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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gavelkind in Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gavelkind_in_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gavelkind_in_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gavelkind_in_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gavelkind in Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gavelkind_in_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_England" title="Feudalism in England">English feudalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/200px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/300px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/400px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson#Harold_in_northern_France" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">Fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_fief" title="Ecclesiastical fief">Ecclesiastical fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">Appanage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">Vassal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">Feoffment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seignory" title="Seignory">Seignory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">Subinfeudation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffee" title="Feoffee">Feoffee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">Fealty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">Homage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(medieval)" title="Affinity (medieval)">Affinity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_maintenance" title="Feudal maintenance">Feudal maintenance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fragmentation" title="Feudal fragmentation">Feudal fragmentation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">Bastard feudalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manorial_court" title="Manorial court">Manorial court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">Manor house</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_manor_houses" title="List of manor houses">List</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">Demesne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glebe" title="Glebe">Glebe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">Free tenant</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure_in_England" title="Feudal land tenure in England">Feudal land tenure in England</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">English feudal barony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_baron" title="Feudal baron">Feudal baron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_fee" title="Knight's fee">Knight's fee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight-service" title="Knight-service">Knight-service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baronage" title="Baronage">Baronage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serjeanty" title="Serjeanty">Serjeanty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">Copyhold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">Freehold</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gavelkind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_freehold" title="Customary freehold">Customary freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">Peerages in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_duties" title="Feudal duties">Feudal duties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avera_and_inward" title="Avera and inward">Avera and inward</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">Socage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scutage" title="Scutage">Scutage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_aid" title="Feudal aid">Feudal aid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scot_and_lot" title="Scot and lot">Scot and lot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tallage" title="Tallage">Tallage</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_feudalism" title="Template:English feudalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_feudalism" title="Template talk:English feudalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_feudalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English feudalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gavelkind</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>) was a system of <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">land tenure</a> chiefly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Celtic law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and with the legal traditions of the English county of <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. </p><p>The word may have originated from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> phrases <i>Gabhaltas-cinne</i> or <i>Gavail-kinne</i>, which meant "family settlement" (Modern <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic</a> <i>gabhail-cine</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term came to describe all tenure and inheritance practices where land was divided equally among sons or other heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kent's inheritance pattern was a system of <a href="/wiki/Partible_inheritance" title="Partible inheritance">partible inheritance</a> and bears a resemblance to <a href="/wiki/Salic_patrimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Salic patrimony">Salic patrimony</a>. As such, it may bear witness to a wider Germanic tradition that was probably ancient. Over the centuries, various acts were passed to disgavel individual manors, but the custom was only fully abolished in England and Wales by the <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Estates_Act_1925" title="Administration of Estates Act 1925">Administration of Estates Act 1925</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eltonxvi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eltonxvi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hmso_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmso-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gavelkind_in_Kent">Gavelkind in Kent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavelkind&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gavelkind in Kent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kent_Invicta_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kent_Invicta_Monument.jpg/220px-Kent_Invicta_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kent_Invicta_Monument.jpg/330px-Kent_Invicta_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kent_Invicta_Monument.jpg/440px-Kent_Invicta_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>Monument at <a href="/wiki/Swanscombe" title="Swanscombe">Swanscombe</a> commemorating the legend of how Kent successfully managed to protect their rights from subjugation by the Duke of Normandy</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the abolition of gavelkind tenure by the <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Estates_Act_1925" title="Administration of Estates Act 1925">Administration of Estates Act 1925</a>, all land in Kent was presumed to be held by gavelkind until the contrary was proved.<sup id="cite_ref-watson52_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson52-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was more correctly described as <a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">socage</a> tenure, subject to the custom of gavelkind. The chief peculiarities of the custom were the following:<sup id="cite_ref-watson52_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson52-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">tenant</a> could pass on part or all of his lands as a <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a> from the age of 15.</li> <li>On conviction for a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a>, the lands were not subject to <a href="/wiki/Attainder#Corruption_of_Blood" title="Attainder">corruption of blood</a>.</li> <li>The tenant could generally dispose of his lands in his <a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">will</a>.</li> <li>In case of <a href="/wiki/Intestacy" title="Intestacy">intestacy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estate</a> was passed on to all sons or their representatives in equal shares, with all sons being left equally a gentleman. Although females claiming in their own right were given a second preference, they could still inherit through representation.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Dowager" title="Dowager">dowager</a> was entitled to half of the land.</li> <li>A widow who had no children was entitled to inherit half of the estate as a tenant as long as she remained unmarried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911538–539_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911538–539-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Gavelkind, an example of <a href="/wiki/Custom_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Custom (law)">customary law</a> in England, was thought to have existed before the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of 1066, but was generally superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal law">feudal law</a> of <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> introduced by the Normans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911539_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911539-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its survival in Kent has been popularly attributed to favorable terms negotiated between the people of the county and <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>, who was unable to subdue them, although this suggestion has been debated by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gavelkind_in_Wales">Gavelkind in Wales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavelkind&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gavelkind in Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></i></p><i><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a></div></i> <p>In medieval Wales, a legal framework had developed based on the ancient <a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Celtic laws</a> and traditions similar to those in Ireland. These included a custom of gavelkind inheritance known as <i><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">cyfran</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-term_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-term-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Cyfran</i> was an ancient tradition passed down orally by jurists and <a href="/wiki/Bards" class="mw-redirect" title="Bards">bards</a> until the mid-10th century, when the laws were codified during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hywel_Dda" title="Hywel Dda">Hywel Dda</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a></i> would become the most well-known and widely-adopted Welsh legal structure, and many of the laws were concerned with inheritance. The concept of <i>cyfran</i> stated that on a landowner's death, his land would be divided equally among all of the sons, including those who were illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-koch11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The continual division of lands and titles with each successive generation has been seen by some historians as detrimental to the success and stability of Welsh princes and lords, especially compared to the system of primogeniture practised in <a href="/wiki/Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman England">Norman England</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lords">Marcher Lords</a>, whose entire patrimony was often passed on directly to the eldest son. The Welsh historian <a href="/wiki/Philip_Yorke_(antiquary)" title="Philip Yorke (antiquary)">Philip Yorke</a>, writing in 1799, summarised the situation: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our laws of gavelkind, had ill effect, applied to the succession as the freedom of the State; it balanced the power and raised the competition of the younger branches against the elder; a Theban war of Welsh brethren ending in family blood, and national destruction.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Philip Yorke, <i>The Royal Tribes of Wales</i>, p. 46</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535%E2%80%931542" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542</a> saw the Welsh legal system being replaced with English law, and the laws associated with gavelkind were replaced with those of primogeniture. However, as in England, the custom of gavelkind was not finally abolished until the Administration of Estates Act 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-hmso_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmso-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-koch11_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gavelkind_in_Ireland">Gavelkind in Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavelkind&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gavelkind in Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gavelkind_in_Ireland" title="Gavelkind in Ireland">Gavelkind in Ireland</a></div> <p>In Ireland, gavelkind was a species of tribal succession by which the land, instead of being divided at the death of the holder amongst his sons, was thrown again into the common stock and redivided among the surviving members of the <a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">sept</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911539_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911539-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-connolly1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-connolly1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Traditional Irish law</a>, land was divided at the death of the holder among his sons. The <a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Normans</a> called the Irish inheritance law <i>gavelkind</i> because of its apparent similarity to <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutish</a> gavelkind inheritance in Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-connolly1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-connolly1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavelkind&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_land_law" title="History of English land law">History of English land law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invicta_(motto)" title="Invicta (motto)">Invicta (motto)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavelkind&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ogOAAAAQAAJ&dq=gavail-kinne&pg=PA223">Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicus, Volume 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEsmonde_Cleary1990" class="citation book cs1">Esmonde Cleary, A. S. (1990). <i>The Ending of Roman Britain</i>. Savage, Maryland: Barnes and Noble. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-389-20893-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-389-20893-0"><bdi>0-389-20893-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ending+of+Roman+Britain&rft.place=Savage%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=Barnes+and+Noble&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-389-20893-0&rft.aulast=Esmonde+Cleary&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gavelkind">"Gavelkind"</a>. Websters Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gavelkind&rft.pub=Websters+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fgavelkind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eltonxvi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eltonxvi_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elton. The tenures of Kent. ch. XVI – Disgavelled Lands</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriar2001" class="citation cs2">Friar, Stephen (2001), <i>The Sutton Companion to Local History</i> (rev. ed.), Stroud: Sutton Publishing, p. 182, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-2723-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-2723-2"><bdi>0-7509-2723-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sutton+Companion+to+Local+History&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=182&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7509-2723-2&rft.aulast=Friar&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hmso-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hmso_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hmso_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/15-16/23">"Administration of Estates Act 1925. S.45 (1)"</a>. HMSO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Administration+of+Estates+Act+1925.+S.45+%281%29&rft.pub=HMSO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FGeo5%2F15-16%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watson52-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-watson52_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson52_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson2001" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Alan (2001). <i>Society and Legal Change</i> (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5663-9919-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-5663-9919-X"><bdi>1-5663-9919-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+and+Legal+Change&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-5663-9919-X&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911538–539-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911538–539_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 538–539.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911539-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911539_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911539_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 539.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, R. J. (1998). "The Swanscombe Legend and the Historiography of Kentish Gavelkind". In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Utz" title="Richard Utz">Utz, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (eds.). <i>Medievalism in the Modern World. Essays in Honour of <a href="/wiki/Leslie_J._Workman" title="Leslie J. Workman">Leslie J. Workman</a></i>. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FM.MMAGES-EB.4.000057">10.1484/M.MMAGES-EB.4.000057</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-50166-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-50166-6"><bdi>978-2-503-50166-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Swanscombe+Legend+and+the+Historiography+of+Kentish+Gavelkind&rft.btitle=Medievalism+in+the+Modern+World.+Essays+in+Honour+of+Leslie+J.+Workman&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FM.MMAGES-EB.4.000057&rft.isbn=978-2-503-50166-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillespieHarris2013" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Alexandra; Harris, Oliver (2013). "Holinshed and the native chronicle tradition". In Kewes, Paulina; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Archer" title="Ian Archer">Archer, Ian W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Felicity_Heal" title="Felicity Heal">Heal, Felicity</a> (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Holinshed's Chronicles</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 135–151 (148–49). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956575-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956575-7"><bdi>978-0-19-956575-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holinshed+and+the+native+chronicle+tradition&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Holinshed%27s+Chronicles&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=135-151+%28148-49%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956575-7&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Harris%2C+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613032923/http://www.kentnews.co.uk/news/man-of-kent-or-kentish-man-which-are-you-1-2334928">"Man of Kent or Kentish Man - which are you? - News - Kent News"</a>. 13 June 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kentnews.co.uk/news/man-of-kent-or-kentish-man-which-are-you-1-2334928">the original</a> on 13 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Man+of+Kent+or+Kentish+Man+-+which+are+you%3F+-+News+-+Kent+News&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kentnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fman-of-kent-or-kentish-man-which-are-you-1-2334928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol1/pp311-321">"General history: Socage and gavelkind tenures | British History Online"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+history%3A+Socage+and+gavelkind+tenures+%26%23124%3B+British+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fsurvey-kent%2Fvol1%2Fpp311-321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nonington.org.uk/gavelkind-a-kent-custom-free-socage-tenure-of-land/">"Gavelkind, a Kent custom-free socage tenure of land"</a>. 18 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gavelkind%2C+a+Kent+custom-free+socage+tenure+of+land&rft.date=2018-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nonington.org.uk%2Fgavelkind-a-kent-custom-free-socage-tenure-of-land%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJessup1966" class="citation book cs1">Jessup, Frank W. (1966). <i>Kent History Illustrated</i>. Kent County Council. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900947063" title="Special:BookSources/9780900947063"><bdi>9780900947063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kent+History+Illustrated&rft.pub=Kent+County+Council&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780900947063&rft.aulast=Jessup&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-term-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-term_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.termau.org/?lang=en#gavelkind">"National Terminology Portal: gavelkind"</a>. Bangor Uninversity<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Terminology+Portal%3A+gavelkind&rft.pub=Bangor+Uninversity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.termau.org%2F%3Flang%3Den%23gavelkind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichards1832" class="citation book cs1">Richards, William (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4bQ9AAAAYAAJ&q=Rhyddrent&pg=PT251"><i>Welsh English Dictionary</i></a>. Carmarthen<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Welsh+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Carmarthen&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4bQ9AAAAYAAJ%26q%3DRhyddrent%26pg%3DPT251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koch11-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koch11_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch11_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch. Celtic Culture. Vol. 1. p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-connolly1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-connolly1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-connolly1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2007" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, S.J (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t245.e768"><i>The Oxford Companion to Irish History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923483-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923483-7"><bdi>978-0-19-923483-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Irish+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923483-7&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=S.J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fviews%2FENTRY.html%3Fsubview%3DMain%26entry%3Dt245.e768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavelkind&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Challis, <i>Real Property</i>.</li> <li>Digby, <i>History of the Law of Real Property</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElton1867" class="citation cs2">Elton, Charles I. (1867), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzc0AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR1"><i>The Tenures of Kent</i></a>, London: James Parker and Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tenures+of+Kent&rft.place=London&rft.pub=James+Parker+and+Co&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=Charles+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtzc0AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsmonde_Cleary1990" class="citation book cs1">Esmonde Cleary, A. S. (1990). <i>The Ending of Roman Britain</i>. Savage, Maryland: Barnes and Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-389-20893-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-389-20893-0"><bdi>0-389-20893-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ending+of+Roman+Britain&rft.place=Savage%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Barnes+and+Noble&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-389-20893-0&rft.aulast=Esmonde+Cleary&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John (2006). <i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volumes 1</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-440-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-440-7"><bdi>1-85109-440-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+Volumes+1&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85109-440-7&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pollock and <a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">F. W. Maitland</a>, <i>History of English Law</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYorke1799" class="citation book cs1">Yorke, Philip (1799). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/royaltribeswale01yorkgoog"><i>The Royal Tribes of Wales</i></a>. Printed by John Painter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Tribes+of+Wales&rft.pub=Printed+by+John+Painter&rft.date=1799&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froyaltribeswale01yorkgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gavelkind" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gavelkind">Gavelkind</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">538–</span>539.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gavelkind&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E538-%3C%2Fspan%3E539&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavelkind&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1822" class="citation cs2">Robinson, Thomas (1822), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciM0AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Common-Law of Kent</i></a>, London: Henry Butterworth</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Common-Law+of+Kent&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+Butterworth&rft.date=1822&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciM0AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGavelkind" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gavelkind&oldid=1255887751">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gavelkind&oldid=1255887751</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Real_property_law" title="Category:Real property law">Real property law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inheritance" title="Category:Inheritance">Inheritance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_legal_terminology" title="Category:English legal terminology">English legal terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legal_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Legal history of the United Kingdom">Legal history of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Land_tenure" title="Category:Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Welsh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Welsh-language text">Articles containing Welsh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 04:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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