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<span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religious Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_Information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_Information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Additional Information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_Information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanop" title="Kanop – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kanop" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Каноп – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каноп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listri_kanopat" title="Listri kanopat – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Listri kanopat" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vas_canopi" title="Vas canopi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vas canopi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanopa" title="Kanopa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kanopa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar_canopig" title="Jar canopig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jar canopig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanope" title="Kanope – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanope" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Κανωπικό αγγείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κανωπικό αγγείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaso_canopo" title="Vaso canopo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vaso canopo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanopo" title="Kanopo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanopo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontzi_kanopo" title="Ontzi kanopo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ontzi kanopo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vase_canope" title="Vase canope – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vase canope" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%85%B8%ED%91%B8%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EB%8B%A8%EC%A7%80" title="카노푸스의 단지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카노푸스의 단지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasi_canopi" title="Vasi canopi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vasi canopi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99" title="כד קנופי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כד קנופי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanopa_(indas)" title="Kanopa (indas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanopa (indas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%C3%B3puszed%C3%A9ny" title="Kanópuszedény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kanópuszedény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اوانى كانوبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوانى كانوبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takar_kanopi" title="Takar kanopi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Takar kanopi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canope" title="Canope – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Canope" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9%E5%A3%BA" title="カノプス壺 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カノプス壺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanopiske_krukker" title="Kanopiske krukker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kanopiske krukker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%B2p_(vas)" title="Canòp (vas) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Canòp (vas)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanopy" title="Kanopy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kanopy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaso_can%C3%B3pico" title="Vaso canópico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vaso canópico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canop%C4%83" title="Canopă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Canopă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Канопа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канопа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Canopic jar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanopa" title="Kanopa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kanopa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanopski_vr%C4%8Di" title="Kanopski vrči – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kanopski vrči" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Канопске вазе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Канопске вазе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanopske_vaze" title="Kanopske vaze – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kanopske vaze" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanooppiastia" title="Kanooppiastia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanooppiastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanoper" title="Kanoper – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanoper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கேனோபிக் ஜாடிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கேனோபிக் ஜாடிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanopik" title="Kanopik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanopik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Канопа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канопа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_canopic" title="Bình canopic – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bình canopic" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%AB%BE%E5%8D%9C%E7%BD%88" title="卡諾卜罈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡諾卜罈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q332285#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jar in which organs are kept</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Canope" redirects here. For the Debussy prélude, see <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9ludes_(Debussy)" title="Préludes (Debussy)">Préludes (Debussy)</a>. For the food, see <a href="/wiki/Canap%C3%A9" title="Canapé">Canapé</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canopic_jars_(casts),_Egypt,_945-712_BC_-_National_Museum_of_Natural_History,_United_States_-_DSC00557.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Canopic_jars_%28casts%29%2C_Egypt%2C_945-712_BC_-_National_Museum_of_Natural_History%2C_United_States_-_DSC00557.jpg/249px-Canopic_jars_%28casts%29%2C_Egypt%2C_945-712_BC_-_National_Museum_of_Natural_History%2C_United_States_-_DSC00557.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Canopic_jars_%28casts%29%2C_Egypt%2C_945-712_BC_-_National_Museum_of_Natural_History%2C_United_States_-_DSC00557.jpg/374px-Canopic_jars_%28casts%29%2C_Egypt%2C_945-712_BC_-_National_Museum_of_Natural_History%2C_United_States_-_DSC00557.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Canopic_jars_%28casts%29%2C_Egypt%2C_945-712_BC_-_National_Museum_of_Natural_History%2C_United_States_-_DSC00557.jpg/498px-Canopic_jars_%28casts%29%2C_Egypt%2C_945-712_BC_-_National_Museum_of_Natural_History%2C_United_States_-_DSC00557.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3555" data-file-height="4612" /></a><figcaption>Canopic jars (casts), Egypt, 945–712 BC – National Museum of Natural History, United States</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Canopic jars</b> are containers that were used by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mummification" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummification">mummification</a> process, to store and preserve the viscera of their soul for the afterlife. The earliest and most common versions were made from stone, but later styles were carved from wood.<sup id="cite_ref-s592_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s592-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ritual use of the jars dates as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> and stayed in practice until the <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Period</a>, by which time the viscera were simply wrapped and placed with the body.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canopic jars of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> were rarely inscribed and had a plain lid, but by the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> inscriptions became more usual, and the lids were often in the form of human heads. By the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty</a> each of the four lids depicted one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">four sons of Horus</a>, acting as guardians for the respective organs in each jar. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_jar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>canopic</i> reflects the mistaken association by early Egyptologists with the Greek legend of <a href="/wiki/Canopus_(mythology)" title="Canopus (mythology)">Canopus</a> – the boat captain of <a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">voyage to Troy</a> – "who was buried at Canopus in the Delta where he was worshipped in the form of a jar".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In alternative versions, the name derives from the location Canopus (now Abukir) in the western Nile Delta near Alexandria, where human-headed jars were worshipped as personifications of the god Osiris.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_jar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canopic_Chest_of_Khonsu_MET_86.1.3ab_v2_rgb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canopic_Chest_of_Khonsu_MET_86.1.3ab_v2_rgb.jpg/196px-Canopic_Chest_of_Khonsu_MET_86.1.3ab_v2_rgb.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canopic_Chest_of_Khonsu_MET_86.1.3ab_v2_rgb.jpg/294px-Canopic_Chest_of_Khonsu_MET_86.1.3ab_v2_rgb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canopic_Chest_of_Khonsu_MET_86.1.3ab_v2_rgb.jpg/393px-Canopic_Chest_of_Khonsu_MET_86.1.3ab_v2_rgb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Canopic Chest of Khonsu, 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom</figcaption></figure> <p>Canopic jars are v-shaped vessels that are hollowed out in the middle and topped with either plain or iconographic stoppers. They ranged in heights from about 14 to 50 cm (5.5 to 20 in), including the lid, and in diameters of anywhere from 6 to 20 cm (2.4 to 7.9 in).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common materials used to make the jars include wood, limestone, faience, and clay, and the design was occasionally accompanied by painted on facial features, names of the deceased or the gods, and/or <a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">burial spells</a>. Early canopic jars were placed inside a <a href="/wiki/Canopic_chest" title="Canopic chest">canopic chest</a> and buried in tombs together with the sarcophagus of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-b240_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b240-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, they were sometimes arranged in rows beneath the bier, or at the four corners of the chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-b240_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b240-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original style of the jars from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> included a plain, round stopper, while the more typical stoppers in the shape of human heads were not seen until the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Intermediate Period">First Intermediate Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s592_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s592-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human heads were the iconized representations of the Sons of Horus in their human form and were the predominant styling for the jars through ancient Egypt until the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty</a>, in which the style transitioned to the more well-known depiction of the animal heads.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many higher-quality sets from this period were crafted from minerals such as alabaster, aragonite, calcareous stone, and blue or green glazed porcelain.<sup id="cite_ref-b2403_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b2403-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_jar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice of evisceration began early in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a>, but the specific use of the jars as storage for the organs was not well established until the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Intermediate Period">First Intermediate Period</a>. At the time of mummification, the lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines were removed from the corpse to prevent them from eating away at the rest of the body. Each organ was salted in <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a> and placed individually into one of the four canopic jars.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (There was no jar for the heart: the Egyptians believed it to be the seat of the soul, and so it was left inside the body.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Canopic jars from the Old Kingdom were found empty and damaged, even in undisturbed tombs, suggesting that they were part of the burial ritual rather than being used to hold the organs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> and beyond adopted a similar practice, placing much smaller dummy jars in the tombs without including the organs. Improved embalming techniques allowed the viscera to remain in the body; the traditional jars remained a feature of tombs, but were no longer hollowed out for storing the organs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_Significance">Religious Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_jar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religious Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_Sons_of_Horus_Amulets_(36600473015).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Egyptian_Sons_of_Horus_Amulets_%2836600473015%29.jpg/258px-Egyptian_Sons_of_Horus_Amulets_%2836600473015%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Egyptian_Sons_of_Horus_Amulets_%2836600473015%29.jpg/387px-Egyptian_Sons_of_Horus_Amulets_%2836600473015%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Egyptian_Sons_of_Horus_Amulets_%2836600473015%29.jpg/516px-Egyptian_Sons_of_Horus_Amulets_%2836600473015%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA26230">Amulets of the Four Sons of Horus from the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt</a>, Ancient Egypt Gallery, British Museum, London, England, UK</figcaption></figure> <p>Each of <a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">Horus's sons</a> were responsible for protecting a particular organ, was himself protected by a companion goddess, and represented a cardinal direction:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Son_of_Horus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hapi (Son of Horus)">Hapi</a>: the baboon-headed god representing the North was protected by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a> and was assigned to the lungs;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duamutef" class="mw-redirect" title="Duamutef">Duamutef</a>: the jackal-headed god representing the East was protected by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a> and was assigned to the stomach;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imsety" class="mw-redirect" title="Imsety">Imseti</a>: the human-headed god representing the South was protected by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> and was assigned to the liver;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebehsenuef" class="mw-redirect" title="Qebehsenuef">Qebehsenuef</a>: the falcon-headed god representing the West was protected by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Serqet" class="mw-redirect" title="Serqet">Serket</a> and was assigned to the intestines.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_Information">Additional Information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_jar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Additional Information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, excavations at <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a> showed that a woman called Didibastet, whose 2,600-year-old undisturbed tomb was discovered behind a stone wall, was entombed with six canopic jars instead of the traditional four. A <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> revealed that the jars contain human tissue, suggesting that Didibastet's mummification was possibly the result of a specific request. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_jar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cano_ja_49_tut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canopic jars of Tutankhamun; 1333–1323 BC; alabaster; total height: 85.5 cm (33.7 in); Egyptian Museum (Cairo)"><img alt="Canopic jars of Tutankhamun; 1333–1323 BC; alabaster; total height: 85.5 cm (33.7 in); Egyptian Museum (Cairo)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cano_ja_49_tut.jpg/120px-Cano_ja_49_tut.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cano_ja_49_tut.jpg/180px-Cano_ja_49_tut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cano_ja_49_tut.jpg/240px-Cano_ja_49_tut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Canopic jars of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>; 1333–1323 BC; <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a>; total height: 85.5 cm (33.7 in); <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> (Cairo)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canopic_Jar_of_Ruiu_MET_LC-35_3_33_EGDP025315.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canopic jars of Ruiu; 1504–1447 BC; painted pottery; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Canopic jars of Ruiu; 1504–1447 BC; painted pottery; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Canopic_Jar_of_Ruiu_MET_LC-35_3_33_EGDP025315.jpg/120px-Canopic_Jar_of_Ruiu_MET_LC-35_3_33_EGDP025315.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Canopic_Jar_of_Ruiu_MET_LC-35_3_33_EGDP025315.jpg/180px-Canopic_Jar_of_Ruiu_MET_LC-35_3_33_EGDP025315.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Canopic_Jar_of_Ruiu_MET_LC-35_3_33_EGDP025315.jpg/240px-Canopic_Jar_of_Ruiu_MET_LC-35_3_33_EGDP025315.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Canopic jars of <a href="/wiki/Ruiu" title="Ruiu">Ruiu</a>; 1504–1447 BC; painted pottery; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canopic-jars-sons-of-horus.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Hieroglyphs for the four sons of Horus used on an Egyptian canopic jar"><img alt="Hieroglyphs for the four sons of Horus used on an Egyptian canopic jar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Canopic-jars-sons-of-horus.tif/lossless-page1-103px-Canopic-jars-sons-of-horus.tif.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Canopic-jars-sons-of-horus.tif/lossless-page1-154px-Canopic-jars-sons-of-horus.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Canopic-jars-sons-of-horus.tif/lossless-page1-205px-Canopic-jars-sons-of-horus.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hieroglyphs for the four sons of Horus used on an Egyptian canopic jar</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_jar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt#Funerary_art" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art of ancient Egypt § Funerary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_jar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the afterlife, it was believed, the heart would be weighed against the feather of Ma'at (truth) by the god <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If it was too heavy from bad deeds it would be fed to a monster, <a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a>, that was believed to be part lion, part hippopotamus, and part crocodile.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_jar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-s592-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s592_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s592_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw and Nicholson, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spencer, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStrudwick2006" class="citation book cs1">Strudwick, Helen (2006). <i>The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 184–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-4654-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-4654-9"><bdi>978-1-4351-4654-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=184-185&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4351-4654-9&rft.aulast=Strudwick&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanopic+jar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkrimGamil2024" class="citation journal cs1">Elkrim, Abd; Gamil, Ehab (January 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shedet.journals.ekb.eg/article_322453.html">"Three Canopic Jars from El-Matariya in the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM 4964, 4967, 19335)"</a>. <i>Shedet</i>. <b>12</b> (12): 213–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21608%2Fshedet.2023.174603.1153">10.21608/shedet.2023.174603.1153</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2356-8704">2356-8704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shedet&rft.atitle=Three+Canopic+Jars+from+El-Matariya+in+the+Grand+Egyptian+Museum+%28GEM+4964%2C+4967%2C+19335%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=213-243&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21608%2Fshedet.2023.174603.1153&rft.issn=2356-8704&rft.aulast=Elkrim&rft.aufirst=Abd&rft.au=Gamil%2C+Ehab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshedet.journals.ekb.eg%2Farticle_322453.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanopic+jar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laemmel, pp. 153-175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b240-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b240_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b240_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Budge, p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw and Nicholson, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b2403-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b2403_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budge, p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.egypt.swansea.ac.uk/index.php/collection/139-w1982-weighing.htm">Weighing Of The Heart Scene</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221752/https://www.egypt.swansea.ac.uk/index.php/collection/139-w1982-weighing.htm">Archived</a> 2013-12-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Swansea University: W1912, accessed 18 November 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucie Jirásková: <i>Damage and repairs of the Old Kingdom canopic jars – the case at Abusir.</i> In: <i>Prague Egyptological Studies.</i> 15, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1214-3189">1214-3189</a>, pp. 76–85, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitool.is.cuni.cz/R/AEF3LI5A1A6MRJ5EY8DVVA4H7PNKDGAI6FRVUHQ7R1XUEQXYJU-00531?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=1397604&silo_library=GEN01&pds_handle=GUEST">online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/burialcustoms/canopic.html">"Canopic Jars"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118054218/http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/burialcustoms/canopic.html">Archived</a> 2013-01-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Digital Egypt for Universities</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, accessed 18 November 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gadalla, p. 78</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_jar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudge2010" class="citation book cs1">Budge, Sir Edward Wallis (2010) [1925]. <i>The mummy; a handbook of Egyptian funerary archaeology</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01825-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01825-8"><bdi>978-1-108-01825-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mummy%3B+a+handbook+of+Egyptian+funerary+archaeology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-108-01825-8&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=Sir+Edward+Wallis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanopic+jar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1999" class="citation book cs1">David, A. Rosalie (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RulD63Y3BlAC&q=Canopus&pg=PA152"><i>Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3312-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-3312-9"><bdi>0-8160-3312-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8160-3312-9&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=A.+Rosalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRulD63Y3BlAC%26q%3DCanopus%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanopic+jar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadalla2001" class="citation book cs1">Gadalla, Moustafa (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptiandiviniti00gada"><i>Egyptian Divinities – The All who are The One</i></a></span>. Greensboro, N.C.: Tehuti Research Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931446-04-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-931446-04-0"><bdi>1-931446-04-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Divinities+%E2%80%93+The+All+who+are+The+One&rft.place=Greensboro%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=Tehuti+Research+Foundation&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-931446-04-0&rft.aulast=Gadalla&rft.aufirst=Moustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptiandiviniti00gada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanopic+jar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2004" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Margaret A. (2004) [1963]. <i>The Splendor that was Egypt</i>. Mineola, N.Y: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43100-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43100-0"><bdi>978-0-486-43100-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Splendor+that+was+Egypt&rft.place=Mineola%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43100-0&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Margaret+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanopic+jar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawPaul_Nicholson1995" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian; Paul Nicholson (1995). <i>The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt</i>. New York: Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-9096-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-9096-2"><bdi>0-8109-9096-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8109-9096-2&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Paul+Nicholson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanopic+jar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2007" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, A. Jeffrey, ed. (2007). <i>The British Museum Book of Ancient Egypt</i>. London: British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1975-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1975-5"><bdi>978-0-7141-1975-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Museum+Book+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1975-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanopic+jar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Laemmel, Sabine. "Clay Canopic Jars: An Example from TT23 and Its Typological and Historical Context." And the Earth ıs Joyous, Essays in Honour of Galina A. Belova, (Eds. SV Ivanov-EG Tolmacheva), CES RAS (2015): 153-175.</li> <li>Elkrim, Abd; Gamil, Ehab (January 1, 2024). "Three Canopic Jars from El-Matariya in the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM 4964, 4967, 19335)". Shedet. 12 (12): 213–243. doi:10.21608/shedet.2023.174603.1153. ISSN 2356-8704.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_jar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodson1994" class="citation book cs1">Dodson, Aidan (1994). <i>The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710304605" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710304605"><bdi>978-0710304605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canopic+Equipment+of+the+Kings+of+Egypt&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0710304605&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanopic+jar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer" title="Template talk:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Egyptian_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)" title="Isfet (Egyptian mythology)">Isfet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Kheru" title="Maa Kheru">Maa Kheru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Egyptian_mythology" title="Numbers in Egyptian mythology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul">Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/90px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/135px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/180px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canopic jars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ritual_of_Embalming_Papyrus" title="The Ritual of Embalming Papyrus">Embalming ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">Mortuary temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula" title="Ancient Egyptian offering formula">Offering formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_mouth_ceremony" title="Opening of the mouth ceremony">Opening of the mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amunet" title="Amunet">Amunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauhet">Hauhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heh_(god)" title="Heh (god)">Heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauket">Kauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kek_(mythology)" title="Kek (mythology)">Kek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naunet" class="mw-redirect" title="Naunet">Naunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%">Triads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>A</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aati" title="Aati">Aati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(deity)" title="Aker (deity)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhty_(deity)" title="Akhty (deity)">Akhty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep,_son_of_Hapu" title="Amenhotep, son of Hapu">Amenhotep, son of Hapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am-heh" title="Am-heh">Am-heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu-Aa" title="Amu-Aa">Amu-Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andjety" title="Andjety">Andjety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anput" title="Anput">Anput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apt_(Egyptian)" title="Apt (Egyptian)">Apt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqen" title="Aqen">Aqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_(deity)" title="Ash (deity)">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat" title="Assessors of Maat">Assessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><b>B</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_(mythology)" title="Babi (mythology)">Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(goddess)" title="Bat (goddess)">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_(god)" title="Bata (god)">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba-Pef" title="Ba-Pef">Ba-Pef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennu" title="Bennu">Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li> <li><b>C</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavern_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Cavern deities of the underworld">Cavern deities</a></li> <li><b>D</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus-Osiris" title="Dionysus-Osiris">Dionysus-Osiris</a></li> <li><b>F</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">Four sons of Horus</a></li> <li><b>G</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Gate deities of the underworld">Gate deities</a></li> <li><b>H</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_(mythology)" title="Ha (mythology)">Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmehit" title="Hatmehit">Hatmehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauron" title="Hauron">Hauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedetet" title="Hedetet">Hedetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjhotep" title="Hedjhotep">Hedjhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsut" title="Hemsut">Hemsut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henet" title="Henet">Henet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqet" title="Heqet">Heqet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heryshaf" title="Heryshaf">Heryshaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesat" title="Hesat">Hesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(mythology)" title="Hu (mythology)">Hu</a></li> <li><b>I</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iabet" title="Iabet">Iabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah" title="Iah">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iat" title="Iat">Iat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igai_(deity)" title="Igai (deity)">Igai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihy" title="Ihy">Ihy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhemu-sek" title="Ikhemu-sek">Ikhemu-sek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imentet" title="Imentet">Imentet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(goddess)" title="Ipy (goddess)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iunit" title="Iunit">Iunit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iusaaset" title="Iusaaset">Iusaaset</a></li> <li><b>K</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebechet" title="Kebechet">Kebechet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensit" title="Khensit">Khensit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-Amentiu" title="Khenti-Amentiu">Khenti-Amentiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-kheti" title="Khenti-kheti">Khenti-kheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherty" title="Kherty">Kherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><b>M</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maahes" title="Maahes">Maahes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Ma'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Mafdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Mandulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed" title="Medjed">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehen" title="Mehen">Mehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehet-Weret" title="Mehet-Weret">Mehet-Weret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meret" title="Meret">Meret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meretseger" title="Meretseger">Meretseger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhenet" title="Meskhenet">Meskhenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnevis" title="Mnevis">Mnevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a></li> <li><b>N</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebethetepet" title="Nebethetepet">Nebethetepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebtuwi" title="Nebtuwi">Nebtuwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertem" title="Nefertem">Nefertem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehebkau" title="Nehebkau">Nehebkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehmetawy" title="Nehmetawy">Nehmetawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemty" title="Nemty">Nemty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Neper</a></li> <li><b>P</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perit_(goddess)" title="Perit (goddess)">Perit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petbe" title="Petbe">Petbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><b>Q</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebui" title="Qebui">Qebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qed-her" title="Qed-her">Qed-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li> <li><b>R</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raet-Tawy" title="Raet-Tawy">Raet-Tawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhyt" title="Rekhyt">Rekhyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_(mythology)" title="Rem (mythology)">Rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renenutet" title="Renenutet">Renenutet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet" title="Renpet">Renpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpetneferet" title="Renpetneferet">Renpetneferet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repyt" title="Repyt">Repyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><b>S</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sah_(god)" title="Sah (god)">Sah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sebiumeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Seker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shai" title="Shai">Shai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(deity)" title="Shed (deity)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesmetet" title="Shesmetet">Shesmetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shezmu" title="Shezmu">Shezmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(god)" title="Sia (god)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdet" title="Sopdet">Sopdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdu" title="Sopdu">Sopdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen" title="Souls of Pe and Nekhen">Souls of Pe and Nekhen</a></li> <li><b>T</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatenen" title="Tatenen">Tatenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayt" title="Tayt">Tayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Bitjet" title="Ta-Bitjet">Ta-Bitjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjenenyet" title="Tjenenyet">Tjenenyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Tutu (Egyptian god)">Tutu</a></li> <li><b>U</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unut" title="Unut">Unut</a></li> <li><b>W</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadj-wer" title="Wadj-wer">Wadj-wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(Egyptian_deity)" title="Weneg (Egyptian deity)">Weneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepset" title="Wepset">Wepset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawet" title="Wepwawet">Wepwawet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werethekau" title="Werethekau">Werethekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wosret" title="Wosret">Wosret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Egyptian legendary creatures">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aani" title="Aani">Aani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_animal" title="Set animal">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedi" title="Dedi">Dedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djadjaemankh" title="Djadjaemankh">Djadjaemankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rededjet" title="Rededjet">Rededjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaoner" title="Ubaoner">Ubaoner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Aaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph)" title="Akhet (hieroglyph)">Akhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">Benben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Manu" title="Land of Manu">Land of Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indestructibles" title="The Indestructibles">The Indestructibles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_symbols" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian symbols">Symbols<br />and objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(hieroglyph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartouche (hieroglyph)">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_mummy" title="Corn mummy">Corn mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_justification" title="Crown of justification">Crown of justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles" title="Horus on the Crocodiles">Horus on the Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshmet" title="Neshmet">Neshmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_crown" title="Vulture crown">Vulture crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_sun" title="Winged sun">Winged sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_texts" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian texts">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Breathing" title="Books of Breathing">Books of Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Caverns" title="Book of Caverns">Book of Caverns</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Earth" title="Book of the Earth">Book of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow" title="Book of the Heavenly Cow">Book of the Heavenly Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Traversing_Eternity" title="Book of Traversing Eternity">Book of Traversing Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">Coffin Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Seth" title="The Contendings of Horus and Seth">The Contendings of Horus and Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigmatic_Book_of_the_Netherworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld">Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Eye_of_Horus" title="Litany of the Eye of Horus">Litany of the Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Re" title="Litany of Re">Litany of Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_of_the_Twelve_Caves" title="Spell of the Twelve Caves">Spell of the Twelve Caves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Festivals in ancient Egypt">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Festival_of_the_Valley" title="Beautiful Festival of the Valley">Beautiful Festival of the Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_count" title="Cattle count">Cattle count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_pharaoh" title="Coronation of the pharaoh">Coronation of the pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_festival" title="Min festival">Min festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opet_Festival" title="Opet Festival">Opet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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