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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Influences and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeland_and_historical_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeland_and_historical_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Homeland and historical accounts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Homeland_and_historical_accounts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Homeland and historical accounts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Homeland_and_historical_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_and_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Language and writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jutes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jute" title="Jute – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jute" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AA_(%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8)" title="جوت (شعب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوت (شعب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutlar" title="Yutlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yutlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Юты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Юты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Юты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Юти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juted" title="Juted – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Juted" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juts" title="Juts – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Juts" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ютсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ютсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutov%C3%A9" title="Jutové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jutové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiwtiaid" title="Jiwtiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jiwtiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyder_(germansk_folkeslag)" title="Jyder (germansk folkeslag) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jyder (germansk folkeslag)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCten" title="Jüten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jüten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ιούτοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιούτοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutos" title="Jutos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jutos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutoj" title="Jutoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jutoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juto" title="Juto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Juto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="جوت‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوت‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jutes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juten" title="Juten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Juten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BAtlannaigh" title="Iútlannaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iútlannaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xutos" title="Xutos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xutos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%8A%B8%EC%9D%B8" title="유트인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유트인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="जूट जाति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जूट जाति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juti_(Germani)" title="Juti (Germani) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Juti (Germani)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yuti" title="Orang Yuti – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Yuti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juti" title="Juti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Juti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יוטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="იუტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajuti" title="Wajuti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wajuti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiti" title="Jiti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jiti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutai_(germanai)" title="Jutai (germanai) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jutai (germanai)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCt%C3%B6k" title="Jütök – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jütök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutos" title="Jutos – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Jutos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juten_(volk)" title="Juten (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Juten (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E4%BA%BA" title="ジュート人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジュート人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyder" title="Jyder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jyder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jydar" title="Jydar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jydar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%B9_(%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE)" title="جٹ (یورپ) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جٹ (یورپ)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutowie" title="Jutowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jutowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutos" title="Jutos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jutos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iu%C8%9Bi" title="Iuți – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iuți" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Юты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jutes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutovia" title="Jutovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jutovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Јити – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јити" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juti_(Germani)" title="Juti (Germani) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Juti (Germani)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juutit" title="Juutit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juutit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutar" title="Jutar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jutar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95" title="ชาวจูต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวจูต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">North Sea Germanic ethnic group from the Jutlandic peninsula</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the coarse fibre, see <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a>. For the modern inhabitants of the Jutland Peninsula, see <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Jutish" redirects here. For the language, see <a href="/wiki/Jutlandic" title="Jutlandic">Jutlandic</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG/220px-Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG/330px-Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG/440px-Jutland_Peninsula_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="5833" data-file-height="10536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jutland_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutland Peninsula">Jutland Peninsula</a>, possible homeland of the Jutes</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Jutes</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">JOOTS</span></i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were one of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic people">Germanic</a> tribes who settled in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> after the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">departure</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Romans</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, they were one of the three most powerful Germanic nations, along with the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Those who came over were of the three most powerful nations of Germany—Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. From the Jutes are descended the people of Kent, and of the Isle of Wight, and those also in the province of the West Saxons who are to this day called Jutes, seated opposite to the Isle of Wight.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFBede1910">Bede 1910</a>, 1.15</cite></div></blockquote> <p>There is no consensus amongst historians on the origins of the Jutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hypothesis is that they originated from the Jutland Peninsula but after a Danish invasion of that area, migrated to the Frisian coast. From the Frisian coast they went on to settle southern Britain in the later fifth century during the Migration Period, as part of a larger wave of Germanic migration into Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton197114_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton197114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlement_in_southern_Britain">Settlement in southern Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jutes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Settlement in southern Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo_saxon_jute_575ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Anglo_saxon_jute_575ad.jpg/300px-Anglo_saxon_jute_575ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Anglo_saxon_jute_575ad.jpg/450px-Anglo_saxon_jute_575ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Anglo_saxon_jute_575ad.jpg/600px-Anglo_saxon_jute_575ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A map of Jutish settlements in Britain <i>circa</i> 575</figcaption></figure> <p>During the period after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman occupation</a> and before the Norman conquest, people of Germanic descent arrived in Britain, ultimately forming England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellJohnWormald199120_&_p._240_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellJohnWormald199120_&_p._240-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> provides what historians regard as foundation legends for Anglo-Saxon settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones199871_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones199871-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2007190_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2007190-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> describes how the brothers <a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a> in the year 449 were invited to Sub-Roman Britain by <a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a> to assist his forces in fighting the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>. They landed at Wippidsfleet (<a href="/wiki/Ebbsfleet,_Thanet" title="Ebbsfleet, Thanet">Ebbsfleet</a>), and went on to defeat the Picts wherever they fought them. Hengist and Horsa sent word home to Germany asking for assistance. Their request was granted and support arrived. Afterward, more people arrived in Britain from "the three powers of Germany; the Old Saxons, the Angles, and the Jutes". The Saxons populated <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>; the Jutes <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>; and the Angles <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> (leaving their original homeland, <a href="/wiki/Angeln" title="Angeln">Angeln</a>, deserted).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiles1914AD_449_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles1914AD_449-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> also lists <i>Wihtgar</i> and <i>Stuf</i> as founders of the <i>Wihtwara</i> (Isle of Wight) and a man named <i>Port</i> and his two sons <i>Bieda</i> and <i>Maeglaof</i> as founders of the <i>Meonwara</i> (southern Hampshire). <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsmonde_Cleary1990171_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsmonde_Cleary1990171-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiles1914AD_514_to_534_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles1914AD_514_to_534-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 686 Bede tells us that Jutish Hampshire extended to the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a>; however, that seems to include another Jutish people, the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest#History" title="New Forest">Ytene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is not certain that these two territories formed a continuous coastal block.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke1990132_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke1990132-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the Roman occupation of England, raids on the east coast became more intense and the expedient adopted by Romano-British leaders was to enlist the help of mercenaries to whom they ceded territory. It is thought that mercenaries may have started arriving in Sussex as early as the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell197864–69_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell197864–69-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the 7th century, there is a dearth of contemporary written material about the Anglo-Saxons' arrival. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most material that does exist was written several hundred years after the events. The earlier dates for the beginnings of settlement, provided by the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, has been contested by some findings in archaeology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkes198265_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkes198265-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers19895_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers19895-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One alternative hypothesis to the foundation legend suggests, because previously inhabited sites on the Frisian and north German coasts had been rendered uninhabitable by flooding<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, that the migration was due to displacement. Under this alternative hypothesis, the British provided land for the refugees to settle on in return for peaceful coexistence and military cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkes198265_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkes198265-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ship construction in the 2nd or 3rd century adopted the use of iron fastenings, instead of the old sewn fastenings, to hold together the plank built boats of the Jutland peninsula. This enabled them to build stronger sea going vessels. Vessels going from Jutland to Britain probably would have sailed along the coastal regions of Lower Saxony and the Netherlands before crossing the English Channel. This was because navigation techniques of the time required the ship to be moored up overnight. Marine archaeology has suggested that migrating ships would have sheltered in various river estuaries on the route. Artefacts and parts of ships, of the period, have been found that support this theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrumlin-Pedersen199098–116_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrumlin-Pedersen199098–116-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is likely that the Jutes initially inhabited Kent and from there they occupied the Isle of Wight, southern Hampshire and also possibly the area around Hastings in East Sussex (<a href="/wiki/Haestingas" title="Haestingas">Haestingas</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1979263–264_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1979263–264-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers1989144–149_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers1989144–149-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch197834_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch197834-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J E A Jolliffe compared agricultural and farming practices across 5th century Sussex to that of 5th century Kent. He suggested that the Kentish system underlaid the 5th century farming practices of Sussex. He hypothesised that Sussex was probably settled by Jutes before the arrival of the Saxons, with Jutish territory stretching from Kent to the New Forest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolliffe193390–97_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolliffe193390–97-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The north <a href="/wiki/Solent" class="mw-redirect" title="Solent">Solent</a> coast had been a trading area since Roman times. The old Roman roads between <a href="/wiki/Chichester_to_Sidlesham_Way" title="Chichester to Sidlesham Way">Sidlesham and Chichester</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chichester_to_Silchester_Way" title="Chichester to Silchester Way">Chichester to Winchester</a> would have provided access to the Jutish settlements in Hampshire. Therefore, it is possible that the German folk arriving in the 5th century that landed in the Selsey area would have been directed north to Southampton Water. From there into the mouth of the Meon valley and would have been allowed to settle near the existing Romano-British people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargary195572–76_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargary195572–76-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins202067–69_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins202067–69-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jutish kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Hampshire that Bede describes has various placenames that identify the locations as Jutish. These include <a href="/wiki/Bishopstoke" title="Bishopstoke">Bishopstoke</a> (<i>Ytingstoc</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/River_Meon" title="River Meon">Meon Valley</a> (<i>Ytedene</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199537–39_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199537–39-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercian_and_South_Saxon_takeover">Mercian and South Saxon takeover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jutes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mercian and South Saxon takeover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Kent, <a href="/wiki/Hlothhere" class="mw-redirect" title="Hlothhere">Hlothhere</a> had been ruler since 673/4. He must have come into conflict with <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, because in 676 the Mercian king <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Mercia" title="Æthelred of Mercia">Æthelred</a> invaded Kent and according to <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the year of our Lord's incarnation 676, when Ethelred, king of the Mercians, ravaged Kent with a powerful army, and profaned churches and monasteries, without regard to religion, or the fear of God, he among the rest destroyed the city of Rochester</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFBede1910">Bede 1910</a>, 1.15</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 681 <a href="/wiki/Wulfhere_of_Mercia" title="Wulfhere of Mercia">Wulfhere of Mercia</a> advanced into southern Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Shortly after he gave the Isle of Wight and Meonwara to <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwealh_of_Sussex" title="Æthelwealh of Sussex">Æthelwealh of Sussex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede19104.13_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede19104.13-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby200097_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby200097-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Kent, Eadric was for a time co-ruler <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside his uncle Hlothhere with <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Hlothhere_and_Eadric" title="Law of Hlothhere and Eadric">a law code</a> being issued in their names. Ultimately, Eadric revolted against his uncle and with help from a South Saxon army in about 685, was able to kill Hlothhere, and replace him as ruler of Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199029–30_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199029–30-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Saxon_invasion">West Saxon invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jutes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: West Saxon invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 680s, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Wessex">Kingdom of Wessex</a> was in the ascendant, the alliance between the <a href="/wiki/South_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="South Saxons">South Saxons</a> and the Mercians and their control of southern England, put the West Saxons under pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby200097–99_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby200097–99-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their king <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dwalla" title="Cædwalla">Cædwalla</a>, probably concerned about Mercian and South Saxon influence in Southern England, conquered the land of the South Saxons and took over the Jutish areas in Hampshire and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>. Bede describes how Cædwalla brutally suppressed the South Saxons and attempted to slaughter the Jutes of the Isle of Wight and replace them with people from "his own province", but maintained that he was unable to do so, and Jutes remained a majority on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede19104.15_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede19104.15-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After Cædwalla had possessed himself of the kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Gewissae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gewissae">Gewissae</a>, he also took the Isle of Wight, which till then was entirely given over to idolatry, and by cruel slaughter endeavoured to destroy all the inhabitants thereof, and to place in their stead people from his own province.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFBede1910">Bede 1910</a>, 4.16</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Cædwalla killed <a href="/wiki/Aruald" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruald">Aruald, the king of the Isle of Wight</a>. Aruald's two younger brothers, who were heirs to the throne, escaped from the island but were hunted down and found at <a href="/wiki/South_Stoneham" title="South Stoneham">Stoneham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>. They were killed on Cædwalla's orders. The Isle of Wight was then permanently under West Saxon control and the <i>Meonwara</i> was integrated into Wessex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede19104.16_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede19104.16-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199566_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199566-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cædwalla also invaded Kent and installed his brother Mul as leader. However, it was not long before Mul and twelve others were burnt to death by the Kentishmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199029–30_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199029–30-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Cædwalla was superseded by <a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">Ine of Wessex</a>, Kent agreed to pay compensation to Wessex for the death of Mul, but they retained their independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199566_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199566-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_and_culture">Influences and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jutes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influences and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Jutish <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">kingdom of Kent</a> was founded, around the middle of the 5th century, Roman ways and influences must have still had a strong presence. The Roman settlement of <i><a href="/wiki/Durovernum_Cantiacorum" title="Durovernum Cantiacorum">Durovernum Cantiacorum</a></i> became Canterbury. The people of Kent were described as <i>Cantawara</i>, a Germanised form of the Latin <i>Cantiaci</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellJohnWormald199138–44_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellJohnWormald199138–44-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although not all historians accept Bede's scheme for the settlement of Britain into Anglian, Jutish and Saxon areas as perfectly accurate,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkes198267_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkes198267-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the archaeological evidence indicates that the peoples of west Kent were culturally distinct from those in the east of Kent, with west Kent sharing the 'Saxon' characteristics of its neighbours in the southeast of England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2007209_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2007209-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooches and <a href="/wiki/Bracteate" title="Bracteate">bracteates</a> found in east Kent, the Isle of Wight and southern Hampshire showed a strong Frankish<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and North Sea influence from the mid-fifth century to the late sixth century compared to north German styles found elsewhere in Anglo-Saxon England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199026–27_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199026–27-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2007209_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2007209-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith193751–52_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith193751–52-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is discussion about who crafted the jewellery (found in the archaeological sites of Kent). Suggestions include crafts people who had been trained in the Roman workshops of northern Gaul or the Rhineland. It is also possible that those artisans went on to develop their own individual style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHills1979297–329_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHills1979297–329-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 6th century grave goods indicate that west Kent had adopted the distinctive east Kent material culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2007209_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2007209-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Frankish princess <a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Kent" title="Bertha of Kent">Bertha</a> arrived in Kent around 580 to marry the king <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht of Kent</a>. Bertha was already a Christian and had brought a bishop, <a href="/wiki/Liudhard" title="Liudhard">Liudhard</a>, with her across the Channel. Æthelberht rebuilt an old Romano-British structure and dedicated it to <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Canterbury" title="St Martin's Church, Canterbury">St Martin</a> allowing Bertha to continue practising her Christian faith. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair200670–71_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair200670–71-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede19102.2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede19102.2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 597 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine</a> to Kent, on a mission to <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">convert the Anglo-Saxons</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede19101.XXV_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede19101.XXV-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede19102.2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede19102.2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2003128–29_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2003128–29-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are suggestions that Æthelberht had already been baptised when he "courteously received" the pope's mission. Æthelberht was the first of the Anglo-Saxon rulers to be baptised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby200028_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby200028-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede19101.XXV_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede19101.XXV-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The simplified Christian burial was introduced at this time. Christian graves were usually aligned East to West, whereas with some exceptions pagan burial sites were not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch199274–76_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch199274–76-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of archaeological grave evidence in the land of the <i>Haestingas</i> is seen as supporting the hypothesis that the peoples there would have been Christian Jutes who had migrated from Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch197834_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch197834-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to Kent, the Isle of Wight was the last area of Anglo-Saxon England to be evangelised in 686, when <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dwalla_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cædwalla of Wessex">Cædwalla of Wessex</a> invaded the island, killing the local king <a href="/wiki/Arwald" title="Arwald">Arwald</a> and his brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair2006167_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2006167-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede19104.16_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede19104.16-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jutes used a system of <a href="/wiki/Partible_inheritance" title="Partible inheritance">partible inheritance</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Gavelkind" title="Gavelkind">gavelkind</a>, which was practised in Kent until the 20th century. The custom of gavelkind was also found in other areas of Jutish settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911[[s:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Sussex#166|Sussex]]_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911[[s:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Sussex#166|Sussex]]-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers1989144–149_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers1989144–149-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England and Wales, gavelkind was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Estates_Act_1925" title="Administration of Estates Act 1925">Administration of Estates Act 1925</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson200153_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson200153-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before abolition in 1925, all land in Kent was presumed to be held by gavelkind until the contrary was proved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson200153_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson200153-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular reason given for the practice remaining so long is due to the "Swanscombe Legend"; according to this, Kent made a deal with <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> whereby he would allow them to keep local customs in return for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199885–103_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199885–103-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:196px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarre_BroochDSCF9233.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sarre_BroochDSCF9233.JPG/203px-Sarre_BroochDSCF9233.JPG" decoding="async" width="203" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sarre_BroochDSCF9233.JPG/305px-Sarre_BroochDSCF9233.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sarre_BroochDSCF9233.JPG/406px-Sarre_BroochDSCF9233.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="1951" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Quoit_brooch" title="Quoit brooch">Quoit brooch</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Sarre,_Kent" title="Sarre, Kent">Sarre</a>, Kent. Part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> collection.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:196px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kent_Invicta_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kent_Invicta_Monument.jpg/196px-Kent_Invicta_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kent_Invicta_Monument.jpg/294px-Kent_Invicta_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kent_Invicta_Monument.jpg/392px-Kent_Invicta_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1246" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Monument in <a href="/wiki/Swanscombe" title="Swanscombe">Swanscombe</a> to Kent's agreement with <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:196px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Augustine%27s_Abbey_-_Site_of_St_Augustine%27s_grave_(geograph_3091854_by_Rob_Farrow).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey_-_Site_of_St_Augustine%27s_grave_%28geograph_3091854_by_Rob_Farrow%29.jpg/181px-St_Augustine%27s_Abbey_-_Site_of_St_Augustine%27s_grave_%28geograph_3091854_by_Rob_Farrow%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey_-_Site_of_St_Augustine%27s_grave_%28geograph_3091854_by_Rob_Farrow%29.jpg/272px-St_Augustine%27s_Abbey_-_Site_of_St_Augustine%27s_grave_%28geograph_3091854_by_Rob_Farrow%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey_-_Site_of_St_Augustine%27s_grave_%28geograph_3091854_by_Rob_Farrow%29.jpg/362px-St_Augustine%27s_Abbey_-_Site_of_St_Augustine%27s_grave_%28geograph_3091854_by_Rob_Farrow%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1087" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Augustine's grave at <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey" title="St Augustine's Abbey">St Augustine's Abbey</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homeland_and_historical_accounts">Homeland and historical accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jutes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Homeland and historical accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo-Saxon_Homelands_and_Settlements.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Anglo-Saxon_Homelands_and_Settlements.svg/300px-Anglo-Saxon_Homelands_and_Settlements.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Anglo-Saxon_Homelands_and_Settlements.svg/450px-Anglo-Saxon_Homelands_and_Settlements.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Anglo-Saxon_Homelands_and_Settlements.svg/600px-Anglo-Saxon_Homelands_and_Settlements.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The early migrations of Germanic peoples from coastal regions of northern Europe to areas of modern-day England. The settlement regions correspond roughly to later dialect divisions of Old English.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although historians are confident of where the Jutes settled in England, they are divided on where they actually came from.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chroniclers, <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_of_Lyon" title="Constantius of Lyon">Constantius of Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a>, Bede, <a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a>, and also the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asser" title="Asser">Asser</a> provide the names of tribes who settled Britain during the mid-fifth century, and in their combined testimony, the four tribes mentioned are the <i><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angli</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxones</a></i>, <i>Iutae</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> refers to a people called the <i>Eudoses,</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus1876Ch._XL_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus1876Ch._XL-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a tribe who possibly developed into the Jutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jutes have also been identified with the <i>Eotenas</i> (<i>ēotenas</i>) involved in the Frisian conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a> as described in the <a href="/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment" title="Finnesburg Fragment">Finnesburg episode</a> in the Old English poem <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuhmiller19997–14_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuhmiller19997–14-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theudebert" title="Theudebert">Theudebert</a>, king of the Franks, wrote to the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a> and in the letter claimed that he had lordship over a nation called the <i>Saxones Eucii</i>. The Eucii are thought to have been Jutes and may have been the same as a little-documented tribe called the <i>Euthiones</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton197114_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton197114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Euthiones are mentioned in a poem by <a href="/wiki/Venantius_Fortunatus" title="Venantius Fortunatus">Venantius Fortunatus</a> (583) as being under the suzerainty of <a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a> of the Franks. The Euthiones were located somewhere in northern <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>, modern day <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, an area of the European mainland opposite to Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton197114_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton197114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane2019441_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane2019441-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bede inferred that the Jutish homeland was on the Jutland peninsula. However, analysis of grave goods of the time have provided a link between East Kent, south Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, but little evidence of any link with Jutland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavelleStoodley202070-94_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelleStoodley202070-94-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that the Jutes who migrated to England came from northern Francia or from Frisia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have posited that Jutland was the homeland of the Jutes, but when the Danes invaded the Jutland Peninsula in about AD 200, some of the Jutes would have been absorbed by the Danish culture and others may have migrated to northern Francia and Frisia. In Scandinavian sources from the Middle Ages, the Jutes are only sporadically mentioned, now as subgroup of the Danes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a <a href="/wiki/Geats#Identity_of_the_Gēatas" title="Geats">hypothesis</a>, suggested by Pontus Fahlbeck in 1884, that the <a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a> were Jutes. According to this hypothesis the Geats resided in southern Sweden and also in Jutland (where Beowulf would have lived).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles2007135_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2007135-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evidence adduced for this hypothesis includes: </p> <ul><li>Primary sources referring to the Geats (<i>Geátas</i>) by alternative names such as <i>Iútan</i>, <i>Iótas</i>, and <i>Eotas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911[[s:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/English_Language|English_Language]]_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911[[s:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/English_Language|English_Language]]-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asser" title="Asser">Asser</a> in his <i>Life of Alfred</i> (Chapter 2) identifies the Jutes with the Goths<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in a passage claiming that <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> was descended, through his mother, <a href="/wiki/Osburga" class="mw-redirect" title="Osburga">Osburga</a>, from the ruling dynasty of the Jutish kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Wihtwara" title="Wihtwara">Wihtwara</a>, on the Isle of Wight).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983p._68_Ch_2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983p._68_Ch_2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gutasaga" title="Gutasaga">Gutasaga</a> is a saga that charts the history of Gotland prior to Christianity. It is an appendix to the <i><a href="/wiki/Gutalagen" title="Gutalagen">Guta Lag</a></i> (Gotland law) written in the thirteenth or fourteenth century. It says that some inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> left for <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">mainland Europe</a>. Large burial sites attributable to either Goths or <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a> were found in the 19th century near Willenberg, Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrzejowski2019227–239_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrzejowski2019227–239-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>However, the tribal names possibly were confused in the above sources in both <i>Beowulf</i> (8th–11th centuries) and <i><a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a></i> (late 7th – 10th century). The <i>Eoten</i> (in the <a href="/wiki/Finn_(Frisian)" title="Finn (Frisian)">Finn</a> passage) are clearly distinguished from the <i>Geatas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1912231–241_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1912231–241-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERix2015197–199_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERix2015197–199-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> surname <i><a href="/wiki/Juutilainen" title="Juutilainen">Juutilainen</a></i>, which comes from the word "juutti", is speculated by some to have had a connection to Jutland or the Jutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilkuna1988Juutilainen_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilkuna1988Juutilainen-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_writing">Language and writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jutes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language and writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian languages</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runic alphabet</a> is thought to have originated in the Germanic homelands that were in contact with the Roman Empire, and as such was a response to the Latin alphabet. In fact some of the runes emulated their Latin counterpart. The runic alphabet crossed the sea with the Anglo-Saxons and there have been examples, of its use, found in Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1872164–270_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1872164–270-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2003193_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2003193-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were evangelised the script of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Irish Christian missionaries</a>. However, they ran into problems when they were unable to find a Latin equivalent to some of the Anglo-Saxon phonetics. They overcame this by modifying the Latin alphabet to include some runic characters. This became the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_Latin_alphabet" title="Old English Latin alphabet">Old English Latin alphabet</a>. The runic characters were eventually replaced by Latin characters by the end of the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2003193_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2003193-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystal1987203_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal1987203-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="36"><a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">Majuscule forms</a> (also called uppercase or capital letters) </th></tr> <tr> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">Ð</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Insular_G" title="Insular G">Ᵹ</a>/<a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">Þ</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">Ƿ</a>/<a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="36"><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Minuscule forms</a> (also called lowercase or small letters) </th></tr> <tr> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">ð</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Insular_G" title="Insular G">ᵹ</a>/<a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a>/<a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">ſ</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">þ</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">ƿ</a>/<a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The language that the Anglo-Saxon settlers spoke is known as <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>. There are four main dialectal forms, namely <a href="/wiki/Mercian_(Old_English)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercian (Old English)">Mercian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_(Old_English)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northumbrian (Old English)">Northumbrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Saxon_(Old_English)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Saxon (Old English)">West Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kentish_(Old_English)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentish (Old English)">Kentish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell19594_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19594-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on Bede's description of where the Jutes settled, Kentish was spoken in what are now the modern-day counties of <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede19102.5_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede19102.5-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historians are divided on what dialect it would have been and where it originated from. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerolez19741–14_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerolez19741–14-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jutish peninsula has been seen by historians as a pivotal region between the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Northern</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">Western Germanic dialects</a>. It has not been possible to prove whether Jutish has always been a Scandinavian dialect which later became heavily influenced by West Germanic dialects, or whether Jutland was originally part of the West Germanic <a href="/wiki/Dialectal_continuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectal continuum">dialectal continuum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunmüller201352–72_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunmüller201352–72-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis of the Kentish dialect by linguists indicates that there was a similarity between Kentish and Frisian. Whether the two can be classed as the same dialect or whether Kentish was a version of Jutish, heavily influenced by Frisian and other dialects, is open to conjecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerolez19741–14_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerolez19741–14-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeCamp1958232–244_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeCamp1958232–244-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jutes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Iuti</i> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Iutæ</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">Jyder</i>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">Jótar</i>; <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">Ēotas</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ytene</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_plural" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive plural">genitive plural</a> of <i>Yt</i> meaning "Jute", i.e. "of the Jutes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton197123_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton197123-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Florence_of_Worcester" title="Florence of Worcester">Florence of Worcester</a> talks about how <a href="/wiki/William_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rufus">William Rufus</a> was slain in the New Forest and that in the English tongue (<i>Nova Foresta que lingua Anglorum</i>) the term for the New Forest was <i>Ytene</i> . <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1912231–241_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1912231–241-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One notable exception is that of <a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The local population of Friesland were subject to flooding from 500BC onwards. Their response was to build artificial mounds known as <i><a href="/wiki/Terp" title="Terp">terpen</a></i> . During the 5th century the population in these areas increased, probably due to people migrating to England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnol201043–45_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnol201043–45-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is likely that the Chichester to Sidlesham Roman Road extended to Selsey Bill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore20022_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore20022-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iutarum natio</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199537–39_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199537–39-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is no certain evidence for Eadric ruling with his uncle. There is a charter where they are both jointly named but it may just have been a conflation of two earlier separate codes <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby200099_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby200099-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some have described this act as "ethnic cleansing". The historian <a href="/wiki/Robin_Bush" title="Robin Bush">Robin Bush</a> was cited in the BBC Radio 4 "Who were the Jutes". <i>Making History Programme</i> 11 (2008), as being the principal advocate for this assertion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2008_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some ancient sources have suggested that the Franks may have had overlordship of Kent at some point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton197114_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton197114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair200639–41_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair200639–41-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199026–27_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199026–27-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, in the area of East Sussex that became the <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Hastings" title="Rape of Hastings">Rape of Hastings</a> and was inhabited by the people known as the <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6stingas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hæstingas">Hæstingas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr-Hamilton1953130–135_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr-Hamilton1953130–135-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The historian Barbara Yorke, suggests that the Jutish identity may have originated in England, rather than in a specific, identifiable community in continental Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2008_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English: <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, Jutes, <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The hypothesis resulted in a debate that lasted for over 50 years. However, the current consensus is that Fahlbeck was wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERix2015197–199_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERix2015197–199-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilesBjork1997213–214_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilesBjork1997213–214-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keynes and Lapidge posited that Asser incorrectly suggested that the Goths were ethnically the same as the Jutes, when in fact they were not. The <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> described the Jutes as <i>Iotum</i> or <i>Iutum</i> (dative plural) and <i>Iutna cyn</i> ('people of the Jutes') whereas the Old English translation of Bede’s Ecclesiastical History the Latin <i>Iutis</i> is rendered as <i>Gēatas</i> (or "Geats" – the Scandinavian people to whom Beowulf was said to belong) rather than <i>Ēote</i> "Jutes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983229–230_n.8_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983229–230_n.8-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willenberg became <a href="/wiki/Wielbark,_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Wielbark, Pomeranian Voivodeship">Wielbark</a> in Poland, after 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrzejowski2019227–239_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrzejowski2019227–239-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jutes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jutes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197183–104_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1971">Martin 1971</a>, pp. 83–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton197114-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton197114_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton197114_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton197114_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton197114_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellJohnWormald199120_&_p._240-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellJohnWormald199120_&_p._240_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbellJohnWormald1991">Campbell, John & Wormald 1991</a>, p. 20 & p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones199871-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones199871_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1998">Jones 1998</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2007190-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2007190_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelch2007">Welch 2007</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles1914AD_449-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiles1914AD_449_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiles1914">Giles 1914</a>, AD 449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsmonde_Cleary1990171-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsmonde_Cleary1990171_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsmonde_Cleary1990">Esmonde Cleary 1990</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles1914AD_514_to_534-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiles1914AD_514_to_534_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiles1914">Giles 1914</a>, AD 514 to 534.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton197123-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton197123_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkes198265_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawkes1982">Hawkes 1982</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers19895-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers19895_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers1989">Myers 1989</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnol201043–45-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnol201043–45_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnol2010">Knol 2010</a>, pp. 43–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrumlin-Pedersen199098–116-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrumlin-Pedersen199098–116_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrumlin-Pedersen1990">Crumlin-Pedersen 1990</a>, pp. 98–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1979263–264-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1979263–264_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoates1979">Coates 1979</a>, pp. 263–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers1989144–149-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers1989144–149_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers1989144–149_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers1989">Myers 1989</a>, pp. 144–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch197834-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch197834_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch197834_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelch1978">Welch 1978</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolliffe193390–97-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199029–30-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199029–30_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199029–30_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke1990">Yorke 1990</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby200097–99-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby200097–99_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, pp. 97–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2008-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2008_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2008_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC2008">BBC 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede19104.15-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbellJohnWormald1991">Campbell, John & Wormald 1991</a>, pp. 38–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkes198267-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkes198267_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawkes1982">Hawkes 1982</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2007209-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2007209_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2007209_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2007209_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelch2007">Welch 2007</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair200639–41-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair200639–41_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair2006">Blair 2006</a>, pp. 39–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199026–27-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199026–27_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199026–27_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke1990">Yorke 1990</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith193751–52-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith193751–52_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1937">Smith 1937</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHills1979297–329-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHills1979297–329_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHills1979">Hills 1979</a>, pp. 297–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair200670–71-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair200670–71_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair2006">Blair 2006</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede19102.2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede19102.2_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede19102.2_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBede1910">Bede 1910</a>, 2.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede19101.XXV-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede19101.XXV_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede19101.XXV_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBede1910">Bede 1910</a>, 1.XXV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2003128–29-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2003128–29_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharles-Edwards2003">Charles-Edwards 2003</a>, pp. 128–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby200028-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby200028_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch199274–76-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch199274–76_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelch1992">Welch 1992</a>, pp. 74–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2006167-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair2006167_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair2006">Blair 2006</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr-Hamilton1953130–135-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr-Hamilton1953130–135_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarr-Hamilton1953">Barr-Hamilton 1953</a>, pp. 130–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911[[s:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Sussex#166|Sussex]]-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911[[s:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Sussex#166|Sussex]]_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sussex#166" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sussex">Sussex</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson200153-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson200153_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson200153_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2001">Watson 2001</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199885–103-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199885–103_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>, pp. 85–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus1876Ch._XL-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus1876Ch._XL_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus1876">Tacitus 1876</a>, Ch. XL.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuhmiller19997–14-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuhmiller19997–14_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuhmiller1999">Stuhmiller 1999</a>, pp. 7–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane2019441-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane2019441_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKane2019">Kane 2019</a>, p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelleStoodley202070-94-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavelleStoodley202070-94_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLavelleStoodley2020">Lavelle & Stoodley 2020</a>, p. 70-94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERix2015197–199-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERix2015197–199_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/English_Language" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/English Language">English Language</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983229–230_n.8-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983229–230_n.8_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983">Keynes & Lapidge 1983</a>, pp. 229–230 n.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983p._68_Ch_2-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983p._68_Ch_2_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983">Keynes & Lapidge 1983</a>, p. 68 Ch 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrzejowski2019227–239-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrzejowski2019227–239_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrzejowski2019227–239_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrzejowski2019">Andrzejowski 2019</a>, pp. 227–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilkuna1988Juutilainen-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilkuna1988Juutilainen_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVilkuna1988">Vilkuna 1988</a>, Juutilainen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1872164–270-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1872164–270_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1872">Haigh 1872</a>, pp. 164–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2003193-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2003193_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2003193_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharles-Edwards2003">Charles-Edwards 2003</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal1987203-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystal1987203_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrystal1987">Crystal 1987</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19594-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell19594_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1959">Campbell 1959</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede19102.5-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede19102.5_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBede1910">Bede 1910</a>, 2.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerolez19741–14-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerolez19741–14_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerolez19741–14_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDerolez1974">Derolez 1974</a>, pp. 1–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunmüller201352–72-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunmüller201352–72_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBraunmüller2013">Braunmüller 2013</a>, pp. 52–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeCamp1958232–244-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeCamp1958232–244_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeCamp1958">DeCamp 1958</a>, pp. 232–244.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jutes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndrzejowski2019" class="citation journal cs1">Andrzejowski, J. (2019). Cieśliński, A.; Kontny, B. (eds.). "The Gothic migration through Eastern Poland – archaeological evidences". <i>In "Interacting Barbarians. Contacts, Exchange and Migrations in the First Millennium AD"</i>. University of Warsaw. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-66210-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-66210-06-6"><bdi>978-83-66210-06-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+%22Interacting+Barbarians.+Contacts%2C+Exchange+and+Migrations+in+the+First+Millennium+AD%22&rft.atitle=The+Gothic+migration+through+Eastern+Poland+%E2%80%93+archaeological+evidences&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-83-66210-06-6&rft.aulast=Andrzejowski&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr-Hamilton1953" class="citation book cs1">Barr-Hamilton, Alex (1953). <i>In Saxon Sussex</i>. Bognor Regis: The Arundel Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/560026643">560026643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Saxon+Sussex&rft.place=Bognor+Regis&rft.pub=The+Arundel+Press&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F560026643&rft.aulast=Barr-Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC2008" class="citation web cs1">BBC (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613103233/https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/making_history_20080610.shtml">"Who were the Jutes"</a>. Making History Programme 11. (10 June 2008). BBC Radio 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/making_history_20080610.shtml">the original</a> on 13 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+were+the+Jutes&rft.series=Making+History+Programme+11.+%2810+June+2008%29&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+4&rft.date=2008&rft.au=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Fhistory%2Fmaking_history%2Fmaking_history_20080610.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede1910" class="citation cs1">Bede (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_Nation_(Jane)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_Nation_(Jane)"><i>Ecclesiastical History of the English People</i> </a></span>. Translated by Jane, L.C.; Sellar, A.M. – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1978" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Martin (1978). "Saxon Sussex". In Drewett, P. L. (ed.). <i>Archaeology in Sussex to AD 1500 : essays for Eric Holden</i>. Rearch Report. Vol. 29. London: The Council for British Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900312-67-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-900312-67-X"><bdi>0-900312-67-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saxon+Sussex&rft.btitle=Archaeology+in+Sussex+to+AD+1500+%3A+essays+for+Eric+Holden&rft.place=London&rft.series=Rearch+Report&rft.pub=The+Council+for+British+Archaeology&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-900312-67-X&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2006" class="citation book cs1">Blair, John (2006). <i>The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society</i>. Oxford: OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921117-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921117-3"><bdi>978-0-19-921117-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+in+Anglo-Saxon+Society&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921117-3&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunmüller2013" class="citation journal cs1">Braunmüller, Kurt (2013). Lars Bisgaard; Lars Bøje Mortensen; Tom Pettitt (eds.). "How Middle Low German entered the Mainland Scandinavian languages". <i>Guilds, Towns, and Cultural Transmission in the North 1300–1500</i>. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-557-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-557-8"><bdi>978-87-7674-557-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guilds%2C+Towns%2C+and+Cultural+Transmission+in+the+North+1300%E2%80%931500&rft.atitle=How+Middle+Low+German+entered+the+Mainland+Scandinavian+languages&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-87-7674-557-8&rft.aulast=Braunm%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Campbell_(academic)" title="Alistair Campbell (academic)">Campbell, Alistair</a> (1959). <i>Old English Grammar</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-811943-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-811943-7"><bdi>0-19-811943-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+English+Grammar&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=0-19-811943-7&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellJohnWormald1991" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, James; John, John; Wormald, Patrick (1991). Campbell, James (ed.). <i>The Anglo-Saxons</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014395-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014395-5"><bdi>0-14-014395-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxons&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-14-014395-5&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=John%2C+John&rft.au=Wormald%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1912" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Raymond Wilson (1912). <i>Widsith: A Study in Old English Heroic Legend</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/459182809">459182809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Widsith%3A+A+Study+in+Old+English+Heroic+Legend&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F459182809&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles-Edwards2003" class="citation book cs1">Charles-Edwards, Thomas (2003). Thomas Charles-Edwards (ed.). <i>Short Oxford History of the British Isles: After Rome: Conversion to Christianity</i>. Oxford: OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924982-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924982-4"><bdi>978-0-19-924982-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Isles%3A+After+Rome%3A+Conversion+to+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924982-4&rft.aulast=Charles-Edwards&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jutes"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jutes">"Jutes" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 609.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jutes&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=609&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates1979" class="citation journal cs1">Coates, Richard (1979). Bedwin, Owen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-285-1/dissemination/pdf/Vol_117_1979/SAC117_Shorter_Notices.pdf">"On the alleged Frankish origin of the Hastings tribe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sussex Archaeological Collections</i>. <b>117</b>. Lewes, Sussex: 263–264. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-8204">0143-8204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sussex+Archaeological+Collections&rft.atitle=On+the+alleged+Frankish+origin+of+the+Hastings+tribe&rft.volume=117&rft.pages=263-264&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0143-8204&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fadsdata%2Farch-285-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2FVol_117_1979%2FSAC117_Shorter_Notices.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal1987" class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David (1987). <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language</i>. 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Pye Ltd</i>, Report 02/91, Reading: Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Beach+Pond%2C+Selsey%2C+West+Sussex+An+Archaeological+Watching+Brief+for+J.A.+Pye+Ltd&rft.place=Reading&rft.series=Report+02%2F91&rft.pub=Thames+Valley+Archaeological+Services+Ltd&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers1989" class="citation book cs1">Myers, J.N.L. (1989). <i>The English Settlements</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-282235-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-282235-7"><bdi>0-19-282235-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Settlements&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-19-282235-7&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=J.N.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilesBjork1997" class="citation book cs1">Niles, John D.; Bjork, Robert E., eds. (1997). <i>A Beowulf Handbook</i>. Exeter: University of Exeter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-543-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-543-9"><bdi>978-0-85989-543-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Beowulf+Handbook&rft.place=Exeter&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-85989-543-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiles2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Niles_(scholar)" title="John Niles (scholar)">Niles, John D.</a> (2007). <i>Old English Heroic Poems and the Social Life of Texts</i>. Brepols N.V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52080-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52080-3"><bdi>978-2-503-52080-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+English+Heroic+Poems+and+the+Social+Life+of+Texts&rft.pub=Brepols+N.V.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-503-52080-3&rft.aulast=Niles&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRix2015" class="citation book cs1">Rix, Robert (2015). <i>The Barbarian North in Medieval Imagination: Ethnicity, Legend, and Literature</i>. Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82086-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82086-9"><bdi>978-1-138-82086-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbarian+North+in+Medieval+Imagination%3A+Ethnicity%2C+Legend%2C+and+Literature&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-82086-9&rft.aulast=Rix&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, R.J. (1998). Utz, Richard; Shippey, Tom (eds.). "The Swanscombe Legend and the Historiography of Kentish Gavelkind". <i>Medievalism in the Modern World. Essays in Honour of Leslie J. Workman</i>. Turnhout: Brooks: 85–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FM.MMAGES-EB.4.000057">10.1484/M.MMAGES-EB.4.000057</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-50166-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-50166-6"><bdi>978-2-503-50166-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medievalism+in+the+Modern+World.+Essays+in+Honour+of+Leslie+J.+Workman&rft.atitle=The+Swanscombe+Legend+and+the+Historiography+of+Kentish+Gavelkind&rft.pages=85-103&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FM.MMAGES-EB.4.000057&rft.isbn=978-2-503-50166-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1937" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Smith, R. A. (1937). "Jutish Ornaments From Kent". <i><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Quarterly" title="British Museum Quarterly">The British Museum Quarterly</a></i>. 11 (#2) (2). The British Museum. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4421928">10.2307/4421928</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4421928">4421928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Jutish+Ornaments+From+Kent&rft.volume=11+%28%232%29&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4421928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4421928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton1971" class="citation book cs1">Stenton, F. M. (1971). <i>Anglo-Saxon England 3rd edition</i>. Oxford: OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England+3rd+edition&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280139-5&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=F.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuhmiller1999" class="citation journal cs1">Stuhmiller, Jacqueline (1999). "On the Identity of the "Eotenas"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Neuphilologische Mitteilungen</i>. <b>100</b> (1). Modern Language Society: 7–14. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43315276">43315276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuphilologische+Mitteilungen&rft.atitle=On+the+Identity+of+the+%22Eotenas%22&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-14&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43315276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stuhmiller&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacitus1876" class="citation cs1">Tacitus (1876). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Germania (Church & Brodribb)#XL"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Germania_(Church_%26_Brodribb)#XL"><i>Germania</i> </a></span>. Translated by Church, Alfred John; Brodribb, William Jackson – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germania&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Tacitus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilkuna1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vilkuna, Kustaa (1988). <i>Uusi suomalainen nimikirja</i> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Otava_(publisher)" title="Otava (publisher)">Otava</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-1-08948-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-1-08948-3"><bdi>978-951-1-08948-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uusi+suomalainen+nimikirja&rft.pub=Otava&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-951-1-08948-3&rft.aulast=Vilkuna&rft.aufirst=Kustaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2001" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Alan (2001). <i>Society and Legal Change</i> (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-919-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-919-X"><bdi>1-56639-919-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+and+Legal+Change&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56639-919-X&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch1992" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Martin (1992). <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>. London: English Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-6566-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-6566-2"><bdi>0-7134-6566-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7134-6566-2&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Welch, Martin (1978). "Early Anglo-Saxon Sussex". In Brandon, Peter (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southsaxons0000unse"><i>The South Saxons</i></a></span>. Chichester: Phillimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-240-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-240-0"><bdi>0-85033-240-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Anglo-Saxon+Sussex&rft.btitle=The+South+Saxons&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-85033-240-0&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthsaxons0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch2007" class="citation book cs1">Welch, M. (2007). "Anglo-Saxon Kent to AD 800". In Williams, J.H. (ed.). <i>The Archaeology of Kent to AD 800</i>. Kent County Council. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-580-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-580-7"><bdi>978-0-85115-580-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anglo-Saxon+Kent+to+AD+800&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Kent+to+AD+800&rft.pub=Kent+County+Council&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-580-7&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Yorke, Barbara</a> (1995). <i>Wessex in the Early Middle Ages</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16639-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16639-X"><bdi>0-415-16639-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wessex+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-415-16639-X&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke1990" class="citation book cs1">Yorke, Barbara (1990). <i>Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England</i>. London: Seaby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85264-027-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85264-027-8"><bdi>1-85264-027-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Kingdoms+of+Early+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Seaby&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-85264-027-8&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJutes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jutes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x627zhf"><i>Time Team</i>, season 9, episode 13</a> starting at min 21:30 of this video. Robin Bush discusses ethnic cleansing issue with Helen Geake</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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