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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hormonal_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hormonal_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hormonal control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hormonal_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnancy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Weaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other mammals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_mammals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other mammals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mammary gland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="غدد ثديية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غدد ثديية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCd_v%C9%99zil%C9%99ri" title="Süd vəziləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Süd vəziləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Малочныя залозы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малочныя залозы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="स्तन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्तन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Млечна жлеза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Млечна жлеза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlije%C4%8Dna_%C5%BElijezda" title="Mliječna žlijezda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mliječna žlijezda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A0ndula_mam%C3%A0ria" title="Glàndula mamària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Glàndula mamària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ml%C3%A9%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_%C5%BEl%C3%A1za" title="Mléčná žláza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mléčná žláza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwarren_laeth" title="Chwarren laeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chwarren laeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A6lkekirtel" title="Mælkekirtel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mælkekirtel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milchdr%C3%BCse" title="Milchdrüse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Milchdrüse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μαστικός αδένας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαστικός αδένας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A1ndula_mamaria" title="Glándula mamaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Glándula mamaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktoglando" title="Laktoglando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laktoglando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bularreko_guruin" title="Bularreko guruin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bularreko guruin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="غده شیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غده شیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glande_mammaire" title="Glande mammaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Glande mammaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faireog_ch%C3%ADochach" title="Faireog chíochach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Faireog chíochach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99th" title="Ùth – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ùth" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EC%83%98" title="젖샘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="젖샘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B1%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կաթնագեղձեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաթնագեղձեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF" title="स्तन ग्रंथि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्तन ग्रंथि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelenjar_susu" title="Kelenjar susu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelenjar susu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glandula_mammari" title="Glandula mammari – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Glandula mammari" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B3lkurkirtill" title="Mjólkurkirtill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mjólkurkirtill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiandola_mammaria" title="Ghiandola mammaria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghiandola mammaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91" title="בלוטת חלב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלוטת חלב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸ್ತನಗ್ರಂಥಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ತನಗ್ರಂಥಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სარძევე ჯირკვლები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სარძევე ჯირკვლები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Сүт бездері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сүт бездері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glann_mam%C3%A8" title="Glann mamè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Glann mamè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сүт бездер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сүт бездер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piena_dziedzeris" title="Piena dziedzeris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Piena dziedzeris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieno_liauka" title="Pieno liauka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pieno liauka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF" title="സസ്തനഗ്രന്ഥി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സസ്തനഗ്രന്ഥി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80" title="स्तन ग्रंथी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्तन ग्रंथी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelenjar_mamari" title="Kelenjar mamari – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelenjar mamari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkklier" title="Melkklier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Melkklier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80" title="स्तन ग्रन्थी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्तन ग्रन्थी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E8%85%BA" title="乳腺 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="乳腺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkekjertel" title="Melkekjertel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Melkekjertel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sut_bezlari" title="Sut bezlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sut bezlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkdr%C3%BC%C3%BCs" title="Melkdrüüs – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Melkdrüüs" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruczo%C5%82_mlekowy" title="Gruczoł mlekowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gruczoł mlekowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A2ndula_mam%C3%A1ria" title="Glândula mamária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Glândula mamária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland%C4%83_mamar%C4%83" title="Glandă mamară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Glandă mamară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Молочная железа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молочная железа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mammary gland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mle%C4%8Dna_%C5%BEleza" title="Mlečna žleza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mlečna žleza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DA%98%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D9%85%DA%A9" title="ڕژێنی مەمک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕژێنی مەمک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Млечна жлезда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Млечна жлезда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitorauhanen" title="Maitorauhanen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maitorauhanen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lkk%C3%B6rtel" title="Mjölkkörtel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mjölkkörtel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glandulang_mamarya" title="Glandulang mamarya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Glandulang mamarya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="பாற்சுரப்பி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாற்சுரப்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme_bezi" title="Meme bezi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meme bezi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Молочна залоза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молочна залоза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%E1%BA%BFn_v%C3%BA" title="Tuyến vú – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tuyến vú" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glandula_mamalya" title="Glandula mamalya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Glandula mamalya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E8%85%BA" title="乳腺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乳腺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Exocrine gland in humans and other mammals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mammary" redirects here. For the mountain in Alaska, see <a href="/wiki/Mammary_Peak" title="Mammary Peak">Mammary Peak</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Mammary gland</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Breast_anatomy_normal_scheme.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Breast_anatomy_normal_scheme.png/250px-Breast_anatomy_normal_scheme.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Breast_anatomy_normal_scheme.png/375px-Breast_anatomy_normal_scheme.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Breast_anatomy_normal_scheme.png/500px-Breast_anatomy_normal_scheme.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2368" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cross-section of the human mammary gland. <div style="text-align: left;"><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chest_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest wall">Chest wall</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoralis major muscle">Pectoralis muscles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lobules" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobules">Lobules</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Areola" title="Areola">Areola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lactiferous_duct" title="Lactiferous duct">Milk duct</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Fatty tissue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li></ol></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Precursor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">Mesoderm</a><br /> <small>(blood vessels and connective tissue)</small><br />Ectoderm<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <small>(cellular elements)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Internal_thoracic_artery" title="Internal thoracic artery">Internal thoracic artery</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lateral_thoracic_artery" title="Lateral thoracic artery">Lateral thoracic artery</a><sup id="cite_ref-macea06_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macea06-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Internal_thoracic_vein" title="Internal thoracic vein">Internal thoracic vein</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Axillary_vein" title="Axillary vein">Axillary vein</a><sup id="cite_ref-macea06_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macea06-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supraclavicular_nerves" title="Supraclavicular nerves">Supraclavicular nerves</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Intercostal_nerves" title="Intercostal nerves">Intercostal nerves</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <small>(lateral and medial branches)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">Lymph</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_axillary_lymph_nodes" title="Pectoral axillary lymph nodes">Pectoral axillary lymph nodes</a><sup id="cite_ref-macea06_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macea06-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/16.0.02.006%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A16.0.02.006</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=7099">7099</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma60088">60088</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189961" class="extiw" title="d:Q189961">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>mammary gland</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">exocrine gland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> that produces <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> to feed young <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a>. Mammals get their name from the Latin word <i>mamma</i>, "breast". The mammary glands are arranged in <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breasts</a> in primates (for example, humans and chimpanzees), the <a href="/wiki/Udder" title="Udder">udder</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> (for example, cows, goats, sheep, and deer), and the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dug#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:dug">dugs</a> of other animals (for example, dogs and cats). <a href="/wiki/Galactorrhea" title="Galactorrhea">Lactorrhea</a>, the occasional production of milk by the glands, can occur in any mammal, but in most mammals, <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>, the production of enough milk for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/suckle#Verb" class="extiw" title="wikt:suckle">nursing</a>, occurs only in <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypic</a> <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">females</a> who have <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestated</a> in recent months or years. It is directed by hormonal guidance from <a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">sex steroids</a>. In a few mammalian species, <a href="/wiki/Male_lactation" title="Male lactation">male lactation</a> can occur. With humans, male lactation can occur only under specific circumstances. </p><p><b>Mammals</b> are divided into 3 groups: <a href="/wiki/Prototheria" title="Prototheria">prototherians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">metatherians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">eutherians</a>. In the case of prototherians, both males and females have functional mammary glands, but their mammary glands are without nipples. These mammary glands are modified <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebaceous glands">sebaceous glands</a>. Concerning most metatherians and eutherians, only females have functional mammary glands, with the exception of some bat species. Their mammary glands can be termed as breasts or <a href="/wiki/Udder" title="Udder">udders</a>. In the case of breasts, each mammary gland has its own nipple (e.g., human mammary glands). In the case of udders, pairs of mammary glands comprise a single mass, with more than one nipple (or <a href="/wiki/Teat" title="Teat">teat</a>) hanging from it. For instance, cows and buffalo udders have two pairs of mammary glands and four teats, whereas sheep and goat udders have one pair of mammary glands with two teats protruding from the udder. Each gland produces milk for a single teat. These mammary glands are evolutionarily derived from sweat glands. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></div> <p>The basic components of a mature mammary gland are the <i><a href="/wiki/Mammary_alveolus" title="Mammary alveolus">alveoli</a></i> (hollow cavities, a few millimeters large), which are lined with milk-secreting <a href="/wiki/Cuboidal_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuboidal cells">cuboidal cells</a> and surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Myoepithelial_cell" title="Myoepithelial cell">myoepithelial cells</a>. These alveoli join to form groups known as <i><a href="/wiki/Lobules" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobules">lobules</a></i>. Each lobule has a <i><a href="/wiki/Lactiferous_duct" title="Lactiferous duct">lactiferous duct</a></i> that drains into openings in the <a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">nipple</a>. The myoepithelial cells contract under the stimulation of <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a>, excreting the milk secreted by alveolar units into the lobule lumen toward the nipple. As the <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infant</a> begins to suck, the oxytocin-mediated "let down reflex" ensues, and the mother's milk is secreted—not sucked—from the gland into the infant's mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-Newton,_M._&_Newton,_N.R._1948_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton,_M._&_Newton,_N.R._1948-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the milk-secreting tissue leading to a single lactiferous duct is collectively called a "simple mammary gland"; in a "complex mammary gland", all the simple mammary glands serve one nipple. Humans normally have two complex mammary glands, one in each breast, and each complex mammary gland consists of 10–20 simple glands. The opening of each simple gland on the surface of the nipple is called a "pore."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of more than two nipples is known as <a href="/wiki/Polythelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Polythelia">polythelia</a> and the presence of more than two complex mammary glands as <a href="/wiki/Accessory_breast" title="Accessory breast">polymastia</a>. </p><p>Maintaining the correct polarized morphology of the lactiferous duct tree requires another essential component – mammary epithelial cells <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a> (ECM) which, together with <a href="/wiki/Adipocyte" title="Adipocyte">adipocytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">fibroblast</a>, inflammatory cells, and others, constitute mammary stroma.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson,_C.J._2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson,_C.J._2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammary epithelial ECM mainly contains myoepithelial <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">basement membrane</a> and the connective tissue. They not only help to support mammary basic structure, but also serve as a communicating bridge between mammary epithelia and their local and global environment throughout this organ's development.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman,_B.S._2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman,_B.S._2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pavlovich_2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavlovich_2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Histology">Histology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Histology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normal_breast_histology.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Normal_breast_histology.png/220px-Normal_breast_histology.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Normal_breast_histology.png/330px-Normal_breast_histology.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Normal_breast_histology.png/440px-Normal_breast_histology.png 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="1730" /></a><figcaption>Normal histology of the breast.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glandula_mammaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Glandula_mammaria.jpg/170px-Glandula_mammaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Glandula_mammaria.jpg/255px-Glandula_mammaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Glandula_mammaria.jpg/340px-Glandula_mammaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2755" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption>Light micrograph of a human proliferating mammary gland during estrous cycle. Sprouting gland tissue can be seen in the upper left field (haematoxylin eosin staining)</figcaption></figure> <p>A mammary gland is a specific type of <a href="/wiki/Apocrine" title="Apocrine">apocrine</a> gland specialized for manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">colostrum</a> (first milk) when giving birth. Mammary glands can be identified as apocrine because they exhibit striking "decapitation" secretion. Many sources assert that mammary glands are modified <a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">sweat glands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ackerman2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ackerman2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-krstic04_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krstic04-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Breast_development" title="Breast development">Breast development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone-related_protein" title="Parathyroid hormone-related protein">Parathyroid hormone-related protein</a></div> <p>Mammary glands develop during different growth cycles. They exist in both sexes during the embryonic stage, forming only a rudimentary duct tree at birth. In this stage, mammary gland development depends on systemic (and maternal) hormones,<sup id="cite_ref-Watson,_C.J._2008_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson,_C.J._2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is also under the (local) regulation of <a href="/wiki/Paracrine_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracrine signalling">paracrine communication</a> between neighboring epithelial and mesenchymal cells by parathyroid hormone-related protein (<a href="/wiki/PTHrP" class="mw-redirect" title="PTHrP">PTHrP</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This locally secreted factor gives rise to a series of outside-in and inside-out positive feedback between these two types of cells, so that mammary bud epithelial cells can proliferate and sprout down into the mesenchymal layer until they reach the fat pad to begin the first round of branching.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson,_C.J._2008_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson,_C.J._2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the embryonic mesenchymal cells around the epithelial bud receive secreting factors activated by <a href="/wiki/PTHrP" class="mw-redirect" title="PTHrP">PTHrP</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">BMP4</a>. These mesenchymal cells can transform into a dense, mammary-specific mesenchyme, which later develop into connective tissue with fibrous threads, forming blood vessels and the lymph system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A basement membrane, mainly containing <a href="/wiki/Laminin" title="Laminin">laminin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>, formed afterward by differentiated myoepithelial cells, keeps the polarity of this primary duct tree. These components of the extracellular matrix are strong determinants of duct morphogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a> (GH) are essential for the <a href="/wiki/Lactiferous_duct" title="Lactiferous duct">ductal</a> component of mammary gland development, and act synergistically to mediate it.<sup id="cite_ref-Malley2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malley2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9516076_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9516076-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10887519_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10887519-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10537134_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10537134-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10791764_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10791764-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither estrogen nor GH are capable of inducing ductal development without the other.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9516076_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9516076-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10887519_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10887519-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10537134_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10537134-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10791764_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10791764-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of GH in ductal development has been found to be mostly mediated by its induction of the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">insulin-like growth factor 1</a> (IGF-1), which occurs both systemically (mainly originating from the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>) and locally in the mammary fat pad through activation of the <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_receptor" title="Growth hormone receptor">growth hormone receptor</a> (GHR).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9516076_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9516076-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10887519_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10887519-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10537134_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10537134-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10791764_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10791764-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19034633_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19034633-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, GH itself also acts independently of IGF-1 to stimulate ductal development by upregulating <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">estrogen receptor</a> (ER) expression in mammary gland tissue, which is a downstream effect of mammary gland GHR activation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10791764_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10791764-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, unlike IGF-1, GH itself is not essential for mammary gland development, and IGF-1 in conjunction with estrogen can induce normal mammary gland development without the presence of GH.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10791764_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10791764-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to IGF-1, other <a href="/wiki/Paracrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracrine">paracrine</a> <a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">growth factors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor" title="Epidermal growth factor">epidermal growth factor</a> (EGF), <a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">transforming growth factor beta</a> (TGF-β),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16322320_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16322320-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amphiregulin" title="Amphiregulin">amphiregulin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17659070_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17659070-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor" title="Fibroblast growth factor">fibroblast growth factor</a> (FGF), and <a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte_growth_factor" title="Hepatocyte growth factor">hepatocyte growth factor</a> (HGF)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21934211_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21934211-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are involved in breast development as mediators downstream to sex hormones and GH/IGF-1.<sup id="cite_ref-CoadDunstall2011_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoadDunstall2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HynesWatson2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HynesWatson2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HarrisLippman2012_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarrisLippman2012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During embryonic development, IGF-1 levels are low, and gradually increase from birth to puberty.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17595785_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17595785-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At puberty, the levels of GH and IGF-1 reach their highest levels in life and estrogen begins to be secreted in high amounts in females, which is when ductal development mostly takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17595785_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17595785-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the influence of estrogen, <a href="/wiki/Stroma_(animal_tissue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroma (animal tissue)">stromal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fat_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat tissue">fat tissue</a> surrounding the ductal system in the mammary glands also grows.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After puberty, GH and IGF-1 levels progressively decrease, which limits further development until <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, if it occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17595785_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17595785-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During pregnancy, <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a> are essential for mediating <a href="/wiki/Lobuloalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobuloalveolar">lobuloalveolar</a> development in estrogen-primed mammary gland tissue, which occurs in preparation of <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">nursing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Malley2010_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malley2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9098173_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9098173-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> inhibit estrogen-mediated mammary gland development (e.g., by reducing local ER expression) through activation of <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptors</a> expressed in mammary gland tissue,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9098173_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9098173-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10973921_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10973921-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in conjunction with relatively low estrogen levels, are the cause of the lack of developed mammary glands in males.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24872741_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24872741-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Before_birth">Before birth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Before birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mammary gland development is characterized by the unique process by which the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> invades the <a href="/wiki/Stroma_(animal_tissue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroma (animal tissue)">stroma</a>. The development of the mammary gland occurs mainly after <a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">birth</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, tubule formation is coupled with <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis#Branching_morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">branching morphogenesis</a> which establishes the basic arboreal network of ducts emanating from the <a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">nipple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Developmentally, mammary gland epithelium is constantly produced and maintained by rare epithelial cells, dubbed as mammary progenitors which are ultimately thought to be derived from tissue-resident stem cells.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">Embryonic</a> mammary gland development can be divided into a series of specific stages. Initially, the formation of the milk lines that run between the fore and hind limbs bilaterally on each side of the midline occurs around embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5). The second stage occurs at E11.5 when <a href="/wiki/Placode" class="mw-redirect" title="Placode">placode</a> formation begins along the mammary milk line. This will eventually give rise to the nipple. Lastly, the third stage occurs at E12.5 and involves the <a href="/wiki/Invagination" title="Invagination">invagination</a> of cells within the <a href="/wiki/Placode" class="mw-redirect" title="Placode">placode</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Mesenchyme" title="Mesenchyme">mesenchyme</a>, leading to a mammary <a href="/wiki/Anlage_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anlage (biology)">anlage (biology)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primitive (stem) cells are detected in embryo and their numbers increase steadily during development<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growth">Growth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Postnatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Postnatal">Postnatally</a>, the mammary ducts elongate into the mammary fat pad. Then, starting around four weeks of age, mammary ductal growth increases significantly with the ducts invading towards the <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph node</a>. Terminal end buds, the highly proliferative structures found at the tips of the invading ducts, expand and increase greatly during this stage. This developmental period is characterized by the emergence of the terminal end buds and lasts until an age of about 7–8 weeks. </p><p>By the pubertal stage, the mammary ducts have invaded to the end of the mammary fat pad. At this point, the terminal end buds become less proliferative and decrease in size. Side branches form from the primary ducts and begin to fill the mammary fat pad. Ductal development decreases with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a> and undergoes <a href="/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">estrous cycles</a> (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus). As a result of estrous cycling, the mammary gland undergoes dynamic changes where cells proliferate and then regress in an ordered fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, the ductal systems undergo rapid proliferation and form <a href="/wiki/Mammary_alveolus" title="Mammary alveolus">alveolar</a> structures within the branches to be used for milk production. After delivery, <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a> occurs within the mammary gland; lactation involves the secretion of milk by the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">luminal cells</a> in the alveoli. Contraction of the <a href="/wiki/Myoepithelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Myoepithelial cells">myoepithelial cells</a> surrounding the alveoli will cause the milk to be ejected through the ducts and into the nipple for the nursing infant. Upon <a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">weaning</a> of the infant, lactation stops and the mammary gland turns in on itself, a process called <i>involution</i>. This process involves the controlled collapse of mammary epithelial cells where cells begin <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> in a controlled manner, reverting the mammary gland back to a pubertal state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postmenopausal">Postmenopausal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Postmenopausal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Postmenopause" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmenopause">postmenopause</a>, due to much lower levels of estrogen, and due to lower levels of GH and IGF-1, which decrease with age, mammary gland tissue atrophies and the mammary glands become smaller. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hormonal_control">Hormonal control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hormonal control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lactiferous duct development occurs in females in response to circulating <a href="/wiki/Hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormones">hormones</a>. First development is frequently seen during pre- and postnatal stages, and later during <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a> promotes branching differentiation,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas in males <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> inhibits it. A mature duct tree reaching the limit of the fat pad of the mammary gland comes into being by bifurcation of duct <a href="/wiki/Terminal_end_buds" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal end buds">terminal end buds</a> (TEB), secondary branches sprouting from primary ducts<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman,_B.S._2002_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman,_B.S._2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proper duct lumen formation. These processes are tightly modulated by components of mammary epithelial ECM interacting with systemic hormones and local secreting factors. However, for each mechanism the epithelial cells' "<a href="/wiki/Niche_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Niche cell">niche</a>" can be delicately unique with different membrane receptor profiles and basement membrane thickness from specific branching area to area, so as to regulate cell growth or differentiation sub-locally.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important players include <a href="/wiki/Integrin" title="Integrin">beta-1 integrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">epidermal growth factor receptor</a> (EGFR), <a href="/wiki/Laminin" title="Laminin">laminin-1/5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen-IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matrix_metalloproteinase" title="Matrix metalloproteinase">matrix metalloproteinase</a> (MMPs), <a href="/wiki/Heparan_sulfate#Proteoglycans" title="Heparan sulfate">heparan sulfate proteoglycans</a>, and others. Elevated circulating level of growth hormone and estrogen get to <a href="/wiki/Multipotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipotent">multipotent</a> cap cells on TEB tips through a thin, leaky layer of basement membrane. These hormones promote specific gene expression. Hence cap cells can differentiate into <a href="/wiki/Myoepithelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Myoepithelial">myoepithelial</a> and luminal (duct) epithelial cells, and the increased amount of activated MMPs can degrade surrounding ECM helping duct buds to reach further in the fat pads.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, basement membrane along the mature mammary ducts is thicker, with strong adhesion to epithelial cells via binding to <a href="/wiki/Integrin" title="Integrin">integrin</a> and non-integrin receptors. When side branches develop, it is a much more "pushing-forward" working process including extending through myoepithelial cells, degrading basement membrane and then invading into a periductal layer of fibrous stromal tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman,_B.S._2002_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman,_B.S._2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Degraded basement membrane fragments (laminin-5) roles to lead the way of mammary epithelial cells migration.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas, <a href="/wiki/Laminin" title="Laminin">laminin</a>-1 interacts with non-integrin receptor <a href="/wiki/Dystroglycan" title="Dystroglycan">dystroglycan</a> negatively regulates this side branching process in case of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These complex "Yin-yang" balancing crosstalks between mammary ECM and epithelial cells "instruct" healthy mammary gland development until adult. </p><p>There is preliminary evidence that <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a> intake mildly stimulates the breast glands in pre- and postmenopausal women.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy_2">Pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secretory alveoli develop mainly in pregnancy, when rising levels of <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a>, estrogen, and progesterone cause further branching, together with an increase in <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a> and a richer <a href="/wiki/Blood_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood flow">blood flow</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a>, serum progesterone remains at a stably high concentration so signaling through its receptor is continuously activated. As one of the transcribed genes, <a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">Wnts</a> secreted from mammary epithelial cells act paracrinely to induce more neighboring cells' branching.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the lactiferous duct tree is almost ready, "leaves" alveoli are differentiated from luminal epithelial cells and added at the end of each branch. In late pregnancy and for the first few days after giving birth, <a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">colostrum</a> is secreted. Milk secretion (<a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>) begins a few days later due to reduction in circulating <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a> and the presence of another important hormone prolactin, which mediates further alveologenesis, milk protein production, and regulates osmotic balance and <a href="/wiki/Tight_junction" title="Tight junction">tight junction</a> function. Laminin and collagen in myoepithelial basement membrane interacting with beta-1 <a href="/wiki/Integrin" title="Integrin">integrin</a> on epithelial surface again, is essential in this process.<sup id="cite_ref-Streuli,_C.H._1991_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Streuli,_C.H._1991-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Streuli,_C.H._1995_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Streuli,_C.H._1995-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their binding ensures correct placement of prolactin receptors on the basal lateral side of alveoli cells and directional secretion of milk into lactiferous ducts.<sup id="cite_ref-Streuli,_C.H._1991_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Streuli,_C.H._1991-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Streuli,_C.H._1995_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Streuli,_C.H._1995-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suckling of the baby causes release of the hormone oxytocin, which stimulates contraction of the myoepithelial cells. In this combined control from ECM and systemic hormones, milk secretion can be reciprocally amplified so as to provide enough nutrition for the baby. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weaning">Weaning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Weaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During weaning, decreased prolactin, missing mechanical stimulation (baby suckling), and changes in osmotic balance caused by milk stasis and leaking of tight junctions cause cessation of milk production. It is the (passive) process of a child or animal ceasing to be dependent on the mother for nourishment. In some species there is complete or partial <a href="/wiki/Involution_(medicine)" title="Involution (medicine)">involution</a> of alveolar structures after weaning, in humans there is only partial involution and the level of involution in humans appears to be highly individual. The glands in the breast do secrete fluid also in nonlactating women.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some other species (such as cows), all alveoli and secretory duct structures collapse by programmed cell death (<a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">autophagy</a> for lack of growth promoting factors either from the ECM or circulating hormones.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, apoptosis of blood capillary <a href="/wiki/Endothelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelial cells">endothelial cells</a> speeds up the regression of lactation ductal beds. Shrinkage of the mammary duct tree and ECM remodeling by various <a href="/wiki/Proteinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteinase">proteinase</a> is under the control of <a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">somatostatin</a> and other growth inhibiting hormones and local factors.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This major structural change leads loose fat tissue to fill the empty space afterward. But a functional lactiferous duct tree can be formed again when a female is pregnant again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tumorigenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumorigenesis">Tumorigenesis</a> in mammary glands can be induced biochemically by abnormal expression level of circulating hormones or local ECM components,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from a mechanical change in the tension of mammary stroma.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under either of the two circumstances, mammary epithelial cells would grow out of control and eventually result in cancer. Almost all instances of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> originate in the lobules or ducts of the mammary glands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_mammals">Other mammals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The breasts of female humans vary from most other mammals that tend to have less conspicuous mammary glands. The number and positioning of mammary glands varies widely in different mammals. The protruding teats and accompanying glands can be located anywhere along the two <a href="/wiki/Milk_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk line">milk lines</a>. In general most mammals develop mammary glands in pairs along these lines, with a number approximating the number of young typically birthed at a time. The number of teats varies from 2 (in most primates) to 18 (in pigs). The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Virginia opossum</a> has 13, one of the few mammals with an odd number.<sup id="cite_ref-With_the_Wild_Things_–_Transcripts_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-With_the_Wild_Things_–_Transcripts-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raising_Orphaned_Baby_Opossums_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raising_Orphaned_Baby_Opossums-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following table lists the number and position of teats and glands found in a range of mammals: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Species<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Anterior<br />(<a href="/wiki/Thoracic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic">thoracic</a>) </th> <th>Intermediate<br />(<a href="/wiki/Abdominal" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal">abdominal</a>) </th> <th>Posterior<br />(<a href="/wiki/Groin" title="Groin">inguinal</a>) </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Goat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pig</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Cat</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dog</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 or 4 </td> <td>8 or 10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">Mouse</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">Rat</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Pig</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Proboscidean" class="mw-redirect" title="Proboscidean">Proboscideans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Virginia opossum</a><sup id="cite_ref-With_the_Wild_Things_–_Transcripts_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-With_the_Wild_Things_–_Transcripts-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raising_Orphaned_Baby_Opossums_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raising_Orphaned_Baby_Opossums-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_red-sided_opossum" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern red-sided opossum">Southern red-sided opossum</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>25 to 27 </td> <td>25 to 27 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Male mammals typically have rudimentary mammary glands and nipples, with a few exceptions: male mice do not have nipples,<sup id="cite_ref-Mayer_et_al_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer_et_al-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> male <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a> do not have mammary glands,<sup id="cite_ref-ArmatiDickman2006_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmatiDickman2006-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and male horses lack nipples.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The male <a href="/wiki/Dayak_fruit_bat" title="Dayak fruit bat">dayak fruit bat</a> has lactating mammary glands.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Male_lactation" title="Male lactation">Male lactation</a> occurs infrequently in some species.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunz_2009_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunz_2009-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mammary glands are true <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> factories,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several labs have constructed <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">transgenic animals</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cows</a>, to produce proteins for pharmaceutical use.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complex <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoproteins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">monoclonal antibodies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antithrombin" title="Antithrombin">antithrombin</a> cannot be produced by genetically engineered <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, and the production in live mammals is much cheaper than the use of mammalian <a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cell cultures</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many theories on how mammary glands evolved. For example, it is thought that the mammary gland is a transformed sweat gland, more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Apocrine_sweat_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocrine sweat glands">apocrine sweat glands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because mammary glands do not fossilize well, supporting such theories with fossil evidence is difficult. Many of the current theories are based on comparisons between lines of living mammals—<a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotremes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">eutherians</a>. One theory proposes that mammary glands evolved from glands that were used to keep the eggs of early mammals moist<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and free from infection<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (monotremes still lay eggs). Other theories suggest that early secretions were used directly by hatched young,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that the secretions were used by young to help them orient to their mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lactation is thought to have developed long before the evolution of the mammary gland and mammals; see <a href="/wiki/Lactation#Evolution" title="Lactation">evolution of lactation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_breast_anatomy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross section of the breast of a human female"><img alt="Cross section of the breast of a human female" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Illu_breast_anatomy.jpg/188px-Illu_breast_anatomy.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Illu_breast_anatomy.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross section of the breast of a human female</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dog"><img alt="Dog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG/331px-S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG" decoding="async" width="221" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG/496px-S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG/661px-S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="805" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dog</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bezerro_mamando_REFON.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattle"><img alt="Cattle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bezerro_mamando_REFON.jpg/319px-Bezerro_mamando_REFON.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bezerro_mamando_REFON.jpg/479px-Bezerro_mamando_REFON.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bezerro_mamando_REFON.jpg/639px-Bezerro_mamando_REFON.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 237.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 235.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cat"><img alt="Cat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg/353px-White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg/530px-White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg/706px-White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Cat</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piglets1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pig"><img alt="Pig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Piglets1.jpg/320px-Piglets1.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Piglets1.jpg/480px-Piglets1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Piglets1.jpg/640px-Piglets1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Pig</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goat"><img alt="Goat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg/360px-Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg/540px-Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg/720px-Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Goat</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_breastfeading.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elephant"><img alt="Elephant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Elephant_breastfeading.jpg/320px-Elephant_breastfeading.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Elephant_breastfeading.jpg/480px-Elephant_breastfeading.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Elephant_breastfeading.jpg/640px-Elephant_breastfeading.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">Elephant</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camelus_dromedarius_Euter_Zoo_Landau_Juni_2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dromedary camel"><img alt="Dromedary camel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Camelus_dromedarius_Euter_Zoo_Landau_Juni_2011.JPG/180px-Camelus_dromedarius_Euter_Zoo_Landau_Juni_2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Camelus_dromedarius_Euter_Zoo_Landau_Juni_2011.JPG/270px-Camelus_dromedarius_Euter_Zoo_Landau_Juni_2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Camelus_dromedarius_Euter_Zoo_Landau_Juni_2011.JPG/360px-Camelus_dromedarius_Euter_Zoo_Landau_Juni_2011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dromedary_camel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromedary camel">Dromedary camel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Netzgiraffe_Euter.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Giraffe"><img alt="Giraffe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Netzgiraffe_Euter.JPG/180px-Netzgiraffe_Euter.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Netzgiraffe_Euter.JPG/270px-Netzgiraffe_Euter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Netzgiraffe_Euter.JPG/360px-Netzgiraffe_Euter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffe</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_tumor" title="Mammary tumor">Mammary tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammaglobin" title="Mammaglobin">Mammaglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">Gynecomastia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93prolactin_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis">Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udder" title="Udder">Udder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_milk" title="Witch's milk">Witch's milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk line">Milk line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glands_of_the_human_body#Skin" title="List of glands of the human body">List of glands of the human body#Skin</a></li></ul> </div><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body">List of distinct cell types in the adult human body</a> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-macea06-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macea06_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macea06_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macea06_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Alabama Wildlife Center.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham,_MerleLaTour,_Mickey_A.Acker,_Duane2005" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Merle; LaTour, Mickey A. & Acker, Duane (2005). <i>Animal Science and Industry</i>. 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(December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P Smith 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faunaparaguay.com/mamm26Monodelphissorex.pdf">Red-Sided Short-Tailed Opossum</a>. 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M.; Sharp, J. A.; Nicholas, K. R. (2010). "Evolution of Lactation: Ancient Origin and Extreme Adaptations of the Lactation System". <i>Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics</i>. <b>11</b>: <span class="nowrap">219–</span>238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-genom-082509-141806">10.1146/annurev-genom-082509-141806</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20565255">20565255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Genomics+and+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Lactation%3A+Ancient+Origin+and+Extreme+Adaptations+of+the+Lactation+System&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-genom-082509-141806&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20565255&rft.aulast=Lef%C3%A8vre&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rft.au=Sharp%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Nicholas%2C+K.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammary+gland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravesDuvall1983" class="citation journal cs1">Graves, B. M.; Duvall, D. (1983). "A Role for Aggregation Pheromones in the Evolution of Mammallike Reptile Lactation". <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>122</b> (6): 835. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F284177">10.1086/284177</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84089647">84089647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=A+Role+for+Aggregation+Pheromones+in+the+Evolution+of+Mammallike+Reptile+Lactation&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=835&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F284177&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84089647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=B.+M.&rft.au=Duvall%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammary+gland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckermanAlmut_BöerBruce_BenninGeoffrey_J._Gottlieb2005" class="citation book cs1">Ackerman, A. Bernard; Almut Böer; Bruce Bennin; Geoffrey J. Gottlieb (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110421033058/http://www.derm101.com/content/13501"><i>Histologic Diagnosis of Inflammatory Skin Diseases An Algorithmic Method Based on Pattern Analysis</i></a>. Ardor Scribendi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893357-25-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893357-25-9"><bdi>978-1-893357-25-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derm101.com/content/13501">the original</a> on 21 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histologic+Diagnosis+of+Inflammatory+Skin+Diseases+An+Algorithmic+Method+Based+on+Pattern+Analysis&rft.pub=Ardor+Scribendi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-893357-25-9&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=A.+Bernard&rft.au=Almut+B%C3%B6er&rft.au=Bruce+Bennin&rft.au=Geoffrey+J.+Gottlieb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.derm101.com%2Fcontent%2F13501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMammary+gland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_L._Moore" title="Keith L. Moore">Moore, Keith L.</a> et al. (2010) <i>Clinically Oriented Anatomy</i> 6th Ed</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammary_gland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mammary_Gland" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mammary Gland">Mammary Gland</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051201011719/http://classes.aces.uiuc.edu/AnSci308/anatomycompar.html">Comparative Mammary Gland Anatomy</a> by W. L. Hurley</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jdc.jefferson.edu/cooper/61/">On the anatomy of the breast</a> by Sir Astley Paston Cooper (1840). 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style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areola" title="Areola">Areola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areolar_gland" title="Areolar gland">Areolar gland (gland of Montgomery)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_ligaments" title="Cooper's ligaments">Cooper's ligaments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tail_of_Spence" title="Tail of Spence">Tail of Spence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mammary gland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactiferous_duct" title="Lactiferous duct">Lactiferous duct</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_end_bud" title="Terminal end bud">Terminal end bud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_alveolus" title="Mammary alveolus">Mammary alveolus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inframammary_fold" title="Inframammary fold">Inframammary fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermammary_cleft" title="Intermammary cleft">Intermammary cleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retromammary_space" title="Retromammary space">Retromammary space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dense_breast_tissue" title="Dense breast tissue">Dense breast tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_ridge" title="Mammary ridge">Mammary ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4169911-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mammary glands"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85080275">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Glande mammaire"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12285824v">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Glande mammaire"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12285824v">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568764">Japan</a></span></li><li><span 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