbolism&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.2015.0020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12888388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bucur&rft.aufirst=Bogdan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duq.edu%2Fassets%2FDocuments%2Ftheology%2F_pdf%2Ffaculty-publications%2FBucur%2520publications%2FJECS%25202015%2520Genesis%252018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters20039-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters20039_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters2003">Peters 2003</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson2012200-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson2012200_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevenson2012">Levenson 2012</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELings2004-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELings2004_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLings2004">Lings 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_38:45%E2%80%9347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quran 38:45–47 (page does not exist)">Quran 38:45–47</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/38:45-47">"Surah 38 Sad (The letter Saad). 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University of Chicago Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-78059-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-78059-7"><bdi>978-0-226-78059-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+in+Children%27s+Books%3A+The+University+of+Chicago+Guide+to+Children%27s+Literature%2C+1973%E2%80%9378&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-226-78059-7&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Zena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxgsBHor_LgC%26dq%3D%2522Sarah%2Band%2BAfter%2522%2BLynne%2BReid%2BBanks%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.opera-scores.com/O/S%C3%A9bastien+de+Brossard/Abraham+ou+le+sacrifice+d'Isaac.html#:~:text=Composer:+Brossard+S%C3%A9bastien+de+Full,full+scores+in+pdf">"Cantata: Abraham ou le sacrifice d'Isaac Sébastien de Brossard. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rolling+Stone%27s+500+Greatest+Songs+of+All+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fnews%2Fcoverstory%2F500songs%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/lifestyle/arts-and-entertainment/from-odessa-to-duluth-the-journey-of-bob-dylans-grandparents">"From Odessa to Duluth: The journey of Bob Dylan's grandparents"</a>. <i>Duluth News Tribune</i>. 28 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duluth+News+Tribune&rft.atitle=From+Odessa+to+Duluth%3A+The+journey+of+Bob+Dylan%27s+grandparents&rft.date=2022-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duluthnewstribune.com%2Flifestyle%2Farts-and-entertainment%2Ffrom-odessa-to-duluth-the-journey-of-bob-dylans-grandparents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFʻAbdu'l-Bahá1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a> (1978). 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MacNutt, Howard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/promulgation-universal-peace/"><i>The Promulgation of Universal Peace</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promulgation+of+Universal+Peace&rft.date=1912&rft.au=%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahai.org%2Flibrary%2Fauthoritative-texts%2Fabdul-baha%2Fpromulgation-universal-peace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaháʼu'lláh1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a> (1976). <a href="/wiki/Shogi_Effendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shogi Effendi">Shogi Effendi</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/gleanings-writings-bahaullah"><i>Gleanings from the Writings of Baháʼu'lláh</i></a>. 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Carr">Carr, David M.</a>; Conway, Colleen M. (2010). "Introduction to the Pentateuch". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJerjvlxCHsC"><i>An Introduction to the Bible: Sacred Texts and Imperial Contexts</i></a>. 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Cheryl Exum">Exum, Jo Cheryl</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4bTVrpXSXe8C&q=Biblical+Art+Abraham&pg=PA135"><i>Retellings: The Bible in Literature, Music, Art and Film</i></a>. Brill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16572-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16572-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16572-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retellings%3A+The+Bible+in+Literature%2C+Music%2C+Art+and+Film&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16572-4&rft.aulast=Exum&rft.aufirst=Jo+Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4bTVrpXSXe8C%26q%3DBiblical%2BArt%2BAbraham%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGinzberg1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Ginzberg, Louis</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf"><i>The Legends of the Jews</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by Henrietta Szold. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legends+of+the+Jews&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Ginzberg&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swartzentrover.com%2Fcotor%2Fe-books%2Fmisc%2FLegends%2FLegends%2520of%2520the%2520Jews.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolweck1924" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_George_Holweck" title="Frederick George Holweck">Holweck, Frederick George</a> (1924). <i>A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints</i>. B. Herder Book Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+Saints&rft.pub=B.+Herder+Book+Co&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Holweck&rft.aufirst=Frederick+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJasher1840" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thebookofjasher1840/page/n55/mode/2up"><i>The Book of Jasher</i></a>. New York: Noah and Gould. 1840.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Jasher&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Noah+and+Gould&rft.date=1840&rft.au=Jasher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthebookofjasher1840%2Fpage%2Fn55%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Lyle_Jeffrey" title="David Lyle Jeffrey">Jeffrey, David Lyle</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zD6xVr1CizIC&pg=PA10"><i>A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3634-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3634-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-3634-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Biblical+Tradition+in+English+Literature&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3634-2&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=David+Lyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzD6xVr1CizIC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard, Søren</a> (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conceptofanxiety0000kier"><i>The Concept of Anxiety: A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02011-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02011-2"><bdi>978-0-691-02011-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Anxiety%3A+A+Simple+Psychologically+Orienting+Deliberation+on+the+Dogmatic+Issue+of+Hereditary+Sin&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02011-2&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconceptofanxiety0000kier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevenson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_D._Levenson" title="Jon D. Levenson">Levenson, Jon Douglas</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUO2Mhd-drcC&q=Inheriting+Abraham"><i>Inheriting Abraham: The Legacy of the Patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691155692" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691155692"><bdi>978-0691155692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inheriting+Abraham%3A+The+Legacy+of+the+Patriarch+in+Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Islam&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0691155692&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Jon+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUO2Mhd-drcC%26q%3DInheriting%2BAbraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLings2004" class="citation book cs1">Lings, Martin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1JAwAAAAYAAJ"><i>Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now</i></a>. Archetype. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901383-07-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901383-07-2"><bdi>978-1-901383-07-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mecca%3A+From+Before+Genesis+Until+Now&rft.pub=Archetype&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-901383-07-2&rft.aulast=Lings&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1JAwAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaulana2006" class="citation book cs1">Maulana, Mohammad (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFskAQAAIAAJ"><i>Encyclopaedia of Quranic Studies (Set of 26 Vols.)</i></a>. Anmol Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-261-2771-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-261-2771-9"><bdi>978-81-261-2771-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Quranic+Studies+%28Set+of+26+Vols.%29&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-261-2771-9&rft.aulast=Maulana&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFskAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCarter2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P._Kyle_McCarter_Jr." title="P. Kyle McCarter Jr.">McCarter, P. Kyle</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=Abraham+Isaac+Ishmael&pg=PA8">"Abraham"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman" title="David Noel Freedman">Freedman, Noel David</a>; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Amsterdam University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">8–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abraham&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.aulast=McCarter&rft.aufirst=P.+Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26q%3DAbraham%2BIsaac%2BIshmael%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcNutt1999" class="citation book cs1">McNutt, Paula M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&q=Abraham+patriarchal+%22known+history%22&pg=PA41"><i>Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22265-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22265-9"><bdi>978-0-664-22265-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+the+Society+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22265-9&rft.aulast=McNutt&rft.aufirst=Paula+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhd28MdGNyTYC%26q%3DAbraham%2Bpatriarchal%2B%2522known%2Bhistory%2522%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMendes-Flohr2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Mendes-Flohr" title="Paul R. Mendes-Flohr">Mendes-Flohr, Paul</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/judaism/judaism/judaism">"Judaism"</a>. In Thomas Riggs (ed.). <i>Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices</i>. Vol. 1. Farmington Hills, Mi: Thomson Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0787666118" title="Special:BookSources/978-0787666118"><bdi>978-0787666118</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Practices&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Mi&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0787666118&rft.aulast=Mendes-Flohr&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fphilosophy-and-religion%2Fjudaism%2Fjudaism%2Fjudaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMooreKelle2011" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&q=Thompson+%22Van+Seters%22&pg=PA19"><i>Biblical History and Israel's Past</i></a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Pub. Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-6260-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/693560718">693560718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+History+and+Israel%27s+Past&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Pub.+Company&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F693560718&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6260-0&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Megan+Bishop&rft.au=Kelle%2C+Brad+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjkz_8EMoaUC%26q%3DThompson%2B%2522Van%2BSeters%2522%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeters2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Edward_Peters" title="Francis Edward Peters">Peters, Francis Edward</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA9"><i>Islam, a Guide for Jews and Christians</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400825486" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400825486"><bdi>978-1400825486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+a+Guide+for+Jews+and+Christians&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1400825486&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Francis+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHYJ2c9E9IM8C%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPitard2001" class="citation book cs1">Pitard, Wayne T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&q=oral+tradition&pg=PA27">"Before Israel"</a>. In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). <i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Before+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Pitard&rft.aufirst=Wayne+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFhvECwNQD0C%26q%3Doral%2Btradition%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRutgers1993" class="citation journal cs1">Rutgers, Leonard Victor (1993). "<i>The Iconography of the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus</i> (review)". <i>Journal of Early Christian Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">94–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.0.0155">10.1353/earl.0.0155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3184">1086-3184</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170301601">170301601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Iconography+of+the+Sarcophagus+of+Junius+Bassus+%28review%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170301601%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1086-3184&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.0.0155&rft.aulast=Rutgers&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSka2006" class="citation book cs1">Ska, Jean Louis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC"><i>Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-122-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-122-1"><bdi>978-1-57506-122-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Reading+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-122-1&rft.aulast=Ska&rft.aufirst=Jean+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7cdy67ZvzdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSka2009" class="citation book cs1">Ska, Jean Louis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7g4yqsv0S0cC&pg=PA30"><i>The Exegesis of the Pentateuch: Exegetical Studies and Basic Questions</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149905-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149905-0"><bdi>978-3-16-149905-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exegesis+of+the+Pentateuch%3A+Exegetical+Studies+and+Basic+Questions&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149905-0&rft.aulast=Ska&rft.aufirst=Jean+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7g4yqsv0S0cC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwayd2009" class="citation book cs1">Swayd, Samy S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Nq9lD5wnBMC&q=abraham+druze&pg=PA3"><i>The a to Z of the Druzes</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810868366" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810868366"><bdi>978-0810868366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+a+to+Z+of+the+Druzes&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0810868366&rft.aulast=Swayd&rft.aufirst=Samy+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Nq9lD5wnBMC%26q%3Dabraham%2Bdruze%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Smith_(historian)" title="Peter Smith (historian)">Smith, Peter</a> (2000a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT71"><i>A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780744803" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780744803"><bdi>978-1780744803</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Faith&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1780744803&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYfrAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Thompson" title="Thomas L. Thompson">Thompson, Thomas L.</a> (2016) [1974]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0iHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23"><i>The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives: The Quest for the Historical Abraham</i></a>. Berlin/Boston: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter_GmbH_%26_Co_KG" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG">Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-084144-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-084144-2"><bdi>978-3-11-084144-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historicity+of+the+Patriarchal+Narratives%3A+The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Abraham&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-11-084144-2&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0iHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatersReidMuether2020" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Guy P.; Reid, J. Nicholas; Muether, John R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gAEAAAQBAJ"><i>Covenant Theology: Biblical, Theological, and Historical Perspectives</i></a>. Crossway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-6006-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-6006-4"><bdi>978-1-4335-6006-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Covenant+Theology%3A+Biblical%2C+Theological%2C+and+Historical+Perspectives&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-6006-4&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Guy+P.&rft.au=Reid%2C+J.+Nicholas&rft.au=Muether%2C+John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl0gAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_J._H._Wright" title="Christopher J. H. Wright">Wright, Christopher J. H.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_2QnrMdwNQC&pg=PA72"><i>The Mission of God's People: A Biblical Theology of the Church's Mission</i></a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-32303-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-32303-7"><bdi>978-0-310-32303-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mission+of+God%27s+People%3A+A+Biblical+Theology+of+the+Church%27s+Mission&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-310-32303-7&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG_2QnrMdwNQC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch (ancestor of Noah)">Enoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaale" title="Samaale">Samaale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qais_Abdur_Rashid" title="Qais Abdur Rashid">Qais Abdur Rashid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrrha_of_Thessaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrrha of Thessaly">Pyrrha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintu" title="Kintu">Kintu</a> (Uganda)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashya_and_Mashyana" title="Mashya and Mashyana">Mashya and Mashyana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyatri_Tsenpo" title="Nyatri Tsenpo">Nyatri Tsenpo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wurugag_and_Waramurungundi" title="Wurugag and Waramurungundi">Wurugag and Waramurungundi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunwinggu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunwinggu">Gunwinggu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADl_Esp%C3%A1ine" title="Míl Espáine">Míl Espáine </a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartlos" title="Kartlos">Kartlos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Khagan" title="Oghuz Khagan">Oghuz Khagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan" title="Adnan">Adnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qahtan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qahtan">Qahtan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunor_and_Magor" title="Hunor and Magor">Hunor and Magor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genealogy_of_Jesus_from_the_first_couple,_according_to_Matthew_1421" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adam_to_Jesus" title="Template:Adam to Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adam_to_Jesus" title="Template talk:Adam to Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adam_to_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adam to Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this 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href="/wiki/Kenan" title="Kenan">Kenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalalel" title="Mahalalel">Mahalalel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_(biblical_figure)" title="Jared (biblical figure)">Jared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah" title="Methuselah">Methuselah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Lamech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a> after <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Flood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpachshad" title="Arpachshad">Arpachshad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selah_(biblical_figure)" title="Selah (biblical figure)">Selah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg" title="Peleg">Peleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reu" title="Reu">Reu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serug" title="Serug">Serug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Serug" title="Nahor, son of Serug">Nahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terah" title="Terah">Terah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Nationhood</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Judah (son of Jacob)">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perez_(son_of_Judah)" title="Perez (son of Judah)">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezron" title="Hezron">Hezron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_(biblical_figure)" title="Ram (biblical figure)">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amminadab" title="Amminadab">Amminadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahshon" title="Nahshon">Nahshon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_(biblical_figure)" title="Salmon (biblical figure)">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boaz" title="Boaz">Boaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obed_(biblical_figure)" title="Obed (biblical figure)">Obed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_(biblical_figure)" title="Jesse (biblical figure)">Jesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> to <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Captivity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abijah_of_Judah" title="Abijah of Judah">Abijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_of_Judah" title="Asa of Judah">Asa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah" title="Jehoram of Judah">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzziah" title="Uzziah">Uzziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotham" title="Jotham">Jotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Cyrus" title="Edict of Cyrus">Return</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shealtiel" title="Shealtiel">Salathiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abihud" title="Abihud">Abihud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Eliakim,_son_of_Abiud" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minor Old Testament figures, A–K">Eliakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Azor" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minor Old Testament figures, A–K">Azor</a></li> <li>Sadoc</li> <li>Achim</li> <li>Eliud</li> <li>Eleazar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_L%E2%80%93Z#Matthan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minor Old Testament figures, L–Z">Matthan</a></li> <li>Jacob</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible_/_Old_Testament704" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Template:Prophets in the Hebrew Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Template talk:Prophets in the Hebrew Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prophets in the Hebrew Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible_/_Old_Testament704" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Category:Prophets in the Hebrew Bible">Prophets in the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Patriarchal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></i><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Noah_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Noah in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)#Matriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Israelite prophets<br />in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Moses in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam" title="Miriam">Miriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldad_and_Medad" title="Eldad and Medad">Eldad and Medad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phinehas" title="Phinehas">Phinehas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mentioned in the<br /><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former Prophets</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah" title="Deborah">Deborah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elkanah" title="Elkanah">Elkanah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_(biblical_figure)" title="Hannah (biblical figure)">Hannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail" title="Abigail">Abigail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(prophet)" title="Gad (prophet)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_(prophet)" title="Nathan (prophet)">Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeduthun" title="Jeduthun">Jeduthun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahijah_the_Shilonite" title="Ahijah the Shilonite">Ahijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemaiah_(prophet)" title="Shemaiah (prophet)">Shemaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddo_(prophet)" title="Iddo (prophet)">Iddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanani" title="Hanani">Hanani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu_(prophet)" title="Jehu (prophet)">Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micaiah" title="Micaiah">Micaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahaziel" title="Jahaziel">Jahaziel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer#Eliezer_the_prophet" title="Eliezer">Eliezer ben Dodavah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_ben_Jehoiada" title="Zechariah ben Jehoiada">Zechariah ben Jehoiada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldah" title="Huldah">Huldah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaiah_in_rabbinic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaiah in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Daniel in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Jonah in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beor_(biblical_figure)" title="Beor (biblical figure)">Beor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Job in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amoz" title="Amoz">Amoz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beeri" title="Beeri">Beeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agur" title="Agur">Agur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriah_(prophet)" title="Uriah (prophet)">Uriah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buzi" title="Buzi">Buzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esther_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Esther in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oded_(prophet)" title="Oded (prophet)">Oded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariah_(prophet)" title="Azariah (prophet)">Azariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate persons whose status as <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> is not universally accepted.</li> <li>‡ indicates persons whose status as prophets is exclusive to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Genesis251" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Genesis" title="Template:Book of Genesis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Genesis" title="Template talk:Book of Genesis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Genesis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Genesis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Genesis251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></b></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primeval_history" title="Primeval history">Primeval history</a> (1–11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narratives</a> (1:1–2:3, 2:4–25)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> (3) </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents in the Bible</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a> (4)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genealogies_of_Genesis" title="Genealogies of Genesis">Genealogies of Genesis</a> (5:1–6:8, 11:10–26)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a> (6:1–9:28)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">Curse of Ham</a> (9:20–27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">Generations of Noah</a> and the origin of nations (10:1–11:9)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> (11:1–9)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_age" title="Patriarchal age">Patriarchal age</a> (12–50)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham</a> (12–23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_and_Lot%27s_conflict" title="Abraham and Lot's conflict">Abraham and Lot's conflict</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siddim" title="Battle of Siddim">Battle of Siddim</a> (14:1–17)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_pieces" title="Covenant of the pieces">Covenant of the pieces</a> (15)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> (19:1–28)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> (21–35)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">Binding of Isaac</a> (22)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Jacob" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Jacob">his sons</a> (25–50)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder" title="Jacob's Ladder">Jacob's Ladder</a> (28)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_wrestling_with_the_angel" title="Jacob wrestling with the angel">Jacob wrestling with the angel</a> (32:22–32)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_many_colors" title="Coat of many colors">coat of many colors</a> (37–50)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blessing_of_Jacob" title="Blessing of Jacob">Blessing of Jacob</a> (49)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable verses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:1" title="Genesis 1:1">1:1</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/In_the_beginning_(phrase)" title="In the beginning (phrase)">In the beginning</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:2" title="Genesis 1:2">1:2</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:3" title="Genesis 1:3">1:3</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:4" title="Genesis 1:4">1:4</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:5" title="Genesis 1:5">1:5</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Torah readings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bereshit_(parashah)" title="Bereshit (parashah)">Bereshit</a> (1:1–6:8)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Noach_(parashah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noach (parashah)">Noach</a> (6:9–11:32)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech-Lecha" title="Lech-Lecha">Lech-Lecha</a> (12:1–17:27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayeira" title="Vayeira">Vayeira</a> (18:1–22:24)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chayei_Sarah" title="Chayei Sarah">Chayei Sarah</a> (23:1–25:18)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toledot" title="Toledot">Toledot</a> (25:19–28:9)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayetze" title="Vayetze">Vayetze</a> (28:10–32:3)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayishlach" title="Vayishlach">Vayishlach</a> (32:4–36:43)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayeshev" title="Vayeshev">Vayeshev</a> (37:1–40:23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miketz" title="Miketz">Miketz</a> (41:1–44:17)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayigash" title="Vayigash">Vayigash</a> (44:18–47:27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaychi" title="Vaychi">Vayechi</a> (47:28–50:26)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohist</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Framework_interpretation_(Genesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framework interpretation (Genesis)">Framework interpretation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wife%E2%80%93sister_narratives_in_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis">Wife–sister narratives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Arcana_C%C5%93lestia" title="Arcana Cœlestia">Arcana Cœlestia</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pesher_on_Genesis" title="Pesher on Genesis">Pesher on Genesis</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Berlin_17213" title="Papyrus Berlin 17213">Papyrus Berlin 17213</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_656" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1007" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Textual variants in the Book of Genesis">Textual variations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church1047" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church1047" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a><br />Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominguito_del_Val" title="Dominguito del Val">Dominguito del Val</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Martyrs of Compiègne">Martyrs of Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_venerated_couples" title="List of venerated couples">Venerated couples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/17px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/26px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/34px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/20px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/26px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/34px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9181#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2319" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9181#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2319" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9181#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000096500173">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89660956">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/37599/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1679885/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjHM4FcXctx7dxyk6MbWXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118500201">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79065663">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165820767">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165820767">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35925193">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010525296&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nrvpzv3bbzjvg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810636085505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/47226">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/2462">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007311154905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14338703">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1148287">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118500201.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118500201">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham&oldid=1279421999">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham&oldid=1279421999</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Category:Prophets in the Hebrew Bible">Prophets in the Hebrew Bible</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abraham" title="Category:Abraham">Abraham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_BC_people" title="Category:21st-century BC people">21st-century BC people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Angelic_visionaries" 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