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searchaux" style="display:none">Basis for taxation in ancient Egypt</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, the <b>cattle count</b> was one of the two main means of evaluating the amount of <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> to be levied, the other one being the height of the annual <a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">inundation</a>. A very important <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economic</a> event, the cattle count was controlled by high officials, and was connected to several <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cultic</a> feasts. In addition it served as a means of dating other events, with the entire year when it occurred being called "year of the Xth cattle count under the person of the king Y". The frequency of cattle counts varied through the history of ancient Egypt; in the Old Kingdom it was most likely biennial, i.e. occurring every two years, and became more frequent subsequently. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process_and_purpose">Process and purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cattle_count&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Process and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Counts_tomb_75_gizeh-lepsius.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Counts_tomb_75_gizeh-lepsius.png/400px-Counts_tomb_75_gizeh-lepsius.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Counts_tomb_75_gizeh-lepsius.png/600px-Counts_tomb_75_gizeh-lepsius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Counts_tomb_75_gizeh-lepsius.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption>Cattle count after a relief in <a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">Mastaba</a> tomb <b>G75</b> at <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>To perform the cattle count, all chattel (including productive livestock such as <a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a>) were rounded up and counted. Following the count, the percentage of chattel to be taxed by the state would be calculated. The cattle count was performed in every <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">nome</a> of Egypt. Fraud was harshly punished. From the <a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">2nd Dynasty</a> onwards, the cattle count was connected with the <i>"Following of <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>"</i> (Egypt. <i>Shemsu Hor</i>) which occurred every two years.<sup id="cite_ref-HAS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RAP_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shemsu Hor consisted of a journey by the king and his court throughout Egypt which facilitated the assessment and levying of taxes by the central administration.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cattle_count&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cattle count is of great importance to <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">Egyptologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a>, because many inscriptions report the <i>year of the x-th occasion of the cattle count</i> followed by the name of a pharaoh. Thus these inscriptions are used to assess the minimum duration of the reign of the pharaoh, for example assuming that the cattle count was held every two years. This last point being of paramount importance for correct datation of reign lengths, it is highly disputed up to this day. According to the <a href="/wiki/Palermo_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Palermo stone">Palermo stone</a>, a black <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> stone slab recording the yearly events of cultic and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> nature from king <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">1st Dynasty</a>) down to king <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> (3rd pharaoh of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">5th Dynasty</a>), the cattle count was performed every second year until the late <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a>. After this period, however, it was performed more frequently and finally yearly. The first pharaoh during whose reign yearly cattle counts are known to have taken place with certainty is king <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepi I">Pepi I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">6th Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HAS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SIS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TSL_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSL-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This does not exclude that the cattle count necessarily took place every second year before Pepi I. </p><p>An example of conflicting evaluations for a reign duration via cattle count is the case of king <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">4th Dynasty</a>). The highest known numbers of cattle counts under Khufu are found in workmen's graffiti inside the relieving chambers of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Khufu pyramid</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a> <a href="/wiki/Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscription">inscription</a> reports the "17th occasion of the cattle count". Since the Palermo stone inscriptions hold that the cattle count was performed every second year during the 4th Dynasty, it would prove that Khufu ruled at least 34 years. This calculation is rejected by several Egyptologists, because another ancient Egyptian source, the <a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Turin canon</a>, credits Khufu with a reign of merely 23 years. At the opposite, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> claims that Khufu ruled for 50 years, which is now seen as an exaggeration. Meanwhile, today Egyptologists such as Thomas Schneider assume that either Khufu indeed ruled for a little over 34 years, or that the author of the Turin canon simply did not take into account the 2-year-cycle of cattle counts and in fact credits Khufu with 23 cattle counts, which is a reign of 46 years.<sup id="cite_ref-SIS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TSL_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSL-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cattle_count&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Saqqara_Stone" title="South Saqqara Stone">South Saqqara Stone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cattle_count&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HAS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HAS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchlögl2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schlögl, Hermann A. (2011). <i>Das Alte Ägypten</i> [<i>The Ancient Egyptians</i>]. Beck'sche Reihe, Band 2305 (in German) (3 Ausgabe ed.). Hamburg: C.H. Beck. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3406623107" title="Special:BookSources/3406623107"><bdi>3406623107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Alte+%C3%84gypten&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.series=Beck%27sche+Reihe%2C+Band+2305&rft.pages=41&rft.edition=3+Ausgabe&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=3406623107&rft.aulast=Schl%C3%B6gl&rft.aufirst=Hermann+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle+count" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAP-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RAP_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1950" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Richard A. (1950). <i>The Calendars of Ancient Egypt</i>. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. Vol. 26. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0081-7554">0081-7554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Calendars+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.series=Studies+in+Ancient+Oriental+Civilization&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.issn=0081-7554&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle+count" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Toby. <i>The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt</i>. Random House Trade Paperbacks (Reprint ed.). Random House. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0553384902" title="Special:BookSources/0553384902"><bdi>0553384902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.series=Random+House+Trade+Paperbacks&rft.pages=59&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.isbn=0553384902&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACattle+count" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIS_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIS_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siegfried Schott: <i>Altägyptische Festdaten</i> (= <i>Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Abhandlungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse.</i> Bd. 10, 1950, ISSN 0002-2977). Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz u. a. 1950.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TSL-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TSL_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TSL_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Schneider: <i>Lexikon der Pharaonen</i>. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-491-96053-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-491-96053-3">3-491-96053-3</a>, p. 100–102.</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cattle_count&oldid=1161522118">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cattle_count&oldid=1161522118</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Festivals in ancient Egypt">Festivals in ancient Egypt</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 June 2023, at 07:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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