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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frequency-hopping spread spectrum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%81%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="قفز ترددي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قفز ترددي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectre_eixamplat_per_salt_de_freq%C3%BC%C3%A8ncia" title="Espectre eixamplat per salt de freqüència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espectre eixamplat per salt de freqüència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/FHSS" title="FHSS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="FHSS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekvensspring" title="Frekvensspring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frekvensspring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_Hopping_Spread_Spectrum" title="Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagedush%C3%BCplemine" title="Sagedushüplemine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sagedushüplemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectro_ensanchado_por_salto_de_frecuencia" title="Espectro ensanchado por salto de frecuencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espectro ensanchado por salto de frecuencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81_%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87" title="پرش فرکانسی مبتنی بر طیف گسترده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرش فرکانسی مبتنی بر طیف گسترده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89talement_de_spectre_par_saut_de_fr%C3%A9quence" title="Étalement de spectre par saut de fréquence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étalement de spectre par saut de fréquence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%ED%8C%8C%EC%88%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%95%BD_%ED%99%95%EC%82%B0_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%99%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%BC" title="주파수 도약 확산 스펙트럼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주파수 도약 확산 스펙트럼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/FHSS" title="FHSS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="FHSS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequentieverspringing" title="Frequentieverspringing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frequentieverspringing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E6%8B%A1%E6%95%A3#周波数ホッピング" title="スペクトラム拡散 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペクトラム拡散" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekvenshopping" title="Frekvenshopping – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frekvenshopping" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FHSS" title="FHSS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="FHSS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FHSS" title="FHSS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="FHSS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Псевдослучайная перестройка рабочей частоты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Псевдослучайная перестройка рабочей частоты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/FHSS" title="FHSS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="FHSS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekans_atlamal%C4%B1_geni%C5%9F_spektrum" title="Frekans atlamalı geniş spektrum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frekans atlamalı geniş spektrum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Псевдовипадкове перелаштування робочої частоти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Псевдовипадкове перелаштування робочої частоти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%B3%E9%A2%91%E6%89%A9%E9%A2%91" title="跳频扩频 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="跳频扩频" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color: #bdb"><a href="/wiki/Passband" title="Passband">Passband</a> <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modulation_categorization.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Modulation_categorization.svg/300px-Modulation_categorization.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Modulation_categorization.svg/450px-Modulation_categorization.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Modulation_categorization.svg/600px-Modulation_categorization.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cfc"> <a href="/wiki/Modulation#Analog_modulation_methods" title="Modulation">Analog modulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_modulation" title="Phase modulation">PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_modulation" title="Space modulation">SM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">SSB</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cfc"> <a href="/wiki/Modulation#Digital_modulation_methods" title="Modulation">Digital modulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying" title="Amplitude-shift keying">ASK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_and_phase-shift_keying" title="Amplitude and phase-shift keying">APSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_phase_modulation" title="Continuous phase modulation">CPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying" title="Frequency-shift keying">FSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_frequency-shift_keying" title="Multiple frequency-shift keying">MFSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum-shift_keying" title="Minimum-shift keying">MSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On%E2%80%93off_keying" title="On–off keying">OOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-position_modulation" title="Pulse-position modulation">PPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">PSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMA" title="Single-carrier FDMA">SC-FDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trellis_coded_modulation" title="Trellis coded modulation">TCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-PAM" title="TC-PAM">TC-PAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_modulation" title="Wavelet modulation">WDM</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cfc"> <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_modulation" title="Hierarchical modulation">Hierarchical modulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_modulation" title="Wavelet modulation">WDM</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cfc"> <a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">Spread spectrum</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirp_spread_spectrum" title="Chirp spread spectrum">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DSSS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FHSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-hopping" title="Time-hopping">THSS</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cfc"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capacity-approaching_codes" title="Category:Capacity-approaching codes">Capacity-approaching codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demodulation" title="Demodulation">Demodulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_code" title="Line code">Line coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">Modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_modulation" title="Angle modulation">AnM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_modulation" title="Polar modulation">PoM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-amplitude_modulation" title="Pulse-amplitude modulation">PAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-density_modulation" title="Pulse-density modulation">PDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">PWM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-sigma_modulation" title="Delta-sigma modulation">ΔΣM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">FDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modulation_techniques" title="Template:Modulation techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modulation_techniques" title="Template talk:Modulation techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#bdb; display:block;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Multiplexing_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg/150px-Multiplexing_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg/225px-Multiplexing_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg/300px-Multiplexing_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="362" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> <a href="/wiki/Modulation#Analog_modulation_methods" title="Modulation">Analog modulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_modulation" title="Phase modulation">PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_modulation" title="Space modulation">SM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">SSB</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">Circuit mode<br /><span class="nobold">(constant bandwidth)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">TDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">FDM</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">WDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">SDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_multiplexing" title="Spatial multiplexing">Spatial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">OAM</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical multiplexing">Statistical multiplexing<br /><span class="nobold">(variable bandwidth)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">Packet switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access#Dynamic_TDMA" title="Time-division multiple access">Dynamic TDMA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FHSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DSSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access">OFDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-carrier_frequency-division-multiplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-carrier frequency-division-multiplex">SC-FDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-carrier_spread_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-carrier spread spectrum">MC-SS</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_access_method" title="Channel access method">Channel access methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">Medium access control</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiplex_techniques" title="Template:Multiplex techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiplex_techniques" title="Template talk:Multiplex techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiplex_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiplex techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frequency-hopping spread spectrum</b> (<b>FHSS</b>) is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly changing the carrier frequency among many frequencies occupying a large spectral band. The changes are controlled by a code known to both <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">receiver</a>. FHSS is used to avoid interference, to prevent eavesdropping, and to enable <a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">code-division multiple access</a> (CDMA) communications. </p><p>The frequency band is divided into smaller sub-bands. Signals rapidly change ("hop") their carrier frequencies among the center frequencies of these sub-bands in a determined order. Interference at a specific frequency will affect the signal only during a short interval.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FHSS offers four main advantages over a fixed-frequency transmission: </p> <ol><li>FHSS signals are highly resistant to <a href="/wiki/Narrowband" title="Narrowband">narrowband</a> <a href="/wiki/Interference_(communication)" title="Interference (communication)">interference</a> because the signal hops to a different frequency band.</li> <li>Signals are difficult to intercept if the frequency-hopping pattern is not known.</li> <li>Jamming is also difficult if the pattern is unknown; the signal can be jammed only for a single hopping period if the spreading sequence is unknown.</li> <li>FHSS transmissions can share a frequency band with many types of conventional transmissions with minimal mutual interference. FHSS signals add minimal interference to narrowband communications, and vice versa.</li></ol> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">Spread-spectrum</a> signals are highly resistant to deliberate <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">jamming</a> unless the adversary has knowledge of the frequency-hopping pattern. Military radios generate the frequency-hopping pattern under the control of a secret <a href="/wiki/TRANSEC" class="mw-redirect" title="TRANSEC">Transmission Security Key</a> (TRANSEC) that the sender and receiver share in advance. This key is generated by devices such as the KY-57 Speech Security Equipment. United States military radios that use frequency hopping include the JTIDS/MIDS family, the <a href="/wiki/HAVE_QUICK" class="mw-redirect" title="HAVE QUICK">HAVE QUICK</a> Aeronautical Mobile communications system, and the <a href="/wiki/SINCGARS" title="SINCGARS">SINCGARS</a> Combat Net Radio, <a href="/wiki/Link-16" class="mw-redirect" title="Link-16">Link-16</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian">Civilian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civilian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, since the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) amended rules to allow FHSS systems in the unregulated 2.4 GHz band, many consumer devices in that band have employed various FHSS modes. eFCC CFR 47 part 15.247 covers the regulations in the US for 902–928 MHz, 2400–2483.5 MHz, and 5725–5850 MHz bands, and the requirements for frequency hopping.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkies" class="mw-redirect" title="Walkie-talkies">walkie-talkies</a> that employ FHSS technology have been developed for unlicensed use on the 900 MHz band. FHSS technology is also used in many hobby transmitters and receivers used for <a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_model" title="Radio-controlled model">radio-controlled model</a> cars, airplanes, and drones. A type of multiple access is achieved allowing hundreds of transmitter/receiver pairs to be operated simultaneously on the same band, in contrast to previous FM or AM radio-controlled systems that had limited simultaneous channels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_considerations">Technical considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technical considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The overall bandwidth required for frequency hopping is much wider than that required to transmit the same information using only one <a href="/wiki/Carrier_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier frequency">carrier frequency</a>. But because transmission occurs only on a small portion of this bandwidth at any given time, the instantaneous interference bandwidth is really the same. While providing no extra protection against wideband <a href="/wiki/Thermal_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal noise">thermal noise</a>, the frequency-hopping approach reduces the degradation caused by narrowband interference sources. </p><p>One of the challenges of frequency-hopping systems is to synchronize the transmitter and receiver. One approach is to have a guarantee that the transmitter will use all the channels in a fixed period of time. The receiver can then find the transmitter by picking a random channel and listening for valid data on that channel. The transmitter's data is identified by a special sequence of data that is unlikely to occur over the segment of data for this channel, and the segment can also have a <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksum</a> for integrity checking and further identification. The transmitter and receiver can use fixed tables of frequency-hopping patterns, so that once synchronized they can maintain communication by following the table. </p><p>In the US, <a href="/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_15" title="Title 47 CFR Part 15">FCC part 15</a> on unlicensed spread spectrum systems in the 902–928 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands permits more power than is allowed for non-spread-spectrum systems. Both FHSS and direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) systems can transmit at 1 watt, a thousandfold increase from the 1 milliwatt limit on non-spread-spectrum systems. The FCC also prescribes a minimum number of frequency channels and a maximum dwell time for each channel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1899, <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> experimented with frequency-selective reception in an attempt to minimise interference.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest mentions of frequency hopping in open literature are in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US725605">US patent 725,605</a>, awarded to <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> on March 17, 1903,<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in radio pioneer <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Zenneck" title="Jonathan Zenneck">Jonathan Zenneck</a>'s book <i>Wireless Telegraphy</i> (German, 1908, English translation McGraw Hill, 1915),<sup id="cite_ref-Zenneck1915_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zenneck1915-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zennek1915_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zennek1915-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Zenneck writes that <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a> had already tried it. Nikola Tesla doesn't mention the phrase "frequency hopping" directly, but certainly alludes to it. Entitled <i>Method of Signaling</i>, the patent describes a system that would enable radio communication <i>without any danger of the signals or messages being disturbed, intercepted, interfered with in any way</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-eetimes_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eetimes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German military made limited use of frequency hopping for communication between fixed command points in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> to prevent eavesdropping by British forces, who did not have the technology to follow the sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-winter_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winter-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jonathan Zenneck's book <i>Wireless Telegraphy</i> was originally published in German in 1908, but was translated into English in 1915 as the enemy started using frequency hopping on the front line. </p><p>In 1920, Otto B. Blackwell, De Loss K. Martin, and Gilbert S. Vernam filed a patent application for a "Secrecy Communication System", granted as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1598673A">U.S. Patent 1,598,673</a> in 1926. This patent described a method of transmitting signals on multiple frequencies in a random manner for secrecy, anticipating key features of later frequency hopping systems.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> engineer and inventor, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Danilewicz" title="Leonard Danilewicz">Leonard Danilewicz</a>, claimed to have suggested the concept of frequency hopping in 1929 to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_General_Staff" title="Polish General Staff">Polish General Staff</a>, but it was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1869659">U.S. patent 1,869,659</a></span> was awarded to Willem Broertjes, named "Method of maintaining secrecy in the transmission of wireless telegraphic messages", which describes a system where "messages are transmitted by means of a group of frequencies... known to the sender and receiver alone, and alternated at will during transmission of the messages". </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/US_Army_Signal_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Signal Corps">US Army Signal Corps</a> was inventing a communication system called <a href="/wiki/SIGSALY" title="SIGSALY">SIGSALY</a>, which incorporated spread spectrum in a single frequency context. But SIGSALY was a top-secret communications system, so its existence was not known until the 1980s. </p><p>In 1942, actress <a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a> and composer <a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">George Antheil</a> received <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2292387">U.S. patent 2,292,387</a></span> for their "Secret Communications System",<sup id="cite_ref-apt-news_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apt-news-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an early version of frequency hopping using a <a href="/wiki/Piano_roll" title="Piano roll">piano-roll</a> to switch among 88 frequencies to make radio-guided <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> harder for enemies to detect or jam. They then donated the patent to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frequency-hopping ideas may have been rediscovered in the 1950s during patent searches when private companies were independently developing direct-sequence <a href="/wiki/Code_Division_Multiple_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Code Division Multiple Access">Code Division Multiple Access</a>, a non-frequency-hopping form of spread-spectrum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1957, engineers at Sylvania Electronic Systems Division adopted a similar idea, using the recently invented transistor instead of Lamarr's and Antheil's clockwork technology.<sup id="cite_ref-apt-news_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apt-news-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (October 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum#Dubious" title="Talk:Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">discuss</a></i>]</sup> In 1962, the US Navy utilized Sylvania Electronic Systems Division's work during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A practical application of frequency hopping was developed by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Zinn" title="Ray Zinn">Ray Zinn</a>, co-founder of Micrel Corporation. Zinn developed a method allowing radio devices to operate without the need to synchronize a receiver with a transmitter. Using frequency hopping and sweep modes, Zinn's method is primarily applied in low data rate wireless applications such as utility metering, machine and equipment monitoring and metering, and remote control. In 2006 Zinn received <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US6996399">U.S. patent 6,996,399</a></span> for his "Wireless device and method using frequency hopping and sweep modes." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum</b> (<b>AFH</b>) as used in <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> improves resistance to <a href="/wiki/Co-channel_interference" title="Co-channel interference">radio frequency interference</a> by avoiding crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence. This sort of adaptive transmission is easier to implement with FHSS than with <a href="/wiki/DSSS" class="mw-redirect" title="DSSS">DSSS</a>. </p><p>The key idea behind AFH is to use only the "good" frequencies and avoid the "bad" ones—those experiencing <a href="/wiki/Frequency_selective_fading" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency selective fading">frequency selective fading</a>, those on which a third party is trying to communicate, or those being actively jammed. Therefore, AFH should be complemented by a mechanism for detecting good and bad channels. </p><p>But if the radio frequency interference is itself dynamic, then AFH's strategy of "bad channel removal" may not work well. For example, if there are several colocated frequency-hopping networks (as Bluetooth <a href="/wiki/Piconet" title="Piconet">Piconet</a>), they are mutually interfering and AFH's strategy fails to avoid this interference. </p><p>The problem of dynamic interference, gradual reduction of available hopping channels and backward compatibility with legacy Bluetooth devices was resolved in version 1.2 of the Bluetooth Standard (2003). Such a situation can often happen in the scenarios that use <a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlicensed spectrum">unlicensed spectrum</a>. </p><p>In addition, dynamic radio frequency interference is expected to occur in the scenarios related to <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_radio" title="Cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a>, where the networks and the devices should exhibit <a href="/wiki/Frequency-agile" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency-agile">frequency-agile</a> operation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chirp#Chirp_modulation" title="Chirp">Chirp modulation</a> can be seen as a form of frequency-hopping that simply scans through the available frequencies in consecutive order to communicate. </p><p>Frequency hopping can be superimposed on other modulations or waveforms to enhance the system performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_frequency_hopping" title="Dynamic frequency hopping">Dynamic frequency hopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple_discoveries#20th_century" title="List of multiple discoveries">List of multiple discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_length_sequence" title="Maximum length sequence">Maximum length sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_sweep" title="Radio-frequency sweep">Radio-frequency sweep</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zennek1915-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zennek1915_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Furthermore the apparatus can be so arranged that the wave-length is easily and rapidly changed and then vary the wave-length in accordance with a prearranged program, perhaps automatically. (This method was adopted by the Telefunken Co. at one time.)" Zenneck describes additional methods of security, including synchronizing receiving to only a subset of transmission.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ref_1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref_1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTorrieri2018" class="citation book cs1">Torrieri, Don (2018). <i>Principles of Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems, 4th ed</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Spread-Spectrum+Communication+Systems%2C+4th+ed.&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Torrieri&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrequency-hopping+spread+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/47/15.247">"47 CFR § 15.247 - Operation within the bands 902–928 MHz, 2400–2483.5 MHz, and 5725–5850 MHz"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i>. law.cornell.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=47+CFR+%C2%A7+15.247+-+Operation+within+the+bands+902%E2%80%93928+MHz%2C+2400%E2%80%932483.5+MHz%2C+and+5725%E2%80%935850+MHz.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fcfr%2Ftext%2F47%2F15.247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrequency-hopping+spread+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn2014" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=35ClAgAAQBAJ&dq=Marconi+1899&pg=PA158"><i>How I Discovered World War II's Greatest Spy and Other Stories of Intelligence and Code</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Auerbach_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Auerbach Publications">Auerbach Publications</a>. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466561991" title="Special:BookSources/9781466561991"><bdi>9781466561991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+I+Discovered+World+War+II%27s+Greatest+Spy+and+Other+Stories+of+Intelligence+and+Code&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Auerbach+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781466561991&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D35ClAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMarconi%2B1899%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrequency-hopping+spread+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Scientist-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-American_Scientist_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Scientist_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman,_Tony2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Rothman, Tony (Jan–Feb 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanscientist.org/article/random-paths-to-frequency-hopping">"Random Paths to Frequency Hopping"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Scientist" title="American Scientist">American Scientist</a></i>. Vol. 107, no. 1. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1511%2F2019.107.1.46">10.1511/2019.107.1.46</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Random+Paths+to+Frequency+Hopping&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2019-01%2F2019-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1511%2F2019.107.1.46&rft.au=Rothman%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Farticle%2Frandom-paths-to-frequency-hopping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrequency-hopping+spread+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zenneck1915-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zenneck1915_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZenneck1915" class="citation book cs1">Zenneck, Jonathan (August 1915) [1908]. "Receivers". <i>Wireless Telegraphy</i>. Translated by Seelig, Alfred (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 331.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Receivers&rft.btitle=Wireless+Telegraphy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=331&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1915-08&rft.aulast=Zenneck&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrequency-hopping+spread+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eetimes-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eetimes_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eetimes.com/a-short-history-of-spread-spectrum/">"A short history of spread spectrum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EE_Times" title="EE Times">EE Times</a></i>. January 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EE+Times&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+spread+spectrum&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eetimes.com%2Fa-short-history-of-spread-spectrum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrequency-hopping+spread+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winter-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-winter_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_Winter" class="citation book cs1">Denis Winter. <i>Haig's Command - A Reassessment</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haig%27s+Command+-+A+Reassessment&rft.au=Denis+Winter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrequency-hopping+spread+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danilewicz later recalled: "In 1929 we proposed to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_General_Staff" title="Polish General Staff">General Staff</a> a device of my design for secret radio telegraphy which fortunately did not win acceptance, as it was a truly barbaric idea consisting in constant changes of transmitter frequency. The commission did, however, see fit to grant me 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Polish_zloty" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish zloty">zlotys</a> for executing a model and as encouragement to further work." Cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWładysław_Kozaczuk1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Kozaczuk" title="Władysław Kozaczuk">Władysław Kozaczuk</a> (1984). <i>Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War II</i>. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enigma%3A+How+the+German+Machine+Cipher+Was+Broken%2C+and+How+It+Was+Read+by+the+Allies+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1984&rft.au=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw+Kozaczuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrequency-hopping+spread+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apt-news-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apt-news_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apt-news_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201106/physicshistory.cfm">"June 1941: Hedy Lamarr and George Antheil submit patent for radio frequency hopping"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/APS_News" class="mw-redirect" title="APS News">APS News</a></i>. Vol. 20, no. 6. June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APS+News&rft.atitle=June+1941%3A+Hedy+Lamarr+and+George+Antheil+submit+patent+for+radio+frequency+hopping&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fpublications%2Fapsnews%2F201106%2Fphysicshistory.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrequency-hopping+spread+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenner2008" class="citation web cs1">Wenner, Melinda (June 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hedy-lamarr-not-just-a-pr/">"Hedy Lamarr: Not just a pretty face"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Hedy+Lamarr%3A+Not+just+a+pretty+face&rft.date=2008-06-03&rft.aulast=Wenner&rft.aufirst=Melinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fhedy-lamarr-not-just-a-pr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrequency-hopping+spread+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIancu2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Iancu" title="Andrei Iancu">Iancu, Andrei</a> (19 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-andrei-iancu-2018-military-invention-day">"Remarks by Director Andrei Iancu at 2018 Military Invention Day"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office&rft.atitle=Remarks+by+Director+Andrei+Iancu+at+2018+Military+Invention+Day&rft.date=2018-05-19&rft.aulast=Iancu&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fnews-updates%2Fremarks-director-andrei-iancu-2018-military-invention-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrequency-hopping+spread+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommissariat2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Commissariat, Tushna (August 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/a-tale-of-two-lives/">"A tale of two lives"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Physics_World" title="Physics World">Physics World</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+World&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+two+lives&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft.aulast=Commissariat&rft.aufirst=Tushna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fa%2Fa-tale-of-two-lives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrequency-hopping+spread+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Rothman2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Rothman" title="Tony Rothman">Tony Rothman</a> (Jan–Feb 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanscientist.org/article/random-paths-to-frequency-hopping">"Random Paths to Frequency Hopping"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Scientist" title="American Scientist">American Scientist</a></i>. <b>107</b> (1): 46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1511%2F2019.107.1.46">10.1511/2019.107.1.46</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Random+Paths+to+Frequency+Hopping&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2019-01%2F2019-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1511%2F2019.107.1.46&rft.au=Tony+Rothman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Farticle%2Frandom-paths-to-frequency-hopping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrequency-hopping+spread+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWładysław_Kozaczuk1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Kozaczuk" title="Władysław Kozaczuk">Władysław Kozaczuk</a> (1984). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Kasparek" title="Christopher Kasparek">Christopher Kasparek</a> (ed.). <i>Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Kasparek" title="Christopher Kasparek">Christopher Kasparek</a>. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89093-547-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89093-547-5"><bdi>0-89093-547-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enigma%3A+How+the+German+Machine+Cipher+Was+Broken%2C+and+How+It+Was+Read+by+the+Allies+in+World+War+Two&rft.place=Frederick%2C+MD&rft.pub=University+Publications+of+America&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-89093-547-5&rft.au=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw+Kozaczuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrequency-hopping+spread+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum&oldid=1238272802">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum&oldid=1238272802</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_network_technology" title="Category:Computer network technology">Computer network technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multiplexing" title="Category:Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quantized_radio_modulation_modes" title="Category:Quantized radio modulation modes">Quantized radio modulation modes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_frequency_propagation" title="Category:Radio frequency propagation">Radio frequency propagation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_resource_management" title="Category:Radio resource management">Radio resource management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_radio_systems" title="Category:Military radio systems">Military radio systems</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_December_2019" title="Category:Use American English from December 2019">Use American English from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from October 2022">Articles with disputed statements from October 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 August 2024, at 01:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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