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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Multiple access scheme in telecommunications</div> <p><b>Multi-carrier code-division multiple access</b> (<b>MC-CDMA</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Multiple_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple access">multiple access</a> scheme used in <a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a>-based telecommunication systems, allowing the system to support multiple users at the same time over same frequency band. </p><p>MC-CDMA spreads each user symbol in the frequency domain. That is, each user symbol is carried over multiple parallel subcarriers, but it is phase-shifted (typically 0 or 180 degrees) according to a code value. The code values differ per subcarrier and per user. The receiver combines all subcarrier signals, by weighing these to compensate varying signal strengths and undo the code shift. The receiver can separate signals of different users, because these have different (e.g. orthogonal) code values. </p><p>Since each data symbol occupies a much wider bandwidth (in hertz) than the data rate (in bit/s), a ratio of signal to noise-plus-interference (if defined as signal power divided by total noise plus interference power in the entire transmission band) of less than 0 dB is feasible. </p><p>One way of interpreting MC-CDMA is to regard it as a direct-sequence CDMA signal (<a href="/wiki/DS-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="DS-CDMA">DS-CDMA</a>), which is transmitted after it has been fed through an inverse FFT (<a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">fast Fourier transform</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale">Rationale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-carrier_code-division_multiple_access&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rationale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wireless radio links suffer from frequency-selective channel interference. If the signal on one subcarrier experiences an outage, it can still be reconstructed from the energy received over other subcarriers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Downlink:_MC-CDM">Downlink: MC-CDM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-carrier_code-division_multiple_access&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Downlink: MC-CDM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the downlink (one base station transmitting to one or more terminals), MC-CDMA typically reduces to Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiplexing. All user signals can easily be synchronized, and all signals on one subcarrier experience the same radio channel properties. In such case a preferred system implementation is to take N user bits (possibly but not necessarily for different destinations), to transform these using a Walsh <a href="/wiki/Hadamard_transform" title="Hadamard transform">Hadamard transform</a>, followed by an IFFT. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-carrier_code-division_multiple_access&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of alternative possibilities exist as to how this frequency domain spreading can take place, such as by using a long PN code and multiplying each data symbol, d<sub>i</sub>, on a subcarrier by a chip from the PN code, c<sub>i</sub>, or by using short PN codes and spreading each data symbol by an individual PN code — i.e. d<sub>i</sub> is multiplied by each c<sub>i</sub> and the resulting vector is placed on N<sub>freq</sub> subcarriers, where N<sub>freq</sub> is the PN code length. </p><p>Once frequency domain spreading has taken place and the <a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a> subcarriers have all been allocated values, <a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a> modulation then takes place using the <a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">IFFT</a> to produce an <a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a> symbol; the <a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a> guard interval is then added; and if transmission is in the downlink direction each of these resulting symbols are added together prior to transmission. </p><p>An alternative form of multi-carrier <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a>, called MC-DS-CDMA or MC/DS-CDMA, performs spreading in the time domain, rather than in the frequency domain in the case of MC-CDMA — for the special case where there is only one carrier, this reverts to standard <a href="/wiki/DS-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="DS-CDMA">DS-CDMA</a>. </p><p>For the case of MC-DS-CDMA where <a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a> is used as the modulation scheme, the data symbols on the individual subcarriers are spread in time by multiplying the chips on a PN code by the data symbol on the subcarrier. For example, assume the PN code chips consist of {1, −1} and the data symbol on the subcarrier is −<i>j</i>. The symbol being modulated onto that carrier, for symbols 0 and 1, will be −<i>j</i> for symbol 0 and +<i>j</i> for symbol 1. </p><p>2-dimensional spreading in both the frequency and time domains is also possible, and a scheme that uses 2-D spreading is <a href="/wiki/VSF-OFCDM" class="mw-redirect" title="VSF-OFCDM">VSF-OFCDM</a> (which stands for variable spreading factor orthogonal frequency code-division multiplexing), which <a href="/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo" class="mw-redirect" title="NTT DoCoMo">NTT DoCoMo</a> is using for its <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> prototype system. </p><p>As an example of how the 2D spreading on <a href="/wiki/VSF-OFCDM" class="mw-redirect" title="VSF-OFCDM">VSF-OFCDM</a> works, if you take the first data symbol, <i>d</i><sub>0</sub>, and a spreading factor in the time domain, <i>SF</i><sub>time</sub>, of length 4, and a spreading factor in the frequency domain, <i>SF</i><sub>frequency</sub> of 2, then the data symbol, <i>d</i><sub>0</sub>, will be multiplied by the length-2 frequency-domain PN codes and placed on subcarriers 0 and 1, and these values on subcarriers 0 and 1 will then be multiplied by the length-4 time-domain PN code and transmitted on <a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a> symbols 0, 1, 2 and 3.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo" class="mw-redirect" title="NTT DoCoMo">NTT DoCoMo</a> has already achieved 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s transmissions to receivers travelling at 10 km/h using its <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> prototype system in a 100 MHz-wide channel. This <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> prototype system also uses a 12×12 antenna <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a> configuration, and <a href="/wiki/Turbo_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo coding">turbo coding</a> for error correction coding.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Summary </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/OFDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDMA">OFDMA</a> with frequency spreading (MC-CDMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OFDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDMA">OFDMA</a> with time spreading (<a href="/w/index.php?title=MC-DS-CDMA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MC-DS-CDMA (page does not exist)">MC-DS-CDMA</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=MT-CDMA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MT-CDMA (page does not exist)">MT-CDMA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OFDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDMA">OFDMA</a> with both time and frequency spreading (Orthogonal Frequency Code Division Multiple Access(<a href="/w/index.php?title=OFCDMA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OFCDMA (page does not exist)">OFCDMA</a>))</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-carrier_code-division_multiple_access&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OFDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDMA">OFDMA</a>, an alternative multiple access scheme for OFDM systems, where the signals of different users are separated in the <a href="/wiki/Frequency_domain" title="Frequency domain">frequency domain</a> by allocating different sub-carriers to different users.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-carrier_code-division_multiple_access&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/atarashi02broadband.html">http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/atarashi02broadband.html</a> Broadband Packet Wireless Access Based On VSF-OFCDM And MC/DS-CDMA (2002) Atarashi et al.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925084229/http://www.nttdocomo.com/pr/2007/001319.html">"DoCoMo Achieves 5 Gbit/s Data Speed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo" class="mw-redirect" title="NTT DoCoMo">NTT DoCoMo</a> Press. 2007-02-09. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nttdocomo.com/pr/2007/001319.html">the original</a> on 2008-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DoCoMo+Achieves+5+Gbit%2Fs+Data+Speed&rft.pub=NTT+DoCoMo+Press&rft.date=2007-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nttdocomo.com%2Fpr%2F2007%2F001319.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulti-carrier+code-division+multiple+access" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-carrier_code-division_multiple_access&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>N. Yee, J.P.M.G. Linnartz and G. Fettweis, "Multi-Carrier CDMA in indoor wireless Radio Networks", IEEE Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) Int. Conference, Sept. 1993, Yokohama, Japan, pp. 109–113 (1993: first paper proposing the system and the name MC-CDMA)</li> <li>K. Fazel and L. Papke, "On the performance of convolutionally-coded CDMA/OFDM for mobile communication system", IEEE Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) Int. Conference, Sept. 1993, Yokohama, Japan, pp. 468–472</li> <li>A. Chouly, A. Brajal, and S. Jourdan, "Orthogonal multicarrier techniques applied to direct sequence spread spectrum CDMA systems," in Proceedings of Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM'93), pp. 1723–1728, Houston, Tex, USA, November 1993.</li> <li>N.Yee, J.P.M.G. Linnartz and G. Fettweis, "Multi-Carrier-CDMA in indoor wireless networks", IEICE Transaction on Communications, Japan, Vol. E77-B, No. 7, July 1994, pp. 900–904.</li> <li>J.P.M.G. Linnartz, "Performance Analysis of Synchronous MC-CDMA in mobile Rayleigh channels with both Delay and Doppler spreads", IEEE VT, Vol. 50, No. 6, Nov. 2001, pp 1375–1387. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070316010759/http://www.wireless.per.nl/wireless/articles/01_j2.mc_cdma_doppler.pdf"><i>PDF</i></a></li> <li>K. Fazel and S. Kaiser, <i>Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC-CDMA to LTE and WiMAX</i>, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99821-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99821-2">978-0-470-99821-2</a>.</li> <li>Hughes Software Systems, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041210061929/http://www.hssworld.com/whitepapers/whitepaper_pdf/service4.pdf"><i>Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access</i></a>, March 2002.</li> <li>German Aerospace Center, Institute of Communications and Navigation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kn-s.dlr.de/mcss2007/history.php"><i>History of Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) and Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum Workshop</i></a>, November 2006.</li> <li>Wireless Communication Reference Web Site, section about <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/chaptr05/mccdma/mccdma.htm"><i>MC-CDMA</i></a>, 2001.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Spread_spectrum_in_digital_communications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">Spread spectrum</a> in digital communications</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">Spread spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division multiple access (CDMA)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>History</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum#Commercial_use" title="Spread spectrum">Commercial use</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum#History" title="Spread spectrum">More...</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spread spectrum <i>methods</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">Direct-sequence spread spectrum</a> (DSSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">Frequency-hopping spread spectrum</a> (FHSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirp_spread_spectrum" title="Chirp spread spectrum">Chirp spread spectrum</a> (CSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-hopping" title="Time-hopping">Time-hopping spread spectrum</a> (THSS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CDMA <i>schemes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">W-CDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-CDMA">TD-CDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-SCDMA">TD-SCDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-sequence CDMA">DS-CDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">FH-CDMA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MC-CDMA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a> (NASA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordless_telephone" title="Cordless telephone">Cordless phones</a>: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications">DECT</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Cellular</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EV-DO</a> Mobile</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CdmaOne" title="CdmaOne">IS-95</a> (aka cdmaOne)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a> (aka IS-2000)</dd> <dt>Also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Wireless#Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Wireless">Verizon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudorandom_noise#PN_Code" title="Pseudorandom noise">PN (pseudorandom noise) code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_(CDMA)" title="Chip (CDMA)">Chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near%E2%80%93far_problem" title="Near–far problem">Near–far problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_density" title="Spectral density">Power spectral density</a> (PSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_gain" title="Process gain">Process gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_receiver" title="Rake receiver">Rake receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_probability_of_intercept" class="mw-redirect" title="Low probability of intercept">Low probability of intercept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">Digital communication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">Modulation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statistical_time-division_multiplexing" title="Statistical time-division multiplexing">Statistical multiplexing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">Waveform</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Channel_access_methods_and_media_access_control" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Channel_access_methods" title="Template:Channel access 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Frequency-division multiple access">FDMA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">FDM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access">OFDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMA" title="Single-carrier FDMA">SC-FDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">WDM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiple_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavelength-division multiple access">WDMA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">TDMA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-frequency_time-division_multiple_access" title="Multi-frequency time-division multiple access">MF-TDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organized_time-division_multiple_access" title="Self-organized time-division multiple access">STDMA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">CDMA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">W-CDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-CDMA">TD-CDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-SCDMA">TD-SCDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DS-CDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">FH-CDMA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MC-CDMA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">SDMA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBurst" class="mw-redirect" title="IBurst">HC-SDMA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiple_access" title="Polarization-division multiple access">PDMA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pulse-address_multiple_access" title="Pulse-address multiple access">PAMA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">Packet-based</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contention_(telecommunications)" title="Contention (telecommunications)">Collision recovery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALOHAnet#The_ALOHA_protocol" title="ALOHAnet">ALOHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALOHAnet" title="ALOHAnet">Slotted ALOHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_ALOHA" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservation ALOHA">R-ALOHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AX.25" title="AX.25">AX.25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-sense_multiple_access_with_collision_detection" title="Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection">CSMA/CD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contention_(telecommunications)" title="Contention (telecommunications)">Collision avoidance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Access_with_Collision_Avoidance" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance">MACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Access_with_Collision_Avoidance_for_Wireless" title="Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance for Wireless">MACAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-sense_multiple_access" title="Carrier-sense multiple access">CSMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-sense_multiple_access_with_collision_avoidance" title="Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance">CSMA/CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_coordination_function" title="Distributed coordination function">DCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_coordination_function" title="Point coordination function">PCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11e-2005#802.11e_MAC_protocol_operation" title="IEEE 802.11e-2005">HCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSMA/CARP" class="mw-redirect" title="CSMA/CARP">CSMA/CARP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collision_domain" title="Collision domain">Collision-free</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_bus_network" title="Token bus network">Token bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Slotted_Aloha" title="Mobile Slotted Aloha">MS-ALOHA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delay and disruption tolerant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_ad_hoc_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile ad hoc network">MANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_ad-hoc_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicular ad-hoc network">VANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delay-tolerant_networking" title="Delay-tolerant networking">DTN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Source_Routing" title="Dynamic Source Routing">Dynamic Source Routing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">Duplexing methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Time-division_duplexing" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Frequency-division_duplexing" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">FDD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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