CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Linux kernel - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"095c596a-5e88-4f54-92ab-3700a4c51160","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Linux_kernel","wgTitle":"Linux kernel","wgCurRevisionId":1258958263,"wgRevisionId":1258958263,"wgArticleId":21347315, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Linux_kernel","wgRelevantArticleId":21347315,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym": "Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm", "autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eo","autonym":"Esperanto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eu","autonym":"euskara","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym": "गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym": "Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn", "autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym": "मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی", "dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs", "autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"}, {"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"} ,{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc" ,"bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc" ,"pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q14579","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/1200px-Tux.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1423"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/800px-Tux.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="948"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/640px-Tux.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="759"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Linux kernel - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Linux_kernel rootpage-Linux_kernel stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Linux+kernel" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Linux+kernel" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Linux kernel</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Linux_kernel" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Linux+kernel" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Linux kernel is a <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open source</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LoveRobert2010-12">[11]</a>: 4 <a href="/wiki/UNIX-like" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX-like">UNIX-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> that is used in many <a href="/wiki/Computer_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer systems">computer systems</a> worldwide. The kernel was created by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> in 1991 and was soon adopted as the kernel for the <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> (OS) which was created to be a <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free</a> replacement for <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>. Since the late 1990s, it has been included in many <a href="/wiki/Linux_distributions" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux distributions">operating system distributions</a>, many of which are called <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. One such Linux kernel operating system is <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> which is used in many mobile and embedded devices. <table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Linux kernel</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Tux.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tux"><img alt="Tux" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/120px-Tux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/180px-Tux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/240px-Tux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="607"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Tux_(mascot)" title="Tux (mascot)">Tux</a> the penguin, mascot of Linux<a href="#cite_note-HvDj4-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_3.0.0_boot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Linux_3.0.0_boot.png/220px-Linux_3.0.0_boot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Linux_3.0.0_boot.png/330px-Linux_3.0.0_boot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Linux_3.0.0_boot.png/440px-Linux_3.0.0_boot.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="399"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Linux kernel 3.0.0 booting</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Community contributors <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">0.02 (5 October 1991; 33 years ago (1991-10-05))</td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">6.12.1<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-2a82c823cbee64d62711403bdc99760e4c8e109e-v18-2">[2]</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14579?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a> / 22 November 2024</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git">git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14579#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> (<a href="/wiki/C11_(C_standard_revision)" title="C11 (C standard revision)">C11</a> since 5.18, <a href="/wiki/C89_(C_version)" class="mw-redirect" title="C89 (C version)">C89</a> before),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> (since 6.1),<a href="#cite_note-rust-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL-2.0-only</a> with Linux-syscall-note<a href="#cite_note-COPYING_File-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-spdx.org_GPL-2.0-only-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-spdx.org_Linux-syscall-note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org">www.kernel.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14579?uselang=en#P856" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Most of the kernel code is written in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> as supported by the <a href="/wiki/GNU_compiler_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU compiler collection">GNU compiler collection</a> (GCC) which has extensions beyond standard C.<a href="#cite_note-LoveRobert2010-12">[11]</a>: 18 <a href="#cite_note-oounl-13">[12]</a> The code also contains <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly</a> code for architecture-specific logic such as optimizing memory use and task execution.<a href="#cite_note-LoveRobert2010-12">[11]</a>: 379–380 The kernel has a <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular</a> design such that modules can be integrated as <a href="/wiki/Software_component" title="Software component">software components</a> – including dynamically loaded. The kernel is <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic</a> in an architectural sense since the entire OS runs in <a href="/wiki/Kernel_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel space">kernel space</a>. Linux is provided under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License version 2</a>, although it contains files under other <a href="/wiki/GPL_compatibility" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL compatibility">compatible licenses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Linux_Licensing-10">[10]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Popularity">2 Popularity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Value">3 Value</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Distribution">4 Distribution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Developers">5 Developers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Community">5.1 Community</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Conflict">5.2 Conflict</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Development">6 Development</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Codebase">6.1 Codebase</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Contributions">6.2 Contributions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Programming_language">6.3 Programming language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Coding_style">6.4 Coding style</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Versioning">6.5 Versioning</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Toolchain">6.6 Toolchain</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Debugging">6.7 Debugging</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Change_process">6.8 Change process</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Mainline_Linux">6.9 Mainline Linux</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Linux-like_kernel">6.10 Linux-like kernel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Linux_forks">6.11 Linux forks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Long-term_support">6.12 Long-term support</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Size">6.13 Size</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Architecture_and_features">7 Architecture and features</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Interfaces">7.1 Interfaces</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Kernel-to-userspace_API">7.1.1 Kernel-to-userspace API</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Kernel-to-userspace_ABI">7.1.2 Kernel-to-userspace ABI</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#In-kernel_API">7.1.3 In-kernel API</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#In-kernel_ABI">7.1.4 In-kernel ABI</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Multiprocessing">7.2 Multiprocessing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Scheduling">7.3 Scheduling</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Synchronization">7.4 Synchronization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Interrupts">7.5 Interrupts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Memory">7.6 Memory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Supported_architectures">7.7 Supported architectures</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Supported_devices">7.8 Supported devices</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Live_patching">7.9 Live patching</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Security">7.10 Security</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Legal">8 Legal</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Licensing_terms">8.1 Licensing terms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Loadable_kernel_modules">8.2 Loadable kernel modules</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Firmware_binary_blobs">8.3 Firmware binary blobs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Trademark">8.4 Trademark</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Sanctions_compliance">8.5 Sanctions compliance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Linux" title="History of Linux">History of Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_version_history" title="Linux kernel version history">Linux kernel version history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1357"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 237px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="237" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> at the LinuxCon Europe 2014 in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> </figcaption></figure> In April 1991, Linus Torvalds, a 21-year-old <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a> started working on an operating system, inspired by UNIX, for a personal computer.<a href="#cite_note-qqGYY-14">[13]</a> He started with a <a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">task switcher</a> in <a href="/wiki/X86_assembly_language" title="X86 assembly language">Intel 80386 assembly language</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Pseudo_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo terminal">terminal driver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-qqGYY-14">[13]</a> On 25 August 1991, Torvalds posted the following to comp.os.minix, a <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">newsgroup</a> on <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Torvlads25Aug91-15">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer/AT" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal Computer/AT">AT</a> clones. This has been brewing since April, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things). I've currently ported <a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">bash</a>(1.08) and <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">gcc</a>(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months [...] Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT protable [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(.</blockquote> On 17 September 1991, Torvalds prepared version 0.01 of Linux and put on the "ftp.funet.fi" – FTP server of the Finnish University and Research Network (<a href="/wiki/FUNET" title="FUNET">FUNET</a>). It was not even executable since its code still needed Minix to compile and test it.<a href="#cite_note-Running_Linux-16">[15]</a> On 5 October 1991, Torvalds announced the first "official" version of Linux, version 0.02.<a href="#cite_note-Free_minix-like_kernel_sources_for_386-AT-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Running_Linux-16">[15]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[As] I mentioned a month ago, I'm working on a free version of a Minix-lookalike for AT-386 computers. It has finally reached the stage where it's even usable (though may not be depending on what you want), and I am willing to put out the sources for wider distribution. It is just version 0.02...but I've successfully run bash, gcc, gnu-make, gnu-sed, compress, etc. under it.</blockquote> Linux grew rapidly as many developers, including the <a href="/wiki/MINIX" class="mw-redirect" title="MINIX">MINIX</a> community, contributed to the project.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At the time, the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a> had completed many components for its free UNIX replacement, the <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU OS</a>, but its kernel, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>, was incomplete. The project adopted the Linux kernel for its OS.<a href="#cite_note-2Ifyf-18">[17]</a> Torvalds labeled the kernel with major version 0 to indicate that it was not yet intended for general use.<a href="#cite_note-Christine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum_2016_107-19">[18]</a> Version 0.11, released in December 1991, was the first version to be <a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">self-hosted</a>; compiled on a computer running the Linux kernel. When Torvalds released version 0.12 in February 1992, he adopted the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 2 (GPLv2) over his previous self-drafted license, which had not permitted commercial redistribution.<a href="#cite_note-Relnotes-0.12-20">[19]</a> In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, all <a href="/wiki/Source_files" class="mw-redirect" title="Source files">source files</a> of Linux are freely available, including <a href="/wiki/Device_drivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Device drivers">device drivers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-XzMje-21">[20]</a> The initial success of Linux was driven by programmers and testers across the world. With the support of the <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> APIs, through the libC that, whether needed, acts as an entry point to the kernel address space, Linux could run software and applications that had been developed for Unix.<a href="#cite_note-Fred_Hantelmann_2016_16-22">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg/290px-Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg/290px-Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg.png" data-width="290" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg/435px-Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg/580px-Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Linux kernel supports various hardware architectures, providing a common platform for software, including <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 19 January 1992, the first post to the new newsgroup alt.os.linux was submitted.<a href="#cite_note-QFvMn-23">[22]</a> On 31 March 1992, the newsgroup was renamed comp.os.linux.<a href="#cite_note-paK4Z-24">[23]</a> The fact that Linux is a <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic kernel</a> rather than a <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a> was the topic of a debate between <a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a>, the creator of MINIX, and Torvalds.<a href="#cite_note-2BA6C-25">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate" title="Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate">Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate</a> started in 1992 on the <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> group comp.os.minix as a general discussion about kernel architectures.<a href="#cite_note-vghTe-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-pUfrR-27">[26]</a> Version 0.95 was the first capable of running the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HR4Vb-28">[27]</a> In March 1994, Linux 1.0.0 was released with 176,250 lines of code.<a href="#cite_note-Jqib7-29">[28]</a> As indicated by the version number, it was the first version considered suitable for a <a href="/wiki/Deployment_environment" title="Deployment environment">production environment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum_2016_107-19">[18]</a> In June 1996, after release 1.3, Torvalds decided that Linux had evolved enough to warrant a new major number, and so labeled the next release as version 2.0.0.<a href="#cite_note-Christine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum_2016_108-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-2.0.0_release-31">[30]</a> Significant features of 2.0 included <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">symmetric multiprocessing</a> (SMP), support for more processors types and support for selecting specific hardware targets and for enabling architecture-specific features and optimizations.<a href="#cite_note-Fred_Hantelmann_2016_16-22">[21]</a> The make *config family of commands of kbuild enable and configure options for building ad hoc kernel executables (<a href="/wiki/Vmlinux" title="Vmlinux">vmlinux</a>) and loadable modules.<a href="#cite_note-:10-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-33">[32]</a> Version 2.2, released on 20 January 1999,<a href="#cite_note-2.2.0_release-34">[33]</a> improved locking granularity and SMP management, added <a href="/wiki/M68k" class="mw-redirect" title="M68k">m68k</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">Sparc64</a>, <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a>, and other 64-bit platforms support.<a href="#cite_note-:16-35">[34]</a> Furthermore, it added new <a href="/wiki/File_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="File systems">file systems</a> including <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> read-only capability.<a href="#cite_note-:16-35">[34]</a> In 1999, IBM published its patches to the Linux 2.2.13 code for the support of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/390" title="IBM System/390">S/390</a> architecture.<a href="#cite_note-df5gk-36">[35]</a> Version 2.4.0, released on 4 January 2001,<a href="#cite_note-2.4.0_release-37">[36]</a> contained support for <a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a> <a href="/wiki/Plug_and_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug and Play">Plug and Play</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Cards</a>. Linux 2.4 added support for the <a href="/wiki/Pentium_4" title="Pentium 4">Pentium 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a> (the latter introduced the <a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">ia64</a> ISA that was jointly developed by Intel and Hewlett-Packard to supersede the older <a href="/wiki/PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a>), and for the newer <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">64-bit MIPS</a> processor.<a href="#cite_note-WWOL24-38">[37]</a> Development for 2.4.x changed a bit in that more features were made available throughout the series, including support for <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">Logical Volume Manager</a> (LVM) version 1, <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> support, <a href="/wiki/InterMezzo_(file_system)" title="InterMezzo (file system)">InterMezzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a> file systems. Version 2.6.0 was released on 17 December 2003.<a href="#cite_note-2.6.0_release-39">[38]</a> The development for 2.6.x changed further towards including new features throughout the series. Among the changes that have been made in the 2.6 series are: integration of <a href="/wiki/%CE%9CClinux" title="ΜClinux">μClinux</a> into the mainline kernel sources, <a href="/wiki/Physical_Address_Extension" title="Physical Address Extension">PAE</a> support, support for several new lines of <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPUs</a>, integration of Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) into the mainline kernel sources, support for up to 232 users (up from 216), support for up to 229 process IDs (64-bit only, 32-bit architectures still limited to 215),<a href="#cite_note-Lguxu-40">[39]</a> substantially increased the number of device types and the number of devices of each type, improved <a href="/wiki/64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> support, support for <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a> which support file sizes of up to 16 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a>, in-kernel <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">preemption</a>, support for the <a href="/wiki/Native_POSIX_Thread_Library" title="Native POSIX Thread Library">Native POSIX Thread Library</a> (NPTL), <a href="/wiki/User-mode_Linux" title="User-mode Linux">User-mode Linux</a> integration into the mainline kernel sources, <a href="/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux" title="Security-Enhanced Linux">SELinux</a> integration into the mainline kernel sources, <a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a> support, and considerably more. Starting with 2.6.x releases, the kernel supported a large number of file systems; some designed for Linux, like <a href="/wiki/Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rY8Ml-41">[40]</a> and others native to other operating systems like <a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a>, Minix, <a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">Irix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_V" class="mw-redirect" title="System V">System V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> and <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fred_Hantelmann_2016_1%E2%80%932-42">[41]</a> Though development had not used a <a href="/wiki/Version_control" title="Version control">version control system</a> thus far, in 2002, Linux developers adopted <a href="/wiki/BitKeeper" title="BitKeeper">BitKeeper</a>, which was made freely available to them even though it was not <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>. In 2005, because of efforts to <a href="/wiki/Reverse-engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse-engineer">reverse-engineer</a> it, the company which owned the software revoked its support of the Linux community. In response, Torvalds and others wrote <a href="/wiki/Git_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Git (software)">Git</a>. The new system was written within weeks, and in two months the first official kernel made using it was released.<a href="#cite_note-0eXeT-43">[42]</a> In 2005 the stable team was formed as a response to the lack of a kernel tree where people could work on <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bug fixes</a>, and it would keep updating stable versions.<a href="#cite_note-2.6.16-longterm-44">[43]</a> In February 2008 the linux-next tree was created to serve as a place where patches aimed to be merged during the next development cycle gathered.<a href="#cite_note-zZKMh-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-CY4pJ-46">[45]</a> Several subsystem maintainers also adopted the suffix -next for trees containing code which they mean to submit for inclusion in the next release cycle. As of January 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit">[update]</a>, the in-development version of Linux is held in an unstable branch named linux-next.<a href="#cite_note-4hjhG-47">[46]</a> The 20th anniversary of Linux was celebrated by Torvalds in July 2011 with the release of version 3.0.0.<a href="#cite_note-Christine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum_2016_108-30">[29]</a> As 2.6 had been the version number for 8 years, a new uname26 personality that reports 3.x as 2.6.40+x had to be added to the kernel so that old programs would work.<a href="#cite_note-To3tT-48">[47]</a> Version 3.0 was released on 22 July 2011.<a href="#cite_note-3.0_release-49">[48]</a> On 30 May 2011, Torvalds announced that the big change was "NOTHING. Absolutely nothing." and asked, "...let's make sure we really make the next release not just an all new shiny number, but a good kernel too."<a href="#cite_note-q0tsu-50">[49]</a> After the expected 6–7 weeks of the development process, it would be released near the 20th anniversary of Linux. On 11 December 2012, Torvalds decided to reduce kernel complexity by removing support for <a href="/wiki/I386" title="I386">i386</a> processors—specifically by not having to <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulate</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic (computer science)">atomic</a> <a href="/wiki/X86_instruction_listings#Added_with_80486" title="X86 instruction listings">CMPXCHG</a> instruction introduced with the <a href="/wiki/I486" title="I486">i486</a> to allow reliable <a href="/wiki/Mutex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutex">mutexes</a>—making the 3.7 kernel series the last one still supporting the original processor.<a href="#cite_note-KPoEx-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-l9vgy-53">[52]</a> The same series unified support for the <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> processor.<a href="#cite_note-0lwal-54">[53]</a> The numbering change from 2.6.39 to 3.0, and from 3.19 to 4.0, involved no meaningful technical differentiation; the major version number was increased simply to avoid large minor numbers.<a href="#cite_note-3.0_release-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-4.0_release-55">[54]</a> Stable 3.x.y kernels were released until 3.19 in February 2015. Version 3.11, released on 2 September 2013,<a href="#cite_note-3.11.0_release-56">[55]</a> added many new features such as new <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>O_TMPFILE flag for <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manned.org/open.2">open(2)</a></code> to reduce temporary file vulnerabilities, experimental AMD <a href="/wiki/Radeon" title="Radeon">Radeon</a> dynamic power management, low-latency network polling, and <a href="/wiki/Zswap" title="Zswap">zswap</a> (compressed swap cache).<a href="#cite_note-n7jTp-57">[56]</a> In April 2015, Torvalds released kernel version 4.0.<a href="#cite_note-Christine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum_2016_108-30">[29]</a> By February 2015, Linux had received contributions from nearly 12,000 programmers from more than 1,200 companies, including some of the world's largest software and hardware vendors.<a href="#cite_note-3eoKz-58">[57]</a> Version 4.1 of Linux, released in June 2015, contains over 19.5 million lines of code contributed by almost 14,000 programmers.<a href="#cite_note-lx7F0-59">[58]</a> Linus Torvalds announced that kernel version 4.22 would instead be numbered 5.0 in March 2019, stating that "'5.0' doesn't mean anything more than that the 4.x numbers started getting big enough that I ran out of fingers and toes."<a href="#cite_note-:17-60">[59]</a> It featured many major additions such as support for the AMD Radeon <a href="/wiki/FreeSync" title="FreeSync">FreeSync</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">NVIDIA</a> Xavier display, fixes for <a href="/wiki/F2FS" title="F2FS">F2FS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">EXT4</a> and <a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a>, restored support for swap files on the <a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a> <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> and continued work on the <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_Lake_(microprocessor)" title="Ice Lake (microprocessor)">Icelake</a> Gen11 graphics and on the <a href="/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors" title="NXP Semiconductors">NXP</a> <a href="/wiki/I.MX" title="I.MX">i.MX8</a> SoCs.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> This release was noticeably larger than the rest, Torvalds mentioning that "The overall changes for all of the 5.0 release are much bigger."<a href="#cite_note-:17-60">[59]</a> A total of 1,991 developers, of whom 334 were first-time collaborators, added more than 553,000 lines of code to version 5.8, breaking the record previously held by version 4.9.<a href="#cite_note-xkq10-63">[62]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Popularity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share of operating systems</a></div> According to the Stack Overflow's annual Developer Survey of 2019, more than the 53% of all respondents have developed software for <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and about 27% for <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MqCDa-64">[63]</a> although only about 25% develop with Linux-based operating systems.<a href="#cite_note-sXZWF-65">[64]</a> Most websites run on <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux-based operating systems</a>,<a href="#cite_note-vjxfE-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-qUSpE-67">[66]</a> and all of the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">world's 500 most powerful supercomputers</a> use some form of OS based on Linux.<a href="#cite_note-top500stats2-68">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux_distributions" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux distributions">Linux distributions</a> bundle the kernel with <a href="/wiki/System_software" title="System software">system software</a> (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/GNU_C_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C Library">GNU C Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> <a href="/wiki/Utility_software" title="Utility software">utilities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">daemons</a>) and a wide selection of <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a>, but their <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_desktop_operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Usage share of desktop operating systems">usage share</a> in desktops is low in comparison to other operating systems. Since <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, which is Linux, accounts for the majority of mobile device operating systems,<a href="#cite_note-OVx4S-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-oQC5P-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-2c2eU-71">[70]</a> and due to its rising use in <a href="/wiki/Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">embedded devices</a>, Android is significantly responsible for rising use of Linux overall.<a href="#cite_note-Fred_Hantelmann_2016_16-22">[21]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Value">Value</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Value" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png/220px-Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="574"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png/220px-Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png/330px-Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png/440px-Redevelopment_costs_of_Linux_kernel.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Redevelopment costs of Linux kernel</figcaption></figure> The cost to redevelop version 2.6.0 of the Linux kernel in a traditional proprietary development setting has been estimated to be US$612 million (€467M, £394M) in 2004 prices using the <a href="/wiki/COCOMO" title="COCOMO">COCOMO</a> person-month estimation model.<a href="#cite_note-a4RtJ-72">[71]</a> In 2006, a study funded by the European Union put the redevelopment cost of kernel version 2.6.8 higher, at €882M ($1.14bn, £744M).<a href="#cite_note-yORjV-73">[72]</a> This topic was revisited in October 2008 by Amanda McPherson, Brian Proffitt, and Ron Hale-Evans. Using David A. Wheeler's methodology, they estimated redevelopment of the 2.6.25 kernel now costs $1.3bn (part of a total $10.8bn to redevelop Fedora 9).<a href="#cite_note-e80cn-74">[73]</a> Again, Garcia-Garcia and Alonso de Magdaleno from University of Oviedo (Spain) estimate that the value annually added to kernel was about €100M between 2005 and 2007 and €225M in 2008, it would cost also more than €1bn (about $1.4bn as of February 2010) to develop in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-mvmLl-75">[74]</a> As of 7 March 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit">[update]</a>, using then-current <a href="/wiki/Source_lines_of_code" title="Source lines of code">LOC</a> (lines of code) of a 2.6.x Linux kernel and wage numbers with David A. Wheeler's calculations it would cost approximately $3bn (about €2.2bn) to redevelop the Linux kernel as it keeps getting bigger. An updated calculation as of 26 September 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit">[update]</a>, using then-current 20,088,609 LOC (lines of code) for the 4.14.14 Linux kernel and the current US national average programmer salary of $75,506 show that it would cost approximately $14,725,449,000 (£11,191,341,000) to rewrite the existing code.<a href="#cite_note-rjeGU-76">[75]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Most who use Linux do so via a <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a>. Some distributions ship the vanilla or stable kernel. However, several vendors (such as <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>) maintain a customized source tree. These are usually updated at a slower pace than the vanilla branch, and they usually include all fixes from the relevant stable branch, but at the same time they can also add support for drivers or features which had not been released in the vanilla version the distribution vendor started basing its branch from. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Developers">Developers</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Developers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community">Community</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Community" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> </div></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:602px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:600px;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1050355024">.mw-parser-output .stackedbar{border:1px solid grey;height:10px;width:100%;line-height:0;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .StackedBarTemplate>div:first-child{font-size:14px;width:100%;text-align:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .StackedBarTemplate>div:first-child>div>span{padding:0.15em}.mw-parser-output .StackedBarTemplate_lean>div:first-child>div{transform:translateX(1em)rotate(200deg)}.mw-parser-output .StackedBarTemplate_lean>div:first-child>div>span{text-align:left;writing-mode:vertical-rl}.mw-parser-output .StackedBarTemplate_vertical>div:first-child>div{transform:rotate(180deg)}.mw-parser-output .StackedBarTemplate_vertical>div:first-child>div>span{text-align:left;writing-mode:vertical-rl}</style> <div class="StackedBarTemplate StackedBarTemplate_lean"><div style="max-height: 8em"> <div style="flex:13.1"><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a></div><div style="flex:8.2">None</div><div style="flex:7.2"><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a></div><div style="flex:5.6"><a href="/wiki/Linaro" title="Linaro">Linaro</a></div><div style="flex:4.1">Unknown</div><div style="flex:4.1"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></div><div style="flex:3.3">Consultants</div><div style="flex:3.2"><a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a></div><div style="flex:3">SUSE</div><div style="flex:3">Google</div><div style="flex:45.2">nearly 500 other companies</div> </div> <table class="stackedbar" cellspacing="1" style="height:18px"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:0px; background: #0072c6; width: 13.1%" title=""> </td> <td style="font-size:0px; background: #ccc; width: 8.2%" title=""> </td> <td style="font-size:0px; background: #e00; width: 7.2%" title=""> </td> <td style="font-size:0px; background: #96c72e; width: 5.6%" title=""> </td> <td style="font-size:0px; background: #ccc; width: 4.1%" title=""> </td> <td style="font-size:0px; background: #1870c0; width: 4.1%" title=""> </td> <td style="font-size:0px; background: #ccc; width: 3.3%" title=""> </td> <td style="font-size:0px; background: #004da4; width: 3.2%" title=""> </td> <td style="font-size:0px; background: #30BA78; width: 3%" title=""> </td> <td style="font-size:0px; background: #fbbc05; width: 3%" title=""> </td> <td style="font-size:0px; background: #eee; width: 45.2%" title=""> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Corporate affiliation of contributions to the Linux kernel, 4.8–4.13<a href="#cite_note-bXrVc-78">[77]</a></div></div></div> The community of Linux kernel developers comprises about 5000–6000 members. According to the "2017 State of Linux Kernel Development", a study issued by the Linux Foundation, covering the commits for the releases 4.8 to 4.13, about 1500 developers were contributing from about 200–250 companies on average. The top 30 developers contributed a little more than 16% of the code. For companies, the top contributors are Intel (13.1%) and Red Hat (7.2%), Linaro (5.6%), IBM (4.1%), the second and fifth places are held by the 'none' (8.2%) and 'unknown' (4.1%) categories.<a href="#cite_note-bXrVc-78">[77]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Instead of a roadmap, there are technical guidelines. Instead of a central resource allocation, there are persons and companies who all have a stake in the further development of the Linux kernel, quite independently from one another: People like Linus Torvalds and I don’t plan the kernel evolution. We don’t sit there and think up the roadmap for the next two years, then assign resources to the various new features. That's because we don’t have any resources. The resources are all owned by the various corporations who use and contribute to Linux, as well as by the various independent contributors out there. It's those people who own the resources who decide...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Morton_(computer_programmer)" title="Andrew Morton (computer programmer)">Andrew Morton</a>, 2005</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict">Conflict</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conflict" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Notable conflicts among Linux kernel developers: <ul><li>In July 2007, <a href="/wiki/Con_Kolivas" title="Con Kolivas">Con Kolivas</a> announced that he would cease developing for the Linux kernel.<a href="#cite_note-ConKolivas-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-hbWwd-80">[79]</a></li> <li>In July 2009, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cox_(computer_programmer)" title="Alan Cox (computer programmer)">Alan Cox</a> quit his role as the <a href="/wiki/Tty_(Unix)" title="Tty (Unix)">TTY</a> layer maintainer after disagreement with Torvalds.<a href="#cite_note-Cqshf-81">[80]</a></li> <li>In December 2010, there was a discussion between Linux SCSI maintainer James Bottomley and SCST maintainer Vladislav Bolkhovitin about which SCSI target stack should be included in the Linux kernel.<a href="#cite_note-LnsQz-82">[81]</a> This made some Linux users upset.<a href="#cite_note-mvbGZ-83">[82]</a></li> <li>In June 2012, Torvalds made it very clear that he did not agree with <a href="/wiki/NVIDIA" class="mw-redirect" title="NVIDIA">NVIDIA</a> releasing its drivers as closed.<a href="#cite_note-TYyez-84">[83]</a></li> <li>In April 2014, Torvalds banned <a href="/wiki/Kay_Sievers" title="Kay Sievers">Kay Sievers</a> from submitting patches to the Linux kernel for failing to deal with <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bugs</a> that caused <a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a> to negatively interact with the kernel.<a href="#cite_note-SkO7Y-85">[84]</a></li> <li>In October 2014, <a href="/wiki/Lennart_Poettering" title="Lennart Poettering">Lennart Poettering</a> accused Torvalds of tolerating the rough discussion style on Linux kernel related mailing lists and of being a bad role model.<a href="#cite_note-LWM1n-86">[85]</a></li> <li>In March 2015, Christoph Hellwig filed a lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a> for infringement of the copyright on the Linux kernel.<a href="#cite_note-vMANt-87">[86]</a> Linus Torvalds made it clear that he did not agree with this and similar initiatives by calling lawyers a festering disease.<a href="#cite_note-7mJER-88">[87]</a></li> <li>In April 2021, a team from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> was found to be submitting "bad faith" patches to the kernel as part of its research. This resulted in the immediate reversion of all patches ever submitted by a member of the university. In addition, a warning was issued by a senior maintainer that any future patch from the university would be rejected on sight.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></li></ul> Prominent Linux kernel developers have been aware of the importance of avoiding conflicts between developers.<a href="#cite_note-zcauf-91">[90]</a> For a long time there was no code of conduct for kernel developers due to opposition by Torvalds.<a href="#cite_note-Dfxum-92">[91]</a> However, a Linux Kernel Code of Conflict was introduced on 8 March 2015.<a href="#cite_note-a51oD-93">[92]</a> It was replaced on 16 September 2018 by a new Code of Conduct based on the <a href="/wiki/Contributor_Covenant" title="Contributor Covenant">Contributor Covenant</a>. This coincided with a public apology by Torvalds and a brief break from kernel development.<a href="#cite_note-gluP1-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-bLQrs-95">[94]</a> On 30 November 2018, complying with the Code of Conduct, Jarkko Sakkinen of Intel sent out patches replacing instances of "fuck" appearing in source code comments with suitable versions focused on the word 'hug'.<a href="#cite_note-6hCGb-96">[95]</a> Developers who feel treated unfairly can report this to the <a href="/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a> Technical Advisory Board.<a href="#cite_note-9XiLD-97">[96]</a> In July 2013, the maintainer of the USB 3.0 driver <a href="/wiki/Sage_Sharp" title="Sage Sharp">Sage Sharp</a> asked Torvalds to address the abusive commentary in the kernel development community. In 2014, Sharp backed out of Linux kernel development, saying that "The focus on technical excellence, in combination with overloaded maintainers, and people with different cultural and social norms, means that Linux kernel maintainers are often blunt, rude, or brutal to get their job done".<a href="#cite_note-XFXHf-98">[97]</a> At the linux.conf.au (LCA) conference in 2018, developers expressed the view that the culture of the community has gotten much better in the past few years. Daniel Vetter, the maintainer of the Intel drm/i915 graphics kernel driver, commented that the "rather violent language and discussion" in the kernel community has decreased or disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-R8yIB-99">[98]</a> Laurent Pinchart asked developers for feedback on their experiences with the kernel community at the 2017 Embedded Linux Conference Europe. The issues brought up were discussed a few days later at the Maintainers Summit. Concerns over the lack of consistency in how maintainers responded to patches submitted by developers were echoed by <a href="/wiki/Shuah_Khan" title="Shuah Khan">Shuah Khan</a>, the maintainer of the kernel self-test framework. Torvalds contended that there would never be consistency in the handling of patches because different kernel subsystems have, over time, adopted different development processes. Therefore, it was agreed upon that each kernel subsystem maintainer would document the rules for patch acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-I88RB-100">[99]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Linux is evolution, not <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a>!<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Linus Torvalds, 2005<a href="#cite_note-dk5Lm-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-BSPdA-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-mv11e-103">[102]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codebase">Codebase</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Codebase" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The kernel source code, a.k.a. source tree, is managed in the <a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a> <a href="/wiki/Version_control_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Version control system">version control system</a> – also created by Torvalds.<a href="#cite_note-eL0QP-104">[103]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit">[update]</a>, the 5.11 release of the Linux kernel had around 30.34 million lines of code. Roughly 14% of the code is part of the "core," including architecture-specific code, kernel code, and mm[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] code, while 60% is drivers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions">Contributions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contributions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Contributions are submitted as patches, in the form of text messages on the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_mailing_list" title="Linux kernel mailing list">Linux kernel mailing list</a> (LKML) (and often also on other mailing lists dedicated to particular subsystems). The patches must conform to a set of rules and to a formal language that, among other things, describes which lines of code are to be deleted and what others are to be added to the specified files. These patches can be automatically processed so that system administrators can apply them in order to make just some changes to the code or to incrementally upgrade to the next version.<a href="#cite_note-vRGYk-105">[104]</a> Linux is distributed also in <a href="/wiki/GNU_zip" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU zip">GNU zip</a> (gzip) and <a href="/wiki/Bzip2" title="Bzip2">bzip2</a> formats. A developer who wants to change the Linux kernel writes and tests a code change. Depending on how significant the change is and how many subsystems it modifies, the change will either be submitted as a single patch or in multiple patches of <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>. In case of a single subsystem that is maintained by a single maintainer, these patches are sent as e-mails to the maintainer of the subsystem with the appropriate mailing list in Cc. The maintainer and the readers of the mailing list will review the patches and provide feedback. Once the review process has finished the subsystem maintainer accepts the patches in the relevant <a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a> kernel tree. If the changes to the Linux kernel are bug fixes that are considered important enough, a pull request for the patches will be sent to Torvalds within a few days. Otherwise, a pull request will be sent to Torvalds during the next merge window. The merge window usually lasts two weeks and starts immediately after the release of the previous kernel version.<a href="#cite_note-nOVy6-106">[105]</a> The Git kernel source tree names all developers who have contributed to the Linux kernel in the Credits directory and all subsystem maintainers are listed in Maintainers.<a href="#cite_note-45qbF-107">[106]</a> As with many large open-source software projects, developers are required to adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Contributor_Covenant" title="Contributor Covenant">Contributor Covenant</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">code of conduct</a> intended to address harassment of minority contributors.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Additionally, to prevent offense the use of <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_language" title="Inclusive language">inclusive terminology</a> within the source code is mandated.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programming_language">Programming language</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Programming language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rust_for_Linux" title="Rust for Linux">Rust for Linux</a></div> Linux is written in a special <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a> supported by <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a>, a compiler that extends the C standard in many ways, for example using <a href="/wiki/Inline_assembler" title="Inline assembler">inline sections of code</a> written in the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> (in GCC's "AT&T-style" syntax) of the target architecture. In September 2021, the GCC version requirement for compiling and building the Linux kernel increased from GCC 4.9 to 5.1, allowing the potential for the kernel to be moved from using C code based on the <a href="/wiki/ANSI_C#C89" title="ANSI C">C89</a> standard to using code written with the <a href="/wiki/C11_(C_standard_revision)" title="C11 (C standard revision)">C11</a> standard,<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> with the migration to the standard taking place in March 2022, with the release of Linux 5.18.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Initial support for the <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> programming language was added in Linux 6.1<a href="#cite_note-rust-4">[4]</a> which was released in December 2022,<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> with later kernel versions, such as Linux 6.2 and Linux 6.3, further improving the support.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coding_style">Coding style</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coding style" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since 2002, code must adhere to the 21 rules comprising the Linux Kernel Coding Style.<a href="#cite_note-tJSfW-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-EugD6-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versioning">Versioning</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Versioning" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As for most software, the kernel is versioned as a series of dot-separated numbers. For early versions, the version consisted of three or four dot-separated numbers called major release, minor release and revision.<a href="#cite_note-LoveRobert2010-12">[11]</a>: 9 At that time, odd-numbered minor releases were for development and testing, while even numbered minor releases for production. The optional fourth digit indicated a patch level.<a href="#cite_note-Christine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum_2016_107-19">[18]</a> Development releases were indicated with a release candidate suffix (-rc). The current versioning conventions are different. The odd/even number implying dev/prod has been dropped, and a major version is indicated by the first two numbers together. While the time-frame is open for the development of the next major, the -rcN suffix is used to identify the n'th release candidate for the next version.<a href="#cite_note-:2-118">[117]</a> For example, the release of the version 4.16 was preceded by seven 4.16-rcN (from -rc1 to -rc7). Once a stable version is released, its maintenance is passed to the stable team. Updates to a stable release are identified by a three-number scheme (e.g., 4.16.1, 4.16.2, ...).<a href="#cite_note-:2-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toolchain">Toolchain</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Toolchain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The kernel is usually built with the <a href="/wiki/GNU_toolchain" title="GNU toolchain">GNU toolchain</a>. The GNU C compiler, GNU cc, part of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (GCC), is the default <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> for mainline Linux. Sequencing is handled by GNU <a href="/wiki/Make_(Unix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Make (Unix)">make</a>. The <a href="/wiki/GNU_Assembler" title="GNU Assembler">GNU Assembler</a> (often called GAS or GNU as) outputs the <a href="/wiki/Object_file" title="Object file">object files</a> from the GCC generated <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly</a> code. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/GNU_linker" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU linker">GNU Linker</a> (GNU ld) produces a statically linked executable kernel file called <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Vmlinux" title="Vmlinux">vmlinux</a>. Both <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">as and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">ld are part of <a href="/wiki/GNU_Binary_Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Binary Utilities">GNU Binary Utilities</a> (binutils). GNU cc was for a long time the only compiler capable of correctly building Linux. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> claimed to have modified the kernel so that <a href="/wiki/Intel_C%2B%2B_Compiler" title="Intel C++ Compiler">its C compiler</a> was also capable of compiling it.<a href="#cite_note-yXTuf-119">[118]</a> There was another such reported success in 2009, with a modified 2.6.22 version.<a href="#cite_note-y2O2m-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-CdkkU-121">[120]</a> Support for the Intel compiler has been dropped in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Since 2010, effort has been underway to build Linux with <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a>, an alternative compiler for the C language;<a href="#cite_note-ksPmC-123">[122]</a> as of 12 April 2014, the official kernel could almost be compiled by Clang.<a href="#cite_note-05DS8-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-QlWNo-125">[124]</a> The project dedicated to this effort is named LLVMLinux after the <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> compiler infrastructure upon which Clang is built.<a href="#cite_note-CMJPf-126">[125]</a> LLVMLinux does not aim to fork either Linux or the LLVM, therefore it is a meta-project composed of patches that are eventually submitted to the upstream projects. By enabling Linux to be compiled by Clang, developers may benefit from shorter compilation times.<a href="#cite_note-dl3QL-127">[126]</a> In 2017, developers completed upstreaming patches to support building the Linux kernel with <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a> in the 4.15 release, having <a href="/wiki/Backporting" title="Backporting">backported</a> support for <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">X86-64</a> and <a href="/wiki/AArch64" title="AArch64">AArch64</a> to the 4.4, 4.9, and 4.14 branches of the stable kernel tree. Google's <a href="/wiki/Pixel_2" title="Pixel 2">Pixel 2</a> shipped with the first <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a> built <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> kernel,<a href="#cite_note-9uQ4P-128">[127]</a> though patches for <a href="/wiki/Pixel_(1st_generation)" title="Pixel (1st generation)">Pixel (1st generation)</a> did exist.<a href="#cite_note-6Qqwa-129">[128]</a> 2018 saw <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a> move to building kernels with <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a> by default,<a href="#cite_note-G7ATP-130">[129]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android (operating system)</a> made <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a><a href="#cite_note-Rc53w-131">[130]</a> and <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>'s linker LLD<a href="#cite_note-VI8HH-132">[131]</a> required for kernel builds in 2019. <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> moved its production kernel used throughout its datacenters to being built with <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-1XmKl-133">[132]</a> Today, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clangbuiltlinux.github.io/">ClangBuiltLinux</a> group coordinates fixes to both <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> to ensure compatibility, both composed of members from LLVMLinux and having upstreamed patches from LLVMLinux. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debugging">Debugging</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Debugging" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/KGDB" title="KGDB">KGDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kernel_panic" title="Kernel panic">Kernel panic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">Linux kernel oops</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kernel-panic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kernel-panic.jpg/220px-Kernel-panic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1706"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kernel-panic.jpg/220px-Kernel-panic.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kernel-panic.jpg/330px-Kernel-panic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kernel-panic.jpg/440px-Kernel-panic.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Linux kernel panic output</figcaption></figure> As with any software, problems with the Linux kernel can be difficult to <a href="/wiki/Troubleshoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Troubleshoot">troubleshoot</a>. Common challenges relate to userspace vs. kernel space access, misuse of synchronization primitives, and incorrect hardware management.<a href="#cite_note-LoveRobert2010-12">[11]</a>: 364 An <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">oops</a> is a non-fatal error in the kernel. After such an error, operations continue with suspect reliability.<a href="#cite_note-z2qVY-134">[133]</a> A panic (generated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_panic" title="Kernel panic">panic()</a>) is a fatal error. After such an error, the kernel prints a message and halts the computer.<a href="#cite_note-LoveRobert2010-12">[11]</a>: 371 The kernel provides for debugging by printing via <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Printk" title="Printk">printk</a>() which stores messages in a circular buffer (overwriting older entries with newer). The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">syslog(2) system call provides for reading and clearing the message buffer and for setting the maximum log level of the messages to be sent to the console.<a href="#cite_note-a2s1L-135">[134]</a> Kernel messages are also exported to userland through the /dev/kmsg interface.<a href="#cite_note-2qZWO-136">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ftrace" title="Ftrace">ftrace</a> mechanism allow for debugging by tracing. It is used for monitoring and debugging Linux at runtime and it can analyze user space latencies due to kernel misbehavior.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zi5c2-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-l6A6o-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-smtxG-140">[139]</a> Furthermore, ftrace allows users to trace Linux at boot-time.<a href="#cite_note-LM95V-141">[140]</a> kprobes and kretprobes can break into kernel execution (like debuggers in userspace) and collect information non-disruptively.<a href="#cite_note-cvH1K-142">[141]</a> kprobes can be inserted into code at (almost) any address, while kretprobes work at function return. uprobes have similar purposes but they also have some differences in usage and implementation.<a href="#cite_note-RQ9e7-143">[142]</a> With <a href="/wiki/KGDB" title="KGDB">KGDB</a> Linux can be debugged in much the same way as userspace programs. KGDB requires an additional machine that runs <a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger#Remote_debugging" title="GNU Debugger">GDB</a> and that is connected to the target to be debugged using a <a href="/wiki/Serial_cable" title="Serial cable">serial cable</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6e5gH-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Change_process">Change process</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Change process" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Linux kernel project integrates new code on a rolling basis. Standard operating procedure is that software checked into the project must work and <a href="/wiki/Compiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiling">compile</a> without error. Each kernel subsystem is assigned a maintainer who is responsible for reviewing patches against the kernel code standards and keeping a queue of patches that can be submitted to Torvalds within a merge window that is usually several weeks. Patches are merged by Torvalds into the source code of the prior stable Linux kernel release, creating the release candidate (-rc) for the next stable release. Once the merge window is closed, only fixes to the new code in the development release are accepted. The -rc development release of the kernel goes through <a href="/wiki/Regression_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Regression tests">regression testing</a> and once it is considered stable by Torvalds and the subsystem maintainers, a new version is released and the development process starts over again.<a href="#cite_note-0v6Bk-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainline_Linux">Mainline Linux</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mainline Linux" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Git tree that contains the Linux kernel source code is referred to as mainline Linux. Every stable kernel release originates from the mainline tree,<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> and is frequently published on <a href="/wiki/Kernel.org" title="Kernel.org">kernel.org</a>. Mainline Linux has only solid support for a small subset of the many devices that run Linux. Non-mainline support is provided by independent projects, such as <a href="/wiki/Yocto_Project" title="Yocto Project">Yocto</a> or <a href="/wiki/Linaro" title="Linaro">Linaro</a>, but in many cases the kernel from the device vendor is needed.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Using a vendor kernel likely requires a <a href="/wiki/Board_support_package" title="Board support package">board support package</a>. Maintaining a kernel tree outside of mainline Linux has proven to be difficult.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Mainlining refers to the effort of adding support for a device to the mainline kernel,<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> while there was formerly only support in a fork or no support at all. This usually includes adding drivers or <a href="/wiki/Device_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Device tree">device tree</a> files. When this is finished, the feature or security fix is considered mainlined.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linux-like_kernel">Linux-like kernel</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Linux-like kernel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The maintainer of the stable branch, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a>, has applied the term Linux-like to <a href="/wiki/Downstream_(software_development)" title="Downstream (software development)">downstream</a> kernel forks by vendors that add millions of lines of code to the mainline kernel.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> stated that it wanted to use the mainline Linux kernel in <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> so the number of kernel forks would be reduced.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> The term Linux-like has also been applied to the <a href="/wiki/Embeddable_Linux_Kernel_Subset" title="Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset">Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset</a>, which does not include the full mainline Linux kernel but a small modified subset of the code.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linux_forks">Linux forks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Linux forks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipod_linux_booting_kernel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ipod_linux_booting_kernel.jpg/220px-Ipod_linux_booting_kernel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="798"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 251px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ipod_linux_booting_kernel.jpg/220px-Ipod_linux_booting_kernel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="251" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ipod_linux_booting_kernel.jpg/330px-Ipod_linux_booting_kernel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ipod_linux_booting_kernel.jpg/440px-Ipod_linux_booting_kernel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a> booting <a href="/wiki/IPodLinux" title="IPodLinux">iPodLinux</a> </figcaption></figure> There are certain communities that develop kernels based on the official Linux. Some interesting bits of code from these <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a> that include <a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compute_Node_Linux" title="Compute Node Linux">Compute Node Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/INK_(operating_system)" title="INK (operating system)">INK</a>, <a href="/wiki/L4Linux" title="L4Linux">L4Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/RTLinux" title="RTLinux">RTLinux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/User-mode_Linux" title="User-mode Linux">User-Mode Linux</a> (UML) have been merged into the mainline.<a href="#cite_note-jhbmr-154">[153]</a> Some operating systems developed for mobile phones initially used heavily modified versions of Linux, including Google <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a>, HP <a href="/wiki/WebOS" title="WebOS">webOS</a>, Nokia <a href="/wiki/Maemo" title="Maemo">Maemo</a> and Jolla <a href="/wiki/Sailfish_OS" title="Sailfish OS">Sailfish OS</a>. In 2010, the Linux community criticised Google for effectively starting its own kernel tree:<a href="#cite_note-CFIB9-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-s6out-156">[155]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This means that any drivers written for Android hardware platforms, can not get merged into the main kernel tree because they have dependencies on code that only lives in Google's kernel tree, causing it to fail to build in the kernel.org tree. Because of this, Google has now prevented a large chunk of hardware drivers and platform code from ever getting merged into the main kernel tree. Effectively creating a kernel branch that a number of different vendors are now relying on.<a href="#cite_note-psD9l-157">[156]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a>, 2010</cite></div></blockquote> Today Android uses a customized Linux<a href="#cite_note-Roger_Ye_2017_14-158">[157]</a> where major changes are implemented in device drivers, but some changes to the core kernel code is required. Android developers also submit patches to the official Linux that finally can boot the Android operating system. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Nexus_7" title="Nexus 7">Nexus 7</a> can boot and run the mainline Linux.<a href="#cite_note-Roger_Ye_2017_14-158">[157]</a> At a 2001 presentation at the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>, Torvalds had this to say in response to a question about distributions of Linux using precisely the same kernel sources or not: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">They're not... well they are, and they're not. There is no single kernel. Every single distribution has their own changes. That's been going on since pretty much day one. I don't know if you may remember Yggdrasil was known for having quite extreme changes to the kernel and even today all of the major vendors have their own tweaks because they have some portion of the market they're interested in and quite frankly that's how it should be. Because if everybody expects one person, me, to be able to track everything that's not the point of GPL. That's not the point of having an open system. So actually the fact that a distribution decides that something is so important to them that they will add patches for even when it's not in the standard kernel, that's a really good sign for me. So that's for example how something like ReiserFS got added. And the reason why ReiserFS is the first journaling filesystem that was integrated in the standard kernel was not because I love Hans Reiser. It was because SUSE actually started shipping with ReiserFS as their standard kernel, which told me "ok." This is actually in production use. Normal People are doing this. They must know something I don't know. So in a very real sense what a lot of distribution houses do, they are part of this "let's make our own branch" and "let's make our changes to this." And because of the GPL, I can take the best portions of them.<a href="#cite_note-rFl9d-159">[158]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, 2001</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term_support">Long-term support</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Long-term support" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux-x86-under-qemu.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Linux-x86-under-qemu.png/290px-Linux-x86-under-qemu.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="377"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Linux-x86-under-qemu.png/290px-Linux-x86-under-qemu.png" data-width="290" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Linux-x86-under-qemu.png/435px-Linux-x86-under-qemu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Linux-x86-under-qemu.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Boot messages of a Linux kernel 2.6.25.17</figcaption></figure> The latest version and older versions are maintained separately. Most of the latest kernel releases were supervised by Torvalds.<a href="#cite_note-MAINTAINERS-160">[159]</a> The Linux kernel developer community maintains a stable kernel by applying fixes for <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">software bugs</a> that have been discovered during the development of the subsequent stable kernel. Therefore, www.kernel.org always lists two stable kernels. The next stable Linux kernel is released about 8 to 12 weeks later. Some releases are <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_version_history" title="Linux kernel version history">designated</a> for <a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">long-term support</a> as longterm with bug fix releases for two or more years.<a href="#cite_note-A6uRz-161">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Size" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some projects have attempted to reduce the size of the Linux kernel. One of them is <a href="/wiki/TinyLinux" title="TinyLinux">TinyLinux</a>. In 2014, Josh Triplett started the -tiny source tree for a reduced size version.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Architecture_and_features">Architecture and features</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Architecture and features" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vmlinux" title="Vmlinux">vmlinux</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_kernel_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Linux_kernel_map.png/290px-Linux_kernel_map.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Linux_kernel_map.png/290px-Linux_kernel_map.png" data-width="290" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Linux_kernel_map.png/435px-Linux_kernel_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Linux_kernel_map.png/580px-Linux_kernel_map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the Linux kernel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankey_Diagram_of_Linux_Kernel_Source_Lines_of_Code.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sankey_Diagram_of_Linux_Kernel_Source_Lines_of_Code.jpg/220px-Sankey_Diagram_of_Linux_Kernel_Source_Lines_of_Code.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2093" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 323px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sankey_Diagram_of_Linux_Kernel_Source_Lines_of_Code.jpg/220px-Sankey_Diagram_of_Linux_Kernel_Source_Lines_of_Code.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="323" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sankey_Diagram_of_Linux_Kernel_Source_Lines_of_Code.jpg/330px-Sankey_Diagram_of_Linux_Kernel_Source_Lines_of_Code.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sankey_Diagram_of_Linux_Kernel_Source_Lines_of_Code.jpg/440px-Sankey_Diagram_of_Linux_Kernel_Source_Lines_of_Code.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a> of Linux Kernel Source Lines of Code</figcaption></figure> Even though seemingly contradictory, the Linux kernel is both monolithic and modular. The kernel is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic kernel</a> architecturally since the entire OS runs in kernel space. The design is modular since it can be assembled from <a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">modules</a> that in some cases are loaded and unloaded at runtime.<a href="#cite_note-LoveRobert2010-12">[11]</a>: 338 <a href="#cite_note-hS5tR-166">[165]</a> It supports features once only available in closed source kernels of non-free operating systems. The rest of the article makes use of the UNIX and Unix-like operating systems convention of the <a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">manual pages</a>. The number that follows the name of a command, interface, or other feature specifies the section (i.e. the type of the OS' component or feature) it belongs to. For example <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">execve(2) refers to a system call, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">exec(3) refers to a userspace library wrapper. The following is an overview of architectural design and of noteworthy features. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a> and (with the availability of enough CPU cores for tasks that are ready to run) even <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">true parallel execution</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">processes</a> at once (each of them having one or more <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">threads of execution</a>) on <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">SMP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">NUMA</a> architectures.</li> <li>Selection and configuration of hundreds of kernel features and drivers (using one of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">make *config family of commands before building),<a href="#cite_note-:12-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-32">[31]</a> modification of kernel parameters before <a href="/wiki/Linux_boot" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux boot">boot</a> (usually by inserting instructions into the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Grub2" class="mw-redirect" title="Grub2">GRUB2</a> menu), and fine tuning of kernel behavior at run-time (using the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">sysctl(8) interface to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">/proc/sys/).<a href="#cite_note-:13-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-170">[169]</a></li> <li>Configuration (again using the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">make *config commands) and run-time modifications of the policies<a href="#cite_note-erfu2-171">[170]</a> (via <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">nice(2), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">setpriority(2), and the family of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">sched_*(2) syscalls) of the <a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">task schedulers</a> that allow <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_multitasking" class="mw-redirect" title="Preemptive multitasking">preemptive multitasking</a> (both in <a href="/wiki/User_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="User mode">user mode</a> and, since the 2.6 series, in <a href="/wiki/Kernel_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel mode">kernel mode</a><a href="#cite_note-TaqW6-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-lwn-22912-173">[172]</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Earliest_eligible_virtual_deadline_first_scheduling" title="Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling">earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling</a> (EEVDF) scheduler,<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> is the default scheduler of Linux since 2023 and it uses a <a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93black_tree" title="Red–black tree">red-black tree</a> which can search, insert and delete process information (<a href="/wiki/Task_struct" class="mw-redirect" title="Task struct">task struct</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Big_O_notation" title="Big O notation">O(log n)</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_complexity" title="Time complexity">time complexity</a>, where n is the number of runnable tasks.<a href="#cite_note-:5-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-URgZz-176">[175]</a></li> <li>Advanced <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a> with <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">paged virtual memory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">Inter-process communications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synchronization_(computer_science)" title="Synchronization (computer science)">synchronization</a> mechanism.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">virtual filesystem</a> on top of several concrete filesystems (<a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT32</a>, and many more).</li> <li>Configurable I/O schedulers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">ioctl(2)<a href="#cite_note-9FO10-177">[176]</a> syscall that manipulates the underlying device parameters of special files (it is a non standard system call, since arguments, returns, and semantics depends on the device driver in question), support for POSIX asynchronous I/O<a href="#cite_note-qp47b-178">[177]</a> (however, because they scale poorly with multithreaded applications, a family of Linux specific I/O system calls (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">io_*(2)<a href="#cite_note-Y4P9J-179">[178]</a>) had to be created for the management of asynchronous I/O contexts suitable for concurrent processing).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS-level_virtualization" title="OS-level virtualization">OS-level virtualization</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Linux-VServer" title="Linux-VServer">Linux-VServer</a>), <a href="/wiki/Paravirtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravirtualization">paravirtualization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardware-assisted_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware-assisted virtualization">hardware-assisted virtualization</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine" title="Kernel-based Virtual Machine">KVM</a> or <a href="/wiki/Xen" title="Xen">Xen</a>, and using <a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a> for hardware emulation);<a href="#cite_note-bn0PK-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-XJFnS-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-XTTHB-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-nE2IA-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-RUx2A-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-sPn6b-185">[184]</a> On the Xen <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisor</a>, the Linux kernel provides support to build Linux distributions (such as openSUSE Leap and many others) that work as Dom0, that are virtual machine host servers that provide the management environment for the user's virtual machines (DomU).<a href="#cite_note-W3Q0w-186">[185]</a></li> <li>I/O Virtualization with <a href="/wiki/VFIO" class="mw-redirect" title="VFIO">VFIO</a> and <a href="/wiki/SR-IOV" class="mw-redirect" title="SR-IOV">SR-IOV</a>. Virtual Function I/O (VFIO) exposes direct device access to user space in a secure memory (IOMMU) protected environment. With VFIO, a VM Guest can directly access hardware devices on the VM Host Server. This technique improves performance, if compared both to Full virtualization and Paravirtualization. However, with VFIO, devices cannot be shared with multiple VM guests. Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) combines the performance gains of VFIO and the ability to share a device with several VM Guests (but it requires special hardware that must be capable to appear to two or more VM guests as different devices).<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a></li> <li>Security mechanisms for <a href="/wiki/Discretionary_access_control" title="Discretionary access control">discretionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_access_control" title="Mandatory access control">mandatory access control</a> (SELinux, AppArmor, POSIX <a href="/wiki/Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">ACLs</a>, and others).<a href="#cite_note-:3-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-189">[188]</a></li> <li>Several types of layered <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocols</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_multiprocessing" title="Asymmetric multiprocessing">Asymmetric multiprocessing</a> via the <a href="/wiki/RPMsg" title="RPMsg">RPMsg</a> subsystem.</li></ul> Most <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a> and kernel extensions run in <a href="/wiki/Kernel_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel space">kernel space</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ring_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring (computer security)">ring 0</a> in many <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> <a href="/wiki/CPU_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU architecture">architectures</a>), with full access to the hardware. Some exceptions run in <a href="/wiki/User_space" class="mw-redirect" title="User space">user space</a>; notable examples are filesystems based on <a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a>/CUSE, and parts of UIO.<a href="#cite_note-26Lbl-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-glzLY-191">[190]</a> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wayland_(display_server_protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayland (display server protocol)">Wayland</a>, the windowing system and display server protocols that most people use with Linux, do not run within the kernel. Differently, the actual interfacing with <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPUs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">graphics cards</a> is an in-kernel subsystem called <a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">Direct Rendering Manager</a> (DRM). Unlike standard monolithic kernels, device drivers are easily configured as <a href="/wiki/Module_(Linux)" class="mw-redirect" title="Module (Linux)">modules</a>, and loaded or unloaded while the system is running and can also be pre-empted under certain conditions in order to handle <a href="/wiki/Hardware_interrupt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware interrupt">hardware interrupts</a> correctly and to better support <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">symmetric multiprocessing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lwn-22912-173">[172]</a> By choice, Linux has no stable device driver <a href="/wiki/Application_binary_interface" title="Application binary interface">application binary interface</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stable-api-nonsense2-192">[191]</a> Linux typically makes use of <a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">memory protection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> and can also handle <a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">non-uniform memory access</a>,<a href="#cite_note-qKe5b-193">[192]</a> however the project has absorbed <a href="/wiki/%CE%9CClinux" title="ΜClinux">μClinux</a> which also makes it possible to run Linux on <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a> without virtual memory.<a href="#cite_note-xWtQ7-194">[193]</a> The hardware is represented in the file hierarchy. User applications interact with device drivers via entries in the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Devfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Devfs">/dev</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki//sys" class="mw-redirect" title="/sys">/sys</a> directories.<a href="#cite_note-tldp_file-195">[194]</a> Process information is mapped into the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Procfs" title="Procfs">/proc</a> directory.<a href="#cite_note-tldp_file-195">[194]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1245122290">.mw-parser-output .linux-layers{border:none;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-sys{background-color:#def;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-other{background-color:#fffdd0;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-cstd{background-color:#dfd;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-kernel{background-color:#ffb7b7;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-hw{background-color:#ffd99c;color:#202122}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .linux-layers{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:75%}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-width10{width:10%}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-width15{width:15%}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-width30{width:30%}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-width80{width:80%}}</style> <table class="wikitable linux-layers"> <caption>Various layers within Linux, also showing separation between the <a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">userland</a> and <a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">kernel space</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3" class="linux-layers-width10">User mode </th> <td class="linux-layers-width10">User applications </td> <td colspan="5" class="linux-layers-width80"><a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">bash</a>, <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a>, <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>, <a href="/wiki/0_A.D._(video_game)" title="0 A.D. (video game)">0 A.D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>, ... </td></tr> <tr> <td>System components </td> <td class="linux-layers-width15 linux-layers-sys"><a href="/wiki/Init" title="Init">init daemon</a>: <a href="/wiki/OpenRC" title="OpenRC">OpenRC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runit" title="Runit">runit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a>... </td> <td class="linux-layers-width15 linux-layers-sys"><a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">System daemons</a>: <a href="/wiki/Polkit" title="Polkit">polkitd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samba_(software)" title="Samba (software)">smbd</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenSSH" title="OpenSSH">sshd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udevd" class="mw-redirect" title="Udevd">udevd</a>... </td> <td class="linux-layers-width15 linux-layers-sys"><a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">Window manager</a>: <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)" title="Wayland (protocol)">Wayland</a>, <a href="/wiki/SurfaceFlinger" class="mw-redirect" title="SurfaceFlinger">SurfaceFlinger</a> (Android) </td> <td class="linux-layers-width15 linux-layers-sys">Graphics: <a href="/wiki/Mesa_(computer_graphics)" title="Mesa (computer graphics)">Mesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon Software">AMD Catalyst</a>, ... </td> <td class="linux-layers-width30 linux-layers-other">Other libraries: <a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Foundation_Libraries" title="Enlightenment Foundation Libraries">EFL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_and_Fast_Multimedia_Library" title="Simple and Fast Multimedia Library">SFML</a>, <a href="/wiki/FLTK" title="FLTK">FLTK</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a>, ... </td></tr> <tr class="linux-layers-cstd"> <td><a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a> </td> <td colspan="5"><code><a href="/wiki/Fopen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fopen">fopen</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Exec_(system_call)" title="Exec (system call)">execv</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Malloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Malloc">malloc</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Memcpy" class="mw-redirect" title="Memcpy">memcpy</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Localtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Localtime">localtime</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Pthread_create" class="mw-redirect" title="Pthread create">pthread_create</a></code>... (up to 2000 <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutines</a>) <a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a> aims to be fast, <a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a> aims to be lightweight, <a href="/wiki/UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a> targets embedded systems, <a href="/wiki/Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">bionic</a> was written for <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, etc. All aim to be <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>/<a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">SUS</a>-compatible. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3">Kernel mode </th> <td rowspan="3"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linux kernel</a> </td> <td colspan="5" class="linux-layers-kernel"><code><a href="/wiki/Stat_(system_call)" title="Stat (system call)">stat</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Splice_(system_call)" title="Splice (system call)">splice</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Dup_(system_call)" title="Dup (system call)">dup</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Read_(system_call)" title="Read (system call)">read</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Open_(system_call)" title="Open (system call)">open</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Write_(system_call)" title="Write (system call)">write</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Mmap" title="Mmap">mmap</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Close_(system_call)" title="Close (system call)">close</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Exit_(system_call)" title="Exit (system call)">exit</a></code>, etc. (about 380 system calls) The Linux kernel <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">System Call Interface</a> (SCI), aims to be <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>/<a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">SUS</a>-compatible<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="linux-layers-kernel"> <td><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Process scheduling</a> subsystem </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a> subsystem </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">Memory management</a> subsystem </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual files</a> subsystem </td> <td>Networking subsystem </td></tr> <tr class="linux-layers-kernel"> <td colspan="5">Other components: <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">ALSA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Infrastructure" title="Direct Rendering Infrastructure">DRI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evdev" title="Evdev">evdev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klibc" title="Klibc">klibc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">LVM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Device_mapper" title="Device mapper">device mapper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux_Network_Scheduler" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux Network Scheduler">Linux Network Scheduler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netfilter" title="Netfilter">Netfilter</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux_Security_Modules" title="Linux Security Modules">Linux Security Modules</a>: <a href="/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux" title="Security-Enhanced Linux">SELinux</a>, <a href="/wiki/TOMOYO_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="TOMOYO Linux">TOMOYO</a>, <a href="/wiki/AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smack_(Linux_security_module)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smack (Linux security module)">Smack</a> </td></tr> <tr class="linux-layers-hw"> <th colspan="7" scope="row">Hardware (<a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">main memory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">data storage devices</a>, etc.) </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interfaces">Interfaces</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Interfaces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_interfaces" title="Linux kernel interfaces">Linux kernel interfaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Interfaces_of_the_Linux_kernel" title="Category:Interfaces of the Linux kernel">Interfaces of the Linux kernel (Category)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">System call</a>, <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">Single UNIX Specification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg/290px-Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg/290px-Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg.png" data-width="290" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg/435px-Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg/580px-Linux_kernel_interfaces.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Four interfaces are distinguished: two internal to the kernel, and two between the kernel and userspace.</figcaption></figure> Linux started as a clone of UNIX, and aims toward <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">Single UNIX Specification</a> compliance.<a href="#cite_note-tXF6O-197">[196]</a> The kernel provides system calls and other interfaces that are Linux-specific. In order to be included in the official kernel, the code must comply with a set of licensing rules.<a href="#cite_note-COPYING_File-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Linux_Licensing-10">[10]</a> The Linux <a href="/wiki/Application_binary_interface" title="Application binary interface">application binary interface</a> (ABI) between the kernel and the user space has four degrees of stability (stable, testing, obsolete, removed);<a href="#cite_note-4Rtud-198">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system calls</a> are expected to never change in order to preserve <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">compatibility</a> for <a href="/wiki/Userspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Userspace">userspace</a> programs that rely on them.<a href="#cite_note-BNYzD-199">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel modules</a> (LKMs), by design, cannot rely on a stable ABI.<a href="#cite_note-stable-api-nonsense2-192">[191]</a> Therefore, they must always be recompiled whenever a new kernel executable is installed in a system, otherwise they will not be loaded. In-tree drivers that are configured to become an integral part of the kernel executable (<a href="/wiki/Vmlinux" title="Vmlinux">vmlinux</a>) are statically linked by the build process. There is no guarantee of stability of source-level in-kernel API<a href="#cite_note-stable-api-nonsense2-192">[191]</a> and, because of this, <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device driver</a> code, as well as the code of any other kernel subsystem, must be kept updated with kernel evolution. Any developer who makes an API change is required to fix any code that breaks as the result of their change.<a href="#cite_note-:9-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kernel-to-userspace_API">Kernel-to-userspace API</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Kernel-to-userspace API" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The set of the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_API" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux kernel API">Linux kernel API</a> that regards the interfaces exposed to user applications is fundamentally composed of UNIX and Linux-specific <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system calls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-201">[200]</a> A system call is an entry point into the Linux kernel.<a href="#cite_note-IeXpN-202">[201]</a> For example, among the Linux-specific ones there is the family of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Clone_(Linux_system_call)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clone (Linux system call)">clone(2)</a> system calls.<a href="#cite_note-IHsye-203">[202]</a> Most extensions must be enabled by defining the <code>_GNU_SOURCE</code> <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Header_files" class="mw-redirect" title="Header files">header file</a> or when the user-land code is being compiled.<a href="#cite_note-si1va-204">[203]</a> System calls can only be invoked via assembly instructions that enable the transition from unprivileged user space to privileged kernel space in <a href="/wiki/Ring_0_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring 0 (computer security)">ring 0</a>. For this reason, the <a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a> (libC) acts as a wrapper to most Linux system calls, by exposing C functions that, if needed,<a href="#cite_note-c0kGr-205">[204]</a> transparently enter the kernel which will execute on behalf of the calling process.<a href="#cite_note-:1-201">[200]</a> For system calls not exposed by libC, such as the <a href="/wiki/Futex" title="Futex">fast userspace mutex</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-206">[205]</a> the library provides a function called <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">syscall(2) which can be used to explicitly invoke them.<a href="#cite_note-Of0EM-207">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_file_system" title="Synthetic file system">Pseudo filesystems</a> (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a> filesystems) and <a href="/wiki/Special_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Special file">special files</a> (e.g., <code>/dev/random</code>, <code>/dev/sda</code>, <code>/dev/tty</code>, and many others) constitute another layer of interface to kernel data structures representing hardware or logical (software) devices.<a href="#cite_note-Xk0xu-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZQvvs-209">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kernel-to-userspace_ABI">Kernel-to-userspace ABI</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Kernel-to-userspace ABI" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">Linux Standard Base</a></div>Because of the differences existing between the hundreds of various implementations of the Linux OS, executable objects, even though they are compiled, assembled, and linked for running on a specific hardware architecture (that is, they use the <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">ISA</a> of the target hardware), often cannot run on different Linux distributions. This issue is mainly due to distribution-specific configurations and a set of patches applied to the code of the Linux kernel, differences in system libraries, services (daemons), filesystem hierarchies, and environment variables. The main standard concerning application and binary compatibility of Linux distributions is the <a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">Linux Standard Base</a> (LSB).<a href="#cite_note-K8v7f-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-xXTn9-211">[210]</a> However, the LSB goes beyond what concerns the Linux kernel, because it also defines the desktop specifications, the X libraries and Qt that have little to do with it.<a href="#cite_note-b18aw-212">[211]</a> The LSB version 5 is built upon several standards and drafts (POSIX, SUS, X/Open, <a href="/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard" title="Filesystem Hierarchy Standard">File System Hierarchy</a> (FHS), and others).<a href="#cite_note-OXb0O-213">[212]</a> The parts of the LSB more relevant to the kernel are the General ABI (gABI),<a href="#cite_note-BvU35-214">[213]</a> especially the <a href="/wiki/System_V_Interface_Definition" title="System V Interface Definition">System V ABI</a><a href="#cite_note-LhnpZ-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-vftgf-216">[215]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format" title="Executable and Linkable Format">Executable and Linking Format</a> (ELF),<a href="#cite_note-qXIDV-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-ypxud-218">[217]</a> and the Processor Specific ABI (psABI), for example the Core Specification for X86-64.<a href="#cite_note-Ar6xD-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-eNx2d-220">[219]</a> The standard ABI for how x86_64 user programs invoke system calls is to load the syscall number into the rax register, and the other parameters into rdi, rsi, rdx, r10, r8, and r9, and finally to put the syscall assembly instruction in the code.<a href="#cite_note-VSMQS-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-eIbJy-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fa3aZ-223">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In-kernel_API">In-kernel API</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In-kernel API" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_AMD_graphics_stack.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Linux_AMD_graphics_stack.svg/260px-Linux_AMD_graphics_stack.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Linux_AMD_graphics_stack.svg/260px-Linux_AMD_graphics_stack.svg.png" data-width="260" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Linux_AMD_graphics_stack.svg/390px-Linux_AMD_graphics_stack.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Linux_AMD_graphics_stack.svg/520px-Linux_AMD_graphics_stack.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>At XDC2014, Alex Deucher from AMD announced the unified kernel-mode driver.<a href="#cite_note-LRSSt-224">[223]</a> The proprietary Linux graphic driver, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/AMD_Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Catalyst">libGL-fglrx-glx</a>, will share the same <a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">DRM</a> infrastructure with <a href="/wiki/Mesa_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesa 3D">Mesa 3D</a>. As there is no stable in-kernel <a href="/wiki/Application_binary_interface" title="Application binary interface">ABI</a>, AMD had to constantly adapt the former <a href="/wiki/Binary_blob" title="Binary blob">binary blob</a> used by Catalyst.</figcaption></figure> There are several internal kernel APIs between kernel subsystems. Some are available only within the kernel subsystems, while a somewhat limited set of in-kernel symbols (i.e., variables, data structures, and functions) is exposed to dynamically loadable modules (e.g., device drivers loaded on demand) whether they're exported with the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">EXPORT_SYMBOL() and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() macros<a href="#cite_note-:6-225">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-226">[225]</a> (the latter reserved to modules released under a GPL-compatible license).<a href="#cite_note-:8-227">[226]</a> Linux provides in-kernel APIs that manipulate data structures (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">linked lists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radix_tree" title="Radix tree">radix trees</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kHdQ8-228">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93black_tree" title="Red–black tree">red-black trees</a>,<a href="#cite_note-F2Fpg-229">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Queue_(abstract_data_type)" title="Queue (abstract data type)">queues</a>) or perform common routines (e.g., copy data from and to user space, allocate memory, print lines to the system log, and so on) that have remained stable at least since Linux version 2.6.<a href="#cite_note-yA682-230">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-HWCYl-231">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hjefj-232">[231]</a> In-kernel APIs include libraries of low-level common services used by device drivers: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> Interfaces and <a href="/wiki/LibATA" title="LibATA">libATA</a> – respectively, a peer-to-peer packet based communication protocol for storage devices attached to USB, SATA, SAS, Fibre Channel, FireWire, ATAPI device,<a href="#cite_note-6WQLB-233">[232]</a> and an in-kernel library to support [S]ATA host controllers and devices.<a href="#cite_note-qlKWp-234">[233]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">Direct Rendering Manager</a> (DRM) and <a href="/wiki/Kernel_Mode_Setting" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel Mode Setting">Kernel Mode Setting</a> (KMS) – for interfacing with GPUs and supporting the needs of modern 3D-accelerated video hardware,<a href="#cite_note-Zd5bj-235">[234]</a> and for setting screen resolution, color depth and refresh rate<a href="#cite_note-RkbFE-236">[235]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a> buffers (<a href="/wiki/DMA-BUF" class="mw-redirect" title="DMA-BUF">DMA-BUF</a>) – for sharing buffers for hardware direct memory access across multiple device drivers and subsystems<a href="#cite_note-Ux72p-237">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-H845T-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-w1T10-239">[238]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video4Linux" title="Video4Linux">Video4Linux</a> – for video capture hardware</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture</a> (ALSA) – for sound cards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_API" title="New API">New API</a> – for <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">network interface controllers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac80211" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac80211">mac80211</a> and cfg80211 – for wireless network interface controllers<a href="#cite_note-za5ZK-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In-kernel_ABI">In-kernel ABI</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In-kernel ABI" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Linux developers chose not to maintain a stable in-kernel ABI. Modules compiled for a specific version of the kernel cannot be loaded into another version without being recompiled.<a href="#cite_note-stable-api-nonsense2-192">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Multiprocessing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers. In particular, it does little to describe the overall model and focuses on minute technical interface details unlikely to provide clear context. Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Linux_kernel" title="Talk:Linux kernel">the talk page</a>. (July 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process (computing)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread (computing)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management (computing)</a></div> Linux creates processes by means of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">clone(2) or newer <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">clone3(2)<a href="#cite_note-JwCDQ-242">[241]</a> system calls. These syscalls create new entities ranging from new independent processes (each having a special identifier called TGID within the task_struct data structure in kernel space, although that same identifier is called PID in userspace), to new threads within the calling process.<a href="#cite_note-nRDb2-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-nefj4-244">[243]</a> If the executable is dynamically linked to shared libraries, a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_linker" title="Dynamic linker">dynamic linker</a> is used to find and load the needed objects, prepare the program to run and then run it.<a href="#cite_note-D1tjk-245">[244]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Native_POSIX_Thread_Library" title="Native POSIX Thread Library">Native POSIX Thread Library</a> (NPTL)<a href="#cite_note-dS4yu-246">[245]</a> provides the POSIX standard thread interface (pthreads) to userspace. The kernel provides the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">futex(7) (fast user-space mutex) mechanisms for user-space locking and synchronization.<a href="#cite_note-dZykS-247">[246]</a> The majority of the operations are performed in userspace but it may be necessary to communicate with the kernel using the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">futex(2) system call.<a href="#cite_note-:0-206">[205]</a> As opposed to userspace threads described above, kernel threads run in kernel space.<a href="#cite_note-kOgyp-248">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scheduling">Scheduling</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Scheduling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Completely_Fair_Scheduler" title="Completely Fair Scheduler">Completely Fair Scheduler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earliest_eligible_virtual_deadline_first_scheduling" title="Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling">Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling</a></div> The Linux <a href="/wiki/Process_scheduler" class="mw-redirect" title="Process scheduler">process scheduler</a> is modular, in the sense that it enables different scheduling classes and policies.<a href="#cite_note-moshe-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> Scheduler classes are plugable scheduler algorithms that can be registered with the base scheduler code. Each class schedules different types of processes. The core code of the scheduler iterates over each class in order of priority and chooses the highest priority scheduler that has a schedulable entity of type struct sched_entity ready to run.<a href="#cite_note-LoveRobert2010-12">[11]</a>: 46–47 Entities may be threads, group of threads, and even all the processes of a specific user. Linux provides both <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">user preemption</a> as well as full <a href="/wiki/Kernel_preemption" title="Kernel preemption">kernel preemption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LoveRobert2010-12">[11]</a>: 62–63 Preemption reduces <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a>, increases responsiveness,<a href="#cite_note-VRxA1-251">[250]</a> and makes Linux more suitable for desktop and <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a> applications. For normal tasks, by default, the kernel uses the <a href="/wiki/Completely_Fair_Scheduler" title="Completely Fair Scheduler">Completely Fair Scheduler</a> (CFS) class, introduced in version 2.6.23.<a href="#cite_note-:5-175">[174]</a> The scheduler is defined as a macro in a C header as <code>SCHED_NORMAL</code>. In other POSIX kernels, a similar policy known as <code>SCHED_OTHER</code> allocates CPU timeslices (i.e, it assigns absolute slices of the processor time depending on either predetermined or dynamically computed priority of each process). The Linux CFS does away with absolute timeslices and assigns a fair proportion of CPU time, as a function of parameters like the total number of runnable processes and the time they have already run; this function also takes into account a kind of weight that depends on their relative priorities (nice values).<a href="#cite_note-LoveRobert2010-12">[11]</a>: 46–50 With user preemption, the kernel scheduler can replace the current process with the execution of a <a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">context switch</a> to a different one that therefore acquires the computing resources for running (CPU, memory, and more). It makes it according to the CFS algorithm (in particular, it uses a variable called <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">vruntime for sorting entities and then chooses the one that has the smaller vruntime, - i.e., the schedulable entity that has had the least share of CPU time), to the active scheduler policy and to the relative priorities.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> With kernel preemption, the kernel can preempt itself when an interrupt handler returns, when kernel tasks block, and whenever a subsystem explicitly calls the schedule() function. The kernel also contains two POSIX-compliant<a href="#cite_note-posix1b-253">[252]</a> real-time scheduling classes named <code><a href="/wiki/SCHED_FIFO" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHED FIFO">SCHED_FIFO</a></code> (realtime <a href="/wiki/FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)" title="FIFO (computing and electronics)">first-in-first-out</a>) and <code><a href="/wiki/SCHED_RR" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHED RR">SCHED_RR</a></code> (realtime <a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">round-robin</a>), both of which take precedence over the default class.<a href="#cite_note-moshe-249">[248]</a> An additional scheduling policy known as <code><a href="/wiki/SCHED_DEADLINE" title="SCHED DEADLINE">SCHED DEADLINE</a></code>, implementing the <a href="/wiki/Earliest_deadline_first_scheduling" title="Earliest deadline first scheduling">earliest deadline first algorithm</a> (EDF), was added in kernel version 3.14, released on 30 March 2014.<a href="#cite_note-l4mcR-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-4bHu1-255">[254]</a> <code>SCHED_DEADLINE</code> takes precedence over all the other scheduling classes. Real-time <code><a href="/wiki/PREEMPT_RT" title="PREEMPT RT">PREEMPT_RT</a></code> patches, included into the mainline Linux since version 2.6, provide a <a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system#Scheduling" title="Real-time operating system">deterministic scheduler</a>, the removal of preemption and interrupt disabling (where possible), PI Mutexes (i.e., locking primitives that avoid priority inversion),<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> support for <a href="/wiki/High_Precision_Event_Timers" class="mw-redirect" title="High Precision Event Timers">High Precision Event Timers</a> (HPET), preemptive <a href="/wiki/Read-copy-update" title="Read-copy-update">read-copy-update</a> (RCU), (forced) IRQ threads, and other minor features.<a href="#cite_note-omdEo-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-88zv7-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-lfrtsr2-260">[259]</a> In 2023, Peter Zijlstra proposed replacing CFS with an <a href="/wiki/Earliest_eligible_virtual_deadline_first_scheduling" title="Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling">earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling</a> (EEVDF) scheduler,<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> to prevent the need for CFS "latency nice" patches.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> The EEVDF scheduler replaced CFS in version 6.6 of the Linux kernel.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synchronization">Synchronization</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Synchronization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The kernel has different causes of concurrency (e.g., interrupts, bottom halves, preemption of kernel and users tasks, symmetrical multiprocessing).<a href="#cite_note-LoveRobert2010-12">[11]</a>: 167 For protecting critical regions (sections of code that must be executed atomically), shared memory locations (like <a href="/wiki/Global_variable" title="Global variable">global variables</a> and other data structures with global scope), and regions of memory that are asynchronously modifiable by hardware (e.g., having the C <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(computer_programming)" title="Volatile (computer programming)"><code>volatile</code></a> <a href="/wiki/Type_qualifier" title="Type qualifier">type qualifier</a>), Linux provides a large set of tools. They consist of <a href="/wiki/Linearizability" title="Linearizability">atomic types</a> (which can only be manipulated by a set of specific operators), <a href="/wiki/Spinlock" title="Spinlock">spinlocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_(programming)" title="Semaphore (programming)">semaphores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutual_exclusion" title="Mutual exclusion">mutexes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-LoveRobert2010-12">[11]</a>: 176–198 <a href="#cite_note-0w0IX-266">[265]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-blocking_algorithm" title="Non-blocking algorithm">lockless algorithms</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Read-copy-update" title="Read-copy-update">RCUs</a>).<a href="#cite_note-XK3oD-267">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-XErGf-268">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-bMkeA-269">[268]</a> Most lock-less algorithms are built on top of <a href="/wiki/Memory_barrier" title="Memory barrier">memory barriers</a> for the purpose of enforcing <a href="/wiki/Memory_ordering" title="Memory ordering">memory ordering</a> and prevent undesired side effects due to <a href="/wiki/Optimizing_compiler" title="Optimizing compiler">compiler optimization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-L9seK-270">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-SYavd-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-JZLZo-272">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-bl5AB-273">[272]</a> <code><a href="/wiki/PREEMPT_RT" title="PREEMPT RT">PREEMPT_RT</a></code> code included in mainline Linux provide RT-mutexes, a special kind of Mutex which do not disable preemption and have support for priority inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-locktypes-275">[274]</a> Almost all locks are changed into sleeping locks when using configuration for realtime operation.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-lfrtsr2-260">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-locktypes-275">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Priority_inheritance" title="Priority inheritance">Priority inheritance</a> avoids priority inversion by granting a low-priority task which holds a contended lock the priority of a higher-priority waiter until that lock is released.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> Linux includes a kernel lock validator called Lockdep.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interrupts">Interrupts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Interrupts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although the management of <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupts</a> could be seen as a single job, it is divided into two. This split in two is due to the different time constraints and to the synchronization needs of the tasks whose the management is composed of. The first part is made up of an asynchronous <a href="/wiki/Interrupt_handler" title="Interrupt handler">interrupt service routine</a> that in Linux is known as the top half, while the second part is carried out by one of three types of the so-called bottom halves (softirq, tasklets, and work queues).<a href="#cite_note-LoveRobert2010-12">[11]</a>: 133–137 Linux interrupt service routines can be nested. A new IRQ can trap into a high priority ISR that preempts any other lower priority ISR. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory">Memory</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Memory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">Memory management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></div> Linux implements <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> with 5-level <a href="/wiki/Page_table" title="Page table">page tables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> The kernel is not <a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">pageable</a> (meaning it is always resident in physical memory and cannot be swapped to the disk) and there is no memory protection (no SIGSEGV signals, unlike in user space), therefore memory violations lead to instability and system crashes.<a href="#cite_note-LoveRobert2010-12">[11]</a>: 20 User memory is pageable by default, although paging for specific memory areas can be disabled with the <code>mlock()</code> <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system call</a> family. <a href="/wiki/Page_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Page frame">Page frame</a> information is maintained in apposite data structures (of type <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">struct page) that are populated immediately after boot and kept until shutdown, regardless of whether they are associated with virtual pages. The physical address space is divided into different zones, according to architectural constraints and intended use. NUMA systems with multiple memory banks are also supported.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> Small chunks of memory can be dynamically allocated in kernel space via the family of <code>kmalloc()</code> APIs and freed with the appropriate variant of <code>kfree()</code>. <code>vmalloc()</code> and <code>kvfree()</code> are used for large virtually contiguous chunks. <code>alloc_pages()</code> allocates the desired number of entire pages. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg/290px-The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="411" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="1645"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 411px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg/290px-The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="290" data-height="411" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg/435px-The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg/580px-The_Linux_Storage_Stack_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Linux Storage Stack Diagram<a href="#cite_note-zA63q-283">[282]</a></figcaption></figure> The kernel used to include the SLAB, SLUB and SLOB allocators as configurable alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-lfsa-285">[284]</a> The SLOB allocator was removed in Linux 6.4<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> and the SLAB allocator was removed in Linux 6.8.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> The sole remaining allocator is SLUB, which aims for simplicity and efficiency,<a href="#cite_note-lfsa-285">[284]</a> is <code><a href="/wiki/PREEMPT_RT" title="PREEMPT RT">PREEMPT_RT</a></code> compatible<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> and was introduced in Linux 2.6. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supported_architectures">Supported architectures</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Supported architectures" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux-supported_computer_architectures" title="List of Linux-supported computer architectures">List of Linux-supported computer architectures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux-powered_device" title="Linux-powered device">Linux-powered device</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Series_2_tivo_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Series_2_tivo_front.jpg/240px-Series_2_tivo_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="1684"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Series_2_tivo_front.jpg/240px-Series_2_tivo_front.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Series_2_tivo_front.jpg/360px-Series_2_tivo_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Series_2_tivo_front.jpg/480px-Series_2_tivo_front.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TiVo" title="TiVo">TiVo</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">DVR</a>, a consumer device running Linux</figcaption></figure> While not originally designed to be <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">portable</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Torvlads25Aug91-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-opensources-289">[288]</a> Linux is now one of the most widely ported operating system kernels, running on a diverse range of systems from the <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM architecture</a> to IBM <a href="/wiki/Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a> <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a>. The first port was performed on the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a> platform. The modifications to the kernel were so fundamental that Torvalds viewed the Motorola version as a <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fork (software)">fork</a> and a "Linux-like operating system".<a href="#cite_note-opensources-289">[288]</a> However, that moved Torvalds to lead a major restructure of the code to facilitate porting to more computing architectures. The first Linux that, in a single source tree, had code for more than i386 alone, supported the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="/wiki/Alpha_AXP" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha AXP">Alpha AXP</a> 64-bit platform.<a href="#cite_note-6otKD-290">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fcl2t-291">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-opensources-289">[288]</a> Linux runs as the main operating system on <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Summit_(supercomputer)" title="Summit (supercomputer)">Summit</a>; as of October 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit">[update]</a>, all of the world's <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">500 fastest supercomputers</a> run some operating system based on the Linux kernel,<a href="#cite_note-top500stats-292">[291]</a> a big change from 1998 when the first Linux supercomputer got added to the list.<a href="#cite_note-HEQsA-293">[292]</a> Linux has also been ported to various handheld devices such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple's</a> <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> 3G and <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-h7F3D-294">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supported_devices">Supported devices</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Supported devices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2007, the LKDDb project has been started to build a comprehensive database of hardware and protocols known by Linux kernels.<a href="#cite_note-lkddb-295">[294]</a> The database is built automatically by static analysis of the kernel sources. Later in 2014, the Linux Hardware project was launched to automatically collect a database of all tested hardware configurations with the help of users of various Linux distributions.<a href="#cite_note-linuxhw-296">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live_patching">Live patching</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Live patching" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Last update: April 2015 (September 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Rebootless updates can even be applied to the kernel by using <a href="/wiki/Live_patching" class="mw-redirect" title="Live patching">live patching</a> technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Ksplice" title="Ksplice">Ksplice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kpatch" title="Kpatch">kpatch</a> and <a href="/wiki/KGraft" title="KGraft">kGraft</a>. Minimalistic foundations for live kernel patching were merged into the Linux kernel mainline in kernel version 4.0, which was released on 12 April 2015. Those foundations, known as livepatch and based primarily on the kernel's <a href="/wiki/Ftrace" title="Ftrace">ftrace</a> functionality, form a common core capable of supporting hot patching by both kGraft and kpatch, by providing an <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interface</a> (API) for kernel modules that contain hot patches and an <a href="/wiki/Application_binary_interface" title="Application binary interface">application binary interface</a> (ABI) for the userspace management utilities. However, the common core included into Linux kernel 4.0 supports only the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> architecture and does not provide any mechanisms for ensuring <a href="/wiki/Function_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (programming)">function</a>-level consistency while the hot patches are applied. As of April 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit">[update]</a>, there is ongoing work on porting kpatch and kGraft to the common live patching core provided by the Linux kernel mainline.<a href="#cite_note-qXYb9-297">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-tG1eg-298">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-dXf0l-299">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Security" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Kernel bugs present potential security issues. For example, they may allow for <a href="/wiki/Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">privilege escalation</a> or create <a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">denial-of-service attack</a> vectors. Over the years, numerous bugs affecting system security were found and fixed.<a href="#cite_note-nBjy6-300">[299]</a> New features are frequently implemented to improve the kernel's security.<a href="#cite_note-egivN-301">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-1pEse-302">[301]</a> Capabilities(7) have already been introduced in the section about the processes and threads. Android makes use of them and <a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a> gives administrators detailed control over the capabilities of processes.<a href="#cite_note-eVUKg-303">[302]</a> Linux offers a wealth of mechanisms to reduce kernel attack surface and improve security which are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Linux_Security_Modules" title="Linux Security Modules">Linux Security Modules</a> (LSM).<a href="#cite_note-Jz6IT-304">[303]</a> They comprise the <a href="/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux" title="Security-Enhanced Linux">Security-Enhanced Linux</a> (SELinux) module, whose code has been originally developed and then released to the public by the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hPOef-305">[304]</a> and <a href="/wiki/AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-189">[188]</a> among others. SELinux is now actively developed and maintained on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-188">[187]</a> SELinux and AppArmor provide support to access control security policies, including <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_access_control" title="Mandatory access control">mandatory access control</a> (MAC), though they profoundly differ in complexity and scope. Another security feature is the Seccomp BPF (SECure COMPuting with Berkeley Packet Filters) which works by filtering parameters and reducing the set of system calls available to user-land applications.<a href="#cite_note-LXteS-306">[305]</a> Critics have accused kernel developers of covering up security flaws, or at least not announcing them; in 2008, Torvalds responded to this with the following:<a href="#cite_note-YS7OI-307">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ps5dB-308">[307]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I personally consider security bugs to be just "normal bugs". I don't cover them up, but I also don't have any reason what-so-ever to think it's a good idea to track them and announce them as something special...one reason I refuse to bother with the whole security circus is that I think it glorifies—and thus encourages—the wrong behavior. It makes "heroes" out of security people, as if the people who don't just fix normal bugs aren't as important. In fact, all the boring normal bugs are way more important, just because there's[sic] a lot more of them. I don't think some spectacular security hole should be glorified or cared about as being any more "special" than a random spectacular crash due to bad locking.</blockquote> Linux distributions typically release security updates to fix vulnerabilities in the Linux kernel. Many offer <a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">long-term support</a> releases that receive security updates for a certain Linux kernel version for an extended period of time. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Legal">Legal</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Legal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Licensing_terms">Licensing terms</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Licensing terms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Initially, Torvalds released Linux under a license which forbade any commercial use.<a href="#cite_note-hiroo-309">[308]</a> This was changed in version 0.12 by a switch to the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 2 (GPLv2).<a href="#cite_note-Relnotes-0.12-20">[19]</a> This license allows distribution and sale of possibly modified and unmodified versions of Linux but requires that all those copies be released under the same license and be accompanied by - or that, on request, free access is given to - the complete corresponding source code.<a href="#cite_note-ts0p8-310">[309]</a> Torvalds has described licensing Linux under the GPLv2 as the "best thing I ever did".<a href="#cite_note-hiroo-309">[308]</a> The Linux kernel is licensed explicitly under <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 2 only (GPL-2.0-only) with an explicit syscall exception (Linux-syscall-note),<a href="#cite_note-COPYING_File-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-kernel.org_GPL-2.0-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-kernel.org_Linux-syscall-note-9">[9]</a> without offering the licensee the option to choose any later version, which is a common GPL extension. Contributed code must be available under <a href="/wiki/GPL_compatibility" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL compatibility">GPL-compatible license</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Linux_Licensing-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-200">[199]</a> There was considerable debate about how easily the license could be changed to use later GPL versions (including version 3), and whether this change is even desirable.<a href="#cite_note-BahZO-311">[310]</a> Torvalds himself specifically indicated upon the release of version 2.4.0 that his own code is released only under version 2.<a href="#cite_note-9g8Ma-312">[311]</a> However, the terms of the GPL state that if no version is specified, then any version may be used,<a href="#cite_note-v5UoJ-313">[312]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cox_(computer_programmer)" title="Alan Cox (computer programmer)">Alan Cox</a> pointed out that very few other Linux contributors had specified a particular version of the GPL.<a href="#cite_note-au8PE-314">[313]</a> In September 2006, a survey of 29 key kernel programmers indicated that 28 preferred GPLv2 to the then-current GPLv3 draft. Torvalds commented, "I think a number of outsiders... believed that I personally was just the odd man out because I've been so publicly not a huge fan of the GPLv3."<a href="#cite_note-seFzU-315">[314]</a> This group of high-profile kernel developers, including Torvalds, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Morton_(computer_programmer)" title="Andrew Morton (computer programmer)">Andrew Morton</a>, commented on mass media about their objections to the GPLv3.<a href="#cite_note-kerneldevelopers2006-316">[315]</a> They referred to clauses regarding <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">tivoization</a>, patents, "additional restrictions" and warned a <a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanisation</a> of the "Open Source Universe" by the GPLv3.<a href="#cite_note-kerneldevelopers2006-316">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-GmA72-317">[316]</a> Torvalds, who decided not to adopt the GPLv3 for the Linux kernel, reiterated his criticism even years later.<a href="#cite_note-4uolG-318">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loadable_kernel_modules">Loadable kernel modules</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Loadable kernel modules" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> It is debated whether some <a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">loadable kernel modules</a> (LKMs) are to be considered <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative works</a> under copyright law, and thereby whether or not they fall under the terms of the GPL. In accordance with the license rules, LKMs using only a public subset of the kernel interfaces<a href="#cite_note-:6-225">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-226">[225]</a> are non-derived works, thus Linux gives system administrators the mechanisms to load out-of-tree binary objects into the kernel address space.<a href="#cite_note-Linux_Licensing-10">[10]</a> There are some out-of-tree loadable modules that make legitimate use of the dma_buf kernel feature.<a href="#cite_note-lkXX9-319">[318]</a> GPL compliant code can certainly use it. However, a different possible use case would be <a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Optimus" title="Nvidia Optimus">Nvidia Optimus</a> that pairs a fast GPU with an Intel integrated GPU, where the Nvidia GPU writes into the <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> framebuffer when it is active. But, Nvidia cannot use this infrastructure because it necessitates bypassing a rule that can only be used by LKMs that are also GPL.<a href="#cite_note-:8-227">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cox_(computer_programmer)" title="Alan Cox (computer programmer)">Alan Cox</a> replied on <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_mailing_list" title="Linux kernel mailing list">LKML</a>, rejecting a request from one of Nvidia's engineers to remove this technical enforcement from the API.<a href="#cite_note-1aNop-320">[319]</a> Torvalds clearly stated on the LKML that "[I] claim that binary-only kernel modules ARE derivative "by default"'".<a href="#cite_note-3OFDI-321">[320]</a> On the other hand, Torvalds has also said that "[one] gray area in particular is something like a driver that was originally written for another operating system (i.e., clearly not a derived work of Linux in origin). THAT is a gray area, and _that_ is the area where I personally believe that some modules may be considered to not be derived works simply because they weren't designed for Linux and don't depend on any special Linux behaviour".<a href="#cite_note-H8s4M-322">[321]</a> <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> graphics drivers, in particular, are heavily discussed. Whenever proprietary modules are loaded into Linux, the kernel marks itself as being "tainted",<a href="#cite_note-BvXbe-323">[322]</a> and therefore bug reports from tainted kernels will often be ignored by developers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firmware_binary_blobs">Firmware binary blobs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Firmware binary blobs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The official kernel, that is the Linus git branch at the kernel.org repository, contains binary blobs released under the terms of the GNU GPLv2 license.<a href="#cite_note-COPYING_File-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Linux_Licensing-10">[10]</a> Linux can also search filesystems to locate binary blobs, proprietary firmware, drivers, or other executable modules, then it can load and link them into kernel space.<a href="#cite_note-rjGNf-324">[323]</a> When it is needed (e.g., for accessing boot devices or for speed) firmware can be built-in to the kernel, this means building the firmware into <a href="/wiki/Vmlinux" title="Vmlinux">vmlinux</a>; however this is not always a viable option for technical or legal issues (e.g., it is not permitted to do this with firmware that is non-GPL compatible, although this is quite common nonetheless).<a href="#cite_note-AEsBH-325">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trademark">Trademark</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Trademark" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Linux is a registered <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> of Linus Torvalds in the United States, the European Union, and some other countries.<a href="#cite_note-Vaz3B-326">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-ID7gn-327">[326]</a> A legal battle over the trademark began in 1996, when William Della Croce, a lawyer who was never involved in the development of Linux, started requesting licensing fees for the use of the word Linux. After it was proven that the word was in common use long before Della Croce's claimed first use, the trademark was awarded to Torvalds.<a href="#cite_note-dtKCp-328">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZWQ58-329">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-05hM3-330">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctions_compliance">Sanctions compliance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sanctions compliance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In October 2024, Greg Kroah-Hartman removed the names of Russians in the <code>MAINTAINERS</code> file, while keeping the code of said subsystems in place. This removal was supported by Torvalds.<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:NewTux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/23px-NewTux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/23px-NewTux.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="23" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/35px-NewTux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/47px-NewTux.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a> – Kernel that provides fewer services than a traditional kernel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_version_history" title="Linux kernel version history">Linux kernel version history</a> – Version history of the Linux kernel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_system_kernels" title="Comparison of operating system kernels">Comparison of operating system kernels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> – Family of Unix-like operating systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minix_3" title="Minix 3">Minix 3</a> – Unix-like operating system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> – Operating system for Apple computers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> – Computer operating systems</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> As a whole, Linux source is provided under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL-2.0-only</a> license with an explicit syscall exception.<a href="#cite_note-kernel.org_GPL-2.0-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-kernel.org_Linux-syscall-note-9">[9]</a> Aside from that, individual files can be provided under a different license which is required to be compatible with the GPL-2.0-only license (i.e., the GNU General Public License version 2) or a dual license, with one of the choices being the GPL version 2 or a GPLv2 compatible license.<a href="#cite_note-Linux_Licensing-10">[10]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HvDj4-1"><a href="#cite_ref-HvDj4_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100815085106/http://www.linux.org/info/logos.html">"Linux Logos and Mascots"</a>. Linux Online. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww/logos.html">the original</a> on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Logos+and+Mascots&rft.pub=Linux+Online&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww%2Flogos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-2a82c823cbee64d62711403bdc99760e4c8e109e-v18-2"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-2a82c823cbee64d62711403bdc99760e4c8e109e-v18_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Kroah-Hartman2024" class="citation web cs1">Greg Kroah-Hartman (22 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lore.kernel.org/linux-kernel/2024112234-circle-number-6388@gregkh/">"Linux 6.12.1"</a>. Retrieved 22 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+6.12.1&rft.date=2024-11-22&rft.au=Greg+Kroah-Hartman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flore.kernel.org%2Flinux-kernel%2F2024112234-circle-number-6388%40gregkh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergmann2022" class="citation web cs1">Bergmann, Arnd (3 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=e8c07082a810f">"Kbuild: move to -std=gnu11"</a>. git.kernel.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=git.kernel.org&rft.atitle=Kbuild%3A+move+to+-std%3Dgnu11&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft.aulast=Bergmann&rft.aufirst=Arnd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Fscm%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Fcommit%2F%3Fid%3De8c07082a810f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rust-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rust_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rust_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProven" class="citation web cs1">Proven, Liam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2022/10/05/rust_kernel_pull_request_pulled/">"Linux 6.1: Rust to hit mainline kernel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. Retrieved 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Linux+6.1%3A+Rust+to+hit+mainline+kernel&rft.aulast=Proven&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2022%2F10%2F05%2Frust_kernel_pull_request_pulled%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-COPYING_File-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COPYING_File_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COPYING_File_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COPYING_File_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COPYING_File_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/COPYING">"COPYING"</a>. git.kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210902152553/https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/COPYING">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=git.kernel.org&rft.atitle=COPYING&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Fscm%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Ftree%2FCOPYING&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spdx.org_GPL-2.0-only-6"><a href="#cite_ref-spdx.org_GPL-2.0-only_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spdx.org/licenses/GPL-2.0-only.html">"GPL-2.0-only"</a>. spdx.org. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spdx.org&rft.atitle=GPL-2.0-only&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspdx.org%2Flicenses%2FGPL-2.0-only.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spdx.org_Linux-syscall-note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-spdx.org_Linux-syscall-note_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spdx.org/licenses/Linux-syscall-note.html">"Linux-syscall-note"</a>. spdx.org. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spdx.org&rft.atitle=Linux-syscall-note&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspdx.org%2Flicenses%2FLinux-syscall-note.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kernel.org_GPL-2.0-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kernel.org_GPL-2.0_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kernel.org_GPL-2.0_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/LICENSES/preferred/GPL-2.0">"GPL-2.0"</a>. git.kernel.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=git.kernel.org&rft.atitle=GPL-2.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Fscm%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Ftree%2FLICENSES%2Fpreferred%2FGPL-2.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kernel.org_Linux-syscall-note-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kernel.org_Linux-syscall-note_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kernel.org_Linux-syscall-note_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/LICENSES/exceptions/Linux-syscall-note">"Linux-syscall-note"</a>. git.kernel.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=git.kernel.org&rft.atitle=Linux-syscall-note&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Fscm%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Ftree%2FLICENSES%2Fexceptions%2FLinux-syscall-note&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linux_Licensing-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Linux_Licensing_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linux_Licensing_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linux_Licensing_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linux_Licensing_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linux_Licensing_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linux_Licensing_10-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/license-rules.html#kernel-licensing">"Linux kernel licensing rules — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. www.kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307065451/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/license-rules.html#kernel-licensing">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kernel.org&rft.atitle=Linux+kernel+licensing+rules+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fprocess%2Flicense-rules.html%23kernel-licensing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoveRobert2010-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoveRobert2010_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoveRobert2010_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoveRobert2010_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoveRobert2010_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoveRobert2010_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoveRobert2010_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoveRobert2010_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoveRobert2010_12-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoveRobert2010_12-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoveRobert2010_12-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoveRobert2010_12-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoveRobert2010_12-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoveRobert2010_12-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoveRobert2010_12-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLove2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Love" title="Robert Love">Love, Robert</a> (2010). Linux kernel development (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-672-32946-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-672-32946-3"><bdi>978-0-672-32946-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/268788260">268788260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linux+kernel+development&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F268788260&rft.isbn=978-0-672-32946-3&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oounl-13"><a href="#cite_ref-oounl_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-10.2.0/gcc/C-Extensions.html#C-Extensions">"C Extensions (Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC))"</a>. gcc.gnu.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120064908/https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-10.2.0/gcc/C-Extensions.html#C-Extensions">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gcc.gnu.org&rft.atitle=C+Extensions+%28Using+the+GNU+Compiler+Collection+%28GCC%29%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgcc.gnu.org%2Fonlinedocs%2Fgcc-10.2.0%2Fgcc%2FC-Extensions.html%23C-Extensions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qqGYY-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qqGYY_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qqGYY_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1999" class="citation web cs1">Richardson, Marjorie (1 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3655">"Interview: Linus Torvalds"</a>. Linux Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514084627/http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3655">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview%3A+Linus+Torvalds&rft.pub=Linux+Journal&rft.date=1999-11-01&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F3655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torvlads25Aug91-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torvlads25Aug91_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torvlads25Aug91_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds1991" class="citation newsgroup cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus Benedict</a> (26 August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b">"What would you like to see most in minix?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.minix">comp.os.minix</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:1991Aug25.205708.9541@klaava.Helsinki.FI">1991Aug25.205708.9541@klaava.Helsinki.FI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509134305/http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+would+you+like+to+see+most+in+minix%3F&rft.pub=comp.os.minix&rft.date=1991-08-26&rft_id=news%3A1991Aug25.205708.9541%40klaava.Helsinki.FI%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus+Benedict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.minix%2Fmsg%2Fb813d52cbc5a044b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Running_Linux-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Running_Linux_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Running_Linux_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelshDalheimerKaufman1999" class="citation book cs1">Welsh, Matt; Dalheimer, Matthias Kalle; Kaufman, Lar (1999). "1: Introduction to Linux". Running Linux (3rd ed.). Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-976-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-976-4"><bdi>1-56592-976-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50638246">50638246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Introduction+to+Linux&rft.btitle=Running+Linux&rft.place=Sebastopol%2C+California&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50638246&rft.isbn=1-56592-976-4&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Dalheimer%2C+Matthias+Kalle&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Lar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Free_minix-like_kernel_sources_for_386-AT-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Free_minix-like_kernel_sources_for_386-AT_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.minix/c/4995SivOl9o/m/GwqLJlPSlCEJ">"Free minix-like kernel sources for 386-AT - Google Groups"</a>. groups.google.com. 5 October 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301162937/https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.minix/c/4995SivOl9o/m/GwqLJlPSlCEJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=groups.google.com&rft.atitle=Free+minix-like+kernel+sources+for+386-AT+-+Google+Groups&rft.date=1991-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fg%2Fcomp.os.minix%2Fc%2F4995SivOl9o%2Fm%2FGwqLJlPSlCEJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2Ifyf-18"><a href="#cite_ref-2Ifyf_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Sam (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freeasinfreedomr00will">"Chapter 9: The GNU General Public License"</a>. Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00287-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00287-4"><bdi>0-596-00287-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+The+GNU+General+Public+License&rft.btitle=Free+as+in+Freedom%3A+Richard+Stallman%27s+Crusade+for+Free+Software&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2002-03&rft.isbn=0-596-00287-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreeasinfreedomr00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum_2016_107-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum_2016_107_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum_2016_107_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum_2016_107_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum2016" class="citation book cs1">Christine Bresnahan & Richard Blum (2016). LPIC-2: Linux Professional Institute Certification Study Guide: Exam 201 and Exam 202. John Wiley & Sons. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119150794" title="Special:BookSources/9781119150794"><bdi>9781119150794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LPIC-2%3A+Linux+Professional+Institute+Certification+Study+Guide%3A+Exam+201+and+Exam+202&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781119150794&rft.au=Christine+Bresnahan+%26+Richard+Blum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Relnotes-0.12-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Relnotes-0.12_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Relnotes-0.12_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12">"Release Notes for Linux v0.12"</a>. The Linux Kernel Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819045030/http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release+Notes+for+Linux+v0.12&rft.pub=The+Linux+Kernel+Archives&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2FHistoric%2Fold-versions%2FRELNOTES-0.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-XzMje-21"><a href="#cite_ref-XzMje_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Hantelmann2016" class="citation book cs1">Fred Hantelmann (2016). LINUX Start-up Guide: A self-contained introduction. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642607493" title="Special:BookSources/9783642607493"><bdi>9783642607493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LINUX+Start-up+Guide%3A+A+self-contained+introduction&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783642607493&rft.au=Fred+Hantelmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fred_Hantelmann_2016_16-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fred_Hantelmann_2016_16_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fred_Hantelmann_2016_16_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fred_Hantelmann_2016_16_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Hantelmann2016" class="citation book cs1">Fred Hantelmann (2016). LINUX Start-up Guide: A self-contained introduction. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642607493" title="Special:BookSources/9783642607493"><bdi>9783642607493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LINUX+Start-up+Guide%3A+A+self-contained+introduction&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783642607493&rft.au=Fred+Hantelmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QFvMn-23"><a href="#cite_ref-QFvMn_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1992" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Summers, David W. (19 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/alt.os.linux/msg/c638df159fa15159">"Troubles with Partitions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:alt.os.linux">alt.os.linux</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:1992Jan19.085628.18752@cseg01.uark.edu">1992Jan19.085628.18752@cseg01.uark.edu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602210415/http://groups.google.com/group/alt.os.linux/msg/c638df159fa15159">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Troubles+with+Partitions&rft.pub=alt.os.linux&rft.date=1992-01-19&rft_id=news%3A1992Jan19.085628.18752%40cseg01.uark.edu%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Falt.os.linux%2Fmsg%2Fc638df159fa15159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-paK4Z-24"><a href="#cite_ref-paK4Z_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClegg1992" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Clegg, Alan B. (31 March 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux/msg/81fe3618c4803d1e">"It's here!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.linux">comp.os.linux</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:1992Mar31.131811.19832@rock.concert.net">1992Mar31.131811.19832@rock.concert.net</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602203914/http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux/msg/81fe3618c4803d1e">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+here%21&rft.pub=comp.os.linux&rft.date=1992-03-31&rft_id=news%3A1992Mar31.131811.19832%40rock.concert.net%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.aulast=Clegg&rft.aufirst=Alan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.linux%2Fmsg%2F81fe3618c4803d1e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2BA6C-25"><a href="#cite_ref-2BA6C_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781565925823">"Appendix A: The Tanenbaum-Torvalds Debate"</a>. Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a>. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-582-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-582-3"><bdi>1-56592-582-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+A%3A+The+Tanenbaum-Torvalds+Debate&rft.btitle=Open+Sources%3A+Voices+from+the+Open+Source+Revolution&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-56592-582-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781565925823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vghTe-26"><a href="#cite_ref-vghTe_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanenbaum1992" class="citation newsgroup cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Tanenbaum, Andy</a> (29 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/f447530d082cd95d">"LINUX is obsolete"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.minix">comp.os.minix</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:12595@star.cs.vu.nl">12595@star.cs.vu.nl</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017163006/http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/f447530d082cd95d">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LINUX+is+obsolete&rft.pub=comp.os.minix&rft.date=1992-01-29&rft_id=news%3A12595%40star.cs.vu.nl%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.aulast=Tanenbaum&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.minix%2Fmsg%2Ff447530d082cd95d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pUfrR-27"><a href="#cite_ref-pUfrR_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanenbaum2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Tanenbaum, Andy</a> (12 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/reliable-os/">"Tanenbaum-Torvalds Debate: Part II"</a>. <a href="/wiki/VU_University_Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="VU University Amsterdam">VU University Amsterdam</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150805132304/http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/reliable-os/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tanenbaum-Torvalds+Debate%3A+Part+II&rft.pub=VU+University+Amsterdam&rft.date=2006-05-12&rft.aulast=Tanenbaum&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.vu.nl%2F~ast%2Freliable-os%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HR4Vb-28"><a href="#cite_ref-HR4Vb_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2012" class="citation web cs1">Hayward, David (22 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techradar.com/news/software/operating-systems/the-history-of-linux-how-time-has-shaped-the-penguin-1113914">"The history of Linux: how time has shaped the penguin"</a>. TechRadar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319065513/https://www.techradar.com/news/software/operating-systems/the-history-of-linux-how-time-has-shaped-the-penguin-1113914">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRadar&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Linux%3A+how+time+has+shaped+the+penguin&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techradar.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Foperating-systems%2Fthe-history-of-linux-how-time-has-shaped-the-penguin-1113914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jqib7-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Jqib7_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2012" class="citation web cs1">Hayward, David (22 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techradar.com/news/software/operating-systems/the-history-of-linux-how-time-has-shaped-the-penguin-1113914/2">"The history of Linux: how time has shaped the penguin"</a>. TechRadar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319065522/https://www.techradar.com/news/software/operating-systems/the-history-of-linux-how-time-has-shaped-the-penguin-1113914/2">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRadar&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Linux%3A+how+time+has+shaped+the+penguin&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techradar.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Foperating-systems%2Fthe-history-of-linux-how-time-has-shaped-the-penguin-1113914%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum_2016_108-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum_2016_108_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum_2016_108_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum_2016_108_30-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_Bresnahan_&_Richard_Blum2016" class="citation book cs1">Christine Bresnahan & Richard Blum (2016). LPIC-2: Linux Professional Institute Certification Study Guide: Exam 201 and Exam 202. John Wiley & Sons. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119150794" title="Special:BookSources/9781119150794"><bdi>9781119150794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LPIC-2%3A+Linux+Professional+Institute+Certification+Study+Guide%3A+Exam+201+and+Exam+202&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781119150794&rft.au=Christine+Bresnahan+%26+Richard+Blum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2.0.0_release-31"><a href="#cite_ref-2.0.0_release_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds1996" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (9 June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9606.1/0056.html">"Linux 2.0 really _is_ released."</a> <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091044/http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9606.1/0056.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+2.0+really+_is_+released..&rft.date=1996-06-09&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F9606.1%2F0056.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/kbuild/index.html">"Kernel Build System — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200722122129/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/kbuild/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Kernel+Build+System+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fkbuild%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/kbuild/kconfig.html">"Kconfig make config — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717132644/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/kbuild/kconfig.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Kconfig+make+config+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fkbuild%2Fkconfig.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2.2.0_release-34"><a href="#cite_ref-2.2.0_release_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds1999" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (20 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9901.2/1084.html">"2.2.0-final"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144000/http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9901.2/1084.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2.2.0-final&rft.date=1999-01-20&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F9901.2%2F1084.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kniggit.net/wonderful-world-linux/wonderful-world-linux-2-2/">"The Wonderful World of Linux 2.2"</a>. 26 January 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106030845/http://kniggit.net/wonderful-world-linux/wonderful-world-linux-2-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wonderful+World+of+Linux+2.2&rft.date=1999-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkniggit.net%2Fwonderful-world-linux%2Fwonderful-world-linux-2-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-df5gk-36"><a href="#cite_ref-df5gk_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linuxvm.org/penguinvm/notes.html">"Linux/390 Observations and Notes"</a>. linuxvm.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226085302/http://linuxvm.org/penguinvm/notes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=linuxvm.org&rft.atitle=Linux%2F390+Observations+and+Notes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinuxvm.org%2Fpenguinvm%2Fnotes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2.4.0_release-37"><a href="#cite_ref-2.4.0_release_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds2001" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (4 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0101.0/0776.html">"And oh, btw."</a> <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126231619/http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0101.0/0776.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=And+oh%2C+btw..&rft.date=2001-01-04&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F0101.0%2F0776.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWOL24-38"><a href="#cite_ref-WWOL24_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050317071343/http://www.kniggit.net/wwol24.html">"The Wonderful World of Linux 2.4"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kniggit.net/wwol24.html">the original</a> on 17 March 2005. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wonderful+World+of+Linux+2.4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkniggit.net%2Fwwol24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2.6.0_release-39"><a href="#cite_ref-2.6.0_release_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds2003" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (17 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0312.2/0348.html">"Linux 2.6.0"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162542/http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0312.2/0348.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+2.6.0&rft.date=2003-12-17&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F0312.2%2F0348.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lguxu-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Lguxu_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/proc.5.html">"proc(5) - Linux manual page"</a> (see /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207232837/http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/proc.5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=proc%285%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman5%2Fproc.5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rY8Ml-41"><a href="#cite_ref-rY8Ml_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page">"btrfs Wiki"</a>. btrfs.wiki.kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425151829/https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=btrfs.wiki.kernel.org&rft.atitle=btrfs+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbtrfs.wiki.kernel.org%2Findex.php%2FMain_Page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fred_Hantelmann_2016_1–2-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Fred_Hantelmann_2016_1%E2%80%932_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Hantelmann2016" class="citation book cs1">Fred Hantelmann (2016). LINUX Start-up Guide: A self-contained introduction. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642607493" title="Special:BookSources/9783642607493"><bdi>9783642607493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LINUX+Start-up+Guide%3A+A+self-contained+introduction&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783642607493&rft.au=Fred+Hantelmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-0eXeT-43"><a href="#cite_ref-0eXeT_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinux_Kernel_Mailing_List2005" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Linux Kernel Mailing List (17 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marc.info/?l=git-commits-head&m=111904216911731">"Linux 2.6.12"</a>. git-commits-head (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126231629/http://marc.info/?l=git-commits-head&m=111904216911731">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+2.6.12&rft.date=2005-06-17&rft.au=Linux+Kernel+Mailing+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarc.info%2F%3Fl%3Dgit-commits-head%26m%3D111904216911731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2.6.16-longterm-44"><a href="#cite_ref-2.6.16-longterm_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroah-Hartman2006" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Kroah-Hartman, Greg</a> (3 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0608.0/1111.html">"Adrian Bunk is now taking over the 2.6.16-stable branch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126231617/http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0608.0/1111.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adrian+Bunk+is+now+taking+over+the+2.6.16-stable+branch&rft.date=2006-08-03&rft.aulast=Kroah-Hartman&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F0608.0%2F1111.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zZKMh-45"><a href="#cite_ref-zZKMh_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothwell2008" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Rothwell, Stephen (12 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2008/2/11/512">"Announce: Linux-next (Or Andrew's dream :-))"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124235700/http://lkml.org/lkml/2008/2/11/512">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announce%3A+Linux-next+%28Or+Andrew%27s+dream+%3A-%29%29&rft.date=2008-02-12&rft.aulast=Rothwell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flkml.org%2Flkml%2F2008%2F2%2F11%2F512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CY4pJ-46"><a href="#cite_ref-CY4pJ_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2010" class="citation web cs1">Corbet, Jonathan (21 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/269120/">"linux-next and patch management process"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. Eklektix, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621034215/http://lwn.net/Articles/269120/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=linux-next+and+patch+management+process&rft.date=2010-10-21&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F269120%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4hjhG-47"><a href="#cite_ref-4hjhG_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kernel.org">"The Linux Kernel Archives"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980130085039/http://www.kernel.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 1998. Retrieved 22 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Linux+Kernel+Archives&rft.pub=Kernel.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-To3tT-48"><a href="#cite_ref-To3tT_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/451168/">"Add a personality to report 2.6.x version numbers [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716092939/https://lwn.net/Articles/451168/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=Add+a+personality+to+report+2.6.x+version+numbers+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F451168%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3.0_release-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3.0_release_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-3.0_release_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (21 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1107.2/01843.html">"Linux 3.0 release"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_mailing_list" title="Linux kernel mailing list">Linux kernel mailing list</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018044641/http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1107.2/01843.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+3.0+release&rft.pub=Linux+kernel+mailing+list&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.indiana.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F1107.2%2F01843.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-q0tsu-50"><a href="#cite_ref-q0tsu_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds2011" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (30 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531232747/http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1147415">"Linux 3.0-rc1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a> (Mailing list). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1147415">the original</a> on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+3.0-rc1&rft.date=2011-05-30&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpermalink.gmane.org%2Fgmane.linux.kernel%2F1147415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds2001" class="citation web cs1">Torvalds, Linus (10 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yarchive.net/comp/linux/semaphores.html">"Re: [PATCH] i386 rw_semaphores fix"</a>. yarchive.net. Retrieved 26 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yarchive.net&rft.atitle=Re%3A+%5BPATCH%5D+i386+rw_semaphores+fix&rft.date=2001-04-10&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyarchive.net%2Fcomp%2Flinux%2Fsemaphores.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KPoEx-52"><a href="#cite_ref-KPoEx_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan-Nichols2012" class="citation web cs1">Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (13 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/good-bye-386-linux-to-drop-support-for-i386-chips-with-next-major-release/">"Good-Bye 386: Linux to drop support for i386 chips with next major release"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Interactive">CBS Interactive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217232706/http://www.zdnet.com/article/good-bye-386-linux-to-drop-support-for-i386-chips-with-next-major-release/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Good-Bye+386%3A+Linux+to+drop+support+for+i386+chips+with+next+major+release&rft.date=2012-12-13&rft.aulast=Vaughan-Nichols&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fgood-bye-386-linux-to-drop-support-for-i386-chips-with-next-major-release%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-l9vgy-53"><a href="#cite_ref-l9vgy_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFingas2012" class="citation web cs1">Fingas, Jon (15 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2012/12/15/linux-to-drop-i386-support-in-the-3-8-kernel/">"Linux to drop i386 support in the 3.8 kernel, make us upgrade our Doom rig"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a>. <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141004/http://www.engadget.com/2012/12/15/linux-to-drop-i386-support-in-the-3-8-kernel/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Linux+to+drop+i386+support+in+the+3.8+kernel%2C+make+us+upgrade+our+Doom+rig&rft.date=2012-12-15&rft.aulast=Fingas&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2012%2F12%2F15%2Flinux-to-drop-i386-support-in-the-3-8-kernel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-0lwal-54"><a href="#cite_ref-0lwal_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan-Nichols2012" class="citation web cs1">Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-3-7-arrives-arm-developers-rejoice/">"Linux 3.7 arrives, ARM developers rejoice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Interactive">CBS Interactive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105164320/http://www.zdnet.com/linux-3-7-arrives-arm-developers-rejoice-7000008638/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Linux+3.7+arrives%2C+ARM+developers+rejoice&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.aulast=Vaughan-Nichols&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Flinux-3-7-arrives-arm-developers-rejoice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4.0_release-55"><a href="#cite_ref-4.0_release_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds2015" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (12 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/4/12/178">"Linux 4.0 released"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413015619/https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/4/12/178">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+4.0+released&rft.date=2015-04-12&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flkml.org%2Flkml%2F2015%2F4%2F12%2F178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3.11.0_release-56"><a href="#cite_ref-3.11.0_release_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds2013" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (2 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1309.0/00650.html">"Linux 3.11"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226021932/http://lkml.iu.edu//hypermail/linux/kernel/1309.0/00650.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+3.11&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F1309.0%2F00650.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n7jTp-57"><a href="#cite_ref-n7jTp_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.11">"Linux 3.11"</a>. kernelnewbies.org. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+3.11&rft.pub=kernelnewbies.org&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkernelnewbies.org%2FLinux_3.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3eoKz-58"><a href="#cite_ref-3eoKz_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160719042639/https://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2015/02/linux-foundation-releases-linux-development-report">"The Linux Foundation Releases Linux Development Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a>. 18 February 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2015/02/linux-foundation-releases-linux-development-report">the original</a> on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Linux+Foundation+Releases+Linux+Development+Report&rft.pub=Linux+Foundation&rft.date=2015-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxfoundation.org%2Fnews-media%2Fannouncements%2F2015%2F02%2Flinux-foundation-releases-linux-development-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lx7F0-59"><a href="#cite_ref-lx7F0_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Larabel2014" class="citation web cs1">Michael Larabel (23 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-19.5M-Stats">"Linux Kernel At 19.5 Million Lines Of Code, Continues Rising"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phoronix" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123170810/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-19.5M-Stats">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Kernel+At+19.5+Million+Lines+Of+Code%2C+Continues+Rising&rft.pub=Phoronix&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft.au=Michael+Larabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DLinux-19.5M-Stats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds2019" class="citation web cs1">Torvalds, Linus (3 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/3/3/236">"Linus Torvalds: Linux 5.0"</a>. LKML. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240825123800/https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/3/3/236">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LKML&rft.atitle=Linus+Torvalds%3A+Linux+5.0&rft.date=2019-03-03&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flkml.org%2Flkml%2F2019%2F3%2F3%2F236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakash2023" class="citation news cs1">Prakash, Abhishek (11 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itsfoss.com/linux-kernel-5/">"Linux Kernel 5.0 Released! Check Out The New Features"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=It%27s_FOSS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="It's FOSS (page does not exist)">It's FOSS</a>. Retrieved 25 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=It%27s+FOSS&rft.atitle=Linux+Kernel+5.0+Released%21+Check+Out+The+New+Features&rft.date=2023-01-11&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=Abhishek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2Flinux-kernel-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel2019" class="citation web cs1">Larabel, Micheal (6 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/review/linux-2019-features">"The Many New Features & Improvements Of The Linux 5.0 Kernel"</a>. www.phoronix.com. Retrieved 25 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.phoronix.com&rft.atitle=The+Many+New+Features+%26+Improvements+Of+The+Linux+5.0+Kernel&rft.date=2019-01-06&rft.aulast=Larabel&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Freview%2Flinux-2019-features&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-xkq10-63"><a href="#cite_ref-xkq10_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2020" class="citation web cs1">Corbet, Jonathan (3 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/827735/">"Some statistics from the 5.8 kernel cycle"</a>. LWN - Linux Weekly News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084101/https://lwn.net/Articles/827735/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN+-+Linux+Weekly+News&rft.atitle=Some+statistics+from+the+5.8+kernel+cycle&rft.date=2020-08-03&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F827735%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MqCDa-64"><a href="#cite_ref-MqCDa_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019/">"Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2019 - most popular technologies"</a>. Stack Overflow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008033536/https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019/?utm_source=social-share&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=dev-survey-2019">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stack+Overflow&rft.atitle=Stack+Overflow+Developer+Survey+2019+-+most+popular+technologies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsights.stackoverflow.com%2Fsurvey%2F2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sXZWF-65"><a href="#cite_ref-sXZWF_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019#development-environments-and-tools">"Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2019 - development environments and tools"</a>. Stack Overflow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307082721/https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019#development-environments-and-tools">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stack+Overflow&rft.atitle=Stack+Overflow+Developer+Survey+2019+-+development+environments+and+tools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsights.stackoverflow.com%2Fsurvey%2F2019%23development-environments-and-tools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vjxfE-66"><a href="#cite_ref-vjxfE_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/operating_system">"Usage Statistics and Market Share of Operating Systems for Websites, March 2020"</a>. w3techs.com. Retrieved 17 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3techs.com&rft.atitle=Usage+Statistics+and+Market+Share+of+Operating+Systems+for+Websites%2C+March+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw3techs.com%2Ftechnologies%2Foverview%2Foperating_system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qUSpE-67"><a href="#cite_ref-qUSpE_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-unix">"Usage Statistics and Market Share of Unix for Websites, March 2020"</a>. w3techs.com. Retrieved 17 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3techs.com&rft.atitle=Usage+Statistics+and+Market+Share+of+Unix+for+Websites%2C+March+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw3techs.com%2Ftechnologies%2Fdetails%2Fos-unix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-top500stats2-68"><a href="#cite_ref-top500stats2_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.top500.org/statistics/details/osfam/1">"TOP500 Supercomputer Sites: Operating system Family / Linux"</a>. Top500.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119205719/https://www.top500.org/statistics/details/osfam/1">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TOP500+Supercomputer+Sites%3A+Operating+system+Family+%2F+Linux&rft.pub=Top500.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.top500.org%2Fstatistics%2Fdetails%2Fosfam%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OVx4S-69"><a href="#cite_ref-OVx4S_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017151529/http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2875017">"Gartner Says Sales of Tablets Will Represent Less Than 10 Percent of All Devices in 2014"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Egham" title="Egham">Egham, UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a>. 15 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2875017">the original</a> on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gartner+Says+Sales+of+Tablets+Will+Represent+Less+Than+10+Percent+of+All+Devices+in+2014&rft.place=Egham%2C+UK&rft.pub=Gartner&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gartner.com%2Fnewsroom%2Fid%2F2875017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oQC5P-70"><a href="#cite_ref-oQC5P_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunden2014" class="citation web cs1">Lunden, Ingrid (15 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/15/tablet-sales-growth-plummets-in-2014-as-android-smartphones-continue-to-soar-gartner">"Tablet Sales Growth Plummets In 2014 As Android Smartphones Continue To Soar: Gartner"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>. <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023114800/http://techcrunch.com/2014/10/15/tablet-sales-growth-plummets-in-2014-as-android-smartphones-continue-to-soar-gartner/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Tablet+Sales+Growth+Plummets+In+2014+As+Android+Smartphones+Continue+To+Soar%3A+Gartner&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.aulast=Lunden&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2014%2F10%2F15%2Ftablet-sales-growth-plummets-in-2014-as-android-smartphones-continue-to-soar-gartner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2c2eU-71"><a href="#cite_ref-2c2eU_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011215307/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25187214">"Global PC Shipments Exceed Forecast with Mild Improvement in Consumer Demand, While Apple Moves to #5 Spot, According to IDC"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts" title="Framingham, Massachusetts">Framingham, MA</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Data Corporation">IDC</a>. 8 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25187214">the original</a> on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+PC+Shipments+Exceed+Forecast+with+Mild+Improvement+in+Consumer+Demand%2C+While+Apple+Moves+to+%235+Spot%2C+According+to+IDC&rft.place=Framingham%2C+MA&rft.pub=IDC&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idc.com%2Fgetdoc.jsp%3FcontainerId%3DprUS25187214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a4RtJ-72"><a href="#cite_ref-a4RtJ_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler" class="citation web cs1">Wheeler, David A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/linux-kernel-cost.html">"Linux Kernel 2.6: It's Worth More!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820092909/http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/linux-kernel-cost.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Kernel+2.6%3A+It%27s+Worth+More%21&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwheeler.com%2Fessays%2Flinux-kernel-cost.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yORjV-73"><a href="#cite_ref-yORjV_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/ict/files/2006-11-20-flossimpact_en.pdf">"Economic impact of FLOSS on innovation and competitiveness of the EU ICT sector"</a> (PDF) (Table 3 on page 50). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100215190539/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/ict/files/2006-11-20-flossimpact_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+impact+of+FLOSS+on+innovation+and+competitiveness+of+the+EU+ICT+sector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenterprise%2Fsectors%2Fict%2Ffiles%2F2006-11-20-flossimpact_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-e80cn-74"><a href="#cite_ref-e80cn_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100711025812/http://www.linuxfoundation.org/publications/estimatinglinux.pdf">"Estimating Total Development Cost Of a Linux Distribution"</a> (PDF) (Table on page 6). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/publications/estimatinglinux.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimating+Total+Development+Cost+Of+a+Linux+Distribution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxfoundation.org%2Fpublications%2Festimatinglinux.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mvmLl-75"><a href="#cite_ref-mvmLl_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linux.slashdot.org/story/10/02/24/155214/The-Billion-Dollar-Kernel">"The Billion Dollar Kernel"</a>. Linux.slashdot.org. 24 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515003125/http://linux.slashdot.org/story/10/02/24/155214/The-Billion-Dollar-Kernel">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Billion+Dollar+Kernel&rft.pub=Linux.slashdot.org&rft.date=2010-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinux.slashdot.org%2Fstory%2F10%2F02%2F24%2F155214%2FThe-Billion-Dollar-Kernel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rjeGU-76"><a href="#cite_ref-rjeGU_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler" class="citation web cs1">Wheeler, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dwheeler.com/essays/linux-kernel-cost.html">"The Linux Kernel: It's Worth More!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224011056/https://dwheeler.com/essays/linux-kernel-cost.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Linux+Kernel%3A+It%27s+Worth+More%21&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdwheeler.com%2Fessays%2Flinux-kernel-cost.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/">"The Linux Kernel Archives"</a>. www.kernel.org. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kernel.org&rft.atitle=The+Linux+Kernel+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bXrVc-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bXrVc_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bXrVc_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxfoundation.org/publications/2017/10/2017-state-of-linux-kernel-development/">"2017 State of Linux Kernel Development"</a>. The Linux Foundation. 25 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527074644/https://www.linuxfoundation.org/publications/2017/10/2017-state-of-linux-kernel-development/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linux+Foundation&rft.atitle=2017+State+of+Linux+Kernel+Development&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxfoundation.org%2Fpublications%2F2017%2F10%2F2017-state-of-linux-kernel-development%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConKolivas-79"><a href="#cite_ref-ConKolivas_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707151924/http://apcmag.com/why_i_quit_kernel_developer_con_kolivas.htm">"Why I quit: kernel developer Con Kolivas"</a>. APC Magazine. ACP Magazines. 24 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apcmag.com/node/6735/">the original</a> on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Why+I+quit%3A+kernel+developer+Con+Kolivas&rft.date=2007-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapcmag.com%2Fnode%2F6735%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hbWwd-80"><a href="#cite_ref-hbWwd_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2007" class="citation web cs1">Corbet, Jonathan (25 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/242768/">"Re: -mm merge plans for 2.6.23"</a>. LWN.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131406/https://lwn.net/Articles/242768/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+-mm+merge+plans+for+2.6.23&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2007-07-25&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F242768%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cqshf-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Cqshf_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2009" class="citation web cs1">Cox, Alan (28 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2009/7/28/375">"Re: [PATCH] kdesu broken"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180211190040/https://lkml.org/lkml/2009/7/28/375">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+%5BPATCH%5D+kdesu+broken&rft.date=2009-07-28&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flkml.org%2Flkml%2F2009%2F7%2F28%2F375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LnsQz-82"><a href="#cite_ref-LnsQz_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigues2011" class="citation web cs1">Rodrigues, Goldwyn (22 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/424004/">"A tale of two SCSI targets"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215204201/https://lwn.net/Articles/424004/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+tale+of+two+SCSI+targets&rft.date=2011-01-22&rft.aulast=Rodrigues&rft.aufirst=Goldwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F424004%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mvbGZ-83"><a href="#cite_ref-mvbGZ_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2013" class="citation web cs1">Steinmetz, Andreas (17 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/1/16/803">"LIO - the broken iSCSI target implementation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215204140/https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/1/16/803">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LIO+-+the+broken+iSCSI+target+implementation&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flkml.org%2Flkml%2F2013%2F1%2F16%2F803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TYyez-84"><a href="#cite_ref-TYyez_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2012" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Ryan (19 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/06/linus-torvalds-says-f-k-you-to-nvidia/">"Linus Torvalds says "f–k you" to NVIDIA"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023959/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/06/linus-torvalds-says-f-k-you-to-nvidia/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linus+Torvalds+says+%22f%E2%80%93k+you%22+to+NVIDIA&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2012%2F06%2Flinus-torvalds-says-f-k-you-to-nvidia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SkO7Y-85"><a href="#cite_ref-SkO7Y_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Gold2014" class="citation web cs1">John Gold (3 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.networkworld.com/article/2175826/linus-torvalds-suspends-key-linux-developer.html">"Linus Torvalds suspends key Linux developer: Kernel panic as Systemd dev pokes the bear"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324195212/https://www.networkworld.com/article/2175826/linus-torvalds-suspends-key-linux-developer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linus+Torvalds+suspends+key+Linux+developer%3A+Kernel+panic+as+Systemd+dev+pokes+the+bear&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft.au=John+Gold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F2175826%2Flinus-torvalds-suspends-key-linux-developer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LWM1n-86"><a href="#cite_ref-LWM1n_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoettering2014" class="citation web cs1">Poettering, Lennart (6 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180527195108/https://plus.google.com/+LennartPoetteringTheOneAndOnly/posts/J2TZrTvu7vd">"On the sickness of the Linux Kernel Community"</a>. Google+. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.google.com/+LennartPoetteringTheOneAndOnly/posts/J2TZrTvu7vd">the original</a> on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google%2B&rft.atitle=On+the+sickness+of+the+Linux+Kernel+Community&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft.aulast=Poettering&rft.aufirst=Lennart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplus.google.com%2F%2BLennartPoetteringTheOneAndOnly%2Fposts%2FJ2TZrTvu7vd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vMANt-87"><a href="#cite_ref-vMANt_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodkin2015" class="citation web cs1">Brodkin, Jon (6 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/03/vmware-alleged-to-have-violated-linuxs-open-source-license-for-years/">"VMware alleged to have violated Linux's open source license for years"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023512/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/03/vmware-alleged-to-have-violated-linuxs-open-source-license-for-years/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=VMware+alleged+to+have+violated+Linux%27s+open+source+license+for+years&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft.aulast=Brodkin&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2F2015%2F03%2Fvmware-alleged-to-have-violated-linuxs-open-source-license-for-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7mJER-88"><a href="#cite_ref-7mJER_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2016" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Kieren (26 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/08/26/linus_torvalds_calls_own_lawyers_nasty_festering_disease/">"Having offended everyone else in the world, Linus Torvalds calls own lawyers a 'nasty festering disease'"</a>. The Register. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023540/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/08/26/linus_torvalds_calls_own_lawyers_nasty_festering_disease/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Having+offended+everyone+else+in+the+world%2C+Linus+Torvalds+calls+own+lawyers+a+%27nasty+festering+disease%27&rft.date=2016-08-26&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Kieren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2016%2F08%2F26%2Flinus_torvalds_calls_own_lawyers_nasty_festering_disease%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroah-Hartman" class="citation web cs1">Kroah-Hartman, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20210421130105.1226686-1-gregkh@linuxfoundation.org/">"[PATCH 000/190] Revertion of all of the umn.edu commits"</a>. Linux Kernel Mailing List Archive. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux+Kernel+Mailing+List+Archive&rft.atitle=%5BPATCH+000%2F190%5D+Revertion+of+all+of+the+umn.edu+commits&rft.aulast=Kroah-Hartman&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flore.kernel.org%2Flkml%2F20210421130105.1226686-1-gregkh%40linuxfoundation.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChin2021" class="citation news cs1">Chin, Monica (30 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/30/22410164/linux-kernel-university-of-minnesota-banned-open-source">"How a university got itself banned from the Linux kernel"</a>. The Verge. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+a+university+got+itself+banned+from+the+Linux+kernel&rft.date=2021-04-30&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2021%2F4%2F30%2F22410164%2Flinux-kernel-university-of-minnesota-banned-open-source&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zcauf-91"><a href="#cite_ref-zcauf_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2007" class="citation web cs1">Corbet, Jonathan (10 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/249104/">"KS2007: Developer relations and development process"</a>. LWN.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212142109/https://lwn.net/Articles/249104/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=KS2007%3A+Developer+relations+and+development+process&rft.date=2007-09-10&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F249104%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dfxum-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Dfxum_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodkin2013" class="citation web cs1">Brodkin, Jon (16 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/07/linus-torvalds-defends-his-right-to-shame-linux-kernel-developers/">"Linus Torvalds defends his right to shame Linux kernel developers"</a>. ARS Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217143017/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/07/linus-torvalds-defends-his-right-to-shame-linux-kernel-developers/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARS+Technica&rft.atitle=Linus+Torvalds+defends+his+right+to+shame+Linux+kernel+developers&rft.date=2013-07-16&rft.aulast=Brodkin&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2013%2F07%2Flinus-torvalds-defends-his-right-to-shame-linux-kernel-developers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a51oD-93"><a href="#cite_ref-a51oD_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2015" class="citation web cs1">Corbet, Jonathan (9 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/635999/">"The kernel's code of conflict"</a>. LWN.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212142143/https://lwn.net/Articles/635999/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=The+kernel%27s+code+of+conflict&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F635999%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gluP1-94"><a href="#cite_ref-gluP1_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2018" class="citation web cs1">Corbet, Jonathan (18 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/SubscriberLink/765108/f1a80a6d6a6ff0f4/">"Code, conflict, and conduct"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919175320/https://lwn.net/SubscriberLink/765108/f1a80a6d6a6ff0f4/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code%2C+conflict%2C+and+conduct&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FSubscriberLink%2F765108%2Ff1a80a6d6a6ff0f4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bLQrs-95"><a href="#cite_ref-bLQrs_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Cohen, Noam (19 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/after-years-of-abusive-e-mails-the-creator-of-linux-steps-aside">"After Years of Abusive E-mails, the Creator of Linux Steps Aside"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220085413/https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/after-years-of-abusive-e-mails-the-creator-of-linux-steps-aside">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=After+Years+of+Abusive+E-mails%2C+the+Creator+of+Linux+Steps+Aside&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fscience%2Felements%2Fafter-years-of-abusive-e-mails-the-creator-of-linux-steps-aside&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6hCGb-96"><a href="#cite_ref-6hCGb_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel" class="citation web cs1">Larabel, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-Kernel-Hugs">"Dropping Profanity In Kernel Code Comments: Linux Gets "Hugs""</a>. Phoronix. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421094724/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-Kernel-Hugs">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoronix&rft.atitle=Dropping+Profanity+In+Kernel+Code+Comments%3A+Linux+Gets+%22Hugs%22&rft.aulast=Larabel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DLinux-Kernel-Hugs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9XiLD-97"><a href="#cite_ref-9XiLD_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/process/code-of-conflict.rst">"Code of Conflict"</a>. Retrieved 4 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+of+Conflict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Fscm%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Ftree%2FDocumentation%2Fprocess%2Fcode-of-conflict.rst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-XFXHf-98"><a href="#cite_ref-XFXHf_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharwood2015" class="citation web cs1">Sharwood, Simon (6 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/06/linix_kernel_dev_who_asked_linus_torvalds_to_stop_swearing_quits_over_swearing/">"Linux kernel dev who asked Linus Torvalds to stop verbal abuse quits over verbal abuse"</a>. The Register. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329075939/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/06/linix_kernel_dev_who_asked_linus_torvalds_to_stop_swearing_quits_over_swearing/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Linux+kernel+dev+who+asked+Linus+Torvalds+to+stop+verbal+abuse+quits+over+verbal+abuse&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.aulast=Sharwood&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2015%2F10%2F06%2Flinix_kernel_dev_who_asked_linus_torvalds_to_stop_swearing_quits_over_swearing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-R8yIB-99"><a href="#cite_ref-R8yIB_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdge2018" class="citation web cs1">Edge, Jake (31 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/745817/">"Too many lords, not enough stewards"</a>. LWN.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109004145/https://lwn.net/Articles/745817/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=Too+many+lords%2C+not+enough+stewards&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft.aulast=Edge&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F745817%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-I88RB-100"><a href="#cite_ref-I88RB_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2017" class="citation web cs1">Corbet, Jonathan (6 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/738222/">"Bash the kernel maintainers"</a>. LWN.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126003428/https://lwn.net/Articles/738222/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=Bash+the+kernel+maintainers&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F738222%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dk5Lm-101"><a href="#cite_ref-dk5Lm_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprg.uniroma2.it/kernelhacking2008/lectures/lkhc08-01b.pdf">"Linux Evolution"</a> (PDF). 26 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214074153/http://www.sprg.uniroma2.it/kernelhacking2008/lectures/lkhc08-01b.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Evolution&rft.date=2008-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprg.uniroma2.it%2Fkernelhacking2008%2Flectures%2Flkhc08-01b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSPdA-102"><a href="#cite_ref-BSPdA_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/~feit/papers/LinuxDev12JSS.pdf">"Perpetual Development: A Model of the Linux Kernel Life Cycle"</a> (PDF). 25 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017210855/http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/~feit/papers/LinuxDev12JSS.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perpetual+Development%3A+A+Model+of+the+Linux+Kernel+Life+Cycle&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.huji.ac.il%2F~feit%2Fpapers%2FLinuxDev12JSS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mv11e-103"><a href="#cite_ref-mv11e_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroah-Hartman2008" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Kroah-Hartman, Greg (12 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0802.1/2159.html">"Re: Announce: Linux-next (Or Andrew's dream :-))"</a>. Linux Kernel Mailing List (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202070946/http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0802.1/2159.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Announce%3A+Linux-next+%28Or+Andrew%27s+dream+%3A-%29%29&rft.date=2008-02-12&rft.aulast=Kroah-Hartman&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F0802.1%2F2159.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eL0QP-104"><a href="#cite_ref-eL0QP_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Love2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert Love (2010). Linux Kernel Development: Linux Kernel Development. Pearson Education. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780768696790" title="Special:BookSources/9780768696790"><bdi>9780768696790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linux+Kernel+Development%3A+Linux+Kernel+Development&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780768696790&rft.au=Robert+Love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vRGYk-105"><a href="#cite_ref-vRGYk_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Love2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert Love (2010). Linux Kernel Development: Linux Kernel Development. Pearson Education. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780768696790" title="Special:BookSources/9780768696790"><bdi>9780768696790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linux+Kernel+Development%3A+Linux+Kernel+Development&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780768696790&rft.au=Robert+Love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nOVy6-106"><a href="#cite_ref-nOVy6_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/2.Process.html">"How the development process works"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209130758/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/2.Process.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+development+process+works&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fprocess%2F2.Process.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45qbF-107"><a href="#cite_ref-45qbF_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Love2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert Love (2010). Linux Kernel Development: Linux Kernel Development. Pearson Education. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780768696790" title="Special:BookSources/9780768696790"><bdi>9780768696790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linux+Kernel+Development%3A+Linux+Kernel+Development&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780768696790&rft.au=Robert+Love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/code-of-conduct.html">"Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct"</a>. The Linux Kernel documentation. Retrieved 6 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft.atitle=Contributor+Covenant+Code+of+Conduct&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fprocess%2Fcode-of-conduct.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/code-of-conduct-interpretation.html">"Linux Kernel Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct Interpretation"</a>. The Linux Kernel Documentation. Retrieved 6 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linux+Kernel+Documentation&rft.atitle=Linux+Kernel+Contributor+Covenant+Code+of+Conduct+Interpretation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fprocess%2Fcode-of-conduct-interpretation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2020/7/4/229">"[PATCH] CodingStyle: Inclusive Terminology"</a>. Linux Kernel Mailing List.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux+Kernel+Mailing+List&rft.atitle=%5BPATCH%5D+CodingStyle%3A+Inclusive+Terminology&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flkml.org%2Flkml%2F2020%2F7%2F4%2F229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Anderson" class="citation web cs1">Tim Anderson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2021/09/15/linux_kernel_gcc_5_1/">"Linux kernel minimum compiler raised to GCC 5.1, allowing potential C11 use"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. Retrieved 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Linux+kernel+minimum+compiler+raised+to+GCC+5.1%2C+allowing+potential+C11+use&rft.au=Tim+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2021%2F09%2F15%2Flinux_kernel_gcc_5_1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel" class="citation web cs1">Larabel, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-5.18-Does-C11">"The Switch Has Been Made From C89 To C11/GNU11 With Linux 5.18"</a>. www.phoronix.com. Retrieved 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.phoronix.com&rft.atitle=The+Switch+Has+Been+Made+From+C89+To+C11%2FGNU11+With+Linux+5.18&rft.aulast=Larabel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fnews%2FLinux-5.18-Does-C11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharwood2022" class="citation web cs1">Sharwood, Simon (11 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2022/12/11/linux_6_1/">"Linus Torvalds reveals Linux kernel 6.1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. Retrieved 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Linus+Torvalds+reveals+Linux+kernel+6.1&rft.date=2022-12-11&rft.aulast=Sharwood&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2022%2F12%2F11%2Flinux_6_1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbet" class="citation web cs1">Corbet, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/914458/">"Rust in the 6.2 kernel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. Retrieved 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=Rust+in+the+6.2+kernel&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F914458%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel" class="citation web cs1">Larabel, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/news/Rust-Linux-6.3-Changes">"More Rust Code Readied For Linux 6.3 - Closer To Having Rust Drivers Upstreamed"</a>. Phoronix. Retrieved 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoronix&rft.atitle=More+Rust+Code+Readied+For+Linux+6.3+-+Closer+To+Having+Rust+Drivers+Upstreamed&rft.aulast=Larabel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fnews%2FRust-Linux-6.3-Changes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tJSfW-116"><a href="#cite_ref-tJSfW_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/howto.html#documentation">"HOWTO do Linux kernel development — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307065439/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/howto.html#documentation">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=HOWTO+do+Linux+kernel+development+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fprocess%2Fhowto.html%23documentation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EugD6-117"><a href="#cite_ref-EugD6_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html">"Linux kernel coding style — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105083545/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Linux+kernel+coding+style+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fprocess%2Fcoding-style.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/2.Process.html#the-big-picture">"How the development process works — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209130758/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/2.Process.html#the-big-picture">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=How+the+development+process+works+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fprocess%2F2.Process.html%23the-big-picture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yXTuf-119"><a href="#cite_ref-yXTuf_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubbilun2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kubbilun, Ingo A. (2 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722090031/http://www.pyrillion.org/index.html?showframe=linuxkernelpatch.html">"Linux kernel patch for Intel Compiler"</a> (in German). Pyrillion.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pyrillion.org/index.html?showframe=linuxkernelpatch.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+kernel+patch+for+Intel+Compiler&rft.pub=Pyrillion.org&rft.date=2004-06-02&rft.aulast=Kubbilun&rft.aufirst=Ingo+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pyrillion.org%2Findex.html%3Fshowframe%3Dlinuxkernelpatch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-y2O2m-120"><a href="#cite_ref-y2O2m_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtimothy2009" class="citation web cs1">timothy (26 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linux.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=09/02/26/2216241">"High Performance Linux Kernel Project — LinuxDNA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot Linux</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dice_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Dice Holdings">Dice Holdings</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018044639/https://linux.slashdot.org/story/09/02/26/2216241/high-performance-linux-kernel-project-linuxdna">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slashdot+Linux&rft.atitle=High+Performance+Linux+Kernel+Project+%E2%80%94+LinuxDNA&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft.au=timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinux.slashdot.org%2Farticle.pl%3Fsid%3D09%2F02%2F26%2F2216241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CdkkU-121"><a href="#cite_ref-CdkkU_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2009" class="citation web cs1">Ryan, Justin (25 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linuxdna-supercharges-linux-intel-cc-compiler">"LinuxDNA Supercharges Linux with the Intel C/C++ Compiler"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a>. Belltown Media, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109011614/https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linuxdna-supercharges-linux-intel-cc-compiler">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux+Journal&rft.atitle=LinuxDNA+Supercharges+Linux+with+the+Intel+C%2FC%2B%2B+Compiler&rft.date=2009-02-25&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Fcontent%2Flinuxdna-supercharges-linux-intel-cc-compiler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel2023" class="citation web cs1">Larabel, Michael (5 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-6.3-Drops-Intel-ICC">"Linux 6.3 Drops Support For The Intel ICC Compiler"</a>. Phoronix. Retrieved 6 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoronix&rft.atitle=Linux+6.3+Drops+Support+For+The+Intel+ICC+Compiler&rft.date=2023-03-05&rft.aulast=Larabel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fnews%2FLinux-6.3-Drops-Intel-ICC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ksPmC-123"><a href="#cite_ref-ksPmC_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLelbach2010" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Lelbach, Bryce (25 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907044958/http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/pipermail/cfe-dev/2010-October/011711.html">"Clang builds a working Linux Kernel (Boots to RL5 with SMP, networking and X, self hosts)"</a>. cfe-dev (Mailing list). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/pipermail/cfe-dev/2010-October/011711.html">the original</a> on 7 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clang+builds+a+working+Linux+Kernel+%28Boots+to+RL5+with+SMP%2C+networking+and+X%2C+self+hosts%29&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft.aulast=Lelbach&rft.aufirst=Bryce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.cs.uiuc.edu%2Fpipermail%2Fcfe-dev%2F2010-October%2F011711.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-05DS8-124"><a href="#cite_ref-05DS8_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Larabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Larabel">Larabel, Michael</a> (12 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTY2MjY">"Linux 3.15 Can Almost Be Compiled Under LLVM's Clang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phoronix" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813143201/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTY2MjY">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+3.15+Can+Almost+Be+Compiled+Under+LLVM%27s+Clang&rft.pub=Phoronix&rft.date=2014-04-12&rft.aulast=Larabel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DMTY2MjY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QlWNo-125"><a href="#cite_ref-QlWNo_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Larabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Larabel">Larabel, Michael</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTY2MjY">"Patch By Patch, LLVM Clang Gets Better At Building The Linux Kernel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phoronix" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813143201/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTY2MjY">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patch+By+Patch%2C+LLVM+Clang+Gets+Better+At+Building+The+Linux+Kernel&rft.pub=Phoronix&rft.aulast=Larabel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DMTY2MjY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMJPf-126"><a href="#cite_ref-CMJPf_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdge2013" class="citation web cs1">Edge, Jake (7 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/549203/">"LFCS: The LLVMLinux project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810165632/https://lwn.net/Articles/549203/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LFCS%3A+The+LLVMLinux+project&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft.aulast=Edge&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F549203%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dl3QL-127"><a href="#cite_ref-dl3QL_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMöller2014" class="citation web cs1">Möller, Jan-Simon (2 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://llvm.org/devmtg/2014-02/slides/moller-llvmlinux.pdf">"LLVMLinux: The Linux Kernel with Dragon Wings"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803053328/http://llvm.org/devmtg/2014-02/slides/moller-llvmlinux.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LLVMLinux%3A+The+Linux+Kernel+with+Dragon+Wings&rft.pub=LLVM+Project&rft.date=2014-02-02&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6ller&rft.aufirst=Jan-Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fllvm.org%2Fdevmtg%2F2014-02%2Fslides%2Fmoller-llvmlinux.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9uQ4P-128"><a href="#cite_ref-9uQ4P_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesaulniersHackmannHines2017" class="citation web cs1">Desaulniers, Nick; Hackmann, Greg; Hines, Stephen (18 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l4DtR5exwo&t=2130">"2017 LLVM Developers' Meeting: Compiling Android userspace and Linux kernel with LLVM"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201231030548/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l4DtR5exwo&t=2130">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2017+LLVM+Developers%27+Meeting%3A+Compiling+Android+userspace+and+Linux+kernel+with+LLVM&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft.aulast=Desaulniers&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Hackmann%2C+Greg&rft.au=Hines%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D6l4DtR5exwo%26t%3D2130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6Qqwa-129"><a href="#cite_ref-6Qqwa_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackmann2017" class="citation web cs1">Hackmann, Greg (2 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/q/topic:marlin-nougat-mr1-clang+(status:open+OR+status:closed)">"marlin-nougat-mr1-clang Patch Series"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210125624/https://android-review.googlesource.com/q/topic:marlin-nougat-mr1-clang+(status:open+OR+status:closed)">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=marlin-nougat-mr1-clang+Patch+Series&rft.date=2017-02-02&rft.aulast=Hackmann&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandroid-review.googlesource.com%2Fq%2Ftopic%3Amarlin-nougat-mr1-clang%2B%28status%3Aopen%2BOR%2Bstatus%3Aclosed%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-G7ATP-130"><a href="#cite_ref-G7ATP_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaehlcke2018" class="citation web cs1">Kaehlcke, Matthias (22 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromiumos/overlays/chromiumos-overlay/+/1294370">"cros-kernel2: Make clang the default compiler for kernel builds"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210015343/https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromiumos/overlays/chromiumos-overlay/+/1294370">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cros-kernel2%3A+Make+clang+the+default+compiler+for+kernel+builds&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft.aulast=Kaehlcke&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchromium-review.googlesource.com%2Fc%2Fchromiumos%2Foverlays%2Fchromiumos-overlay%2F%2B%2F1294370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rc53w-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Rc53w_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Larabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Larabel">Larabel, Michael</a> (4 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Google-2019-Clang-Kernel">"Using LLVM Clang To Compile The Linux Kernel Is Heating Up Again Thanks To Google"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phoronix" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125201932/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Google-2019-Clang-Kernel">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Using+LLVM+Clang+To+Compile+The+Linux+Kernel+Is+Heating+Up+Again+Thanks+To+Google&rft.pub=Phoronix&rft.date=2019-02-04&rft.aulast=Larabel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DGoogle-2019-Clang-Kernel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VI8HH-132"><a href="#cite_ref-VI8HH_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesaulniers2019" class="citation web cs1">Desaulniers, Nick (10 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/c/platform/test/vts-testcase/kernel/+/1185200">"vts: kernel: enforce vts_kernel_toolchain for all TARGET_ARCH for R"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210125711/https://android-review.googlesource.com/c/platform/test/vts-testcase/kernel/+/1185200">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=vts%3A+kernel%3A+enforce+vts_kernel_toolchain+for+all+TARGET_ARCH+for+R&rft.date=2019-12-10&rft.aulast=Desaulniers&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandroid-review.googlesource.com%2Fc%2Fplatform%2Ftest%2Fvts-testcase%2Fkernel%2F%2B%2F1185200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1XmKl-133"><a href="#cite_ref-1XmKl_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesaulniers2020" class="citation web cs1">Desaulniers, Nick (19 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CAKwvOdmKjsJGbR7hHACk3qUgguy-HWvJQerwTnArE0AwhPgfcQ@mail.gmail.com/">"Re: violating function pointer signature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a>. Retrieved 6 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+violating+function+pointer+signature&rft.pub=LKML&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft.aulast=Desaulniers&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flore.kernel.org%2Flkml%2FCAKwvOdmKjsJGbR7hHACk3qUgguy-HWvJQerwTnArE0AwhPgfcQ%40mail.gmail.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-z2qVY-134"><a href="#cite_ref-z2qVY_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford2003" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Bradford, John (8 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0303.1/0009.html">"Re: what's an OOPS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031032356/http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0303.1/0009.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+what%27s+an+OOPS&rft.date=2003-03-08&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F0303.1%2F0009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a2s1L-135"><a href="#cite_ref-a2s1L_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/syslog.2.html">"syslog(2) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013152012/https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/syslog.2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=syslog%282%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman2%2Fsyslog.2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2qZWO-136"><a href="#cite_ref-2qZWO_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/493182/">"kmsg: export printk records to the /dev/kmsg interface [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002050933/http://lwn.net/Articles/493182/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=kmsg%3A+export+printk+records+to+the+%2Fdev%2Fkmsg+interface+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F493182%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68osT1soAPM">See what your computer is doing with Ftrace utilities</a>, 24 January 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/68osT1soAPM">archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021, retrieved 9 May 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=See+what+your+computer+is+doing+with+Ftrace+utilities&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D68osT1soAPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zi5c2-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Zi5c2_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/365835/">"Debugging the kernel using Ftrace - part 1 [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109001219/https://lwn.net/Articles/365835/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=Debugging+the+kernel+using+Ftrace+-+part+1+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F365835%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-l6A6o-139"><a href="#cite_ref-l6A6o_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/366796/">"Debugging the kernel using Ftrace - part 2 [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200331222229/https://lwn.net/Articles/366796/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=Debugging+the+kernel+using+Ftrace+-+part+2+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F366796%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smtxG-140"><a href="#cite_ref-smtxG_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/trace/ftrace.html">"ftrace - Function Tracer — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919095357/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/trace/ftrace.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=ftrace+-+Function+Tracer+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Ftrace%2Fftrace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LM95V-141"><a href="#cite_ref-LM95V_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/trace/boottime-trace.html">"Boot-time tracing — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031200922/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/trace/boottime-trace.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Boot-time+tracing+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Ftrace%2Fboottime-trace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cvH1K-142"><a href="#cite_ref-cvH1K_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/trace/kprobes.html">"Kernel Probes (Kprobes) — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011030448/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/trace/kprobes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Kernel+Probes+%28Kprobes%29+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Ftrace%2Fkprobes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RQ9e7-143"><a href="#cite_ref-RQ9e7_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/trace/uprobetracer.html">"Uprobe-tracer: Uprobe-based Event Tracing — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204204113/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/trace/uprobetracer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Uprobe-tracer%3A+Uprobe-based+Event+Tracing+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Ftrace%2Fuprobetracer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6e5gH-144"><a href="#cite_ref-6e5gH_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/jwessel/kdb/index.html">"Using kgdb, kdb and the kernel debugger internals"</a>. mirrors.edge.kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126003430/https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/jwessel/kdb/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mirrors.edge.kernel.org&rft.atitle=Using+kgdb%2C+kdb+and+the+kernel+debugger+internals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmirrors.edge.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fpeople%2Fjwessel%2Fkdb%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-0v6Bk-145"><a href="#cite_ref-0v6Bk_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGene_Sally2010" class="citation book cs1">Gene Sally (2010). Pro Linux Embedded Systems. Apress. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781430272267" title="Special:BookSources/9781430272267"><bdi>9781430272267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pro+Linux+Embedded+Systems&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781430272267&rft.au=Gene+Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillimoria2021" class="citation book cs1">Billimoria, Kaiwan N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1240585605">Linux Kernel Programming A Comprehensive Guide to Kernel Internals, Writing Kernel Modules, and Kernel Synchronization</a>. Birmingham: Packt Publishing, Limited. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78995-592-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78995-592-7"><bdi>978-1-78995-592-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1240585605">1240585605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linux+Kernel+Programming+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Kernel+Internals%2C+Writing+Kernel+Modules%2C+and+Kernel+Synchronization.&rft.place=Birmingham&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Packt+Publishing%2C+Limited&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1240585605&rft.isbn=978-1-78995-592-7&rft.aulast=Billimoria&rft.aufirst=Kaiwan+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1240585605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaduvaGonzalezSimmonds2016" class="citation book cs1">Vaduva, Alexandru; Gonzalez, Alex; Simmonds, Chris (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960471438">Linux : embedded development : leverage the power of Linux to develop captivating and powerful embedded Linux projects : a course in three modules</a>. Birmingham, UK: <a href="/wiki/Packt_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Packt Publishing">Packt Publishing</a>. p. 663. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78712-445-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78712-445-5"><bdi>978-1-78712-445-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/960471438">960471438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linux+%3A+embedded+development+%3A+leverage+the+power+of+Linux+to+develop+captivating+and+powerful+embedded+Linux+projects+%3A+a+course+in+three+modules&rft.place=Birmingham%2C+UK&rft.pages=663&rft.pub=Packt+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F960471438&rft.isbn=978-1-78712-445-5&rft.aulast=Vaduva&rft.aufirst=Alexandru&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Alex&rft.au=Simmonds%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F960471438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarim_Yaghmour2008" class="citation book cs1">Karim Yaghmour (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/273049576">Building embedded Linux systems</a> (2nd ed.). Sebastopol [Calif.]: O'Reilly Media. p. 387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52968-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52968-0"><bdi>978-0-596-52968-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/273049576">273049576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+embedded+Linux+systems&rft.place=Sebastopol+%5BCalif.%5D&rft.pages=387&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F273049576&rft.isbn=978-0-596-52968-0&rft.au=Karim+Yaghmour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F273049576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaghmour2011" class="citation book cs1">Yaghmour, Karim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/812180000">Embedded Android</a>. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-2798-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-2798-9"><bdi>978-1-4493-2798-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/812180000">812180000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embedded+Android&rft.place=Sebastopol%2C+CA&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F812180000&rft.isbn=978-1-4493-2798-9&rft.aulast=Yaghmour&rft.aufirst=Karim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F812180000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openwrt.org/docs/techref/hardware/soc">"SoC (System on a Chip)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OpenWrt" title="OpenWrt">OpenWrt</a> Wiki. 6 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823021323/https://openwrt.org/docs/techref/hardware/soc">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OpenWrt+Wiki&rft.atitle=SoC+%28System+on+a+Chip%29&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenwrt.org%2Fdocs%2Ftechref%2Fhardware%2Fsoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/801157/">"What to do about CVE numbers [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. Retrieved 15 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=What+to+do+about+CVE+numbers+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F801157%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmadeo2019" class="citation web cs1">Amadeo, Ron (20 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/11/google-outlines-plans-for-mainline-linux-kernel-support-in-android/">"Google outlines plans for mainline Linux kernel support in Android"</a>. Ars Technica. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Google+outlines+plans+for+mainline+Linux+kernel+support+in+Android&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft.aulast=Amadeo&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2019%2F11%2Fgoogle-outlines-plans-for-mainline-linux-kernel-support-in-android%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruchon2021" class="citation cs2">Bruchon, Jody (24 April 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/jbruchon/elks">jbruchon/elks</a>, retrieved 27 April 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=jbruchon%2Felks&rft.date=2021-04-24&rft.aulast=Bruchon&rft.aufirst=Jody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fjbruchon%2Felks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jhbmr-154"><a href="#cite_ref-jhbmr_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015044835/https://linuxplumbersconf.org/ocw/proposals/49">"The state of preempt-rt"</a>. linuxplumbersconf.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linuxplumbersconf.org/ocw/proposals/49">the original</a> on 15 October 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=linuxplumbersconf.org&rft.atitle=The+state+of+preempt-rt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinuxplumbersconf.org%2Focw%2Fproposals%2F49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFIB9-155"><a href="#cite_ref-CFIB9_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2010" class="citation web cs1">Meyer, David (3 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-developer-explains-android-kernel-code-removal/">"Linux developer explains Android kernel code removal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Interactive">CBS Interactive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015045139/http://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-developer-explains-android-kernel-code-removal/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Linux+developer+explains+Android+kernel+code+removal&rft.date=2010-02-03&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Flinux-developer-explains-android-kernel-code-removal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-s6out-156"><a href="#cite_ref-s6out_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616191310/http://maemo.org/maemo_training_material/maemo4.x/html/maemo_Technology_Overview/Chapter_03_maemo_Platform_Overview.html">"Chapter 03: maemo Platform Overview"</a>. maemo Technology Overview. <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maemo.org/maemo_training_material/maemo4.x/html/maemo_Technology_Overview/Chapter_03_maemo_Platform_Overview.html">the original</a> on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+03%3A+maemo+Platform+Overview&rft.btitle=maemo+Technology+Overview&rft.pub=Nokia&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaemo.org%2Fmaemo_training_material%2Fmaemo4.x%2Fhtml%2Fmaemo_Technology_Overview%2FChapter_03_maemo_Platform_Overview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-psD9l-157"><a href="#cite_ref-psD9l_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroah-Hartman2010" class="citation web cs1">Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroah.com/log/linux/android-kernel-problems.html">"Android and the Linux kernel community"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427144039/http://www.kroah.com/log/linux/android-kernel-problems.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Android+and+the+Linux+kernel+community&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft.aulast=Kroah-Hartman&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kroah.com%2Flog%2Flinux%2Fandroid-kernel-problems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roger_Ye_2017_14-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roger_Ye_2017_14_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roger_Ye_2017_14_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Ye2017" class="citation book cs1">Roger Ye (2017). Android System Programming. Packt Publishing. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787120389" title="Special:BookSources/9781787120389"><bdi>9781787120389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Android+System+Programming&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Packt+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781787120389&rft.au=Roger+Ye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rFl9d-159"><a href="#cite_ref-rFl9d_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds2001" class="citation web cs1">Torvalds, Linus (19 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVTWCPoUt8w&t=3435">"The Origins of Linux—Linus Torvalds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/WVTWCPoUt8w">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Linux%E2%80%94Linus+Torvalds&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2001-09-19&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWVTWCPoUt8w%26t%3D3435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAINTAINERS-160"><a href="#cite_ref-MAINTAINERS_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112231112/http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git;a=blob;f=MAINTAINERS">"Linux MAINTAINERS file"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git;a=blob;f=MAINTAINERS">the original</a> on 12 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+MAINTAINERS+file&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2F%3Fp%3Dlinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%3Ba%3Dblob%3Bf%3DMAINTAINERS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A6uRz-161"><a href="#cite_ref-A6uRz_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandru_Vaduva,_Alex_Gonzalez_&_Chris_Simmonds2016" class="citation book cs1">Alexandru Vaduva, Alex Gonzalez & Chris Simmonds (2016). Linux: Embedded Development. Packt Publishing. p. 663. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787124455" title="Special:BookSources/9781787124455"><bdi>9781787124455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linux%3A+Embedded+Development&rft.pages=663&rft.pub=Packt+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781787124455&rft.au=Alexandru+Vaduva%2C+Alex+Gonzalez+%26+Chris+Simmonds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/63516/">"Linux for little systems [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. Retrieved 22 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=Linux+for+little+systems+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F63516%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/608945/">"Kernel tinification [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. Retrieved 22 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=Kernel+tinification+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F608945%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2017" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Eric (13 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linux.com/news/shrinking-linux-kernel-and-file-system-iot/">"Shrinking the Linux Kernel and File System for IoT"</a>. Linux.com. Retrieved 22 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux.com&rft.atitle=Shrinking+the+Linux+Kernel+and+File+System+for+IoT&rft.date=2017-04-13&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fshrinking-linux-kernel-and-file-system-iot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShizukuishiMatsubara2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shizukuishi, Takuya; Matsubara, Katsuya (30 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3341105.3373913">"An efficient tinification of the linux kernel for minimizing resource consumption"</a>. ACM: 1228–1237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3341105.3373913">10.1145/3341105.3373913</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-6866-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-6866-7"><bdi>978-1-4503-6866-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM&rft.atitle=An+efficient+tinification+of+the+linux+kernel+for+minimizing+resource+consumption&rft.pages=1228-1237&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3341105.3373913&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-6866-7&rft.aulast=Shizukuishi&rft.aufirst=Takuya&rft.au=Matsubara%2C+Katsuya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F3341105.3373913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hS5tR-166"><a href="#cite_ref-hS5tR_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120724163945/http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=README;h=90a07658ede14840346eee6610648bcf4ec79997;hb=f3b8436ad9a8ad36b3c9fa1fe030c7f38e5d3d0b">"README"</a>. git.kernel.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=README;h=90a07658ede14840346eee6610648bcf4ec79997;hb=f3b8436ad9a8ad36b3c9fa1fe030c7f38e5d3d0b">the original</a> on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=README&rft.pub=git.kernel.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2F%3Fp%3Dlinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux-2.6.git%3Ba%3Dblob%3Bf%3DREADME%3Bh%3D90a07658ede14840346eee6610648bcf4ec79997%3Bhb%3Df3b8436ad9a8ad36b3c9fa1fe030c7f38e5d3d0b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-167"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kernelnewbies.org/KernelBuild">"KernelBuild - Linux Kernel Newbies"</a>. kernelnewbies.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019124650/https://kernelnewbies.org/KernelBuild">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kernelnewbies.org&rft.atitle=KernelBuild+-+Linux+Kernel+Newbies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkernelnewbies.org%2FKernelBuild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-168"><a href="#cite_ref-:13_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linux.it/~rubini/docs/sysctl/sysctl.html">"The Sysctl Interface"</a>. Linux.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217004812/http://www.linux.it/~rubini/docs/sysctl/sysctl.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux.it&rft.atitle=The+Sysctl+Interface&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.it%2F~rubini%2Fdocs%2Fsysctl%2Fsysctl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-169"><a href="#cite_ref-:14_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/sysctl.8.html">"sysctl(8) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930200903/https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/sysctl.8.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=sysctl%288%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman8%2Fsysctl.8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-170"><a href="#cite_ref-:15_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/procfs.5.html">"procfs(5) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924010905/https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/procfs.5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=procfs%285%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman5%2Fprocfs.5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-erfu2-171"><a href="#cite_ref-erfu2_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/sched.7.html">"sched(7) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717155549/https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/sched.7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=sched%287%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman7%2Fsched.7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TaqW6-172"><a href="#cite_ref-TaqW6_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kernelnewbies.org/FAQ/Preemption">"FAQ: Preemption"</a>. kernelnewbies.org. 22 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807081640/https://kernelnewbies.org/FAQ/Preemption">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kernelnewbies.org&rft.atitle=FAQ%3A+Preemption&rft.date=2009-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkernelnewbies.org%2FFAQ%2FPreemption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lwn-22912-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lwn-22912_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lwn-22912_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Corbet2003" class="citation web cs1">Jonathan Corbet (24 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/22912/">"Driver porting: the preemptible kernel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810170137/https://lwn.net/Articles/22912/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Driver+porting%3A+the+preemptible+kernel&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2003-02-24&rft.au=Jonathan+Corbet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F22912%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-6.6-EEVDF-Merged">"EEVDF Scheduler Merged For Linux 6.6, Intel Hybrid Cluster Scheduling Re-Introduced"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phoronix" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoronix&rft.atitle=EEVDF+Scheduler+Merged+For+Linux+6.6%2C+Intel+Hybrid+Cluster+Scheduling+Re-Introduced&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fnews%2FLinux-6.6-EEVDF-Merged&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolnár2007" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Moln%C3%A1r" title="Ingo Molnár">Molnár, Ingo</a> (13 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/230501/">"[patch] Modular Scheduler Core and Completely Fair Scheduler [CFS]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103034312/https://lwn.net/Articles/230501/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%26%2391%3Bpatch%26%2393%3B+Modular+Scheduler+Core+and+Completely+Fair+Scheduler+%26%2391%3BCFS%26%2393%3B&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft.aulast=Moln%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F230501%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-URgZz-176"><a href="#cite_ref-URgZz_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/node/10267">"Completely Fair Scheduler | Linux Journal"</a>. Linuxjournal.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803104512/https://www.linuxjournal.com/node/10267">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linuxjournal.com&rft.atitle=Completely+Fair+Scheduler+%7C+Linux+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Fnode%2F10267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9FO10-177"><a href="#cite_ref-9FO10_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/ioctl.2.html">"ioctl(2) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720073257/https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/ioctl.2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=ioctl%282%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman2%2Fioctl.2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qp47b-178"><a href="#cite_ref-qp47b_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/aio.7.html">"aio(7) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412005208/http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/aio.7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=aio%287%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman7%2Faio.7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Y4P9J-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Y4P9J_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/io_setup.2.html">"io_setup(2) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820190947/https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/io_setup.2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=io_setup%282%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman2%2Fio_setup.2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bn0PK-180"><a href="#cite_ref-bn0PK_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page">"KVM"</a>. Linux-kvm.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328192644/https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux-kvm.org&rft.atitle=KVM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux-kvm.org%2Fpage%2FMain_Page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-XJFnS-181"><a href="#cite_ref-XJFnS_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://virt.kernelnewbies.org/TechComparison">"TechComparison - Linux Virtualization Wiki"</a>. Virt.kernelnewbies.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803081859/https://virt.kernelnewbies.org/TechComparison">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virt.kernelnewbies.org&rft.atitle=TechComparison+-+Linux+Virtualization+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvirt.kernelnewbies.org%2FTechComparison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-XTTHB-182"><a href="#cite_ref-XTTHB_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_20#Virtualization_support_through_KVM">"Virtualization_support_through_KVM in Linux_2_6_20 - Linux Kernel Newbies"</a>. Kernelnewbies.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191129072053/https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_20#Virtualization_support_through_KVM">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernelnewbies.org&rft.atitle=Virtualization_support_through_KVM+in+Linux_2_6_20+-+Linux+Kernel+Newbies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkernelnewbies.org%2FLinux_2_6_20%23Virtualization_support_through_KVM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nE2IA-183"><a href="#cite_ref-nE2IA_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoekaerts" class="citation web cs1">Coekaerts, Wim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.oracle.com/wim/linux-mainline-contains-all-the-xen-code-bits-for-dom0-and-domu-support">"Linux mainline contains all the Xen code bits for Dom0 and DomU support"</a>. blogs.oracle.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803103832/https://blogs.oracle.com/wim/linux-mainline-contains-all-the-xen-code-bits-for-dom0-and-domu-support">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.oracle.com&rft.atitle=Linux+mainline+contains+all+the+Xen+code+bits+for+Dom0+and+DomU+support&rft.aulast=Coekaerts&rft.aufirst=Wim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.oracle.com%2Fwim%2Flinux-mainline-contains-all-the-xen-code-bits-for-dom0-and-domu-support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RUx2A-184"><a href="#cite_ref-RUx2A_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607003740/http://blog.xen.org/index.php/2011/06/02/xen-celebrates-full-dom0-and-domu-support-in-linux-3-0/">"Xen celebrates full Dom0 and DomU support in Linux 3.0 – blog.xen.org"</a>. 7 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.xen.org/index.php/2011/06/02/xen-celebrates-full-dom0-and-domu-support-in-linux-3-0/">the original</a> on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xen+celebrates+full+Dom0+and+DomU+support+in+Linux+3.0+%E2%80%93+blog.xen.org&rft.date=2011-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.xen.org%2Findex.php%2F2011%2F06%2F02%2Fxen-celebrates-full-dom0-and-domu-support-in-linux-3-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sPn6b-185"><a href="#cite_ref-sPn6b_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilk2014" class="citation web cs1">Wilk, Konrad Rzeszutek (31 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xenproject.org/2014/01/31/linux-3-14-and-pvh/">"Linux 3.14 and PVH"</a>. Xen Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329115320/https://xenproject.org/2014/01/31/linux-3-14-and-pvh/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xen+Project&rft.atitle=Linux+3.14+and+PVH&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft.aulast=Wilk&rft.aufirst=Konrad+Rzeszutek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxenproject.org%2F2014%2F01%2F31%2Flinux-3-14-and-pvh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-W3Q0w-186"><a href="#cite_ref-W3Q0w_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.opensuse.org/documentation/leap/virtualization/html/book.virt/cha-xen-basics.html">"Introduction to Xen Virtualization | Virtualization Guide | openSUSE Leap 15.2"</a>. doc.opensuse.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928214033/https://doc.opensuse.org/documentation/leap/virtualization/html/book.virt/cha-xen-basics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=doc.opensuse.org&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Xen+Virtualization+%7C+Virtualization+Guide+%7C+openSUSE+Leap+15.2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.opensuse.org%2Fdocumentation%2Fleap%2Fvirtualization%2Fhtml%2Fbook.virt%2Fcha-xen-basics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.opensuse.org/documentation/leap/virtualization/html/book-virtualization/chap-virtualization-introduction.html#sec-vt-io">"Virtualization technology | Virtualization Guide | openSUSE Leap 15.3"</a>. doc.opensuse.org. Retrieved 30 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=doc.opensuse.org&rft.atitle=Virtualization+technology+%7C+Virtualization+Guide+%7C+openSUSE+Leap+15.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.opensuse.org%2Fdocumentation%2Fleap%2Fvirtualization%2Fhtml%2Fbook-virtualization%2Fchap-virtualization-introduction.html%23sec-vt-io&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_188-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/SELinuxProject">"SELinux Project"</a>. GitHub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212214729/https://github.com/SELinuxProject">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=SELinux+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FSELinuxProject&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_189-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/LSM/apparmor.html">"AppArmor — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508080035/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/LSM/apparmor.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=AppArmor+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fadmin-guide%2FLSM%2Fapparmor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26Lbl-190"><a href="#cite_ref-26Lbl_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJake_Edge2008" class="citation web cs1">Jake Edge (25 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/308445/">"Character devices in user space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126131908/https://lwn.net/Articles/308445/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Character+devices+in+user+space&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2008-11-25&rft.au=Jake+Edge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F308445%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glzLY-191"><a href="#cite_ref-glzLY_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Corbet2007" class="citation web cs1">Jonathan Corbet (2 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/232575/">"UIO: user-space drivers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111193009/https://lwn.net/Articles/232575/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UIO%3A+user-space+drivers&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2007-05-02&rft.au=Jonathan+Corbet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F232575%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stable-api-nonsense2-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stable-api-nonsense2_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stable-api-nonsense2_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stable-api-nonsense2_192-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stable-api-nonsense2_192-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/process/stable-api-nonsense.rst">"stable-api-nonsense - Linux kernel source tree"</a>. git.kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305010734/https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/process/stable-api-nonsense.rst">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=git.kernel.org&rft.atitle=stable-api-nonsense+-+Linux+kernel+source+tree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Fscm%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Ftree%2FDocumentation%2Fprocess%2Fstable-api-nonsense.rst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qKe5b-193"><a href="#cite_ref-qKe5b_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman2004" class="citation book cs1">Gorman, Mel (15 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/~sbw/links/gorman_book.pdf">Understanding the Linux Virtual Memory Manager</a> (PDF). Prentice Hall. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-145348-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-145348-3"><bdi>0-13-145348-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503113248/https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/~sbw/links/gorman_book.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Linux+Virtual+Memory+Manager&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2004-02-15&rft.isbn=0-13-145348-3&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Mel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdos.csail.mit.edu%2F~sbw%2Flinks%2Fgorman_book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-xWtQ7-194"><a href="#cite_ref-xWtQ7_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Ungerer" class="citation web cs1">Greg Ungerer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031135123/http://www.ucdot.org/article.pl?sid=02%2F11%2F05%2F0324207">"uClinux mainline Announcement"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucdot.org/article.pl?sid=02/11/05/0324207">the original</a> on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=uClinux+mainline+Announcement&rft.au=Greg+Ungerer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucdot.org%2Farticle.pl%3Fsid%3D02%2F11%2F05%2F0324207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tldp_file-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tldp_file_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tldp_file_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2004" class="citation web cs1">Nguyen, Binh (30 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/html/index.html">"Linux Filesystem Hierarchy: Chapter 1. Linux Filesystem Hierarchy"</a>. The Linux Documentation Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202064950/https://tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/html/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Filesystem+Hierarchy%3A+Chapter+1.+Linux+Filesystem+Hierarchy&rft.pub=The+Linux+Documentation+Project&rft.date=2004-07-30&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Binh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftldp.org%2FLDP%2FLinux-Filesystem-Hierarchy%2Fhtml%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/admin-guide/README.rst">"Admin Guide README"</a>. Kernel.org git repositories.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org+git+repositories&rft.atitle=Admin+Guide+README&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Fscm%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Ftree%2FDocumentation%2Fadmin-guide%2FREADME.rst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tXF6O-197"><a href="#cite_ref-tXF6O_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/README.html">"Linux kernel release 5.x — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307065108/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/README.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Linux+kernel+release+5.x+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fadmin-guide%2FREADME.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4Rtud-198"><a href="#cite_ref-4Rtud_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/ABI/README">"README\ABI\Documentation - kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree"</a>. git.kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001172809/https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/ABI/README">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=git.kernel.org&rft.atitle=README%5CABI%5CDocumentation+-+kernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git+-+Linux+kernel+source+tree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Fscm%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Ftree%2FDocumentation%2FABI%2FREADME&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNYzD-199"><a href="#cite_ref-BNYzD_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/ABI/stable/syscalls">"syscalls\stable\ABI\Documentation - kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree"</a>. git.kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002061451/https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/ABI/stable/syscalls">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=git.kernel.org&rft.atitle=syscalls%5Cstable%5CABI%5CDocumentation+-+kernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git+-+Linux+kernel+source+tree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Fscm%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Ftree%2FDocumentation%2FABI%2Fstable%2Fsyscalls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_200-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/source/Documentation/process/1.Intro.rst">"1.Intro.rst - Documentation/process/1.Intro.rst - Linux source code (v5.8) - Bootlin"</a>. elixir.bootlin.com. Retrieved 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elixir.bootlin.com&rft.atitle=1.Intro.rst+-+Documentation%2Fprocess%2F1.Intro.rst+-+Linux+source+code+%28v5.8%29+-+Bootlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felixir.bootlin.com%2Flinux%2Flatest%2Fsource%2FDocumentation%2Fprocess%2F1.Intro.rst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/syscalls.2.html">"syscalls"</a>. man7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115033131/http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/syscalls.2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7&rft.atitle=syscalls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman2%2Fsyscalls.2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IeXpN-202"><a href="#cite_ref-IeXpN_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/intro.2.html">"intro(2) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717161934/https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/intro.2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=intro%282%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman2%2Fintro.2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHsye-203"><a href="#cite_ref-IHsye_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/clone.2.html">"clone"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118015900/http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/clone.2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=clone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman2%2Fclone.2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-si1va-204"><a href="#cite_ref-si1va_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/feature_test_macros.7.html">"feature_test_macros"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200119174511/http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/feature_test_macros.7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=feature_test_macros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman7%2Ffeature_test_macros.7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c0kGr-205"><a href="#cite_ref-c0kGr_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/vdso.7.html">"vdso(7) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202123949/http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/vdso.7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=vdso%287%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman7%2Fvdso.7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/futex.2.html">"futex(2) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200131144454/http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/futex.2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=futex%282%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman2%2Ffutex.2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Of0EM-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Of0EM_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/syscall.2.html">"syscall(2) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200121174524/http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/syscall.2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=syscall%282%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman2%2Fsyscall.2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xk0xu-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Xk0xu_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/sysfs.5.html">"sysfs(5) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118044323/http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/sysfs.5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=sysfs%285%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman5%2Fsysfs.5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZQvvs-209"><a href="#cite_ref-ZQvvs_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/sysfs-rules.html">"Rules on how to access information in sysfs — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307065123/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/sysfs-rules.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Rules+on+how+to+access+information+in+sysfs+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fadmin-guide%2Fsysfs-rules.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-K8v7f-210"><a href="#cite_ref-K8v7f_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refspecs.linuxbase.org/">"Linux Foundation Referenced Specifications"</a>. refspecs.linuxbase.org. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=refspecs.linuxbase.org&rft.atitle=Linux+Foundation+Referenced+Specifications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefspecs.linuxbase.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-xXTn9-211"><a href="#cite_ref-xXTn9_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refspecs.linuxbase.org/lsb.shtml">"LSB Specifications"</a>. refspecs.linuxbase.org. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=refspecs.linuxbase.org&rft.atitle=LSB+Specifications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefspecs.linuxbase.org%2Flsb.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-b18aw-212"><a href="#cite_ref-b18aw_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refspecs.linuxbase.org/LSB_5.0.0/LSB-Desktop-generic/LSB-Desktop-generic/book1.html">"Linux Standard Base Desktop Specification, Generic Part"</a>. refspecs.linuxbase.org. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=refspecs.linuxbase.org&rft.atitle=Linux+Standard+Base+Desktop+Specification%2C+Generic+Part&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefspecs.linuxbase.org%2FLSB_5.0.0%2FLSB-Desktop-generic%2FLSB-Desktop-generic%2Fbook1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OXb0O-213"><a href="#cite_ref-OXb0O_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/LSB_5.0.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/normativerefs.html">"Normative References"</a>. refspecs.linuxfoundation.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812044159/https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/LSB_5.0.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/normativerefs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=refspecs.linuxfoundation.org&rft.atitle=Normative+References&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefspecs.linuxfoundation.org%2FLSB_5.0.0%2FLSB-Core-generic%2FLSB-Core-generic%2Fnormativerefs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BvU35-214"><a href="#cite_ref-BvU35_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/LSB_5.0.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/book1.html">"Linux Standard Base Core Specification, Generic Part"</a>. refspecs.linuxfoundation.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191129194815/https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/LSB_5.0.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/book1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=refspecs.linuxfoundation.org&rft.atitle=Linux+Standard+Base+Core+Specification%2C+Generic+Part&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefspecs.linuxfoundation.org%2FLSB_5.0.0%2FLSB-Core-generic%2FLSB-Core-generic%2Fbook1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LhnpZ-215"><a href="#cite_ref-LhnpZ_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sco.com/developers/devspecs/gabi41.pdf">"System V Application Binary Interface - Edition 4.1"</a> (PDF). Sco.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213124815/http://www.sco.com/developers/devspecs/gabi41.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sco.com&rft.atitle=System+V+Application+Binary+Interface+-+Edition+4.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sco.com%2Fdevelopers%2Fdevspecs%2Fgabi41.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vftgf-216"><a href="#cite_ref-vftgf_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sco.com/developers/gabi/2003-12-17/contents.html">"Xinuos Inc. | Developers | Gabi | 17 December 2003 | System V Application Binary Interface - DRAFT"</a>. Sco.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200203124116/http://www.sco.com/developers/gabi/2003-12-17/contents.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sco.com&rft.atitle=Xinuos+Inc.+%7C+Developers+%7C+Gabi+%7C+17+December+2003+%7C+System+V+Application+Binary+Interface+-+DRAFT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sco.com%2Fdevelopers%2Fgabi%2F2003-12-17%2Fcontents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qXIDV-217"><a href="#cite_ref-qXIDV_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refspecs.linuxbase.org/LSB_5.0.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/elf-generic.html">"Executable And Linking Format (ELF)"</a>. Refspecs.linuxbase.org. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refspecs.linuxbase.org&rft.atitle=Executable+And+Linking+Format+%28ELF%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefspecs.linuxbase.org%2FLSB_5.0.0%2FLSB-Core-generic%2FLSB-Core-generic%2Felf-generic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ypxud-218"><a href="#cite_ref-ypxud_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/elf.5.html">"elf(5) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130114725/https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/elf.5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=elf%285%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman5%2Felf.5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ar6xD-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Ar6xD_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refspecs.linuxbase.org/LSB_5.0.0/LSB-Core-AMD64/LSB-Core-AMD64/book1.html">"Linux Standard Base Core Specification for X86-64"</a>. Refspecs.linuxbase.org. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refspecs.linuxbase.org&rft.atitle=Linux+Standard+Base+Core+Specification+for+X86-64&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefspecs.linuxbase.org%2FLSB_5.0.0%2FLSB-Core-AMD64%2FLSB-Core-AMD64%2Fbook1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eNx2d-220"><a href="#cite_ref-eNx2d_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refspecs.linuxbase.org/elf/gabi4+/contents.html">"System V Application Binary Interface - DRAFT"</a>. Refspecs.linuxbase.org. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refspecs.linuxbase.org&rft.atitle=System+V+Application+Binary+Interface+-+DRAFT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefspecs.linuxbase.org%2Felf%2Fgabi4%2B%2Fcontents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VSMQS-221"><a href="#cite_ref-VSMQS_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyfarth2012" class="citation book cs1">Seyfarth, Ray (2012). Introduction to 64 Bit Intel Assembly Language Programming for Linux. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781478119203" title="Special:BookSources/9781478119203"><bdi>9781478119203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+64+Bit+Intel+Assembly+Language+Programming+for+Linux&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781478119203&rft.aulast=Seyfarth&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eIbJy-222"><a href="#cite_ref-eIbJy_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/604287/">"Anatomy of a system call, part 1 [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818051836/https://lwn.net/Articles/604287/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+a+system+call%2C+part+1+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F604287%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fa3aZ-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Fa3aZ_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/604515/">"Anatomy of a system call, part 2 [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806081538/https://lwn.net/Articles/604515/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+a+system+call%2C+part+2+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F604515%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LRSSt-224"><a href="#cite_ref-LRSSt_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeucher2014" class="citation web cs1">Deucher, Alex (7 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.x.org/wiki/Events/XDC2014/XDC2014DeucherAMD/">"AMD's New Unified Open Source Driver"</a>. <a href="/wiki/X.Org_Foundation" title="X.Org Foundation">X.Org Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150121163629/http://wiki.x.org/wiki/Events/XDC2014/XDC2014DeucherAMD/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMD%27s+New+Unified+Open+Source+Driver&rft.pub=X.Org+Foundation&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft.aulast=Deucher&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.x.org%2Fwiki%2FEvents%2FXDC2014%2FXDC2014DeucherAMD%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/kernel-hacking/hacking.html?highlight=export_symbol#symbols">"Symbols - Unreliable Guide To Hacking The Linux Kernel — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803074501/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/kernel-hacking/hacking.html?highlight=export_symbol#symbols">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Symbols+-+Unreliable+Guide+To+Hacking+The+Linux+Kernel+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fkernel-hacking%2Fhacking.html%3Fhighlight%3Dexport_symbol%23symbols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/249246/">"Exported symbols and the internal API [LWN.net]"</a>. Lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200331211446/https://lwn.net/Articles/249246/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lwn.net&rft.atitle=Exported+symbols+and+the+internal+API+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F249246%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_227-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/813350/">"Unexporting kallsyms_lookup_name() [LWN.net]"</a>. Lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401062303/https://lwn.net/Articles/813350/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lwn.net&rft.atitle=Unexporting+kallsyms_lookup_name%28%29+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F813350%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kHdQ8-228"><a href="#cite_ref-kHdQ8_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/175432/">"Trees I: Radix trees [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108131647/https://lwn.net/Articles/175432/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=Trees+I%3A+Radix+trees+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F175432%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-F2Fpg-229"><a href="#cite_ref-F2Fpg_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/184495/">"Trees II: red-black trees [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113130357/https://lwn.net/Articles/184495/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=Trees+II%3A+red-black+trees+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F184495%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yA682-230"><a href="#cite_ref-yA682_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/htmldocs/kernel-hacking/index.html">"Unreliable Guide To Hacking The Linux Kernel"</a>. Kernel.org (1st ed.). 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216191225/https://www.kernel.org/doc/htmldocs/kernel-hacking/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Unreliable+Guide+To+Hacking+The+Linux+Kernel&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtmldocs%2Fkernel-hacking%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HWCYl-231"><a href="#cite_ref-HWCYl_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/kernel-hacking/hacking.html">"Unreliable Guide To Hacking The Linux Kernel — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307065323/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/kernel-hacking/hacking.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Unreliable+Guide+To+Hacking+The+Linux+Kernel+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fkernel-hacking%2Fhacking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hjefj-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Hjefj_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/kernel-hacking/locking.html">"Unreliable Guide To Locking — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307065319/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/kernel-hacking/locking.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Unreliable+Guide+To+Locking+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fkernel-hacking%2Flocking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6WQLB-233"><a href="#cite_ref-6WQLB_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/scsi.html">"SCSI Interfaces Guide — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200602154450/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/scsi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=SCSI+Interfaces+Guide+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fdriver-api%2Fscsi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qlKWp-234"><a href="#cite_ref-qlKWp_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/libata.html">"libATA Developer's Guide — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200530101401/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/libata.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=libATA+Developer%27s+Guide+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fdriver-api%2Flibata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zd5bj-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Zd5bj_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/gpu/drm-internals.html">"DRM Internals — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200601202717/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/gpu/drm-internals.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=DRM+Internals+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fgpu%2Fdrm-internals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RkbFE-236"><a href="#cite_ref-RkbFE_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/gpu/drm-kms.html#overview">"Kernel Mode Setting (KMS) — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611233817/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/gpu/drm-kms.html#overview">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Kernel+Mode+Setting+%28KMS%29+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fgpu%2Fdrm-kms.html%23overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ux72p-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Ux72p_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/473668/">"Introduce DMA buffer sharing mechanism [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611235759/https://lwn.net/Articles/473668/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=Introduce+DMA+buffer+sharing+mechanism+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F473668%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-H845T-238"><a href="#cite_ref-H845T_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://01.org/blogs/2016/sharing-cpu-and-gpu-buffers-linux">"Sharing CPU and GPU buffers on Linux*"</a>. 01.org. 12 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611231858/https://01.org/blogs/2016/sharing-cpu-and-gpu-buffers-linux">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=01.org&rft.atitle=Sharing+CPU+and+GPU+buffers+on+Linux%2A&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F01.org%2Fblogs%2F2016%2Fsharing-cpu-and-gpu-buffers-linux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-w1T10-239"><a href="#cite_ref-w1T10_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/dma-buf.html">"Buffer Sharing and Synchronization — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200601205610/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/dma-buf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Buffer+Sharing+and+Synchronization+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fdriver-api%2Fdma-buf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-za5ZK-240"><a href="#cite_ref-za5ZK_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/developers/Documentation/mac80211">"About mac80211"</a>. Linux Kernel Organization, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201114135/https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/developers/documentation/mac80211">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+mac80211&rft.pub=Linux+Kernel+Organization%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwireless.wiki.kernel.org%2Fen%2Fdevelopers%2FDocumentation%2Fmac80211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/80211/index.html">"Linux 802.11 Driver Developer's Guide — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. Retrieved 19 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Linux+802.11+Driver+Developer%27s+Guide+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fdriver-api%2F80211%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JwCDQ-242"><a href="#cite_ref-JwCDQ_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/ml/linux-kernel/20190604160944.4058-1-christian@brauner.io/">"[PATCH v3 1/2] fork: add clone3 [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716232314/https://lwn.net/ml/linux-kernel/20190604160944.4058-1-christian@brauner.io/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=%5BPATCH+v3+1%2F2%5D+fork%3A+add+clone3+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2Fml%2Flinux-kernel%2F20190604160944.4058-1-christian%40brauner.io%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nRDb2-243"><a href="#cite_ref-nRDb2_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/clone.2.html">"clone(2) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175357/https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/clone.2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=clone%282%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman2%2Fclone.2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nefj4-244"><a href="#cite_ref-nefj4_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/792628/">"clone3(), fchmodat4(), and fsinfo() [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615080341/https://lwn.net/Articles/792628/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=clone3%28%29%2C+fchmodat4%28%29%2C+and+fsinfo%28%29+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F792628%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-D1tjk-245"><a href="#cite_ref-D1tjk_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ld-linux.so.8.html">"ld-linux.so(8) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126063027/https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ld-linux.so.8.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=ld-linux.so%288%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman8%2Fld-linux.so.8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dS4yu-246"><a href="#cite_ref-dS4yu_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/nptl.7.html">"nptl(7) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725045335/https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/nptl.7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=nptl%287%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman7%2Fnptl.7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dZykS-247"><a href="#cite_ref-dZykS_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/futex.7.html">"futex(7) - Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175424/https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/futex.7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=futex%287%29+-+Linux+manual+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman7%2Ffutex.7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kOgyp-248"><a href="#cite_ref-kOgyp_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/65178/">"Kernel threads made easy [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200331215714/https://lwn.net/Articles/65178/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=Kernel+threads+made+easy+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F65178%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-moshe-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moshe_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moshe_249-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar2000" class="citation web cs1">Bar, Moshe (1 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3910">"The Linux Scheduler"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a>. Belltown Media, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202131440/https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3910">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Linux+Scheduler&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft.aulast=Bar&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F3910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oOiaRHC9ZDg">BKK19-TR03 - The Linux Kernel Scheduler - Overview</a>, 23 April 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/oOiaRHC9ZDg">archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021, retrieved 17 May 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BKK19-TR03+-+The+Linux+Kernel+Scheduler+-+Overview&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoOiaRHC9ZDg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VRxA1-251"><a href="#cite_ref-VRxA1_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/5600">"Lowering Latency in Linux: Introducing a Preemptible Kernel | Linux Journal"</a>. Linuxjournal.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809182228/https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/5600">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linuxjournal.com&rft.atitle=Lowering+Latency+in+Linux%3A+Introducing+a+Preemptible+Kernel+%7C+Linux+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F5600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html#">"CFS Scheduler — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. Retrieved 1 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=CFS+Scheduler+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fscheduler%2Fsched-design-CFS.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-posix1b-253"><a href="#cite_ref-posix1b_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399">"IEEE Standard for Information Technology – Portable Operating System Interface, POSIX.1b, Real-time extensions (IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116144926/http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Standard+for+Information+Technology+%E2%80%93+Portable+Operating+System+Interface%2C+POSIX.1b%2C+Real-time+extensions+%28IEEE+Std+1003.1b-1993%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fonlinepubs%2F009695399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-l4mcR-254"><a href="#cite_ref-l4mcR_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Larabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Larabel">Larabel, Michael</a> (24 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTU4Mjg">"The Linux 3.14 Kernel Already Has Many Exciting Features"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phoronix" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813143115/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTU4Mjg">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Linux+3.14+Kernel+Already+Has+Many+Exciting+Features&rft.pub=Phoronix&rft.date=2014-01-24&rft.aulast=Larabel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DMTU4Mjg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4bHu1-255"><a href="#cite_ref-4bHu1_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.14#head-651929cdcf19cc2e2cfc7feb16b78ef963d195fe">"Linux kernel 3.14, Section 1.1. Deadline scheduling class for better real-time scheduling"</a>. kernelnewbies.org. 30 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115101454/https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.14#head-651929cdcf19cc2e2cfc7feb16b78ef963d195fe">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kernelnewbies.org&rft.atitle=Linux+kernel+3.14%2C+Section+1.1.+Deadline+scheduling+class+for+better+real-time+scheduling&rft.date=2014-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkernelnewbies.org%2FLinux_3.14%23head-651929cdcf19cc2e2cfc7feb16b78ef963d195fe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.15/locking/rt-mutex-design.html">"RT-mutex implementation design — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=RT-mutex+implementation+design+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Fv5.15%2Flocking%2Frt-mutex-design.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.15/locking/rt-mutex.html">"RT-mutex subsystem with PI support — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=RT-mutex+subsystem+with+PI+support+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Fv5.15%2Flocking%2Frt-mutex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-omdEo-258"><a href="#cite_ref-omdEo_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenney2005" class="citation web cs1">McKenney, Paul (10 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/146861/">"A realtime preemption overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810165635/https://lwn.net/Articles/146861/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+realtime+preemption+overview&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2005-08-10&rft.aulast=McKenney&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F146861%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88zv7-259"><a href="#cite_ref-88zv7_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osadl.org/Realtime-Linux.projects-realtime-linux.0.html">"OSADL Project: Realtime Linux"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSADL" title="OSADL">OSADL</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204170950/https://www.osadl.org/Realtime-Linux.projects-realtime-linux.0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OSADL+Project%3A+Realtime+Linux&rft.pub=OSADL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osadl.org%2FRealtime-Linux.projects-realtime-linux.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lfrtsr2-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lfrtsr2_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lfrtsr2_260-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://events19.linuxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/elc-eu-2018-rt-what-does-it-mean_Steven-Rostedt.pdf">"Steven-Rostedt_on_PREEMPT_RT"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steven-Rostedt_on_PREEMPT_RT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevents19.linuxfoundation.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F12%2Felc-eu-2018-rt-what-does-it-mean_Steven-Rostedt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-6.6-EEVDF-Likely">"EEVDF Scheduler May Be Ready For Landing With Linux 6.6"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phoronix" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a>. Retrieved 31 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoronix&rft.atitle=EEVDF+Scheduler+May+Be+Ready+For+Landing+With+Linux+6.6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fnews%2FLinux-6.6-EEVDF-Likely&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/ml/linux-kernel/20230306132521.968182689@infradead.org/">"[PATCH 00/10] sched: EEVDF using latency-nice [LWN.net]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=%5BPATCH+00%2F10%5D+sched%3A+EEVDF+using+latency-nice+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2Fml%2Flinux-kernel%2F20230306132521.968182689%40infradead.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/925371/">"An EEVDF CPU scheduler for Linux [LWN.net]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. Retrieved 31 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=An+EEVDF+CPU+scheduler+for+Linux+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F925371%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-6.6-EEVDF-Merged">"EEVDF Scheduler Merged For Linux 6.6, Intel Hybrid Cluster Scheduling Re-Introduced"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phoronix" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoronix&rft.atitle=EEVDF+Scheduler+Merged+For+Linux+6.6%2C+Intel+Hybrid+Cluster+Scheduling+Re-Introduced&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fnews%2FLinux-6.6-EEVDF-Merged&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.15/locking/index.html">"locking — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=locking+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Fv5.15%2Flocking%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-0w0IX-266"><a href="#cite_ref-0w0IX_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.11.10/source/Documentation/kernel-hacking/locking.rst">"locking.rst - Documentation/kernel-hacking/locking.rst - Linux source code (v5.11.10) - Bootlin"</a>. elixir.bootlin.com. Retrieved 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elixir.bootlin.com&rft.atitle=locking.rst+-+Documentation%2Fkernel-hacking%2Flocking.rst+-+Linux+source+code+%28v5.11.10%29+-+Bootlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felixir.bootlin.com%2Flinux%2Fv5.11.10%2Fsource%2FDocumentation%2Fkernel-hacking%2Flocking.rst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-XK3oD-267"><a href="#cite_ref-XK3oD_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/262464/">"What is RCU, Fundamentally? [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. Retrieved 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=What+is+RCU%2C+Fundamentally%3F+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F262464%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-XErGf-268"><a href="#cite_ref-XErGf_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/263130/">"What is RCU? Part 2: Usage [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. Retrieved 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=What+is+RCU%3F+Part+2%3A+Usage+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F263130%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bMkeA-269"><a href="#cite_ref-bMkeA_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/264090/">"RCU part 3: the RCU API [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. Retrieved 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=RCU+part+3%3A+the+RCU+API+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F264090%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-L9seK-270"><a href="#cite_ref-L9seK_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/docs/papers/2020/p0124r7.html">"Linux-Kernel Memory Model"</a>. open-std.org. Retrieved 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=open-std.org&rft.atitle=Linux-Kernel+Memory+Model&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopen-std.org%2FJTC1%2FSC22%2FWG21%2Fdocs%2Fpapers%2F2020%2Fp0124r7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SYavd-271"><a href="#cite_ref-SYavd_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/718628/">"A formal kernel memory-ordering model (part 1) [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. Retrieved 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=A+formal+kernel+memory-ordering+model+%28part+1%29+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F718628%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JZLZo-272"><a href="#cite_ref-JZLZo_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/720550/">"A formal kernel memory-ordering model (part 2) [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. Retrieved 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=A+formal+kernel+memory-ordering+model+%28part+2%29+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F720550%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bl5AB-273"><a href="#cite_ref-bl5AB_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern" class="citation web cs1">Stern, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt">"Explanation of the Linux-Kernel Memory Consistency Model"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explanation+of+the+Linux-Kernel+Memory+Consistency+Model&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Fscm%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Ftree%2Ftools%2Fmemory-model%2FDocumentation%2Fexplanation.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=e5e726f7bb9f711102edea7e5bd511835640e3b4">"kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree"</a>. git.kernel.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=git.kernel.org&rft.atitle=kernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git+-+Linux+kernel+source+tree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Fscm%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Fcommit%2F%3Fid%3De5e726f7bb9f711102edea7e5bd511835640e3b4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-locktypes-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-locktypes_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-locktypes_275-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.15/locking/locktypes.html">"Lock types and their rules — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Lock+types+and+their+rules+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Fv5.15%2Flocking%2Flocktypes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/866112/">"Short subjects: Realtime, Futexes, and ntfs3"</a>. Lwn.net. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lwn.net&rft.atitle=Short+subjects%3A+Realtime%2C+Futexes%2C+and+ntfs3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F866112%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/locking/rt-mutex.html">"RT-mutex subsystem with PI support — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=RT-mutex+subsystem+with+PI+support+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Flocking%2Frt-mutex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/locking/rt-mutex-design.html">"RT-mutex implementation design — the Linux Kernel documentation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RT-mutex+implementation+design+%E2%80%94+the+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Flocking%2Frt-mutex-design.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/locking/lockdep-design.html">"Runtime locking correctness validator — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Runtime+locking+correctness+validator+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Flocking%2Flockdep-design.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/321663/">"Interrupts, threads, and lockdep [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. Retrieved 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=Interrupts%2C+threads%2C+and+lockdep+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F321663%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/mm/page_tables.html">"Page Tables — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. www.kernel.org. Retrieved 21 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kernel.org&rft.atitle=Page+Tables+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fmm%2Fpage_tables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/mm/physical_memory.html">"Physical Memory — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. www.kernel.org. Retrieved 21 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kernel.org&rft.atitle=Physical+Memory+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fmm%2Fphysical_memory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zA63q-283"><a href="#cite_ref-zA63q_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thomas-krenn.com/de/wikiDE/images/7/72/Linux-storage-stack-diagram_v4.10.svg">"The Linux Storage Stack Diagram"</a>. Thomas-krenn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803100605/https://www.thomas-krenn.com/de/wikiDE/images/7/72/Linux-storage-stack-diagram_v4.10.svg">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas-krenn.com&rft.atitle=The+Linux+Storage+Stack+Diagram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomas-krenn.com%2Fde%2FwikiDE%2Fimages%2F7%2F72%2FLinux-storage-stack-diagram_v4.10.svg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/229984/">"The SLUB allocator"</a>. Lwn.net. 11 April 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lwn.net&rft.atitle=The+SLUB+allocator&rft.date=2007-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F229984%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lfsa-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lfsa_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lfsa_285-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://events.static.linuxfound.org/sites/events/files/slides/slaballocators.pdf">"Slab allocators in the Linux Kernel: SLAB, SLOB, SLUB"</a> (PDF). Events.static.linuxfound.org. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Events.static.linuxfound.org&rft.atitle=Slab+allocators+in+the+Linux+Kernel%3A+SLAB%2C+SLOB%2C+SLUB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevents.static.linuxfound.org%2Fsites%2Fevents%2Ffiles%2Fslides%2Fslaballocators.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2023" class="citation web cs1">Corbet, Jonathan (28 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/930068/">"6.4 Merge window, part 1 [LWN.net]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. Retrieved 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=6.4+Merge+window%2C+part+1+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft.date=2023-04-28&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F930068%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/957188/">"The first half of the 6.8 merge window [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. Retrieved 21 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=The+first+half+of+the+6.8+merge+window+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F957188%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=cc09ee80c3b18ae1a897a30a17fe710b2b2f620a">"Kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree"</a>. Git.kernel.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Git.kernel.org&rft.atitle=Kernel%2FGit%2FTorvalds%2FLinux.git+-+Linux+kernel+source+tree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Fscm%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Fcommit%2F%3Fid%3Dcc09ee80c3b18ae1a897a30a17fe710b2b2f620a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-opensources-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-opensources_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-opensources_289-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-opensources_289-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781565925823">"The Linux Edge"</a>. Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-582-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-582-3"><bdi>1-56592-582-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Linux+Edge&rft.btitle=Open+Sources%3A+Voices+from+the+Open+Source+Revolution&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=1999-01&rft.isbn=1-56592-582-3&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781565925823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6otKD-290"><a href="#cite_ref-6otKD_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1178?page=0,1">"Porting Linux to the DEC Alpha: The Kernel and Shell"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905215158/https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1178?page=0,1">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Porting+Linux+to+the+DEC+Alpha%3A+The+Kernel+and+Shell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F1178%3Fpage%3D0%2C1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fcl2t-291"><a href="#cite_ref-Fcl2t_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1150?page=0,0">"Linux on Alpha: A Strategic Choice"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904234429/https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1150?page=0,0">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+on+Alpha%3A+A+Strategic+Choice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F1150%3Fpage%3D0%2C0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-top500stats-292"><a href="#cite_ref-top500stats_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.top500.org/statistics/details/osfam/1">"TOP500 Supercomputer Sites: Operating system Family / Linux"</a>. Top500.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119205719/https://www.top500.org/statistics/details/osfam/1">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TOP500+Supercomputer+Sites%3A+Operating+system+Family+%2F+Linux&rft.pub=Top500.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.top500.org%2Fstatistics%2Fdetails%2Fosfam%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HEQsA-293"><a href="#cite_ref-HEQsA_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.top500.org/system/166763">"Avalon Cluster | TOP500 Supercomputer Sites"</a>. Top500.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191005210605/https://www.top500.org/system/166763">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Top500.org&rft.atitle=Avalon+Cluster+%7C+TOP500+Supercomputer+Sites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.top500.org%2Fsystem%2F166763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-h7F3D-294"><a href="#cite_ref-h7F3D_294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2010" class="citation web cs1">Wang, David (6 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/195789/android_now_running_on_iphone_3g.html">"Android Now Running On iPhone 3G"</a>. TechHive. <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Group" title="International Data Group">IDG</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722023655/http://www.pcworld.com/article/195789/android_now_running_on_iphone_3g.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechHive&rft.atitle=Android+Now+Running+On+iPhone+3G&rft.date=2010-05-06&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F195789%2Fandroid_now_running_on_iphone_3g.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lkddb-295"><a href="#cite_ref-lkddb_295-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cateee.net/lkddb/">"LKDDb"</a>. LKDDb Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225020934/https://cateee.net/lkddb/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LKDDb&rft.pub=LKDDb+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcateee.net%2Flkddb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-linuxhw-296"><a href="#cite_ref-linuxhw_296-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linux-hardware.org/">"Linux Hardware"</a>. Linux Hardware Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126054431/https://linux-hardware.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Hardware&rft.pub=Linux+Hardware+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinux-hardware.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qXYb9-297"><a href="#cite_ref-qXYb9_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_4.0#head-9aa7c8499b42911a48c02b24f367bf2bc6db8606">"Linux kernel 4.0, Section 1.2. Live patching"</a>. kernelnewbies.org. 26 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504015114/http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_4.0#head-9aa7c8499b42911a48c02b24f367bf2bc6db8606">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kernelnewbies.org&rft.atitle=Linux+kernel+4.0%2C+Section+1.2.+Live+patching&rft.date=2015-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkernelnewbies.org%2FLinux_4.0%23head-9aa7c8499b42911a48c02b24f367bf2bc6db8606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tG1eg-298"><a href="#cite_ref-tG1eg_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Corbet2015" class="citation web cs1">Jonathan Corbet (25 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/634649/">"A rough patch for live patching"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427181127/https://lwn.net/Articles/634649/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+rough+patch+for+live+patching&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2015-02-25&rft.au=Jonathan+Corbet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F634649%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dXf0l-299"><a href="#cite_ref-dXf0l_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=1d9c5d79e6e4385aea6f69c23ba543717434ed70">"kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git: Pull live patching infrastructure from Jiri Kosina (Linux kernel source tree)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kernel.org" title="Kernel.org">kernel.org</a>. 11 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611040359/https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=1d9c5d79e6e4385aea6f69c23ba543717434ed70">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kernel.org&rft.atitle=kernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%3A+Pull+live+patching+infrastructure+from+Jiri+Kosina+%28Linux+kernel+source+tree%29&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fcgit%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Fcommit%2F%3Fid%3D1d9c5d79e6e4385aea6f69c23ba543717434ed70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nBjy6-300"><a href="#cite_ref-nBjy6_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookheyBurghate2005" class="citation book cs1">Mookhey, K. K.; Burghate, Nilesh (1 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kD0sxQ0EkIC&pg=PA14">Linux: Security, Audit and Control Features</a>. US: <a href="/wiki/ISACA" title="ISACA">ISACA</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893209-78-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-893209-78-4"><bdi>1-893209-78-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602223234/http://books.google.com/books?id=-kD0sxQ0EkIC&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linux%3A+Security%2C+Audit+and+Control+Features&rft.place=US&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=ISACA&rft.date=2005-07-01&rft.isbn=1-893209-78-4&rft.aulast=Mookhey&rft.aufirst=K.+K.&rft.au=Burghate%2C+Nilesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kD0sxQ0EkIC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-egivN-301"><a href="#cite_ref-egivN_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatch2008" class="citation book cs1">Hatch, Brian (15 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f5Vz08spzw8C&pg=PA524">Hacking Exposed Linux: Linux Security Secrets and Solutions</a>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Osborne_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Osborne Media">McGraw-Hill Osborne Media</a>. p. 524. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-226257-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-226257-5"><bdi>978-0-07-226257-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602212901/http://books.google.com/books?id=f5Vz08spzw8C&pg=PA524">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hacking+Exposed+Linux%3A+Linux+Security+Secrets+and+Solutions&rft.pages=524&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Osborne+Media&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-07-226257-5&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df5Vz08spzw8C%26pg%3DPA524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1pEse-302"><a href="#cite_ref-1pEse_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger2008" class="citation book cs1">Jaeger, Trent (7 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P4PYPSv8nBMC&pg=PA122">Operating System Security</a>. Morgan and Claypool Publishers. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59829-212-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59829-212-1"><bdi>978-1-59829-212-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602203613/http://books.google.com/books?id=P4PYPSv8nBMC&pg=PA122">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operating+System+Security&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Morgan+and+Claypool+Publishers&rft.date=2008-10-07&rft.isbn=978-1-59829-212-1&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=Trent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP4PYPSv8nBMC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eVUKg-303"><a href="#cite_ref-eVUKg_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/812719/">"CAP_PERFMON — and new capabilities in general [LWN.net]"</a>. lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804030704/https://lwn.net/Articles/812719/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=CAP_PERFMON+%E2%80%94+and+new+capabilities+in+general+%5BLWN.net%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F812719%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jz6IT-304"><a href="#cite_ref-Jz6IT_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/LSM/index.html">"Linux Security Module Usage — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200502142406/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/LSM/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Linux+Security+Module+Usage+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fadmin-guide%2FLSM%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hPOef-305"><a href="#cite_ref-hPOef_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsa.gov/What-We-Do/Research/SELinux/FAQs/">"National Security Agency | Central Security Service > What We Do > Research > SE Linux > SE Linux FAQs"</a>. Nsa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918022139/https://www.nsa.gov/What-We-Do/Research/SELinux/FAQs/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nsa.gov&rft.atitle=National+Security+Agency+%7C+Central+Security+Service+%3E+What+We+Do+%3E+Research+%3E+SE+Linux+%3E+SE+Linux+FAQs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.gov%2FWhat-We-Do%2FResearch%2FSELinux%2FFAQs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LXteS-306"><a href="#cite_ref-LXteS_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/userspace-api/seccomp_filter.html">"Seccomp BPF (SECure COMPuting with filters) — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307065527/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/userspace-api/seccomp_filter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Seccomp+BPF+%28SECure+COMPuting+with+filters%29+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fuserspace-api%2Fseccomp_filter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YS7OI-307"><a href="#cite_ref-YS7OI_307-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2008" class="citation web cs1">Andrews, Jeremy (16 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719130436/http://kerneltrap.org/Linux/Security_Bugs_and_Full_Disclosure">"Security Bugs and Full Disclosure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KernelTrap" title="KernelTrap">KernelTrap</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kerneltrap.org/Linux/Security_Bugs_and_Full_Disclosure">the original</a> on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Security+Bugs+and+Full+Disclosure&rft.pub=KernelTrap&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkerneltrap.org%2FLinux%2FSecurity_Bugs_and_Full_Disclosure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ps5dB-308"><a href="#cite_ref-Ps5dB_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpengler2008" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Spengler, Brad (16 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2008/Jul/276">"Linux's unofficial security-through-coverup policy"</a>. Full Disclosure (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807161645/https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2008/Jul/276">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux%27s+unofficial+security-through-coverup+policy&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft.aulast=Spengler&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseclists.org%2Ffulldisclosure%2F2008%2FJul%2F276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hiroo-309">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hiroo_309-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hiroo_309-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamagata1997" class="citation web cs1">Yamagata, Hiroo (3 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210224351/http://hotwired.goo.ne.jp/matrix/9709/5_linus.html">"The Pragmatist of Free Software"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HotWired" title="HotWired">HotWired</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hotwired.goo.ne.jp/matrix/9709/5_linus.html">the original</a> on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pragmatist+of+Free+Software&rft.pub=HotWired&rft.date=1997-08-03&rft.aulast=Yamagata&rft.aufirst=Hiroo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhotwired.goo.ne.jp%2Fmatrix%2F9709%2F5_linus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ts0p8-310"><a href="#cite_ref-ts0p8_310-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html">"GPL-v2"</a>. gnu.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225033729/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gnu.org&rft.atitle=GPL-v2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2Fold-licenses%2Fgpl-2.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BahZO-311"><a href="#cite_ref-BahZO_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2006" class="citation web cs1">Corbet, Jonathan (31 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/169797/">"GPLv3 and the kernel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810165701/https://lwn.net/Articles/169797/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GPLv3+and+the+kernel&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2006-01-31&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F169797%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9g8Ma-312"><a href="#cite_ref-9g8Ma_312-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds2000" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (8 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0009.1/0096.html">"Linux-2.4.0-test8"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515235654/http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0009.1/0096.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux-2.4.0-test8&rft.date=2000-09-08&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F0009.1%2F0096.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-v5UoJ-313"><a href="#cite_ref-v5UoJ_313-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.en.html#section9">"gnu.org"</a>. Gnu.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202151435/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.en.html#section9">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gnu.org&rft.atitle=gnu.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2Fold-licenses%2Fgpl-2.0.en.html%23section9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-au8PE-314"><a href="#cite_ref-au8PE_314-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2006" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cox_(computer_programmer)" title="Alan Cox (computer programmer)">Cox, Alan</a> (20 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/169831/">"Re: GPL V3 and Linux"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126131909/https://lwn.net/Articles/169831/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+GPL+V3+and+Linux&rft.date=2006-01-20&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F169831%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seFzU-315"><a href="#cite_ref-seFzU_315-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankland2006" class="citation web cs1">Shankland, Stephen (25 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130914090740/http://news.com/Top+Linux+programmers+pan+GPL+3/2100-7344_3-6119372.html">"Top Linux programmers pan GPL 3"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News.com" class="mw-redirect" title="News.com">News.com</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.com/Top+Linux+programmers+pan+GPL+3/2100-7344_3-6119372.html">the original</a> on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News.com&rft.atitle=Top+Linux+programmers+pan+GPL+3&rft.date=2006-09-25&rft.aulast=Shankland&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.com%2FTop%2BLinux%2Bprogrammers%2Bpan%2BGPL%2B3%2F2100-7344_3-6119372.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kerneldevelopers2006-316">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kerneldevelopers2006_316-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kerneldevelopers2006_316-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_E.J._BottomleyMauro_Carvalho_ChehabThomas_GleixnerChristoph_Hellwig2006" class="citation web cs1">James E.J. Bottomley; Mauro Carvalho Chehab; Thomas Gleixner; Christoph Hellwig; Dave Jones; Greg Kroah-Hartman; Tony Luck; Andrew Morton; Trond Myklebust; David Woodhouse (15 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/200422/">"Kernel developers' position on GPLv3: The Dangers and Problems with GPLv3"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118015213/https://lwn.net/Articles/200422/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kernel+developers%27+position+on+GPLv3%3A+The+Dangers+and+Problems+with+GPLv3&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2006-09-15&rft.au=James+E.J.+Bottomley&rft.au=Mauro+Carvalho+Chehab&rft.au=Thomas+Gleixner&rft.au=Christoph+Hellwig&rft.au=Dave+Jones&rft.au=Greg+Kroah-Hartman&rft.au=Tony+Luck&rft.au=Andrew+Morton&rft.au=Trond+Myklebust&rft.au=David+Woodhouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F200422%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GmA72-317"><a href="#cite_ref-GmA72_317-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetreley2006" class="citation web cs1">Petreley, Nicholas (27 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/1000100">"A fight against evil or a fight for attention?"</a>. linuxjournal.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180302144635/http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/1000100">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+fight+against+evil+or+a+fight+for+attention%3F&rft.pub=linuxjournal.com&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft.aulast=Petreley&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Fnode%2F1000100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4uolG-318"><a href="#cite_ref-4uolG_318-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PaKIZ7gJlRU">"Linus Torvalds says GPL v3 violates everything that GPLv2 stood for"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Debconf" class="mw-redirect" title="Debconf">Debconf</a> 2014. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508034417/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PaKIZ7gJlRU">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linus+Torvalds+says+GPL+v3+violates+everything+that+GPLv2+stood+for&rft.pub=Debconf+2014&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DPaKIZ7gJlRU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lkXX9-319"><a href="#cite_ref-lkXX9_319-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkSemwal2012" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Rob; Semwal, Sumit (1 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elinux.org/images/a/a8/DMA_Buffer_Sharing-_An_Introduction.pdf">"DMA Buffer Sharing Framework: An Introduction"</a> (PDF). Embedded Linux Conference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051804/http://elinux.org/images/a/a8/DMA_Buffer_Sharing-_An_Introduction.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DMA+Buffer+Sharing+Framework%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Embedded+Linux+Conference&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Semwal%2C+Sumit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felinux.org%2Fimages%2Fa%2Fa8%2FDMA_Buffer_Sharing-_An_Introduction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1aNop-320"><a href="#cite_ref-1aNop_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2012" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cox_(computer_programmer)" title="Alan Cox (computer programmer)">Cox, Alan</a> (10 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/dri-devel/2012-October/028846.html">"[PATCH] dma-buf: Use EXPORT_SYMBOL"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Infrastructure" title="Direct Rendering Infrastructure">Direct Rendering Infrastructure</a> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122222858/http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/dri-devel/2012-October/028846.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BPATCH%5D+dma-buf%3A+Use+EXPORT_SYMBOL&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.freedesktop.org%2Farchives%2Fdri-devel%2F2012-October%2F028846.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3OFDI-321"><a href="#cite_ref-3OFDI_321-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds2003" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (10 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2003/12/10/123">"RE: Linux GPL and binary module exception clause?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615102501/http://lkml.org/lkml/2003/12/10/123">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RE%3A+Linux+GPL+and+binary+module+exception+clause%3F&rft.date=2003-12-10&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flkml.org%2Flkml%2F2003%2F12%2F10%2F123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-H8s4M-322"><a href="#cite_ref-H8s4M_322-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds2003" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (3 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0312.0/0670.html">"Re: Linux GPL and binary module exception clause?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LKML" class="mw-redirect" title="LKML">LKML</a> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428052533/http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0312.0/0670.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Linux+GPL+and+binary+module+exception+clause%3F&rft.date=2003-12-03&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F0312.0%2F0670.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BvXbe-323"><a href="#cite_ref-BvXbe_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.html">"Tainted kernels — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307065211/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Tainted+kernels+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fadmin-guide%2Ftainted-kernels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rjGNf-324"><a href="#cite_ref-rjGNf_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/firmware/index.html">"Linux Firmware API — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113174720/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/firmware/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Linux+Firmware+API+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Fdriver-api%2Ffirmware%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEsBH-325"><a href="#cite_ref-AEsBH_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.16/driver-api/firmware/built-in-fw.html">"Built-in firmware — The Linux Kernel documentation"</a>. Kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610041327/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.16/driver-api/firmware/built-in-fw.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kernel.org&rft.atitle=Built-in+firmware+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Fv4.16%2Fdriver-api%2Ffirmware%2Fbuilt-in-fw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaz3B-326"><a href="#cite_ref-Vaz3B_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4808:r0ouik.2.17">"Linux TM registration in the US"</a>. uspto.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224164104/http://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4808:r0ouik.2.17">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uspto.gov&rft.atitle=Linux+TM+registration+in+the+US&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftmsearch.uspto.gov%2Fbin%2Fshowfield%3Ff%3Ddoc%26state%3D4808%3Ar0ouik.2.17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ID7gn-327"><a href="#cite_ref-ID7gn_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euipo.europa.eu/eSearch/#details/trademarks/000851246">"Linux TM registration in the EU"</a>. euipo.europa.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609153529/https://euipo.europa.eu/eSearch/#details/trademarks/000851246">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euipo.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Linux+TM+registration+in+the+EU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuipo.europa.eu%2FeSearch%2F%23details%2Ftrademarks%2F000851246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dtKCp-328"><a href="#cite_ref-dtKCp_328-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1997" class="citation web cs1">Hughes, Phil (1 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2425/">"Linux Trademark Dispute"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a>. Belltown Media, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100430060209/http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2425">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux+Journal&rft.atitle=Linux+Trademark+Dispute&rft.date=1997-08-01&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F2425%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZWQ58-329"><a href="#cite_ref-ZWQ58_329-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1997" class="citation web cs1">Hughes, Phil (1 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2098">"Action Taken on Linux Trademark"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a>. Belltown Media, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100303180921/http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2098">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux+Journal&rft.atitle=Action+Taken+on+Linux+Trademark&rft.date=1997-03-01&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F2098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-05hM3-330"><a href="#cite_ref-05hM3_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGisselberg2010" class="citation web cs1">Gisselberg, Tonya (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711095344/http://www.gisselberglawfirm.com/downloads/linux.pdf">"The Trademark History of Linux, the Operating System"</a> (PDF). Gisselberg Law Firm, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gisselberglawfirm.com/downloads/linux.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Trademark+History+of+Linux%2C+the+Operating+System&rft.pub=Gisselberg+Law+Firm%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Gisselberg&rft.aufirst=Tonya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gisselberglawfirm.com%2Fdownloads%2Flinux.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdy2024" class="citation web cs1">Purdy, Kevin (24 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/10/russian-coders-removed-from-linux-maintainers-list-due-to-sanction-concerns/">"Removal of Russian coders spurs debate about Linux kernel's politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. Retrieved 24 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Removal+of+Russian+coders+spurs+debate+about+Linux+kernel%27s+politics&rft.date=2024-10-24&rft.aulast=Purdy&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2024%2F10%2Frussian-coders-removed-from-linux-maintainers-list-due-to-sanction-concerns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvaldsDiamond2001" class="citation book cs1">Torvalds, Linus; Diamond, David (2001). <a href="/wiki/Just_for_Fun_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Just for Fun (book)">Just for Fun: The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperBusiness" class="mw-redirect" title="HarperBusiness">HarperBusiness</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0066620732" title="Special:BookSources/978-0066620732"><bdi>978-0066620732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+for+Fun%3A+The+Story+of+an+Accidental+Revolutionary&rft.pub=HarperBusiness&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0066620732&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft.au=Diamond%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezroukov" class="citation book cs1">Bezroukov, Nikolai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softpanorama.org/People/Torvalds/index.shtml">"Ch 4: A benevolent dictator"</a>. Portraits of Open Source Pioneers (e-book). Softpanorama. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051013082354/http://www.softpanorama.org/People/Torvalds/index.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2005. Retrieved 3 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch+4%3A+A+benevolent+dictator&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+Open+Source+Pioneers&rft.pub=Softpanorama&rft.aulast=Bezroukov&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.softpanorama.org%2FPeople%2FTorvalds%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/53780/">"LinkSys and binary modules"</a>. LWN.net Weekly Edition. 16 October 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160801080742/http://lwn.net/Articles/53780/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LinkSys+and+binary+modules&rft.pub=LWN.net+Weekly+Edition&rft.date=2003-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F53780%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nd.edu/~ljordan/linux/tuxhistory.html">"Everyone's Favorite Linux Mascot"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050816235544/http://www.nd.edu/~ljordan/linux/tuxhistory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2005. Retrieved 16 June 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Everyone%27s+Favorite+Linux+Mascot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nd.edu%2F~ljordan%2Flinux%2Ftuxhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranevich2003" class="citation web cs1">Pranevich, Joseph (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030716054145/http://www.kniggit.net/wwol26.html">"The Wonderful World of Linux 2.6"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kniggit.net/wwol26.html">the original</a> on 16 July 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wonderful+World+of+Linux+2.6&rft.date=2003-12&rft.aulast=Pranevich&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkniggit.net%2Fwwol26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.kernelnewbies.org/LinuxChanges">"LinuxChanges"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031211753/http://wiki.kernelnewbies.org/LinuxChanges">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2005. Retrieved 31 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LinuxChanges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.kernelnewbies.org%2FLinuxChanges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202002917/http://www.engineeringproject.net/seminars/linux.htm">"Seminar Paper on Linux Kernel 2.6"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://engineeringproject.net/seminars/linux.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seminar+Paper+on+Linux+Kernel+2.6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fengineeringproject.net%2Fseminars%2Flinux.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/">"Linux Device Drivers"</a> (3rd ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727085953/http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Device+Drivers&rft.edition=3rd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FKernel%2FLDD3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/understandlk/">"Understanding the Linux Kernel"</a> (Book) (3rd ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051217094234/http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/understandlk/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2005. Retrieved 22 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Linux+Kernel&rft.edition=3rd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreilly.com%2Fcatalog%2Funderstandlk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apress.com/9781430261964">Linux Kernel Networking, by Rami Rosen, 2014</a> (Book). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512052750/http://www.apress.com/9781430261964">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linux+Kernel+Networking%2C+by+Rami+Rosen%2C+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apress.com%2F9781430261964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050723031159/http://kerneltrap.org/node/1735">"Linux: The GPL And Binary Modules"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kerneltrap.org/node/1735">the original</a> on 23 July 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux%3A+The+GPL+And+Binary+Modules&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkerneltrap.org%2Fnode%2F1735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-linux-kernel/">"Anatomy of the Linux kernel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627093507/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-linux-kernel/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBM&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+the+Linux+kernel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fdeveloperworks%2Flinux%2Flibrary%2Fl-linux-kernel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanenbaumBos2015" class="citation book cs1">Tanenbaum, Andrew; Bos, Herbert (2015). Modern Operating Systems. United States of America: Pearson. p. 722. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781292061429" title="Special:BookSources/9781292061429"><bdi>9781292061429</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892574803">892574803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Operating+Systems&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=722&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892574803&rft.isbn=9781292061429&rft.aulast=Tanenbaum&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Bos%2C+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+kernel" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" class="extiw" title="commons:Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has more on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linux_kernel" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14579#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//kernel.org/doc/">Linux kernel documentation index</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//kernel.org/doc/man-pages/">Linux kernel man pages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugzilla.kernel.org/">Kernel bugzilla</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=15790">regressions</a> for each recent kernel version</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kernelnewbies.org/">Kernel Newbies</a>, a source of various kernel-related information</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Kernel/">Kernel coverage at LWN.net</a>, an authoritative source of kernel-related information</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/source">Bootlin's Elixir Cross Referencer</a>, a Linux kernel source code cross-reference</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2SED6sewRw">Greg Kroah Hartman on the Linux kernel</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&oldid=1258958263">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&oldid=1258958263</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 15:48 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(cyrnel)" title="Linux (cyrnel) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Linux (cyrnel)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="نواة لينكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نواة لينكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_n%C3%BCv%C9%99si" title="Linux nüvəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Linux nüvəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="লিনাক্স কার্নেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিনাক্স কার্নেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE)" title="Линукс (ядро) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Линукс (ядро)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Linux kernel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(nucli)" title="Linux (nucli) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Linux (nucli)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(j%C3%A1dro)" title="Linux (jádro) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Linux (jádro)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(Kernel)" title="Linux (Kernel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Linux (Kernel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(tuum)" title="Linux (tuum) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linux (tuum)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_Linux" title="Πυρήνας Linux – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυρήνας Linux" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_Linux" title="Núcleo Linux – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Núcleo Linux" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="هسته لینوکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هسته لینوکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyau_Linux" title="Noyau Linux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noyau Linux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_Linux" title="Núcleo Linux – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Núcleo Linux" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%88%85%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BB%A4%EB%84%90" title="리눅스 커널 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리눅스 커널" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(jezgra)" title="Linux (jezgra) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Linux (jezgra)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(kernel)" title="Linux (kernel) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Linux (kernel)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_Linux" title="Kernel Linux – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kernel Linux" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxkjarninn" title="Linuxkjarninn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Linuxkjarninn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(kernel)" title="Linux (kernel) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linux (kernel)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1_(%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94)" title="לינוקס (ליבה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לינוקס (ליבה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(j%C4%85dro)" title="Linux (jądro) – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Linux (jądro)" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(branduolys)" title="Linux (branduolys) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Linux (branduolys)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_Linux" title="Kernel Linux – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Kernel Linux" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(rendszermag)" title="Linux (rendszermag) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Linux (rendszermag)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD" title="ലിനക്സ് കെർണൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിനക്സ് കെർണൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(inti)" title="Linux (inti) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Linux (inti)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxkernel" title="Linuxkernel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Linuxkernel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB" title="Linuxカーネル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Linuxカーネル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxkjernen" title="Linuxkjernen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Linuxkjernen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux-kjernen" title="Linux-kjernen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Linux-kjernen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucl%C3%A8u_Linux" title="Nuclèu Linux – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nuclèu Linux" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2" title="ଲିନକ୍ସ କର୍ନେଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲିନକ୍ସ କର୍ନେଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2" title="ਲੀਨਕਸ ਕਰਨਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੀਨਕਸ ਕਰਨਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(Kernel)" title="Linux (Kernel) – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Linux (Kernel)" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(j%C4%85dro)" title="Linux (jądro) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Linux (jądro)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(n%C3%BAcleo)" title="Linux (núcleo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linux (núcleo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(nucleul)" title="Linux (nucleul) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Linux (nucleul)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_chira" title="Linux chira – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Linux chira" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_Linux" title="Ядро Linux – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ядро Linux" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(n%C3%B9cleu)" title="Linux (nùcleu) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Linux (nùcleu)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Linux kernel" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(n%C3%B9cliu)" title="Linux (nùcliu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Linux (nùcliu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%27%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="ලිනක්ස් ක'නලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලිනක්ස් ක'නලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Linux kernel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(jadro)" title="Linux (jadro) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Linux (jadro)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(kernel)" title="Linux (kernel) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Linux (kernel)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ناوکی لینوکس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوکی لینوکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Linux кернел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Linux кернел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(ydin)" title="Linux (ydin) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Linux (ydin)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(k%C3%A4rna)" title="Linux (kärna) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Linux (kärna)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="லினக்சு கருனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லினக்சு கருனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="లినక్స్ కెర్నల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లినక్స్ కెర్నల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ใจกลางลินุกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ใจกลางลินุกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_%C3%A7ekirde%C4%9Fi" title="Linux çekirdeği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Linux çekirdeği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Linux шорсюлэм – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Linux шорсюлэм" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_Linux" title="Ядро Linux – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ядро Linux" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1t_nh%C3%A2n_Linux" title="Hạt nhân Linux – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hạt nhân Linux" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="Linux内核 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Linux内核" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="Linux内核 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Linux内核" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 15:48 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-8bk57","wgBackendResponseTime":279,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.650","walltime":"4.126","ppvisitednodes":{"value":27457,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":796749,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22781,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":40,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1259663,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":2,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3612.437 1 -total"," 42.23% 1525.367 2 Template:Reflist"," 28.06% 1013.650 279 Template:Cite_web"," 23.62% 853.333 2 Template:Infobox"," 23.17% 837.181 1 Template:Infobox_software"," 17.26% 623.374 7 Template:Wikidata"," 14.07% 508.208 1 Template:Infobox_software/simple"," 4.91% 177.313 8 Template:Annotated_link"," 4.61% 166.678 16 Template:Navbox"," 4.38% 158.279 30 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.333","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":34862565,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","14.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","340","14.2"],["?","300","12.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","260","10.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","10.8"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","3.3"],["(for generator)","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","2.5"],["[others]","520","21.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fb7ms","timestamp":"20241124134550","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Linux kernel","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linux_kernel","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q14579","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q14579","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-05T17:10:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T15:48:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/35\/Tux.svg","headline":"Unix-like operating system kernel, basis for all Linux operating systems"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>