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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neolithic_and_Chalcolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic_and_Chalcolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Neolithic and Chalcolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic_and_Chalcolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middle Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Late Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Classical era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Roman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Byzantine period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Muslim_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Muslim_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Early Muslim period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Muslim_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusader_and_Ayyubid_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusader_and_Ayyubid_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Crusader and Ayyubid period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusader_and_Ayyubid_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Mamluk period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>British Mandate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>State of Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Art and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns-sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns-sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Twin towns-sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns-sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF" title="اللد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Лод – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod_(lungsod)" title="Lod (lungsod) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lod (lungsod)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod_(Israel)" title="Lod (Israel) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lod (Israel)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Λοντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λοντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="لد، اسرائیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لد، اسرائیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod_(Isra%C3%ABl)" title="Lod (Israël) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lod (Israël)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C_(%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C)" title="로드 (도시) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로드 (도시)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%A4_(%D4%BB%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC)" title="Լոդ (Իսրայել) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լոդ (Իսրայել)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydda" title="Lydda – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lydda" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidda" title="Lidda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lidda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93" title="לוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98)" title="ლოდი (ქალაქი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლოდი (ქალაქი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodas" title="Lodas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="ലുദ്ദ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലുദ്ദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF" title="اللد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اللد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludd" title="Ludd – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ludd" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod_(Isra%C3%ABl)" title="Lod (Israël) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lod (Israël)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB)" title="ロード (イスラエル) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロード (イスラエル)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lida" title="Lida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Лод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B4_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Лод (град) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лод (град)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod_(stad)" title="Lod (stad) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lod (stad)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Лод – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Лод – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лод" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AF" title="لد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod" title="Lod – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lod" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93" title="לוד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לוד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%BE%B7_(%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%8C%BA)" title="卢德 (以色列中央区) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卢德 (以色列中央区)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lod&params=31_57_7_N_34_53_17_E_region:IL_type:city(85351)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°57′7″N</span> <span class="longitude">34°53′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.95194°N 34.88806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.95194; 34.88806</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-confirmed-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" 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href="/wiki/Lod_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lod (disambiguation)">Lod (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="PIA-flag" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;" title="This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict."></p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Israel</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Lod</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לוד</span></span></li><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اللِّد</span></span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LodJune132022_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/LodJune132022_01.jpg/250px-LodJune132022_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/LodJune132022_01.jpg/375px-LodJune132022_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/LodJune132022_01.jpg/500px-LodJune132022_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3915" data-file-height="2613" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lod.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Lod.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Lod.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lod.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="355" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:150px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:150px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:150px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lod is located in Israel"><img alt="Lod is located in Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/250px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/330px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.859%;left:45.695%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lod"><img alt="Lod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Lod</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lod&params=31_57_7_N_34_53_17_E_region:IL_type:city(85351)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°57′7″N</span> <span class="longitude">34°53′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.95194°N 34.88806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.95194; 34.88806</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Israel" title="Districts of Israel">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdistrict</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramla_Subdistrict" title="Ramla Subdistrict">Ramla Subdistrict</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">5600–5250 BCE <small>(Initial settlement)</small><br />1465 BCE <small>(Canaanite/Israelite town)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Yair Revivo</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">12,226 <a href="/wiki/Dunam" title="Dunam">dunams</a> (12.226 km<sup>2</sup> or 4.720 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-Israelpopulations_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israelpopulations-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">85,351</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">7,000/km<sup>2</sup> (18,000/sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lod</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">לוד</span>, or <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">fully vocalized</a> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לֹד</span></span>), also known as <b>Lydda</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Λύδδα</span>) and <b>Lidd</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اللِّد</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Lidd</i></span>, or <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اللُّد</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Ludd</i></span>), is a city <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>15 km (<span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> and 40 km (25 mi) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. It is situated between the lower <a href="/wiki/Shephelah" title="Shephelah">Shephelah</a> on the east and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_coastal_plain" title="Israeli coastal plain">coastal plain</a> on the west. The city had a population of 85,351 in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Israelpopulations_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israelpopulations-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lod has been inhabited since at least the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mentioned a few times in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 5th century BCE and up until the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> period, it was a prominent center for <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> scholarship and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 200 CE, the city became a <a href="/wiki/Roman_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colony">Roman colony</a> and was renamed <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Diospolis</i></span> (Ancient Greek: <span lang="grc">Διόσπολις</span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'city of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>'). Tradition identifies Lod as the 4th century martyrdom site of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_George_and_Mosque_of_Al-Khadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr">Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr</a> located in the city is believed to have housed his remains.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Arab conquest of the Levant</a>, Lod served as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a>; however, a few decades later, the seat of power was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a>, and Lod slipped in importance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader</a> rule, the city was a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> and it remains a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a> to this day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Lod underwent a major change in its population in the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabinowitz_Monterescu_2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabinowitz_Monterescu_2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exclusively Palestinian Arab in 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-Rabinowitz_Monterescu_2008_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabinowitz_Monterescu_2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lod was part of the area designated for an Arab state in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a>; however, in July 1948, the city was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>, and most of its Arab inhabitants were expelled in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapira_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapira-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was largely resettled by Jewish immigrants, most of them <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands">expelled from Arab countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gibb_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibb-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Lod is one of Israel's <a href="/wiki/Mixed_cities" title="Mixed cities">mixed cities</a>, with an <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab</a> population of 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lod is one of Israel's major transportation hubs. The main international airport, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport" title="Ben Gurion Airport">Ben Gurion Airport</a>, is located 8 km (5 miles) north of the city. The city is also a major railway and road junction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_references">Religious references</h2></div> <p>The Hebrew name Lod appears in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> as a town of <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">Benjamin</a>, founded along with <a href="/wiki/Ono,_Benjamin" title="Ono, Benjamin">Ono</a> by Shamed or Shamer (1 Chronicles 8:12; Ezra 2:33; Nehemiah 7:37; 11:35). In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra+2:33&version=nkjv">Ezra 2:33</a>, it is mentioned as one of the cities whose inhabitants <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">returned</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>. Lod is not mentioned among the towns allocated to the tribe of Benjamin in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+18:11–28&version=nkjv">Joshua 18:11–28</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Lod derives from a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">tri-consonental root</a> not extant in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic</a>, but only in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (“to quarrel; withhold, hinder”). An Arabic etymology of such an ancient name is unlikely (the earliest attestation is from the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> period).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the town appears in its Greek form, Lydda,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the site of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>'s healing of <a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a> in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#9:32" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 9:32–38</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is also mentioned in an Islamic <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> as the location of the battlefield where the false messiah (<a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">al-Masih ad-Dajjal</a>) will be slain before the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgment">Day of Judgment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic_and_Chalcolithic">Neolithic and Chalcolithic</h3></div> <p>The first occupation was in the Neolithic period.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occupation continued in the Chalcolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pottery finds have dated the initial settlement in the area now occupied by the town to 5600–5250 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Bronze">Early Bronze</h3></div> <p>In the Early Bronze, it was an important settlement in the central coastal plain between the Judean Shephelah and the Mediterranean coast, along Nahal Ayalon.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important nearby sites were Tel Dalit, Tel Bareqet, Khirbat Abu Hamid (Shoham North), <a href="/wiki/Tel_Afek" title="Tel Afek">Tel Afeq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azor" title="Azor">Azor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>. </p><p>Two architectural phases belong to the late EB I in Area B.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first phase had a mudbrick wall, while the late phase included a circulat stone structure. Later excavations have produced an occupation later, Stratum IV.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of two phases, Stratum IVb with mudbrick wall on stone foundations and rounded exterior corners. In Stratum IVa there was a mudbrick wall with no stone foundations, with imported Egyptian potter and local pottery imitations. </p><p>Another excavations revealed nine occupation strata. Strata VI-III belonged to Early Bronze IB. The material culture showed Egyptian imports in strata V and IV.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occupation continued into Early Bronze II with four strata (V-II). There was continuity in the material culture and indications of centralized urban planning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Bronze">Middle Bronze</h3></div> <p>North to the tell were scattered MB II burials.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Bronze">Late Bronze</h3></div> <p>The earliest written record is in a list of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> towns drawn up by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> at <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> in <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">1465 BCE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Franciscan_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franciscan-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_era">Classical era</h3></div> <p>From the fifth century BCE until the <a href="/wiki/Roman_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman period">Roman period</a>, the city was a centre of Jewish scholarship<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to British historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a> period, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Maccabee" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Maccabee">Jonathan Maccabee</a> and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Maccabaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Maccabaeus">Simon Maccabaeus</a>, enlarged the area under Jewish control, which included conquering the city.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_Lidda_2789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_Lidda_2789.jpg/220px-Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_Lidda_2789.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_Lidda_2789.jpg/330px-Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_Lidda_2789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_Lidda_2789.jpg/440px-Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_Lidda_2789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="4148" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Lydda in the <a href="/wiki/Umm_ar-Rasas_mosaics" title="Umm ar-Rasas mosaics">Umm ar-Rasas mosaics</a>, 8th century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jewish community in Lod during the Mishnah and Talmud era is described in a significant number of sources, including information on its institutions, demographics, and way of life. The city reached its height as a Jewish center between the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a>, and again in the days of <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a> and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a> period. The city was then the site of numerous public institutions, including schools, study houses, and synagogues.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 43 BC, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Cassius</a>, the Roman governor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, sold the inhabitants of Lod into slavery, but they were set free two years later by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the First Jewish–Roman War, the Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a></i> of Syria, <a href="/wiki/Cestius_Gallus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cestius Gallus">Cestius Gallus</a>, razed the town on his way to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Tishrei" title="Tishrei">Tishrei</a></i> 66 CE. According to Josephus, "[he] found the city deserted, for the entire population had <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">gone up to Jerusalem</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Feast of Tabernacles</a>. He killed fifty people whom he found, burned the town and marched on".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lydda was occupied by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> in 68 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the period following the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE, <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Tarfon" title="Rabbi Tarfon">Rabbi Tarfon</a>, who appears in many Tannaitic and Jewish legal discussions, served as a rabbinic authority in Lod.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a>, 115–117 CE, the Roman army laid siege to Lod, where the rebel Jews had gathered under the leadership of Julian and Pappos. Torah study was outlawed by the Romans and pursued mostly in the underground.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distress became so great, the patriarch Rabban <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_II" title="Gamaliel II">Gamaliel II</a>, who was shut up there and died soon afterwards, permitted fasting on <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4anukkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥanukkah">Ḥanukkah</a>. Other rabbis disagreed with this ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lydda was next taken and many of the Jews were executed; the "slain of Lydda" are often mentioned in words of reverential praise in the Talmud.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 200 CE, emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> elevated the town to the status of a city, calling it <i>Colonia Lucia Septimia Severa Diospolis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Diospolis</i> ("City of Zeus") may have been bestowed earlier, possibly by Hadrian.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that point, most of its inhabitants were <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>. The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lydda" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Lydda">bishop</a> is Aëtius, a friend of <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the following century (200-300CE), it's said that <a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Levi" title="Joshua ben Levi">Joshua ben Levi</a> founded a yeshiva in Lod. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_period">Byzantine period</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_tomba_di_San_Giorgio_(Lod,_Israele)_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/La_tomba_di_San_Giorgio_%28Lod%2C_Israele%29_02.JPG/250px-La_tomba_di_San_Giorgio_%28Lod%2C_Israele%29_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/La_tomba_di_San_Giorgio_%28Lod%2C_Israele%29_02.JPG/330px-La_tomba_di_San_Giorgio_%28Lod%2C_Israele%29_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2131" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>, first mentioned about 530 by the pilgrim Theodosius<sup id="cite_ref-CE_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_floor_mosaic_map_at_St._George_Church_Madaba_P1090117.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Byzantine_floor_mosaic_map_at_St._George_Church_Madaba_P1090117.JPG/220px-Byzantine_floor_mosaic_map_at_St._George_Church_Madaba_P1090117.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Byzantine_floor_mosaic_map_at_St._George_Church_Madaba_P1090117.JPG/330px-Byzantine_floor_mosaic_map_at_St._George_Church_Madaba_P1090117.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Byzantine_floor_mosaic_map_at_St._George_Church_Madaba_P1090117.JPG/440px-Byzantine_floor_mosaic_map_at_St._George_Church_Madaba_P1090117.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a>, 6th century CE, showing Lod above and left (NW) of the red "[ΚΛΗ]ΡΟϹ ΔΑΝ" ("the lot of Dan") inscription (left margin, touching on damaged area)</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 415, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Diospolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Diospolis">Council of Diospolis</a> was held here to try <a href="/wiki/Pelagius_(British_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagius (British monk)">Pelagius</a>; he was acquitted. In the sixth century, the city was renamed Georgiopolis<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after <a href="/wiki/St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George">St. George</a>, a soldier in the guard of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, who was born there between 256 and 285 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Frenkel_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frenkel-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_George_and_Mosque_of_Al-Khadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr">Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr</a> is named for him.<sup id="cite_ref-Franciscan_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franciscan-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Madaba_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Madaba map">Madaba map</a> shows Lydda as an unwalled city with a cluster of buildings under a black inscription reading "Lod, also Lydea, also Diospolis".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An isolated large building with a semicircular colonnaded plaza in front of it might represent the St George shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Muslim_period">Early Muslim period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haan_Lod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Haan_Lod.jpg/220px-Haan_Lod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Haan_Lod.jpg/330px-Haan_Lod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Haan_Lod.jpg/440px-Haan_Lod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2465" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>Khan el-Hilu, Lod</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Palestine">Muslim conquest of Palestine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-%27As" class="mw-redirect" title="Amr ibn al-'As">Amr ibn al-'As</a> in 636 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lod which was referred to as "al-Ludd" in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> served as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a> ("Military District of Palaestina") before the seat of power was moved to nearby <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a> during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> Caliph <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik">Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik</a> in 715–716. The population of al-Ludd was relocated to Ramla, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the relocation of its inhabitants and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/White_Mosque_(Ramla)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mosque (Ramla)">White Mosque</a> in Ramla, al-Ludd lost its importance and fell into decay.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was visited by the local Arab geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">al-Muqaddasi</a> in 985, when it was under the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>, and was noted for its Great Mosque which served the residents of al-Ludd, Ramla, and the nearby villages. He also wrote of the city's "wonderful church (of St. George) at the gate of which Christ will slay the <a href="/wiki/Masih_ad-Dajjal" class="mw-redirect" title="Masih ad-Dajjal">Antichrist</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusader_and_Ayyubid_period">Crusader and Ayyubid period</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> occupied the city in 1099 and named it St Jorge de Lidde.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was briefly conquered by <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, but retaken by the Crusaders in 1191. For the English <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a>, it was a place of great significance as the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>. The Crusaders made it the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> diocese,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it remains a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It owed the service of 10 knights and 20 sergeants, and it had its own burgess court during this era.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringlep11_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringlep11-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1226, Ayyubid Syrian geographer <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> visited al-Ludd and stated it was part of the Jerusalem District during <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_period">Mamluk period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_33r_-_071.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_33r_-_071.jpg/220px-Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_33r_-_071.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_33r_-_071.jpg/330px-Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_33r_-_071.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_33r_-_071.jpg/440px-Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_33r_-_071.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Lydda with ruined church over the tomb of St George and adjacent mosque (<a href="/wiki/Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Konrad von Grünenberg">Konrad von Grünenberg</a>, 1487</figcaption></figure> <p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars">Baybars</a> brought Lydda again under Muslim control by 1267–8.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen203_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen203-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Qalqashandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Qalqashandi">Qalqashandi</a>, Lydda was an administrative centre of a <a href="/wiki/Wilaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilaya">wilaya</a> during the fourteenth and fifteenth century in the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen203_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen203-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mujir_al-Din" title="Mujir al-Din">Mujir al-Din</a> described it as a pleasant village with an active Friday mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen203_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen203-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Lydda was a station on the <a href="/wiki/Barid" title="Barid">postal route between Cairo and Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen203_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen203-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lydda_between_1890_and_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lydda_between_1890_and_1900.jpg/250px-Lydda_between_1890_and_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lydda_between_1890_and_1900.jpg/330px-Lydda_between_1890_and_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lydda_between_1890_and_1900.jpg/500px-Lydda_between_1890_and_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Lod, c.1890-1900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lydda_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lydda_1903.jpg/220px-Lydda_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lydda_1903.jpg/330px-Lydda_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lydda_1903.jpg/440px-Lydda_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Lydda, 1903</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1517, Lydda was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus Eyalet</a>, and in the 1550s, the revenues of Lydda were designated for the new <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hasseki_Sultan_Imaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasseki Sultan Imaret">Hasseki Sultan Imaret</a> in Jerusalem, established by Hasseki Hurrem Sultan (<a href="/wiki/Roxelana" title="Roxelana">Roxelana</a>), the wife of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1596 Lydda was a part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Nahiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahiya">nahiya</a></i> ("subdistrict") of <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a>, which was under the administration of the <i><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(Arabic)" title="Liwa (Arabic)">liwa</a></i> ("district") of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>. It had a population of 241 households and 14 bachelors who were all Muslims, and 233 households who were Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, vineyards, fruit trees, sesame, special product ("dawalib" =spinning wheels<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen203_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen203-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues and market toll, a total of 45,000 <a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">Akçe</a>. All of the revenue went to the <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hut_and_Abd_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hut_and_Abd-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1051 AH/1641/2, the Bedouin tribe of <a href="/wiki/Al-Sawalima" title="Al-Sawalima">al-Sawālima</a> from around <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> attacked the villages of <a href="/wiki/Subtara" title="Subtara">Subṭāra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Dajan" title="Bayt Dajan">Bayt Dajan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Safiriyya" title="Al-Safiriyya">al-Sāfiriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jindas" title="Jindas">Jindās</a>, Lydda and <a href="/wiki/Yazur" title="Yazur">Yāzūr</a> belonging to <a href="/wiki/Haseki_Sultan_Imaret" title="Haseki Sultan Imaret">Waqf Haseki Sultan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The village appeared as <i>Lydda</i>, though misplaced, on the map of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jacotin" title="Pierre Jacotin">Pierre Jacotin</a> compiled in <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">1799</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Missionary <a href="/wiki/William_McClure_Thomson" title="William McClure Thomson">William M. Thomson</a> visited Lydda in the mid-19th century, describing it as a "flourishing village of some 2,000 inhabitants, imbosomed in noble orchards of <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">fig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sycamore" title="Sycamore">sycamore</a>, and other trees, surrounded every way by a very fertile neighbourhood. The inhabitants are evidently industrious and thriving, and the whole country between this and Ramleh is fast being filled up with their flourishing orchards. Rarely have I beheld a rural scene more delightful than this presented in early harvest ... It must be seen, heard, and enjoyed to be appreciated."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1869, the population of Ludd was given as: 55 Catholics, 1,940 "Greeks", 5 Protestants and 4,850 Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-SWP252_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWP252-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1870, the Church of Saint George was rebuilt. In 1892, the first <a href="/wiki/Railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway station">railway station</a> in the entire region was established in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp260_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp260-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half of the 19th century, Jewish merchants migrated to the city, but left after the <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">1921 Jaffa riots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp260_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp260-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1882, the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>'s <i>Survey of Western Palestine</i> described Lod as "A small town, standing among enclosure of prickly pear, and having fine olive groves around it, especially to the south. The <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> is a very conspicuous object over the whole of the plain. The inhabitants are principally Moslim, though the place is the seat of a Greek bishop resident of Jerusalem. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_George_and_Mosque_of_Al-Khadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr">The Crusading church</a> has lately been restored, and is used by the Greeks. Wells are found in the gardens...."<sup id="cite_ref-SWP252_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWP252-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Mandate">British Mandate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF022399.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF022399.jpeg/220px-%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF022399.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF022399.jpeg/330px-%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF022399.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF022399.jpeg/440px-%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94-JNF022399.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Lydda, 1920</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lydda_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lydda_1932.jpg/250px-Lydda_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lydda_1932.jpg/330px-Lydda_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lydda_1932.jpg/500px-Lydda_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="2772" /></a><figcaption>Lydda, 1932</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1918, Lydda was under the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate in Palestine</a>, as per a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> decree that followed the <a href="/wiki/Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War">Great War</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the British set up supply posts in and around Lydda and its railway station, also building an airport that was renamed <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport" title="Ben Gurion Airport">Ben Gurion Airport</a> after the death of Israel's first prime minister in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp260_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp260-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/1922_census_of_Palestine" title="1922 census of Palestine">1922 census of Palestine</a>, Lydda had a population of 8,103 inhabitants (7,166 Muslims, 926 Christians, and 11 Jews),<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Christians were 921 Orthodox, 4 Roman Catholics and 1 <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had increased by the <a href="/wiki/1931_census_of_Palestine" title="1931 census of Palestine">1931 census</a> to 11,250 (10,002 Muslims, 1,210 Christians, 28 Jews, and 10 Bahai), in a total of 2475 residential houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Census1931_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census1931-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, Lydda had a population of 12,750.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, Lydda had a population of 16,780 (14,910 Muslims, 1,840 Christians, 20 Jews and 10 "other").<sup id="cite_ref-1945p30_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1945p30-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1948, Lydda was an Arab town with a population of around 20,000—18,500 Muslims and 1,500 Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monterescup16_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monterescup16-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, the United Nations proposed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">dividing Mandatory Palestine</a> into two states, one <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> and one Arab; Lydda was to form part of the proposed Arab state.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadip91_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadip91-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Arab-Israeli war">ensuing war</a>, Israel captured Arab towns outside the area the UN had allotted it, including Lydda. </p><p>In December 1947, thirteen Jewish passengers in a seven-car convoy to <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shemen_Youth_Village" title="Ben Shemen Youth Village">Ben Shemen Youth Village</a> were ambushed and murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shavit_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shavit-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>In a separate incident, three Jewish youths, two men and a woman were captured, then raped and murdered in a neighbouring village.<sup id="cite_ref-shavit_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shavit-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their bodies were paraded in Lydda’s principal street.<sup id="cite_ref-shavit_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shavit-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Israel">State of Israel</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_area_of_Lod,_Israel_00262.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Downtown_area_of_Lod%2C_Israel_00262.JPG/220px-Downtown_area_of_Lod%2C_Israel_00262.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Downtown_area_of_Lod%2C_Israel_00262.JPG/330px-Downtown_area_of_Lod%2C_Israel_00262.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Downtown_area_of_Lod%2C_Israel_00262.JPG/440px-Downtown_area_of_Lod%2C_Israel_00262.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>View of a Lod street, 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> entered Lydda on 11 July 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, under the impression that it was under attack,<sup id="cite_ref-Tal311_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tal311-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 3rd Battalion was ordered to shoot anyone "seen on the streets". According to Israel, 250 Arabs were killed. Other estimates are higher: Arab historian <a href="/wiki/Aref_al_Aref" class="mw-redirect" title="Aref al Aref">Aref al Aref</a> estimated 400, and <a href="/wiki/Nimr_al_Khatib" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimr al Khatib">Nimr al Khatib</a> 1,700.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morrisp205_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrisp205-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, the population rose to 50,000 during the <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Arab refugees</a> fleeing other areas made their way there.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahinp260_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahinp260-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key event was the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">Lydda Death March</a>, with the expulsion of 50,000-70,000 Palestinians from Lydda and <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramle</a> by the Israel Defense Forces. All but 700<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 1,056<sup id="cite_ref-gibb_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibb-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were expelled by order of the Israeli high command, and forced to walk <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />17 km (<span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mi) to the Jordanian <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a> lines. Estimates of those who died from exhaustion and dehydration vary from a handful to 355.<sup id="cite_ref-here_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-here-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holmesp64_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmesp64-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town was subsequently <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">sacked</a> by the Israeli army.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a>, characterize this as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few hundred Arabs who remained in the city were soon outnumbered by the influx of Jews who <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">immigrated</a> to Lod from August 1948 onward, most of them from Arab countries.<sup id="cite_ref-gibb_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibb-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Lod became a predominantly Jewish town.<sup id="cite_ref-Monterescup16_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monterescup16-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yacobi29_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yacobi29-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the establishment of the state, the biblical name Lod was readopted.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lod_7_dec_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lydda five months after Operation Danny. December 1948."><img alt="Lydda five months after Operation Danny. December 1948." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lod_7_dec_1948.jpg/120px-Lod_7_dec_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lod_7_dec_1948.jpg/250px-Lod_7_dec_1948.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lydda five months after Operation Danny. December 1948.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LyddaOldCity.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lydda, 1948"><img alt="Lydda, 1948" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/LyddaOldCity.png/120px-LyddaOldCity.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/LyddaOldCity.png/250px-LyddaOldCity.png 1.5x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lydda, 1948</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lydda_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr, after the battle. 1948"><img alt="Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr, after the battle. 1948" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lydda_church.jpg/120px-Lydda_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lydda_church.jpg/180px-Lydda_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lydda_church.jpg/240px-Lydda_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_George_and_Mosque_of_Al-Khadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr">Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr</a>, after the battle. 1948</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lydda_mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palmach 3 inch mortar in front of Lydda mosque. 1948"><img alt="Palmach 3 inch mortar in front of Lydda mosque. 1948" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lydda_mosque.jpg/86px-Lydda_mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lydda_mosque.jpg/130px-Lydda_mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lydda_mosque.jpg/173px-Lydda_mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Palmach 3 inch mortar in front of Lydda mosque. 1948</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lydda_Mandate_Police_HQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lydda_Mandate_Police_HQ.jpg/120px-Lydda_Mandate_Police_HQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lydda_Mandate_Police_HQ.jpg/180px-Lydda_Mandate_Police_HQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lydda_Mandate_Police_HQ.jpg/240px-Lydda_Mandate_Police_HQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="491" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <p>The Jewish immigrants who settled Lod came in waves, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">first</a> from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, later from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, and then from the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2008, many urban development projects have been undertaken to improve the image of the city. Upscale neighbourhoods have been built, among them Ganei Ya'ar and Ahisemah, expanding the city to the east. According to a 2010 report in the <i>Economist</i>, a three-meter-high wall was built between Jewish and Arab neighbourhoods and construction in Jewish areas was given priority over construction in Arab neighborhoods. The newspaper says that violent crime in the Arab sector revolves mainly around family feuds over turf and honour crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the Lod Community Foundation organised an event for representatives of bicultural youth movements, volunteer aid organisations, educational start-ups, businessmen, sports organizations, and conservationists working on programmes to better the city.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disorders_in_Lod,_May_2021._VII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Disorders_in_Lod%2C_May_2021._VII.jpg/250px-Disorders_in_Lod%2C_May_2021._VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Disorders_in_Lod%2C_May_2021._VII.jpg/330px-Disorders_in_Lod%2C_May_2021._VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Disorders_in_Lod%2C_May_2021._VII.jpg/500px-Disorders_in_Lod%2C_May_2021._VII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israel_Police" title="Israel Police">Israeli forces</a> in Lod, 11 May 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 Israel–Palestine crisis</a>, a state of emergency was declared in Lod after Arab rioting led to the death of an Israeli Jew.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mayor of Lod, Yair Revivio, urged <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> to deploy <a href="/wiki/Israel_Border_Police" title="Israel Border Police">Israel Border Police</a> to restore order in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time since 1966 that Israel had declared this kind of emergency lockdown.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StateOfEmergency_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateOfEmergency-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International media noted that both Jewish and Palestinian mobs were active in Lod, but the "crackdown came for one side" only.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlNurMosqueLodJune202023_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/AlNurMosqueLodJune202023_02.jpg/250px-AlNurMosqueLodJune202023_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/AlNurMosqueLodJune202023_02.jpg/330px-AlNurMosqueLodJune202023_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/AlNurMosqueLodJune202023_02.jpg/500px-AlNurMosqueLodJune202023_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Al Nur Mosque</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century and until the <a href="/wiki/Lydda_Death_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydda Death March">Lydda Death March</a>, Lod was an exclusively Muslim-Christian town, with an estimated 6,850 inhabitants, of whom approximately 2,000 (29%) were Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (CBS), the population of Lod in 2010 was 69,500 people.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2019 census, the population of Lod was 77,223, of which 53,581 people, comprising 69.4% of the city's population, were classified as "<a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jews and Others</a>", and 23,642 people, comprising 30.6% as "<a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Israelpopulations_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israelpopulations-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <p>According to CBS, 38 schools and 13,188 pupils are in the city. They are spread out as 26 elementary schools and 8,325 elementary school pupils, and 13 high schools and 4,863 high school pupils. About 52.5% of 12th-grade pupils were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lod" title="Special:EditPage/Lod">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lod%22">"Lod"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lod%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lod%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lod%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lod%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lod%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16-03-30-Ben_Gurion_International_Airport-RalfR-DSCF7546.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/16-03-30-Ben_Gurion_International_Airport-RalfR-DSCF7546.jpg/250px-16-03-30-Ben_Gurion_International_Airport-RalfR-DSCF7546.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/16-03-30-Ben_Gurion_International_Airport-RalfR-DSCF7546.jpg/330px-16-03-30-Ben_Gurion_International_Airport-RalfR-DSCF7546.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/16-03-30-Ben_Gurion_International_Airport-RalfR-DSCF7546.jpg/500px-16-03-30-Ben_Gurion_International_Airport-RalfR-DSCF7546.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Reception hall, Ben Gurion International Airport</figcaption></figure> <p>The airport and related industries are a major source of employment for the residents of Lod. Other important factories in the city are the communication equipment company "<a href="/wiki/Telrad_Networks" title="Telrad Networks">Talard</a>", "Cafe-Co" - a subsidiary of the <a href="/wiki/Strauss_Group" title="Strauss Group">Strauss Group</a> and "Kashev" - the computer center of <a href="/wiki/Bank_Leumi" title="Bank Leumi">Bank Leumi</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency</a> Absorption Centre is also located in Lod. According to CBS figures for 2000, 23,032 people were salaried workers and 1,405 were self-employed. The mean monthly wage for a salaried worker was <a href="/wiki/New_Israeli_Shekel" class="mw-redirect" title="New Israeli Shekel">NIS</a> 4,754, a real change of 2.9% over the course of 2000. Salaried men had a mean monthly wage of NIS 5,821 (a real change of 1.4%) versus NIS 3,547 for women (a real change of 4.6%). The mean income for the self-employed was NIS 4,991. About 1,275 people were receiving unemployment benefits and 7,145 were receiving an income supplement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_culture">Art and culture</h2></div> <p>In 2009-2010, <a href="/wiki/Dor_Guez" title="Dor Guez">Dor Guez</a> held an exhibit, <i>Georgeopolis</i>, at the <a href="/wiki/Petach_Tikva" class="mw-redirect" title="Petach Tikva">Petach Tikva</a> art museum that focuses on Lod.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Archeologists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Archeologists.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Archeologists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Archeologists.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Archeologists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Archeologists.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Archeologists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Archaeologists working on mosaic floor</figcaption></figure> <p>A well-preserved mosaic floor dating to the Roman period was excavated in 1996 as part of a <a href="/wiki/Rescue_archaeology" title="Rescue archaeology">salvage dig</a> conducted on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> and the Municipality of Lod, prior to widening HeHalutz Street. According to Jacob Fisch, executive director of the Friends of the Israel Antiquities Authority, a worker at the construction site noticed the tail of a tiger and halted work.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mosaic was initially covered over with soil at the conclusion of the excavation for lack of funds to conserve and develop the site.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mosaic is now part of the <a href="/wiki/Lod_Mosaic_Archaeological_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lod Mosaic Archaeological Center">Lod Mosaic Archaeological Center</a>. The floor, with its colorful display of birds, fish, exotic animals and merchant ships, is believed to have been commissioned by a wealthy resident of the city for his private home.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lod Community Archaeology Program, which operates in ten Lod schools, five Jewish and five Israeli Arab, combines archaeological studies with participation in digs in Lod.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <p>The city's major football club, <a href="/wiki/Hapoel_Bnei_Lod_F.C." title="Hapoel Bnei Lod F.C.">Hapoel Bnei Lod</a>, plays in <a href="/wiki/Liga_Leumit" title="Liga Leumit">Liga Leumit</a> (the second division). Its home is at the <a href="/wiki/Lod_Municipal_Stadium" title="Lod Municipal Stadium">Lod Municipal Stadium</a>. The club was formed by a merger of Bnei Lod and Rakevet Lod in the 1980s. Two other clubs in the city play in the regional leagues: Hapoel MS Ortodoxim Lod in <a href="/wiki/Liga_Bet" title="Liga Bet">Liga Bet</a> and Maccabi Lod in <a href="/wiki/Liga_Gimel" title="Liga Gimel">Liga Gimel</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hapoel_Lod_F.C." title="Hapoel Lod F.C.">Hapoel Lod</a> played in the top division during the 1960s and 1980s, and won the <a href="/wiki/Israel_State_Cup" title="Israel State Cup">State Cup</a> in 1984. The club folded in 2002. A new club, Hapoel Maxim Lod (named after former mayor <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Levy" title="Maxim Levy">Maxim Levy</a>) was established soon after, but folded in 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etti_Ankri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Etti_Ankri.jpg/250px-Etti_Ankri.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Etti_Ankri.jpg/330px-Etti_Ankri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Etti_Ankri.jpg/500px-Etti_Ankri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="2862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eti_Ankri" class="mw-redirect" title="Eti Ankri">Etti Ankri</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oshri_Cohen_holding_the_Golden_lion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Oshri_Cohen_holding_the_Golden_lion.jpg/150px-Oshri_Cohen_holding_the_Golden_lion.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Oshri_Cohen_holding_the_Golden_lion.jpg/225px-Oshri_Cohen_holding_the_Golden_lion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Oshri_Cohen_holding_the_Golden_lion.jpg/300px-Oshri_Cohen_holding_the_Golden_lion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Oshri Cohen</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a>, Talmudic sage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etti_Ankri" title="Etti Ankri">Etti Ankri</a> (born 1963), singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshri_Cohen" title="Oshri Cohen">Oshri Cohen</a> (born 1984), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artem_Dolgopyat" title="Artem Dolgopyat">Artem Dolgopyat</a> (born 1997), Olympic champion and world champion gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="St George">St George</a>, Patron Saint of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, Palestine, England, Russia, and Catalonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a> (1926–2008), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Hurcanus" title="Eliezer ben Hurcanus">Eliezer ben Hurcanus</a>, Talmudic sage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Levi" title="Joshua ben Levi">Joshua ben Levi</a>, Talmudic sage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamer_Nafar" title="Tamer Nafar">Tamer Nafar</a> (born 1979), rapper</li> <li>Suhell Nafar, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Tarfon" title="Rabbi Tarfon">Rabbi Tarfon</a>, Talmudic sage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Tuama" title="Salim Tuama">Salim Tuama</a> (born 1979), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_Abu_Shehadeh" title="Sami Abu Shehadeh">Sami Abu Shehadeh</a> (born 1975), politician</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns-sister_cities">Twin towns-sister cities</h2></div> <p>Lod is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Piatra_Neam%C8%9B" title="Piatra Neamț">Piatra Neamț</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><sup id="cite_ref-Piatra_Neamţ_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piatra_Neamţ-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kraljevo" title="Kraljevo">Kraljevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depopulated_Palestinian_locations_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel">Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Danny" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Danny">Operation Danny</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Israelpopulations-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Israelpopulations_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israelpopulations_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israelpopulations_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/settlements/Pages/default.aspx?mode=Yeshuv">"Regional Statistics"</a>. <i>Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Regional+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fen%2Fsettlements%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fmode%3DYeshuv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCommenge" class="citation web cs1">Commenge, Catherine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30034227">"Lod Newe Yarak: a roman pottery kiln and Pottery Neolithic A remains"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lod+Newe+Yarak%3A+a+roman+pottery+kiln+and+Pottery+Neolithic+A+remains&rft.aulast=Commenge&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F30034227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Lod">"Lod | City, Israel, Palestine, & History | Britannica"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Lod+%7C+City%2C+Israel%2C+Palestine%2C+%26+History+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FLod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/663773367"><i>Corpus inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: a multi-lingual corpus of the inscriptions from Alexander to Muhammad</i></a>. Vol. IV: Iudaea / Idumaea. Eran Lupu, Marfa Heimbach, Naomi Schneider, Hannah Cotton. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">de Gruyter</a>. 2018. pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022219-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022219-7"><bdi>978-3-11-022219-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/663773367">663773367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+inscriptionum+Iudaeae%2FPalaestinae%3A+a+multi-lingual+corpus+of+the+inscriptions+from+Alexander+to+Muhammad&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F663773367&rft.isbn=978-3-11-022219-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F663773367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahoney2020" class="citation cs2">Mahoney, Lisa (2020-04-14), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351185592-11">"Art and efficacy in an icon of St George *"</a>, <i>The Eloquence of Art</i>, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, pp. <span class="nowrap">188–</span>203, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781351185592-11">10.4324/9781351185592-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-18559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-18559-2"><bdi>978-1-351-18559-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218824016">218824016</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2022</span>, <q>By 1099 crusading armies had captured the city of Lydda, the site of St George's martyrdom and tomb.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Eloquence+of+Art&rft.atitle=Art+and+efficacy+in+an+icon+of+St+George+%2A&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=2020-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218824016%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781351185592-11&rft.isbn=978-1-351-18559-2&rft.aulast=Mahoney&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781351185592-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowell1969" class="citation journal cs1">Howell, David (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44169945">"St. George as Intercessor"</a>. <i>Byzantion</i>. <b>39</b>: <span class="nowrap">121–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2506">0378-2506</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44169945">44169945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantion&rft.atitle=St.+George+as+Intercessor&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44169945%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0378-2506&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44169945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalter1995" class="citation journal cs1">Walter, Christopher (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rebyz.1995.1911">"The Origins of the Cult of Saint George"</a>. <i>Revue des études byzantines</i>. <b>53</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">295–</span>326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frebyz.1995.1911">10.3406/rebyz.1995.1911</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0766-5598">0766-5598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%A9tudes+byzantines&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Cult+of+Saint+George&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E295-%3C%2Fspan%3E326&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frebyz.1995.1911&rft.issn=0766-5598&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3406%2Frebyz.1995.1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Strange, 1890, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/308/mode/1up">308</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabinowitz_Monterescu_2008-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rabinowitz_Monterescu_2008_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabinowitz_Monterescu_2008_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitzMonterescu2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rabinowitz, Dan; Monterescu, Daniel (2008-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/reconfiguring-the-mixed-town-urban-transformations-of-ethnonational-relations-in-palestine-and-israel/5AB0B676A0679858F98AB3DA8AC20B6A/share/c4e2722f72e7ade9c6e43f8b7dc8253663029555">"RECONFIGURING THE "MIXED TOWN": URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS OF ETHNONATIONAL RELATIONS IN PALESTINE AND ISRAEL - International Journal of Middle East Studies"</a>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>40</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">208–</span>210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743808080513">10.1017/S0020743808080513</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6380">1471-6380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162633906">162633906</a>. <q>The Palestinian quarters of Safad, Tiberias, Haifa, Jaffa, and West Jerusalem and the Jewish quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem were in a state of sociological catastrophe, with no community to speak of to even bury the dead and mourn the old existence... By late 1949 only one of the five towns that had been effectively mixed on the eve of the war, namely, Haifa, still had a Palestinian contingent. Even there, however, the urban mix had been transformed beyond recognition. The 3,000 remaining Palestinians, now representing less than 5 percent of the original community, had been uprooted and forced to relocate to downtown Wadi Ninas... More relevant for our concerns here are Acre, Lydda, Ramle, and Jaffa, which, although exclusively Palestinian before the war of 1948, became predominantly Jewish mixed towns after. All of them had their residual Palestinian populations concentrated in bounded compounds, in one case (Jaffa) surrounded for a while by barbed wire. As late as the summer of 1949, all of these compounds were subjected to martial law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=RECONFIGURING+THE+%22MIXED+TOWN%22%3A+URBAN+TRANSFORMATIONS+OF+ETHNONATIONAL+RELATIONS+IN+PALESTINE+AND+ISRAEL+-+International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E208-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162633906%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1471-6380&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743808080513&rft.aulast=Rabinowitz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Monterescu%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Freconfiguring-the-mixed-town-urban-transformations-of-ethnonational-relations-in-palestine-and-israel%2F5AB0B676A0679858F98AB3DA8AC20B6A%2Fshare%2Fc4e2722f72e7ade9c6e43f8b7dc8253663029555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shapira-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shapira_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/25618678">Shapira, Anita, “Politics and Collective Memory: the Debate Over the 'New Historians' in Israel</a>,” <i>History and Memory</i> 7 (1) (Spring 1995), pp. 9ff, 12–13, 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blumenthal, 2013, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MT0eBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA420">420</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibb-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gibb_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gibb_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gibb_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Sharon, s.v. "Ludd," <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>, 2nd ed. Leiden: Brill, 1983, vol. 5, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA798">798</a>-803; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07164-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07164-3">978-90-04-07164-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris</a>, 2004, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA414">414</a>-461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PUB_505_facts-and-trends_eng_2019_web.pdf">Uploads (p. 18)</a>, Jerusaleminstitute.org. Accessed 1 November 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exell, J. S. and Spencer-Jones, H. (eds), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/pulpit/1_chronicles/8.htm">Pulpit Commentary on 1 Chronicles 8</a>, biblehub.com. Accessed 8 February 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarom2023" class="citation journal cs1">Marom, Roy (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0cs6f5k5">"Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins</i>. <b>139</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Deutschen+Pal%C3%A4stina-Vereins&rft.atitle=Early-Ottoman+Palestinian+Toponymy%3A+A+Linguistic+Analysis+of+the+%28Micro-%29Toponyms+in+Haseki+Sultan%27s+Endowment+Deed+%281552%29&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Marom&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F0cs6f5k5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible Dictionary</i>, "Lydda"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, "Lod; Lydda"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, 1881, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/216/mode/1up">216</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lod," <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 2009. "And it came to pass, as Peter passed throughout all quarters, he came down also to the saints which dwelt at Lydda", Acts 9:32–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missionislam.com/nwo/signsdajjal.htm">"Signs of the Appearance of the Dajjal"</a>. Missionislam.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Signs+of+the+Appearance+of+the+Dajjal&rft.pub=Missionislam.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.missionislam.com%2Fnwo%2Fsignsdajjal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Yannai and Marder 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brink 1999, 2002, Brink et al. 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brink 1999, 2002, Brink et al. 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paz, Rosenberg and Nativ 2005:131–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Yannai and Marder 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, Joshua J. <i>Lod (Lydda), Israel: from its origins through the Byzantine period, 5600 B.C.-640 A.D.</i>. Tempus Reparatum, 1991, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amir Golani (2022) Early Bronze Age Remains at Tel Lod, 'Atiqot 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keplan 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brink 1999, 2002; Brink et al. 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paz, Rosenberg and Nativ 2005:131–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Segal 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franciscan-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franciscan_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franciscan_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023070735/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/escurs/TS/02_TSen.html">"Excursions in Terra Santa"</a>. Franciscan Cyberspot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/escurs/TS/02_TSen.html">the original</a> on 23 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Excursions+in+Terra+Santa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christusrex.org%2Fwww1%2Fofm%2Fsbf%2Fescurs%2FTS%2F02_TSen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rozenfeld, 2010, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dD_dGmWh73QC&pg=PA52">52</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lod," <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a>. <i>Dearest Auntie Flori: The Story of the Jewish People</i>. New York: Harper Collins 2002, p. 82; also see Josephus, <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i> 14: 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CE_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2l61.html">Lydda</a>, Catholic-hierarchy.org. Accessed 1 November 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, "Jewish War", I, xi, 2; "Antiquities", XIV xii, pp. 2–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogers2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Guy MacLean (2021). <i>For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24813-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24813-5"><bdi>978-0-300-24813-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Freedom+of+Zion%3A+the+Great+Revolt+of+Jews+against+Romans%2C+66-74+CE&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24813-5&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Guy+MacLean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Avi-Yonah, s.v. "Lydda," <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>. Accessed 1 November 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrlin2015" class="citation book cs1">Orlin, Eric (19 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHD4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1899"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-62559-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-62559-8"><bdi>978-1-134-62559-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Mediterranean+Religions&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.isbn=978-1-134-62559-8&rft.aulast=Orlin&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHD4CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holder, 1986, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t2bJ1UqfNXAC&pg=PA52">52</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ta'anit ii. 10; Yer. Ta'anit ii. 66a; Yer. Meg. i. 70d; R. H. 18b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pes. 50a; B. B. 10b; Eccl. R. ix. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cecil Roth, <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>, 1972, p. 619.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smallwood, 2001, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSYbpitEjggC&pg=PA241">241</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoram Tsafrir, Leah Di Segni, Judith Green, <i>Tabula Imperii Romani Iudaea-Palestina: Eretz Israel in the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods; Maps and Gazetteer, p. 171. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1994; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-208-107-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-208-107-0">978-965-208-107-0</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frenkel-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frenkel_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frenkel, Sheera and Low, Valentine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article6150633.ece">"Why Lod, the other land of St George, isn't for the faint-hearted"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <i>The Times</i>, 23 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Madaba Mosaic Map, Jerusalem 1954, pp. 61–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonner1995" class="citation book cs1">Donner, Herbert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DD_Vt16eKnAC&pg=PA54"><i>The Mosaic Map of Madaba: An Introductory Guide</i></a>. Palaestina antiqua (7) (2nd print ed.). Kampen: Kok Pharos. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-390-0011-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-390-0011-3"><bdi>978-90-390-0011-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mosaic+Map+of+Madaba%3A+An+Introductory+Guide&rft.place=Kampen&rft.series=Palaestina+antiqua+%287%29&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=2nd+print&rft.pub=Kok+Pharos&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-390-0011-3&rft.aulast=Donner&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDD_Vt16eKnAC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Strange, 1890, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/28/mode/1up">28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Strange, 1890, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/303/mode/1up">303</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Strange, 1890 p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/493/mode/1up">493</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Lydda"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Lydda">"Lydda" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lydda&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringlep11-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pringlep11_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pringle, 1998, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA11">11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Strange, 1890, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/494/mode/1up">494</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen203-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petersen203_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersen203_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersen203_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersen203_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersen203_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Petersen, 2001, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21620056/Gazetteer_5_K-R">203</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moudjir ed-dyn, 1876, Sauvaire (translation), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/histoiredejrus00ulayuoft#page/210/mode/1up">210</a>-213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Ẓāhirī, 1894, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/zoubdatkachfelm00algoog#page/n47/mode/1up">118</a>-119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singer, 2002, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC&pg=PA49">49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petersen, 2005, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheTownsOfPalestineUnderUnderMuslimRule/AndrewPetersenTheTownsOfPalestineUnderMuslimRule-600-1600#page/n139/mode/1up">131</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hut_and_Abd-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hut_and_Abd_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarom2022" class="citation journal cs1">Marom, Roy (2022-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/90931976">"Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE"</a>. <i>Lod, Lydda, Diospolis</i>: <span class="nowrap">13–</span>14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lod%2C+Lydda%2C+Diospolis&rft.atitle=Jind%C4%81s%3A+A+History+of+Lydda%27s+Rural+Hinterland+in+the+15th+to+the+20th+Centuries+CE&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2022-11-01&rft.aulast=Marom&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F90931976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karmon, 1960, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf">171</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf">Archived</a> 2019-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, 1859, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/landandbookorbi08thomgoog#page/n304/mode/1up">292</a>-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SWP252-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SWP252_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SWP252_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/252/mode/1up">252</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shahinp260-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shahinp260_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shahinp260_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shahinp260_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shahinp260_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shahin, 2005, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/tags/ben-gurion-airport">"Ben Gurion Airport"</a>. Jerusalem Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ben+Gurion+Airport&rft.pub=Jerusalem+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Ftags%2Fben-gurion-airport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barron, 1923, Table VII, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n23/mode/1up">21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barron, 1923, Table XIV, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n48/mode/1up">46</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1931-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census1931_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, 1932, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas">21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1938orig.pdf"><i>Village Statistics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1938. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Village+Statistics&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusers.cecs.anu.edu.au%2F~bdm%2Fyabber%2Fcensus%2FVillageStatistics1938orig.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1945p30-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1945p30_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of Statistics, 1945, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p30.jpg">30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lod," 2 January 1949, IS archive Gimel/5/297 in Yacobi, 2009, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbB9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">31</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monterescup16-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monterescup16_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monterescup16_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monterescu and Rabinowitz, 2012, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFI839WlC9cC&pg=PA16">16</a>-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sadip91-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sadip91_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sa'di and Abu-Lughod, 2007, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MbKrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">91</a>-92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/archive/jews-and-arabs-die-as-palestine-disorders-continue-arab-legion-kills-12-jews">Jews and Arabs Die As Palestine Disorders Continue; Arab Legion Kills 12 Jews</a> The Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 15 December 1947</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shavit-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shavit_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shavit_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shavit_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShavit2013" class="citation book cs1">Shavit, Ari (2013). <i>My Promised Land</i>. Spiegel & Grau. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385521703" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385521703"><bdi>978-0385521703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Promised+Land&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Spiegel+%26+Grau&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0385521703&rft.aulast=Shavit&rft.aufirst=Ari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For one account, interspersed with interviews with IDF soldiers, see Ari Shavit, <i>My Promised Land: The Triumph and Tragedy of Israel</i>. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2013, pp. 99–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tal311-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tal311_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tal, 2004, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sefer Hapalmah ii (The Book of the Palmah), p. 565; and KMA-PA (Kibbutz Meuhad Archives – Palmah Archive). Quoted in Benny Morris, <i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrisp205-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morrisp205_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, 2004, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA205">205</a> Morris writes: "[...] dozens of unarmed detainees in the mosque and church in the centre of the town were shot and killed."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The figure comes from <a href="/wiki/Bechor_Sheetrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechor Sheetrit">Bechor Sheetrit</a>, the Israeli Minister for Minority Affairs at the time, cited in Yacobi, 2009, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbB9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">32</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-here-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-here_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiro Munayyer, The Fall of Lydda( اللد لن تقع), <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a></i>, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Summer, 1998), pp. 80–98. See also <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>'s diaries, quoted here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Famous-Zionist-Quotes/Story739.html">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmesp64-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holmesp64_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes et al., 2001, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Benny "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250">Operation Dani and the Palestinian Exodus from Lydda and Ramle in 1948</a>", <i>Middle East Journal</i> 40 (1986), p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the use of the term "ethnic cleansing", see, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjeXQVmGrwcC&pg=PT164">Pappé 2006</a>. <ul><li>On whether what occurred in Lydda and Ramle constituted ethnic cleansing:</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1948historyoffir00morr">Morris 2008, p. 408</a>: "although an atmosphere of what would later be called ethnic cleansing prevailed during critical months, transfer never became a general or declared Zionist policy. Thus, by war's end, even though much of the country had been 'cleansed' of Arabs, other parts of the country—notably central Galilee — were left with substantial Muslim Arab populations, and towns in the heart of the Jewish coastal strip, Haifa and Jaffa, were left with an Arab minority."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v2AICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA284">Spangler 2015, p. 156</a>: "During the <i>Nakba</i>, the 1947 [<i>sic</i>] displacement of Palestinians, Rabin had been second in command over Operation Dani, the ethnic cleansing of the Palestinian towns of towns of Lydda and Ramle."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tXMAicS2ar8C&pg=PA63">Schwartzwald 2012, p. 63</a>: "The facts do not bear out this contention [of ethnic cleansing]. To be sure, some refugees were forced to flee: fifty thousand were expelled from the strategically located towns of Lydda and Ramle ... But these were the exceptions, not the rule, and ethnic cleansing had nothing to do with it."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_-FBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">Golani and Manna 2011, p. 107</a>: "The expulsion of some 50,000 Palestinians from their homes ... was one of the most visible atrocities stemming from Israel's policy of ethnic cleansing."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Yacobi29-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yacobi29_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yacobi, 2009, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbB9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">29</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yacobi, 2009, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbB9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">29</a>: "The occupation of Lydda by Israel in the 1948 war did not allow the realization of Pocheck's garden city vision. Different geopolitics and ideologies began to shape Lydda's urban landscape ... [and] its name was changed from Lydda to Lod, which was the region's biblical name"; also see Pearlman, Moshe and Yannai, Yacov. <i>Historical sites in Israel</i>. Vanguard Press, 1964, p. 160. For the Hebrew name being used by inhabitants before 1948, see <i>A Cyclopædia of Biblical literature</i>: Volume 2, by <a href="/wiki/John_Kitto" title="John Kitto">John Kitto</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lindsay_Alexander" title="William Lindsay Alexander">William Lindsay Alexander</a>. p. 842 ("... the old Hebrew name, Lod, which had probably been always used by the inhabitants, appears again in history."); And Lod (Lydda), Israel: from its origins through the Byzantine period, 5600 B.C.E.-640 C.E., by Joshua J. Schwartz, 1991, p. 15 ("the pronunciation Lud began to appear along with the form Lod")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/09/world/middleeast/09lod.html?hp">Polishing a Lost Gem to Dazzle Tourists</a>", <i>New York Times</i>. 8 July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Econ-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Econ_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/17254422">Pulled Apart</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, 14 October 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ron Friedman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Pushing-for-a-better-tomorrow-in-8000-year-old-Lod">Pushing for a better tomorrow in 8,000-year-old Lod</a>, The Jerusalem Post, 8 April 2010. Accessed 25 March 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/border-police-officers-diverted-to-lod-amid-violent-protests-667894">"IDF enters Lod as city goes into emergency lockdown"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%26%23124%3B+Jpost.com&rft.atitle=IDF+enters+Lod+as+city+goes+into+emergency+lockdown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fborder-police-officers-diverted-to-lod-amid-violent-protests-667894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog-may-11-2021/">"Amid Gaza barrages, major rioting and chaos erupt in Lod; Mayor: It's civil war"</a>. Times of Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511230326/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog-may-11-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amid+Gaza+barrages%2C+major+rioting+and+chaos+erupt+in+Lod%3B+Mayor%3A+It%27s+civil+war&rft.pub=Times+of+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fliveblog-may-11-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/arab-politician-warns-israel-brink-050700968.html">"Arab politician warns Israel is 'on the brink of a civil war'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>news.yahoo.com</i>. 13 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513061837/https://news.yahoo.com/arab-politician-warns-israel-brink-050700968.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Arab+politician+warns+Israel+is+%27on+the+brink+of+a+civil+war%27&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Farab-politician-warns-israel-brink-050700968.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/border-police-officers-diverted-to-lod-amid-violent-protests-667894">"IDF enters Lod as city goes into emergency lockdown"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513013958/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/border-police-officers-diverted-to-lod-amid-violent-protests-667894">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%26%23124%3B+Jpost.com&rft.atitle=IDF+enters+Lod+as+city+goes+into+emergency+lockdown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fborder-police-officers-diverted-to-lod-amid-violent-protests-667894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StateOfEmergency-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StateOfEmergency_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2021" class="citation web cs1">Schneider, Tal (11 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-declares-state-of-emergency-in-lod/">"Netanyahu declares state of emergency in Lod"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513014006/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-declares-state-of-emergency-in-lod/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Village+Statistics+of+1945%3A+A+Classification+of+Land+and+Area+ownership+in+Palestine&rft.pub=Palestine+Liberation+Organization+Research+Centre&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Hadawi&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestineremembered.com%2FArticles%2FGeneral-2%2FStory3150.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolder1986" class="citation book cs1">Holder, Meir (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t2bJ1UqfNXAC"><i>History of the Jewish People From Yavne to Pumbedisa</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Mesorah_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesorah Publications">Mesorah Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89906-499-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89906-499-4"><bdi>978-0-89906-499-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Jewish+People+From+Yavne+to+Pumbedisa&rft.pub=Mesorah+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-89906-499-4&rft.aulast=Holder&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt2bJ1UqfNXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmesStrachanBellamyBicheno2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)" title="Richard Holmes (military historian)">Holmes, R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hew_Strachan" title="Hew Strachan">Strachan, H.</a>; Bellamy, C.; Bicheno, Hugh (2001). <i>The Oxford companion to military history</i> (Illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866209-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866209-9"><bdi>978-0-19-866209-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+military+history&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866209-9&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Strachan%2C+H.&rft.au=Bellamy%2C+C.&rft.au=Bicheno%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHütterothAbdulfattah1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolf-Dieter_H%C3%BCtteroth" title="Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth">Hütteroth, W.-D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Abdulfattah" title="Kamal Abdulfattah">Abdulfattah, K.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ"><i>Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century</i></a>. 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Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-920405-41-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-920405-41-4"><bdi>978-3-920405-41-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Geography+of+Palestine%2C+Transjordan+and+Southern+Syria+in+the+Late+16th+Century&rft.pub=Erlanger+Geographische+Arbeiten%2C+Sonderband+5.+Erlangen%2C+Germany%3A+Vorstand+der+Fr%C3%A4nkischen+Geographischen+Gesellschaft&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-3-920405-41-4&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCtteroth&rft.aufirst=W.-D.&rft.au=Abdulfattah%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqULAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarmon,_Y.1960" class="citation journal cs1">Karmon, Y. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf">"An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Journal" title="Israel Exploration Journal">Israel Exploration Journal</a></i>. <b>10</b> (3, 4): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>173, <span class="nowrap">244–</span>253. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Analysis+of+Jacotin%27s+Map+of+Palestine&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3%2C+4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E173%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E244-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Karmon%2C+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jchp.ucla.edu%2FBibliography%2FKarmon%2C_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_%28IEJ_10%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLe_Strange1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange" title="Guy Le Strange">Le Strange, G.</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft"><i>Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500</i></a>. Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Under+the+Moslems%3A+A+Description+of+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land+from+A.D.+650+to+1500&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Le+Strange&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestineundermo00lestuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMills,_E.1932" class="citation book cs1">Mills, E., ed. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas"><i>Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas</i></a>. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+Palestine+1931.+Population+of+Villages%2C+Towns+and+Administrative+Areas&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Government+of+Palestine&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonterescuRabinowitz2012" class="citation book cs1">Monterescu, Daniel; Rabinowitz, Dan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFI839WlC9cC"><i>Mixed towns, trapped communities: historical narratives, spatial dynamics, gender relations and cultural encounters in Palestinian-Israeli towns</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8746-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8746-3"><bdi>978-1-4094-8746-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mixed+towns%2C+trapped+communities%3A+historical+narratives%2C+spatial+dynamics%2C+gender+relations+and+cultural+encounters+in+Palestinian-Israeli+towns&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-8746-3&rft.aulast=Monterescu&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Rabinowitz%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFFI839WlC9cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, B.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C"><i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6"><bdi>978-0-521-00967-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem+Revisited&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00967-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuM_kFX6edX8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoudjir_ed-dyn1876" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mujir_al-Din" title="Mujir al-Din">Moudjir ed-dyn</a> (1876). Sauvaire (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredejrus00ulayuoft"><i>Histoire de Jérusalem et d'Hébron depuis Abraham jusqu'à la fin du XVe siècle de J.-C. : fragments de la Chronique de Moudjir-ed-dyn</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+J%C3%A9rusalem+et+d%27H%C3%A9bron+depuis+Abraham+jusqu%27%C3%A0+la+fin+du+XVe+si%C3%A8cle+de+J.-C.+%3A+fragments+de+la+Chronique+de+Moudjir-ed-dyn&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Moudjir+ed-dyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoiredejrus00ulayuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Henry_Palmer" title="Edward Henry Palmer">Palmer, E. H.</a> (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft"><i>The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survey+of+Western+Palestine%3A+Arabic+and+English+Name+Lists+Collected+During+the+Survey+by+Lieutenants+Conder+and+Kitchener%2C+R.+E.+Transliterated+and+Explained+by+E.H.+Palmer&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurveyofwesternp00conduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2001" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21620056"><i>A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology)</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-727011-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-727011-0"><bdi>978-0-19-727011-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Gazetteer+of+Buildings+in+Muslim+Palestine+%28British+Academy+Monographs+in+Archaeology%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-727011-0&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F21620056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2005" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheTownsOfPalestineUnderUnderMuslimRule"><i>The Towns of Palestine Under Muslim Rule</i></a>. British Archaeological Reports. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-821-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-821-7"><bdi>978-1-84171-821-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Towns+of+Palestine+Under+Muslim+Rule&rft.pub=British+Archaeological+Reports&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84171-821-7&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheTownsOfPalestineUnderUnderMuslimRule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPringle1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Pringle" title="Denys Pringle">Pringle, D.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC"><i>The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: L-Z (excluding Tyre)</i></a>. Vol. II. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39037-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39037-8"><bdi>978-0-521-39037-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem%3A+L-Z+%28excluding+Tyre%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39037-8&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Y0tA0xLzwEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonSmith1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Robinson, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eli_Smith" title="Eli Smith">Smith, E.</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft"><i>Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838</i></a>. Vol. 3. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Crocker_%26_Brewster" title="Crocker & Brewster">Crocker & Brewster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Researches+in+Palestine%2C+Mount+Sinai+and+Arabia+Petraea%3A+A+Journal+of+Travels+in+the+year+1838&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Crocker+%26+Brewster&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Smith%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiblicalresearch03robiuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span> (pp.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n66/mode/1up">49</a> −55)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRozenfeld2010" class="citation book cs1">Rozenfeld, Ben Tsiyon (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dD_dGmWh73QC"><i>Torah Centers and Rabbinic Activity in Palestine, 70–400 CE: History and Geographic Distribution</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17838-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17838-0"><bdi>978-90-04-17838-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torah+Centers+and+Rabbinic+Activity+in+Palestine%2C+70%E2%80%93400+CE%3A+History+and+Geographic+Distribution&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17838-0&rft.aulast=Rozenfeld&rft.aufirst=Ben+Tsiyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdD_dGmWh73QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSa'diAbu-Lughod2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_H._Sa%27di" title="Ahmad H. Sa'di">Sa'di, A. H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lila_Abu-Lughod" title="Lila Abu-Lughod">Abu-Lughod, L.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MbKrAgAAQBAJ"><i>Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the claims of memory</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13579-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13579-5"><bdi>978-0-231-13579-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nakba%3A+Palestine%2C+1948%2C+and+the+claims+of+memory&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13579-5&rft.aulast=Sa%27di&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft.au=Abu-Lughod%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMbKrAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShahin2005" class="citation book cs1">Shahin, Mariam (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestine00mari"><i>Palestine: A Guide</i></a></span>. Interlink Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-557-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-557-8"><bdi>978-1-56656-557-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+A+Guide&rft.pub=Interlink+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56656-557-8&rft.aulast=Shahin&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestine00mari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinger2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Singer_(historian)" title="Amy Singer (historian)">Singer, A.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC"><i>Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem</i></a>. Albany: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5352-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5352-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-5352-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Ottoman+Beneficence%3A+An+Imperial+Soup+Kitchen+in+Jerusalem&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5352-0&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzHBHBTNwBQoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmallwood2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._Mary_Smallwood" title="E. Mary Smallwood">Smallwood, E. M.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSYbpitEjggC"><i>The Jews under Roman rule: From Pompey to Diocletian: A Study in Political Relations</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04155-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04155-4"><bdi>978-0-391-04155-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+under+Roman+rule%3A+From+Pompey+to+Diocletian%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Relations&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-391-04155-4&rft.aulast=Smallwood&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSYbpitEjggC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTal2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Tal_(historian)" title="David Tal (historian)">Tal, D.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dL29_RBATv0C"><i>War in Palestine, 1948: Strategy and diplomacy</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5275-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5275-7"><bdi>978-0-7146-5275-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+Palestine%2C+1948%3A+Strategy+and+diplomacy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5275-7&rft.aulast=Tal&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdL29_RBATv0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomson1859" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_McClure_Thomson" title="William McClure Thomson">Thomson, W. M.</a> (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landandbookorbi08thomgoog"><i>The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land</i></a>. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). New York: Harper & brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+and+the+Book%3A+Or%2C+Biblical+Illustrations+Drawn+from+the+Manners+and+Customs%2C+the+Scenes+and+Scenery%2C+of+the+Holy+Land&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Harper+%26+brothers&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandandbookorbi08thomgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYacobi2009" class="citation book cs1">Yacobi, Haim (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbB9AgAAQBAJ"><i>Goliath:The Jewish-Arab City: Spatio-politics in a mixed community</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-06584-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-06584-4"><bdi>978-1-134-06584-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goliath%3AThe+Jewish-Arab+City%3A+Spatio-politics+in+a+mixed+community&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-134-06584-4&rft.aulast=Yacobi&rft.aufirst=Haim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDbB9AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFal-Ẓāhirī1894" class="citation book cs1">al-Ẓāhirī, Khalīl Ibn Shāhīn, Ghars al-Dīn Khalīl ibn Shāhīn (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zoubdatkachfelm00algoog"><i>Zoubdat kachf el-mamâlik: tableau politique et administratif de l'Égypte</i></a>. E. Leroux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoubdat+kachf+el-mam%C3%A2lik%3A+tableau+politique+et+administratif+de+l%27%C3%89gypte&rft.pub=E.+Leroux&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=al-%E1%BA%92%C4%81hir%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Khal%C4%ABl+Ibn+Sh%C4%81h%C4%ABn%2C+Ghars+al-D%C4%ABn+Khal%C4%ABl+ibn+Sh%C4%81h%C4%ABn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzoubdatkachfelm00algoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALod" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_District_(Israel)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central District (Israel)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_District_of_Israel409" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_council_(Israel)" title="City council (Israel)">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Be%27er_Ya%27akov" title="Be'er Ya'akov">Be'er Ya'akov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El%27ad" title="El'ad">El'ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giv%27at_Shmuel" title="Giv'at Shmuel">Giv'at Shmuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod_HaSharon" title="Hod HaSharon">Hod HaSharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim" title="Kafr Qasim">Kafr Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Saba" title="Kfar Saba">Kfar Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Yona" title="Kfar Yona">Kfar Yona</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi%27in-Maccabim-Re%27ut" title="Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut">Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_Ziona" title="Ness Ziona">Ness Ziona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netanya" title="Netanya">Netanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalansawe" title="Qalansawe">Qalansawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27anana" title="Ra'anana">Ra'anana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehovot" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishon_LeZion" title="Rishon LeZion">Rishon LeZion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_HaAyin" title="Rosh HaAyin">Rosh HaAyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayibe" title="Tayibe">Tayibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tira,_Israel" title="Tira, Israel">Tira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavne" title="Yavne">Yavne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud-Monosson" title="Yehud-Monosson">Yehud-Monosson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_center_dist.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Israel_center_dist.svg/70px-Israel_center_dist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Israel_center_dist.svg/105px-Israel_center_dist.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Israel_center_dist.svg/140px-Israel_center_dist.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="990" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_council_(Israel)" title="Local council (Israel)">Local councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Dagan" title="Beit Dagan">Beit Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Ayish" title="Bnei Ayish">Bnei Ayish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyakhin" title="Elyakhin">Elyakhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_Yehuda" title="Even Yehuda">Even Yehuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Yavne" title="Gan Yavne">Gan Yavne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganei_Tikva" title="Ganei Tikva">Ganei Tikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedera" title="Gedera">Gedera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaljulia" title="Jaljulia">Jaljulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadima-Zoran" title="Kadima-Zoran">Kadima-Zoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Bara" title="Kafr Bara">Kafr Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Ekron" title="Kiryat Ekron">Kiryat Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokhav_Ya%27ir" title="Kokhav Ya'ir">Kokhav Ya'ir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazkeret_Batya" title="Mazkeret Batya">Mazkeret Batya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardesiya" title="Pardesiya">Pardesiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savyon" title="Savyon">Savyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoham" title="Shoham">Shoham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Mond" title="Tel Mond">Tel Mond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemer" title="Zemer">Zemer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_council_(Israel)" title="Regional council (Israel)">Regional councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brenner_Regional_Council" title="Brenner Regional Council">Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Raveh_Regional_Council" title="Gan Raveh Regional Council">Gan Raveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gederot_Regional_Council" title="Gederot Regional Council">Gederot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer_Regional_Council" title="Gezer Regional Council">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drom_HaSharon_Regional_Council" title="Drom HaSharon Regional Council">Drom HaSharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefer_Valley_Regional_Council" title="Hefer Valley Regional Council">Hefer Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hevel_Modi%27in_Regional_Council" title="Hevel Modi'in Regional Council">Hevel Modi'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hevel_Yavne_Regional_Council" title="Hevel Yavne Regional Council">Hevel Yavne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hof_HaSharon_Regional_Council" title="Hof HaSharon Regional Council">Hof HaSharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_HaSharon_Regional_Council" title="Lev HaSharon Regional Council">Lev HaSharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Sorek_Regional_Council" title="Nahal Sorek Regional Council">Nahal Sorek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sdot_Dan_Regional_Council" title="Sdot Dan Regional Council">Sdot Dan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neve_Monosson" title="Neve Monosson">Neve Monosson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gush_Dan" title="Gush Dan">Gush Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_plain" title="Sharon plain">Sharon plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b>Other sub-divisions</b>: <a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_District" title="Jerusalem District">Jerusalem District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria_Area" title="Judea and Samaria Area">Judea and Samaria Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_District" title="Tel Aviv District">Tel Aviv District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israeli_cities115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_Israeli_cities" title="Template:Largest Israeli cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_Israeli_cities" title="Template talk:Largest Israeli cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_Israeli_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest Israeli cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israeli_cities115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">Israeli cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <small>(East, West)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–299,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netanya" title="Netanya">Netanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishon_LeZion" title="Rishon LeZion">Rishon LeZion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Yam" title="Bat Yam">Bat Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beit Shemesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadera" title="Hadera">Hadera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzliya" title="Herzliya">Herzliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Saba" title="Kfar Saba">Kfar Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi%27in-Maccabim-Re%27ut" title="Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut">Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehovot" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">50,000–99,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afula" title="Afula">Afula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El%27ad" title="El'ad">El'ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givatayim" title="Givatayim">Givatayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod_HaSharon" title="Hod HaSharon">Hod HaSharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Ata" title="Kiryat Ata">Kiryat Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Gat" title="Kiryat Gat">Kiryat Gat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahariya" title="Nahariya">Nahariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_Ziona" title="Ness Ziona">Ness Ziona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27anana" title="Ra'anana">Ra'anana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netivot" title="Netivot">Netivot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_HaAyin" title="Rosh HaAyin">Rosh HaAyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Fahm" title="Umm al-Fahm">Umm al-Fahm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavne" title="Yavne">Yavne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15,000–49,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Israel" title="Arraba, Israel">Arraba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqa_al-Gharbiyye" title="Baqa al-Gharbiyye">Baqa al-Gharbiyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimona" title="Dimona">Dimona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giv%27at_Shmuel" title="Giv'at Shmuel">Giv'at Shmuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim" title="Kafr Qasim">Kafr Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmiel" title="Karmiel">Karmiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Yona" title="Kfar Yona">Kfar Yona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Bialik" title="Kiryat Bialik">Kiryat Bialik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Malakhi" title="Kiryat Malakhi">Kiryat Malakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Motzkin" title="Kiryat Motzkin">Kiryat Motzkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Ono" title="Kiryat Ono">Kiryat Ono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona" title="Kiryat Shmona">Kiryat Shmona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Yam" title="Kiryat Yam">Kiryat Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot-Tarshiha" title="Ma'alot-Tarshiha">Ma'alot-Tarshiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal_HaEmek" title="Migdal HaEmek">Migdal HaEmek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesher" title="Nesher">Nesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nof_HaGalil" title="Nof HaGalil">Nof HaGalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofakim" title="Ofakim">Ofakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Or_Akiva" title="Or Akiva">Or Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Or_Yehuda" title="Or Yehuda">Or Yehuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalansawe" title="Qalansawe">Qalansawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramat_HaSharon" title="Ramat HaSharon">Ramat HaSharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhnin" title="Sakhnin">Sakhnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sderot" title="Sderot">Sderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shefa-Amr" title="Shefa-Amr">Shefa-Amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamra" title="Tamra">Tamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayibe" title="Tayibe">Tayibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tira,_Israel" title="Tira, Israel">Tira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirat_Carmel" title="Tirat Carmel">Tirat Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud-Monosson" title="Yehud-Monosson">Yehud-Monosson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokneam_Illit" title="Yokneam Illit">Yokneam Illit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207540#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1882" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207540#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1882" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207540#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/239476084">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134931489">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjKw94XhpRTybdWVxfVmr3">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgxv89DwDXryMmycF4Dv3">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4099733-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85104577">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12426044m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12426044m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lod (Izrael)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge601748&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559903505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lod"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/ce4235ef-aa17-4f36-9f60-7a7682703f05">MusicBrainz area</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/687953">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/130428787">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lod&oldid=1277755389">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lod&oldid=1277755389</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Central_District_(Israel)" title="Category:Central District (Israel)">Central District (Israel)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lod" title="Category:Lod">Lod</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holy_cities" title="Category:Holy 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