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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organizational_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Organizational history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2020_data_breach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_data_breach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>2020 data breach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_data_breach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herbert_Hoover_as_secretary_of_commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herbert_Hoover_as_secretary_of_commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Herbert Hoover as secretary of commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herbert_Hoover_as_secretary_of_commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio_and_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_and_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Radio and travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_and_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Hoover_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Hoover_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Other Hoover initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Hoover_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Foreign economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Operating units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reorganization_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reorganization_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reorganization proposals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reorganization_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Department of Commerce</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="وزارة التجارة (الولايات المتحدة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وزارة التجارة (الولايات المتحدة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departamento_de_Comercio_d%27os_Estaus_Unius" title="Departamento de Comercio d'os Estaus Unius – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Departamento de Comercio d'os Estaus Unius" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_Ticar%C9%99t_Nazirliyi" title="ABŞ Ticarət Nazirliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ Ticarət Nazirliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_Siong-gia%CC%8Dp_P%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Bí-kok Siong-gia̍p Pō͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok Siong-gia̍p Pō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A0%D0%A8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="АҠШ сауҙа департаменты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="АҠШ сауҙа департаменты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8E_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Міністэрства гандлю ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міністэрства гандлю ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Министерство на търговията на САЩ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Министерство на търговията на САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departament_de_Comer%C3%A7_dels_Estats_Units" title="Departament de Comerç dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Departament de Comerç dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerstvo_obchodu_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Ministerstvo obchodu Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ministerstvo obchodu Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelsministerium_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Handelsministerium der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Handelsministerium der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_Kaubandusministeerium" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Kaubandusministeerium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Kaubandusministeerium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departamento_de_Comercio_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Departamento de Comercio de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Departamento de Comercio de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_departemento_de_komerco" title="Usona departemento de komerco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona departemento de komerco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_Merkataritza_Saila" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Merkataritza Saila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Merkataritza Saila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="وزارت بازرگانی ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وزارت بازرگانی ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_du_Commerce_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Département du Commerce des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Département du Commerce des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%83%81%EB%AC%B4%EB%B6%80" title="미국 상무부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 상무부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97" title="संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका का वाणिज्य विभाग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका का वाणिज्य विभाग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departemen_Perdagangan_Amerika_Serikat" title="Departemen Perdagangan Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Departemen Perdagangan Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_commercio_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Dipartimento del commercio degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dipartimento del commercio degli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מחלקת המסחר של ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחלקת המסחר של ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereskedelmi_Miniszt%C3%A9rium_(USA)" title="Kereskedelmi Minisztérium (USA) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kereskedelmi Minisztérium (USA)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabatan_Perdagangan_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Jabatan Perdagangan Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jabatan Perdagangan Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="United States Department of Commerce" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81" title="アメリカ合衆国商務省 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国商務省" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelsdepartementet_(USA)" title="Handelsdepartementet (USA) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Handelsdepartementet (USA)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departament_Handlu_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Departament Handlu Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Departament Handlu Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departamento_de_Com%C3%A9rcio_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Departamento de Comércio dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Departamento de Comércio dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Министерство торговли США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Министерство торговли США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United States Department of Commerce" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="وەزارەتی بازرگانیی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەزارەتی بازرگانیی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministarstvo_trgovine_Sjedinjenih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Ministarstvo trgovine Sjedinjenih Država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ministarstvo trgovine Sjedinjenih Država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_kauppaministeri%C3%B6" title="Yhdysvaltain kauppaministeriö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain kauppaministeriö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_handelsdepartement" title="USA:s handelsdepartement – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USA:s handelsdepartement" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="กระทรวงพาณิชย์สหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระทรวงพาณิชย์สหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%90" title="Вазорати савдои ИМА – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вазорати савдои ИМА" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticaret_Bakanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_(Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri)" title="Ticaret Bakanlığı (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ticaret Bakanlığı (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Міністерство торгівлі США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міністерство торгівлі США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BA%A1i_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Bộ Thương mại Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Thương mại Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E9%83%A8" title="美國商務部 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美國商務部" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E9%83%A8" title="美国商务部 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国商务部" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&params=38_53_39_N_77_0_58_W_type:landmark_region:US-DC"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°53′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°0′58″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.89417°N 77.01611°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.89417; -77.01611</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Executive department of the U.S. Federal Government</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Department of Commerce" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Commerce_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Department of Commerce (disambiguation)">Department of Commerce (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">United States Department of Commerce</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/175px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/263px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/350px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seal of the U.S. Department of Commerce</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/175px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/263px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/350px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the U.S. Department of Commerce</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Commerce_Department_DC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Commerce_Department_DC.JPG/220px-Commerce_Department_DC.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Commerce_Department_DC.JPG/330px-Commerce_Department_DC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Commerce_Department_DC.JPG/440px-Commerce_Department_DC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2609" /></a></span><br />The <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a>, the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Commerce</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">February 14, 1903<span class="noprint">; 122 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1903-02-14</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce_and_Labor" title="United States Department of Commerce and Labor">United States Department of Commerce and Labor</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. federal government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a><br />1401 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Avenue" title="Constitution Avenue">Constitution Avenue</a> <a href="/wiki/Northwest,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest, Washington, D.C.">NW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&params=38_53_39_N_77_0_58_W_type:landmark_region:US-DC"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°53′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°0′58″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.89417°N 77.01611°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.89417; -77.01611</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">48,391 (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-comgov_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comgov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Jeremy Pelter, Acting <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><i>Vacant</i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce">Deputy Secretary</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commerce.gov">commerce.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Footnotes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United States Department of Commerce</b> (<b>DOC</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">executive department</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. federal government</a>. It is responsible for gathering data for business and governmental decision making, establishing industrial standards, catalyzing economic development, promoting foreign direct investment, and safeguarding national economic security. </p><p>The Department of Commerce is one of four federal agencies authorized to appoint personnel in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Service" title="United States Foreign Service">United States Foreign Service</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/NOAA_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA Corps">NOAA Corps</a> — formerly the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps — is one of the eight branches of the <a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">uniformed services of the United States</a>. During a large-scale disaster or catastrophe, it assumes the coordinating responsibilities for the economic recovery support function under the <a href="/wiki/National_disaster_recovery_framework" title="National disaster recovery framework">national disaster recovery framework</a>. Since 2023 it has lead U.S. government activities related to safe <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a> development and, from 1913 to 1939, it managed the <a href="/wiki/National_Aquarium_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="National Aquarium (Washington, D.C.)">National Aquarium</a>. </p><p>The department is headed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a>, who is a member of the President's <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> and tenth in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">United States presidential line of succession</a>. It is headquartered in the <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Department of Commerce renewed its mission statement in its 2022-2026 strategic plan: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Department of Commerce’s mission is to create the conditions for economic growth and opportunity for all communities.<sup id="cite_ref-comgov_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comgov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The responsibilities of its major operating units include weather forecasting, climate monitoring, and fisheries management (<a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>); promoting U.S. exports and attracting <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Administration" title="International Trade Administration">International Trade Administration</a>); producing the decennial census and other vital and economic statistics (<a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of the Census">Bureau of the Census</a>); regulating the export of sensitive technologies (<a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Industry_and_Security" title="Bureau of Industry and Security">Bureau of Industry and Security</a>); registering patents, trademarks, and copyrights (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Patent_and_Trademark_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Patent and Trademark Office">U.S. Patent and Trademark Office</a>); managing and preserving the <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary system of weights and measures</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>); maintaining the national interoperable broadband emergency network (<a href="/wiki/FirstNet_Authority" title="FirstNet Authority">FirstNet Authority</a>); and coordinating economic recovery following a major disaster (<a href="/wiki/Economic_Development_Administration" title="Economic Development Administration">Economic Development Administration</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-comgov_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comgov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willard_Hotel_-_Washington_DC_-_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Willard_Hotel_-_Washington_DC_-_2011.jpg/220px-Willard_Hotel_-_Washington_DC_-_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Willard_Hotel_-_Washington_DC_-_2011.jpg/330px-Willard_Hotel_-_Washington_DC_-_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Willard_Hotel_-_Washington_DC_-_2011.jpg/440px-Willard_Hotel_-_Washington_DC_-_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>The Willard Building (<i>pictured, 2011</i>) was the headquarters of the Department of Commerce until 1932.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the department's publication: <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Reports" title="Commerce Reports">Commerce Reports</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational_history">Organizational history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organizational history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The department was originally created as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce_and_Labor" title="United States Department of Commerce and Labor">United States Department of Commerce and Labor</a> on February 14, 1903. It was subsequently renamed the Department of Commerce on March 4, 1913, as the bureaus and agencies specializing in labor were transferred to the new <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">Department of Labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since its creation, the Commerce Department has seen various agencies and administrative offices shift in and out of its organizational structure. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a> was transferred from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Interior Department</a> into the Commerce Department in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federal Employment Stabilization Office existed within the department from 1931 to 1939. In 1940, the Weather Bureau (now the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a>) was transferred from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Agriculture Department</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Aeronautics Authority">Civil Aeronautics Authority</a> was also merged into the Commerce Department.<sup id="cite_ref-FAA_History_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAA_History-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Roads_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Roads Administration">Public Roads Administration</a> was added to the department after the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Works_Agency" title="Federal Works Agency">Federal Works Agency</a> was dismantled.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, the independent <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Aviation Agency">Federal Aviation Agency</a> was created and the Civil Aeronautics Authority was abolished. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Travel_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Travel Service">United States Travel Service</a> was established by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> on July 1, 1961, pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Travel_Act" title="Travel Act">International Travel Act of 1961</a> (75 Stat. 129; 22 U.S.C. 2121 note)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Economic_Development_Administration" title="Economic Development Administration">Economic Development Administration</a> was created in 1965. In 1966, the Bureau of Public Roads was transferred to the newly created Department of Transportation. The <a href="/wiki/Minority_Business_Development_Agency" title="Minority Business Development Agency">Minority Business Development Agency</a> (MBDA) was created on March 5, 1969, originally established by President Richard M. Nixon as the Office of Minority Business Enterprise. The <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA) was created on October 3, 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Council_on_Commerce_and_Trade" title="Cabinet Council on Commerce and Trade">Cabinet Council on Commerce and Trade</a> was one of multiple Cabinet Councils established in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> on or about February 26, 1981 by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan Administration.</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020_data_breach">2020 data breach</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2020 data breach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, the Department of Commerce <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Treasury_and_Department_of_Commerce_data_breach" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Treasury and Department of Commerce data breach">suffered a data breach</a> following a <a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">cyberattack</a> likely conducted by a <a href="/wiki/Advanced_persistent_threat" title="Advanced persistent threat">nation state adversary</a>, possibly Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herbert_Hoover_as_secretary_of_commerce">Herbert Hoover as secretary of commerce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Herbert Hoover as secretary of commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HooverCommerce1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/HooverCommerce1926.jpg/250px-HooverCommerce1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/HooverCommerce1926.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Assistants William McCracken (left) and Walter Drake (right) with Secretary Hoover (center)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> was appointed Secretary of Commerce in 1921 by then-President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover was, by far, the most active secretary in the history of the department until the end of his position in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his election as president in 1920, Warren G. Harding rewarded Hoover for his support, offering to appoint him as either <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a>. Secretary of Commerce was considered a minor Cabinet post, with limited and vaguely defined responsibilities, but Hoover, emphasizing his identity as a businessman, accepted the position. In sharp contrast to the Interior Department, there were no scandals at Commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover envisioned the Commerce Department as the hub of the nation's growth and stability.<sup id="cite_ref-Leuchtenburg,_pp_53-63_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leuchtenburg,_pp_53-63-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His experience mobilizing the war-time economy convinced him that the federal government could promote efficiency by eliminating waste, increasing production, encouraging the adoption of data-based practices, investing in infrastructure, and conserving natural resources. Contemporaries described Hoover's approach as a "third alternative" between "unrestrained capitalism" and socialism, which was becoming increasingly popular in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover sought to foster a balance among labor, capital, and the government, and for this he has been variously labeled a "<a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatist</a>" or an <a href="/wiki/Associationalism" title="Associationalism">associationalist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover demanded, and received, authority to coordinate economic affairs throughout the government. He created many sub-departments and committees, overseeing and regulating everything from manufacturing statistics to air travel. In some instances he "seized" control of responsibilities from other Cabinet departments when he deemed that they were not carrying out their responsibilities well; some began referring to him as the "Secretary of Commerce and Under-Secretary of all other departments".<sup id="cite_ref-Leuchtenburg,_pp_53-63_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leuchtenburg,_pp_53-63-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the <a href="/wiki/Depression_of_1920%E2%80%9321" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression of 1920–21">Depression of 1920–21</a>, he convinced Harding to assemble a presidential commission on unemployment, which encouraged local governments to engage in countercyclical infrastructure spending. He endorsed much of Mellon's tax reduction program, but favored a more <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive tax</a> system and opposed the treasury secretary's efforts to eliminate the <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Estate tax in the United States">estate tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio_and_travel">Radio and travel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Radio and travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HerbertClarkHoover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HerbertClarkHoover.jpg/170px-HerbertClarkHoover.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HerbertClarkHoover.jpg/255px-HerbertClarkHoover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HerbertClarkHoover.jpg/340px-HerbertClarkHoover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Herbert Hoover listening to a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiver</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When Hoover joined the department, almost no families had radios; when he became president in 1929, 10 million owned one, and most of the rest listened in a nearby home, store or restaurant. Hoover's department set the policies that shaped the entire new industry. Hoover's radio conferences played a key role in the organization, development, and regulation of radio broadcasting. Hoover also helped pass the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1927" title="Radio Act of 1927">Radio Act of 1927</a>, which allowed the government to intervene and abolish radio stations that were deemed "non-useful" to the public. Hoover's attempts at regulating radio were not supported by all congressmen, and he received much opposition from the Senate and from radio station owners. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover was also influential in the early development of air travel, and he sought to create a thriving private industry boosted by indirect government subsidies. He encouraged the development of emergency landing fields, required all runways to be equipped with lights and radio beams, and encouraged farmers to make use of planes for <a href="/wiki/Aerial_application" title="Aerial application">crop dusting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200953–54_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200953–54-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also established the federal government's power to inspect planes and license pilots, setting a precedent for the later <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017271_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017271-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Commerce Secretary, Hoover hosted national conferences on street traffic collectively known as the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety. Hoover's chief objective was to address the growing casualty toll of traffic accidents, but the scope of the conferences grew and soon embraced motor vehicle standards, rules of the road, and urban traffic control. He left the invited interest groups to negotiate agreements among themselves, which were then presented for adoption by states and localities. Because automotive trade associations were the best organized, many of the positions taken by the conferences reflected their interests. The conferences issued a model Uniform Vehicle Code for adoption by the states, and a Model Municipal Traffic Ordinance for adoption by cities. Both were widely influential, promoting greater uniformity between jurisdictions and tending to promote the automobile's priority in city streets.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Hoover_initiatives">Other Hoover initiatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other Hoover initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the goal of encouraging wise business investments, Hoover made the Commerce Department a clearinghouse of information. He recruited numerous academics from various fields and tasked them with publishing reports on different aspects of the economy, including steel production and films. To eliminate waste, he encouraged the standardization of products like automobile tires and baby bottle nipples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017257–200_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017257–200-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other efforts at eliminating waste included reducing labor losses from trade disputes and seasonal fluctuations, reducing industrial losses from accident and injury, and reducing the amount of crude oil spilled during extraction and shipping. He promoted international trade by opening overseas offices to advise businessmen. Hoover was especially eager to promote Hollywood films overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deputy_Secretary_Verma_attends_US_Investment_Advisory_Council_Meeting_at_the_U.S._Department_of_Commerce_in_Washington,_D.C._on_October_26,_2023.jpg_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Deputy_Secretary_Verma_attends_US_Investment_Advisory_Council_Meeting_at_the_U.S._Department_of_Commerce_in_Washington%2C_D.C._on_October_26%2C_2023.jpg_01.jpg/192px-Deputy_Secretary_Verma_attends_US_Investment_Advisory_Council_Meeting_at_the_U.S._Department_of_Commerce_in_Washington%2C_D.C._on_October_26%2C_2023.jpg_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Deputy_Secretary_Verma_attends_US_Investment_Advisory_Council_Meeting_at_the_U.S._Department_of_Commerce_in_Washington%2C_D.C._on_October_26%2C_2023.jpg_01.jpg/288px-Deputy_Secretary_Verma_attends_US_Investment_Advisory_Council_Meeting_at_the_U.S._Department_of_Commerce_in_Washington%2C_D.C._on_October_26%2C_2023.jpg_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Deputy_Secretary_Verma_attends_US_Investment_Advisory_Council_Meeting_at_the_U.S._Department_of_Commerce_in_Washington%2C_D.C._on_October_26%2C_2023.jpg_01.jpg/384px-Deputy_Secretary_Verma_attends_US_Investment_Advisory_Council_Meeting_at_the_U.S._Department_of_Commerce_in_Washington%2C_D.C._on_October_26%2C_2023.jpg_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8266" data-file-height="5511" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAAS_Thomas_Jefferson_starboard_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NOAAS_Thomas_Jefferson_starboard_view.jpg/192px-NOAAS_Thomas_Jefferson_starboard_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NOAAS_Thomas_Jefferson_starboard_view.jpg/288px-NOAAS_Thomas_Jefferson_starboard_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/NOAAS_Thomas_Jefferson_starboard_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="251" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NIST-F2_cesium_fountain_atomic_clock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/NIST-F2_cesium_fountain_atomic_clock.jpg/183px-NIST-F2_cesium_fountain_atomic_clock.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/NIST-F2_cesium_fountain_atomic_clock.jpg/275px-NIST-F2_cesium_fountain_atomic_clock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/NIST-F2_cesium_fountain_atomic_clock.jpg/366px-NIST-F2_cesium_fountain_atomic_clock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="857" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Local_enumerator_and_field_supervisor_on_snowmobile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Local_enumerator_and_field_supervisor_on_snowmobile.png/201px-Local_enumerator_and_field_supervisor_on_snowmobile.png" decoding="async" width="201" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Local_enumerator_and_field_supervisor_on_snowmobile.png/302px-Local_enumerator_and_field_supervisor_on_snowmobile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Local_enumerator_and_field_supervisor_on_snowmobile.png/402px-Local_enumerator_and_field_supervisor_on_snowmobile.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="828" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:390px;max-width:390px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:241px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAA_WP-3D_Orion_receives_upgrade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NOAA_WP-3D_Orion_receives_upgrade.jpg/388px-NOAA_WP-3D_Orion_receives_upgrade.jpg" decoding="async" width="388" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NOAA_WP-3D_Orion_receives_upgrade.jpg/582px-NOAA_WP-3D_Orion_receives_upgrade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NOAA_WP-3D_Orion_receives_upgrade.jpg/776px-NOAA_WP-3D_Orion_receives_upgrade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3074" data-file-height="1913" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Department of Commerce fulfills a variety of missions. Clockwise, from top left: the department-sponsored U.S. Investment Advisory Council meets at the Hoover Building in 2023; the <i><a href="/wiki/NOAAS_Thomas_Jefferson" title="NOAAS Thomas Jefferson">NOAAS Thomas Jefferson</a></i> underway in the early 2000s; <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a> scientists maintain the United States' cesium fountain atomic clock; a <a href="/wiki/Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Census Bureau">Census Bureau</a> enumerators collect data in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> in 2000; a <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> Lockheed WP-3D Orion aircraft pictured in 2008</div></div></div></div> <p>His "Own Your Own Home" campaign was a collaboration to promote ownership of single-family dwellings, with groups such as the Better Houses in America movement, the Architects' Small House Service Bureau, and the Home Modernizing Bureau. He worked with bankers and the <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">savings and loan</a> industry to promote the new long-term home mortgage, which dramatically stimulated home construction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other accomplishments included winning the agreement of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a> to adopt an eight-hour workday, and the fostering of the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Compact" title="Colorado River Compact">Colorado River Compact</a>, a water rights compact among Southwestern states.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_economic_policy">Foreign economic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign economic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The department has always been involved in promoting international non-financial business.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stations commercial attachés at embassies around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the key sub-agencies are the <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Administration" title="International Trade Administration">International Trade Administration</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Industry_and_Security" title="Bureau of Industry and Security">Bureau of Industry and Security</a>. The ITA provides technical expertise to numerous American companies, helping them adjust to foreign specifications. It provides guidance and marketing data as well. The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Export_Enforcement" title="Office of Export Enforcement">Office of Export Enforcement</a> administers export controls, especially regarding the spread of nuclear technology and highly advanced electronic technology.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, the policy has been to restrict high-technology flows to China. From 1949 to 1994, the department worked with the 17-nation Coordinating Committee on Multilateral Export Controls, which restricted technological flows to the Soviet Union and other communist nations. Since 1980, the Commerce Department works to neutralize the dumping of exports or the subsidies of overseas production. Along with the export controls, this work continues to generate friction with other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 20, 2020, the commerce department announced adding eleven Chinese firms to an export blacklist for committing human rights abuse against <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur Muslims</a> and other ethnic minorities in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> by conducting genetic analysis on them. Two of the firms sanctioned were subsidiaries of BGI Group, a Chinese genetic sequencing, and biomedical firm.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year October, the <a href="/wiki/BGI_Group" title="BGI Group">BGI Group</a> firm was again named in the alleged exploitation of medical samples of patients testing for Covid-19 in Nevada using the 200,000 rapid testing kits donated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> under its AI and cloud computing firm, <a href="/wiki/Group_42_(Emirati_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 42 (Emirati company)">Group 42</a>. The Emirati firm, also known as G42, has previously been named in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a> of people via an instant messaging application called ToTok, which was actually a spy application snooping on user data.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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Hoover Building">HQ</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:3.386%;left:42.99%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service"><img alt="National Weather Service" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Red_sunny_circle.png/20px-Red_sunny_circle.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Red_sunny_circle.png/30px-Red_sunny_circle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Red_sunny_circle.png/40px-Red_sunny_circle.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:11px"><div><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.545%;left:52.792%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol"><img alt="United States Capitol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Government_office.png/20px-Government_office.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Government_office.png/30px-Government_office.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Government_office.png/40px-Government_office.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:11px"><div><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_District_of_Columbia_location_map.svg" title="File:USA District of Columbia location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><span style="font-size:95%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Red_sunny_circle.png/20px-Red_sunny_circle.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Red_sunny_circle.png/30px-Red_sunny_circle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Red_sunny_circle.png/40px-Red_sunny_circle.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></span></span> Department of Commerce facilities in the <a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington metropolitan area</a></span></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facilities">Facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From its establishment until 1932, the Department of Commerce was headquartered in the Willard Building. In 1932, following completion of construction of the Herbert Hoover Building, the department relocated to the new facility, where it remains as of 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The department is headed by the Secretary of Commerce, a member of the president's cabinet and the tenth in line to succession to the U.S. presidency. In the event of the death, resignation, vacancy, or incapacity of the secretary, the following officials succeed to the office of secretary on an acting basis until the president appoints another person as acting secretary, or the vacancy is remedied through a permanent appointment by the president with the <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent#United_States" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Secretary of Commerce">Deputy Secretary of Commerce</a></li> <li>General Counsel of the Department of Commerce</li> <li>Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade</li> <li>Under Secretary of Commerce for Economic Affairs</li> <li>Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology</li> <li>Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere</li> <li>Under Secretary of Commerce for Export Administration</li> <li>Chief Financial Officer of the Department of Commerce</li> <li>Site Manager of the NIST Boulder Laboratories</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_units">Operating units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Operating units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Program </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="14"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce">Deputy Secretary of Commerce</a>) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Economic_Development_Administration" title="Economic Development Administration">Economic Development Administration</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration" title="National Telecommunications and Information Administration">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Office of Business Liaison </td></tr> <tr> <td>Office of the Chief Financial Officer and Assistant Secretary for Administration </td></tr> <tr> <td>Office of the Chief Information Officer </td></tr> <tr> <td>Office of Executive Secretariat </td></tr> <tr> <td>Office of the General Counsel </td></tr> <tr> <td>Office of Inspector General </td></tr> <tr> <td>Office of Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs </td></tr> <tr> <td>Office of Policy and Strategic Planning </td></tr> <tr> <td>Office of Public Affairs </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._Commerce_Department_Office_of_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Commerce Department Office of Security">Office of Security</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">Office of Space Commerce</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Office of White House Liaison </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Economic_Affairs" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Economic Affairs">Under Secretary of Commerce for Economic Affairs</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of the Census">Bureau of the Census</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Bureau of Economic Analysis">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Industry_and_Security" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security">Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Industry_and_Security" title="Bureau of Industry and Security">Bureau of Industry and Security</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Export_Enforcement" title="Office of Export Enforcement">Office of Export Enforcement</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Intellectual_Property" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property">Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">Patent and Trademark Office</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_International_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade">Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Administration" title="International Trade Administration">International Trade Administration</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Commercial_Service" title="United States Commercial Service">United States Commercial Service</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Oceans_and_Atmosphere" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere">Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">National Ocean Service</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Research" title="Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research">Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Standards_and_Technology" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology">Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Technical_Information_Service" title="National Technical Information Service">National Technical Information Service</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Under Secretary of Commerce for Minority Business Development </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Minority_Business_Development_Agency" title="Minority Business Development Agency">Minority Business Development Agency</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reorganization_proposals">Reorganization proposals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reorganization proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proposals to reorganize the department go back many decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Commerce_Dept_1995_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commerce_Dept_1995-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of Commerce was one of three departments that Texas governor <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates,_2012#November_9,_2011_–_Auburn_Hills,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential debates, 2012">advocated eliminating</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry_presidential_campaign,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Rick Perry presidential campaign, 2012">2012 presidential campaign</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Department of Education</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a>. Perry's campaign cited the frequency with which agencies had historically been moved into and out of the department and its lack of a coherent focus, and advocated moving its vital programs into other departments such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">Department of Labor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Economic_Development_Administration" title="Economic Development Administration">Economic Development Administration</a> would be completely eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 13, 2012, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> announced his intentions to ask the United States Congress for the power to close the department and replace it with a new cabinet-level agency focused on trade and exports. The new agency would include the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Office of the United States Trade Representative</a>, currently part of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Export-Import_Bank_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Export-Import Bank of the United States">Export-Import Bank of the United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Private_Investment_Corporation" title="Overseas Private Investment Corporation">Overseas Private Investment Corporation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Trade_and_Development_Agency" title="United States Trade and Development Agency">United States Trade and Development Agency</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Administration" title="Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a>, which are all currently <a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">independent agencies</a>. The Obama administration projected that the reorganization would save $3 billion and would help the administration's goal of doubling U.S. exports in five years.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new agency would be organized around four "pillars": a technology and innovation office including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>; a statistical division including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> and other data-collection agencies currently in the Commerce Department, and also the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> which would be transferred from the Department of Labor; a trade and investment policy office; and a small business development office. The <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA) would be transferred from the Department of Commerce into the Department of the Interior.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, shortly before the 2012 presidential election, Obama invoked the idea of a "secretary of business" in reference to the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reorganization was part of a larger proposal which would grant the president the authority to propose mergers of federal agencies, which would then be subject to an up-or-down Congressional vote. This ability had existed from the Great Depression until the Reagan presidency, when Congress rescinded the authority.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Obama administration plan faced criticism for some of its elements. Some Congress members expressed concern that the Office of the United States Trade Representative would lose focus if it were included in a larger bureaucracy, especially given its status as an "honest broker" between other agencies, which tend to advocate for specific points of view.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall plan has also been criticized as an attempt to create an agency similar to Japan's powerful <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_International_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of International Trade and Industry">Ministry of International Trade and Industry</a>, which was abolished in 2001 after some of its initiatives failed and it became seen as a hindrance to growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NOAA's climate and terrestrial operations and fisheries and endangered species programs would be expected to integrate well with agencies already in the Interior Department, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a>. However, environmental groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">Natural Resources Defense Council</a> feared that the reorganization could distract the agency from its mission of protecting the nation's oceans and ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was reiterated in the Obama administration's <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_federal_budget" title="2016 United States federal budget">FY2016 budget proposal</a> that was released in February 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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trade mission controversy">Commerce Department trade mission controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_13_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 13 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 13 of the Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_19_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA.gov" title="USA.gov">USA.gov</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-comgov-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-comgov_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comgov_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comgov_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/russian-government-spies-are-behind-a-broad-hacking-campaign-that-has-breached-us-agencies-and-a-top-cyber-firm/2020/12/13/d5a53b88-3d7d-11eb-9453-fc36ba051781_story.html">the original</a> on December 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Clements, <i>The Life of Herbert Hoover: Imperfect Visionary, 1918–1928</i> (2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeuchtenburg2009" class="citation book cs1">Leuchtenburg, William E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7bXY94wxD2EC&pg=PA51"><i>Herbert Hoover</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Pros+and+Cons+of+Obama%27s+Reorganization+Plan&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomix.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F01%2F17%2Fthe-pros-and-cons-of-obamas-reorganization-plan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Department+of+Commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalakoff2012" class="citation web cs1">Malakoff, David (January 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/01/rough-sailing-for-plan-to-move.html">"Rough Sailing for Plan to Move NOAA?"</a>. <i>ScienceInsider</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceInsider&rft.atitle=Rough+Sailing+for+Plan+to+Move+NOAA%3F&rft.date=2012-01-13&rft.aulast=Malakoff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sciencemag.org%2Fscienceinsider%2F2012%2F01%2Frough-sailing-for-plan-to-move.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Department+of+Commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2015" class="citation news cs1">Hicks, Josh (February 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/federal-eye/wp/2015/02/03/six-ways-the-white-house-budget-would-affect-federal-workers/">"Six ways the White House budget would affect federal workers"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Six+ways+the+White+House+budget+would+affect+federal+workers&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Ffederal-eye%2Fwp%2F2015%2F02%2F03%2Fsix-ways-the-white-house-budget-would-affect-federal-workers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Department+of+Commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brandes, Joseph. <i>Herbert Hoover and Economic Diplomacy: Department of Commerce Policy, 1921–1928.</i> (U of Pittsburgh Press, 1970).</li> <li>Clements, Kendrick A.<i>The Life of Herbert Hoover</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) pp. 209–38.</li> <li>Cohen, Stephen D., and Stephen David Cohen. <i>The making of United States international economic policy: principles, problems, and proposals for reform</i> (Greenwood, 2000).</li> <li>Hawley, Ellis. "Herbert Hoover, the Commerce Secretariat, and the Vision of an 'Associative State', 1921–1928". <i>Journal of American History</i>, (June 1974) 61#1 : 116–40 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110012508/http://www.trinityhistory.org/AmH/Hawley-Hoover.pdf">online</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li>Lee, David D. "Herbert Hoover and the Development of Commercial Aviation, 1921–1926". <i>Business History Review</i> 58.1 (1984): 78–102.</li> <li>Seely, Bruce E. "Engineers and Government–Business Cooperation: Highway Standards and the Bureau of Public Roads, 1900–1940". <i>Business History Review</i> 58.1 (1984): 51–77.</li> <li>Weems, Robert E., and Lewis A. Randolph. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'The Right Man': James A. Jackson and the Origins of US Government Interest in Black Business". <i>Enterprise & Society</i> 6.2 (2005): 254–77.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Raimondo" title="Gina Raimondo">Gina Raimondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Graves" title="Don Graves">Don Graves</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce">Deputy Secretary of Commerce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce">Deputy Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Development_Administration" title="Economic Development Administration">Economic Development Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Technical_Information_Service" title="National Technical Information Service">National Technical Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Business_Development_Agency" title="Minority Business Development Agency">Minority Business Development Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration" title="National Telecommunications and Information Administration">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" 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Audit Clearinghouse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Bureau of Economic Analysis">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Industry_and_Security" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security">Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Industry_and_Security" title="Bureau of Industry and Security">Bureau of Industry and Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Export_Enforcement" title="Office of Export Enforcement">Office of Export Enforcement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Intellectual_Property" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property">Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_International_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade">Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Administration" title="International Trade Administration">International Trade Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Commercial_Service" title="United States Commercial Service">Commercial Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Oceans_and_Atmosphere" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere">Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">Ocean Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">Weather Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Marine_and_Aviation_Operations" title="Office of Marine and Aviation Operations">Marine & Aviation Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Research" title="Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research">Oceanic & Atmospheric Research</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Standards_and_Technology" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology">Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_executive_departments_of_the_United_States_of_America122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="Template:United 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce_and_Labor" title="United States Department of Commerce and Labor">Commerce and Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health,_Education,_and_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare">Health, Education, and Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="United States Post Office Department">Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503577#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3053" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503577#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3053" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503577#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121885248">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404786426">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134854859">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/208668510">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1852419/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="USA. Department of Commerce"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/35615-3">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79071034">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863632x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863632x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00276309">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States : Department of commerce"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/AQ1V012768">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35566400">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX140277">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/125208">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90521221">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=225364">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000069722">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB201904832">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx15dj44skzzkg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810625519205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007281910305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01435960?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500312944">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/998389">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026376881">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cp4x9v">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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