Crystals | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

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value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. 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Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life 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<option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option 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class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link active"> <h2 class="no-padding-left">Latest Articles</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1527496" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1527496" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1527496" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1014/s1?version=1732292493"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 4103 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 3614 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1014/pdf?version=1732292492" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Telecom O-Band Quantum Dots Fabricated by Droplet Etching" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/12/1014">Telecom O-Band Quantum Dots Fabricated by Droplet Etching</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nikolai Spitzer</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elias Kersting</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Meret Grell</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Danial Kohminaei</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marcel Schmidt</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nikolai Bart</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andreas D. Wieck</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Arne Ludwig</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1014; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121014">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121014</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> We present a novel growth technique for fabricating low-density InAs/GaAs quantum dots that emit in the telecom O-band. This method combines local droplet etching on GaAs surfaces using gallium with Stranski–Krastanov growth initiated by InAs deposition. Quantum dots nucleate directly within nanoholes, avoiding <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1014/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> We present a novel growth technique for fabricating low-density InAs/GaAs quantum dots that emit in the telecom O-band. This method combines local droplet etching on GaAs surfaces using gallium with Stranski–Krastanov growth initiated by InAs deposition. Quantum dots nucleate directly within nanoholes, avoiding the critical layer thickness typical of standard InAs Stranski–Krastanov growth, resulting in larger, low-density quantum dots. InGaAs strain reduction layers further redshift the emission into and beyond the telecom O-band. Photoluminescence spectra show a small energy difference between ground and excited states, while capacitance-voltage spectroscopy reveal small Coulomb blockade energy. Atomic force microscopy analysis indicates that quantum dots formed within nanoholes exhibit a larger volume compared to standard quantum dots. Additionally, these nanohole nucleated quantum dots require less indium to achieve O-band emission and demonstrate comparable or even better homogeneity, as indicated by the full-width at half-maximum. This improved homogeneity, low density, and increased size make these quantum dots particularly suitable for single-photon sources in quantum communication applications. <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1014">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/HW71N67L6J ">Advances in Crystal Growth: Pioneering Materials for Tomorrow's Technologies</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 9904 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1013/pdf?version=1732271773" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Novel Alternative Ni-Based Binder Systems for Hardmetals" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/12/1013">Novel Alternative Ni-Based Binder Systems for Hardmetals</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mathias von Spalden</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Johannes Pötschke</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexander Michaelis</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1013; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121013">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121013</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> WC-Ni hardmetals, especially with the addition of Cr, are the first choice for wear parts in a corrosive environment. Despite Ni being studied as a metallic binder matrix in hardmetals for as long as Co, the mechanical properties achieved have consistently fallen behind <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1013/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> WC-Ni hardmetals, especially with the addition of Cr, are the first choice for wear parts in a corrosive environment. Despite Ni being studied as a metallic binder matrix in hardmetals for as long as Co, the mechanical properties achieved have consistently fallen behind those of their cobalt-containing counterparts. Due to the rapidly increasing demand for Co, its substitution is of increasing importance. In this study, various alloying elements that do not form strong carbides were systematically investigated as part of a binary Ni-based binder system for hardmetals. Solid and liquid phase sintering were compared by using field assisted sintering and a conventional SinterHIP furnace. The obtained hardmetals were analysed in terms of their microstructure, phases, sintering behaviour, and mechanical properties. The metals manganese, iron, and copper, as well as the metalloids silicon and germanium, were evaluated as additional binder constituents. Hardmetals with a binary Ni-based binder alloy were successfully prepared. The combination with Mn or Si showed the potential to significantly lower the necessary sintering temperature. In particular, Mn proved to be the most effective grain growth inhibitor among the investigated alloying elements. <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1013">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/0F2384302I ">Empowering Industry: Advancements in Cemented Carbides</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1013/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527047"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527047"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527047" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527047" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527047" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527047-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g001-550.jpg?1732271892" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527047" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527047-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g002-550.jpg?1732271893'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527047-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g003-550.jpg?1732271894'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527047-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g004-550.jpg?1732271896'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527047-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g005-550.jpg?1732271897'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527047-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g006-550.jpg?1732271899'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1527047-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g007-550.jpg?1732271903'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1527047-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g008-550.jpg?1732271906'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1527047-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g009-550.jpg?1732271909'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1527047-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g010-550.jpg?1732271910'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527047-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g001-550.jpg?1732271892" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Calculated phase diagrams of WC (hex)-NiX (fcc): red line, theoretical C content; solid green line, measured C content; dashed green lines, standard deviation of measured C content (liquid phase sintered samples).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1013'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g002-550.jpg?1732271893" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Relative shrinkage (<b>a</b>) and relative shrinkage rate (<b>b</b>) derived from dilatometric measurements of CIPed WC-NiX powders. Dotted segments are connected to liquid phase development.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1013'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g003-550.jpg?1732271894" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Results of DSC measurements (non-calibrated) of the WC-NiX powders (<b>a</b>) and comparison of the solidus temperatures in WC-NiX according to theoretical calculations, dilatometric measurements, and DSC (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1013'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g004-550.jpg?1732271896" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Temperature profile and displacement graphs (<b>a</b>) and relative densities (<b>b</b>) of WC-NiX received by FAST.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1013'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g005-550.jpg?1732271897" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>XRD diffraction pattern of WC-NiX consolidated by FAST (<b>a</b>) and SinterHIP (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1013'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g006-550.jpg?1732271899" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>EDS mappings of WC-NiMn/NiFe/NiCu/NiFe sintered by FAST (1140 °C).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1013'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g007-550.jpg?1732271903" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>SEM BSE micrographs of WC-NiX sintered by FAST (1140 °C) (<b>top</b>) and SinterHIP (1450 °C) (<b>bottom</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1013'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g008-550.jpg?1732271906" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>EDS mapping and corresponding BSE micrograph of WC-NiSi sintered by FAST.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1013'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g009-550.jpg?1732271909" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>EDS spot measurements of the three phases found in WC-NiMn sintered by FAST.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1013'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01013/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01013-g010-550.jpg?1732271910" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Hardness and toughness of WC-NiX.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1013'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1526653" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1526653" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1526653" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1012/s1?version=1732256273"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 135 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 10253 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1012/pdf?version=1732256272" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Application of Serial Crystallography for Merging Incomplete Macromolecular Crystallography Datasets" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/12/1012">Application of Serial Crystallography for Merging Incomplete Macromolecular Crystallography Datasets</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ki Hyun Nam</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1012; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121012">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121012</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In macromolecular crystallography (MX), a complete diffraction dataset is essential for determining the three-dimensional structure. However, collecting a complete experimental dataset using a single crystal is frequently unsuccessful due to poor crystal quality or radiation damage, resulting in the collection of multiple incomplete <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1012/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In macromolecular crystallography (MX), a complete diffraction dataset is essential for determining the three-dimensional structure. However, collecting a complete experimental dataset using a single crystal is frequently unsuccessful due to poor crystal quality or radiation damage, resulting in the collection of multiple incomplete datasets. This issue can be solved by merging incomplete diffraction datasets to generate a complete dataset. This study introduced a new approach for merging incomplete datasets from MX to generate a complete dataset using serial crystallography (SX). Six incomplete diffraction datasets of β-glucosidase from <i>Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum</i> (TsaBgl) were processed using CrystFEL, an SX program. The statistics of the merged data, such as completeness, CC, CC*, R<sub>split</sub>, R<sub>work</sub>, and R<sub>free</sub>, demonstrated a complete dataset, indicating improved quality compared with the incomplete datasets and enabling structural determination. Also, the merging of the incomplete datasets was processed using four different indexing algorithms, and their statistics were compared. In conclusion, this approach for generating a complete dataset using SX will provide a new opportunity for determining the crystal structure of macromolecules using multiple incomplete MX datasets. <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1012">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/8Q293F42U2 ">Advanced Research on Macromolecular Crystals (2nd Edition)</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1012/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526653"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526653"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526653" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526653" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526653" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526653-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01012/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01012-g001-550.jpg?1732256344" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526653" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526653-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01012/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01012-g002-550.jpg?1732256347'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526653-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01012/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01012-g003-550.jpg?1732256349'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526653-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01012/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01012-g004-550.jpg?1732256351'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526653-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01012/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01012-g005-550.jpg?1732256352'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526653-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01012/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01012-g001-550.jpg?1732256344" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Process flow of the incomplete MX dataset using the SX program. The flow for generating the complete dataset from incomplete MX data using the SX program is indicated in blue.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1012'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01012/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01012-g002-550.jpg?1732256347" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The profile of the data processing statistics of the merged and incomplete (Data I–VI) TsaBgl datasets. (<b>A</b>) Measures. (<b>B</b>) Reflections. (<b>C</b>) Redundancy. (<b>D</b>) Completeness. (<b>E</b>) SNR. (<b>F</b>) R<sub>split</sub>. (<b>G</b>) CC. (<b>H</b>) CC*.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1012'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01012/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01012-g003-550.jpg?1732256349" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>2Fo-Fc (marine mesh: 1.2σ) and Fo-Fc (green mesh: +3σ; red mesh: −3σ) electron density maps of the merged complete and incomplete TsaBgl datasets from Data I–VI. The electron density maps for the aromatic rings of the tyrosine and phenylalanine residues from the incomplete datasets (Data II–V) were relatively poor.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1012'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01012/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01012-g004-550.jpg?1732256351" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The profile of the data processing statistics of the merged TsaBgl datasets processed by MOSFLM, DirAx, Taketwo, and XGANDALF. (<b>A</b>) Reflections. (<b>B</b>) Completeness. (<b>C</b>) SNR. (<b>D</b>) R<sub>split</sub>. (<b>E</b>) CC and (<b>F</b>) CC*.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1012'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01012/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01012-g005-550.jpg?1732256352" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>2Fo-Fc (marine mesh: 1.2σ) and Fo-Fc (green mesh: +3σ; red mesh: −3σ) electron density maps of the merged TsaBgl dataset processed by MOSFLM, DirAx, Taketwo, and XGANDALF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1012'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 10840 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1011/pdf?version=1732266885" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar AA7075 and AA2024 Rotary Friction Weldments" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/12/1011">Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar AA7075 and AA2024 Rotary Friction Weldments</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sandip Kumar Bauri</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nagumothu Kishore Babu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Malkapuram Ramakrishna</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ateekh Ur Rehman</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vanam Jaya Prasad</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Minnam Reddy Suryanarayana Reddy</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1011; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121011">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121011</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study aims to explore the effects of various pre- and post-weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on the microstructural and mechanical properties of dissimilar aluminium alloys, namely AA7075 and AA2024, joined through rotary friction welding. The joints were rigorously evaluated through multiple characterization methods, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1011/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study aims to explore the effects of various pre- and post-weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on the microstructural and mechanical properties of dissimilar aluminium alloys, namely AA7075 and AA2024, joined through rotary friction welding. The joints were rigorously evaluated through multiple characterization methods, revealing no signs of cracking or incomplete bonding. This study observed that dissimilar joints between AA7075 and AA2024 alloys showed increased flash formation on the AA7075 side due to its lower melting point relative to the AA2024 alloy. Various zones within the weld region were identified, such as the dynamic recrystallized zone (DRZ), the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ)—which includes TMAZ-1 with elongated grains and TMAZ-2 with compressed or distorted grains—the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal (BM) zone. Of all the welding conditions examined, the post-weld heat-treated (PWHT) AA2024/AA7075 joint produced by rotary friction welding showed the highest strength, with a yield strength (YS) of 305 ± 2 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 477 ± 3 MPa. This improvement in strength can be attributed to the significant strengthening precipitates of MgZn<sub>2</sub> (found on the AA7075 side), θ-Al<sub>2</sub>Cu, and S-Al<sub>2</sub>CuMg (found on the AA2204 side) formed during post-weld ageing. Notably, all dissimilar welds failed in the HAZ region on the AA2024 side due to coarse grain formation, identifying this as the weakest area. <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1011">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/crystals/sections/Alloys_Compounds">Crystalline Metals and Alloys</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1011/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526474"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526474"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526474" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526474" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526474" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g001-550.jpg?1732267026" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526474" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g002-550.jpg?1732267030'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g003-550.jpg?1732267032'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g004-550.jpg?1732267033'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g005-550.jpg?1732267036'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g006-550.jpg?1732267039'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1526474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g007-550.jpg?1732267042'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1526474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g008-550.jpg?1732267044'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1526474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g009-550.jpg?1732267047'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1526474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g010-550.jpg?1732267048'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1526474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g011-550.jpg?1732267049'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1526474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g012-550.jpg?1732267050'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1526474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g013-550.jpg?1732267056'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526474-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g001-550.jpg?1732267026" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Tensile sample prepared in accordance with ASTM standards.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1011'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g002-550.jpg?1732267030" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Optical microstructure of (<b>a</b>) AA7075-ST, (<b>b</b>) AA7075-STA, and (<b>c</b>) AA-2024 T6511 base metal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1011'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g003-550.jpg?1732267032" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron microscope (SEM) microstructure of the (<b>a</b>) AA7075-ST base metal and (<b>b</b>) energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the AA7075-ST base metal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1011'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g004-550.jpg?1732267033" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>A visual view of AA7075/AA2024 friction-welded joint in (<b>a</b>) ST and (<b>b</b>) STA conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1011'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g005-550.jpg?1732267036" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Macrographs of AA7075/AA2024 friction-welded joint in (<b>a</b>) ST and (<b>b</b>) STA conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1011'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g006-550.jpg?1732267039" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Microstructure at the weld interface of AA7075-ST/AA2024. On the AA7075 side: (<b>a</b>) base metal, (<b>b</b>) HAZ, (<b>c</b>) TMAZ-2, and (<b>d</b>) TMAZ-1; on the AA2024 side: (<b>e</b>) DRZ, (<b>f</b>) TMAZ, (<b>g</b>) HAZ, and (<b>h</b>) base metal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1011'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g007-550.jpg?1732267042" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Microstructure across the weld interface of AA7075-STA/AA2024. On the AA7075 side: (<b>a</b>) base metal, (<b>b</b>) HAZ, (<b>c</b>) TMAZ-2, and (<b>d</b>) TMAZ-1; on the AA2024 side: (<b>e</b>) DRZ, (<b>f</b>) TMAZ, (<b>g</b>) HAZ, and (<b>h</b>) base metal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1011'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g008-550.jpg?1732267044" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>SEM image showing (<b>a</b>) EDS line scan of intermixed region of AA4075-ST/AA2024 and (<b>b</b>) corresponding elemental analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1011'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g009-550.jpg?1732267047" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The EBSD analysis of the friction-welded AA7075-ST/AA2024 and AA7075-STA/AA2024 with various zones: (<b>a</b>,<b>d</b>) TMAZ on the AA7075 side, (<b>b</b>,<b>e</b>) DRZ, and (<b>c</b>,<b>f</b>) TMAZ on the AA2024 side.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1011'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g010-550.jpg?1732267048" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of hardness across the weld interface under all heat treatment conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1011'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g011-550.jpg?1732267049" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Stress–strain graph of the weld joints of all weld conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1011'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g012-550.jpg?1732267050" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>The failed tensile specimens of (<b>A</b>) AA7075-ST/AA2024, (<b>B</b>) AA7075-STA/AA2024, and (<b>C</b>) AA7075-ST/AA2024 after PWHT.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1011'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01011/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01011-g013-550.jpg?1732267056" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Fractographs of rotary friction-welded samples: (<b>a</b>) AA7075-ST/AA2024, (<b>b</b>) AA7075-STA/AA2024, and (<b>c</b>) AA7075-ST/AA2024 after PWHT.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1011'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 7049 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1010/pdf?version=1732197853" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Revealing the Relationship Between Macrostructures and Inclusions Across the Thickness Direction of Q235B Slabs" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/12/1010">Revealing the Relationship Between Macrostructures and Inclusions Across the Thickness Direction of Q235B Slabs</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bo Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jinwen Jin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chao Gu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ze Wei</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ziyu Lyu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lidong Xing</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yanping Bao</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1010; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121010">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121010</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Macrostructures and inclusions are both vital for slabs because the quality of slabs is largely affected by them. However, the relationship between macrostructures and inclusions in the thickness direction of the slab is still unclear. Hence, in this paper, the relationship between macrostructures <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1010/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Macrostructures and inclusions are both vital for slabs because the quality of slabs is largely affected by them. However, the relationship between macrostructures and inclusions in the thickness direction of the slab is still unclear. Hence, in this paper, the relationship between macrostructures and inclusions was revealed by laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations. The laboratory experiments included carbon and sulfur content testing, direct reading spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and automatic inclusion scanning. The experimental results showed that the distribution of macrostructures was symmetrical from the inner and outer arc to the center. From the edge to the center of the slab, the variation in macrostructures was columnar crystal zone (CZ)→columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET)→equiaxed crystal zone (EZ). Furthermore, the content of sulfur and manganese first decreased and then increased from the inner arc to the outer arc. The number density and area fraction of MnS inclusions in different macrostructures were CZ > CET > EZ. The average size of MnS in different macrostructures was CZ > EZ > CET. Moreover, the morphology of MnS inclusions was ellipse and rod in CZ, irregular dendrite in CET, and multilateral in EZ. Additionally, theoretical calculation results showed the maximum precipitation and initial precipitation temperature of MnS inclusions in different macrostructures were CZ > EZ > CET. Meanwhile, the theoretical precipitation radius of MnS inclusions in different macrostructures was CZ > EZ > CET. <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1010">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/crystals/sections/inorganic_crystalline_materials">Inorganic Crystalline Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1010/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526387"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526387"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526387" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526387" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526387" data-cycle-slides=">div" 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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526387-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g004-550.jpg?1732197924'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526387-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g005-550.jpg?1732197925'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526387-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g006-550.jpg?1732197926'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1526387-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g007-550.jpg?1732197927'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1526387-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g008-550.jpg?1732197929'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1526387-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g009-550.jpg?1732197930'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1526387-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g010-550.jpg?1732197931'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1526387-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g011-550.jpg?1732197932'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1526387-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g012-550.jpg?1732197936'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1526387-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g013-550.jpg?1732197937'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1526387-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g014-550.jpg?1732197938'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1526387-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g015-550.jpg?1732197940'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1526387-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g016-550.jpg?1732197941'><p>Figure 16</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526387-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g001-550.jpg?1732197919" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Production process of Q235B.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g002-550.jpg?1732197921" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Sampling scheme and research method.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g003-550.jpg?1732197922" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Variation in the macrostructure in the thickness direction of the slab.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g004-550.jpg?1732197924" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Variation in SADS in the thickness direction of the slab.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g005-550.jpg?1732197925" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Relationship between inclusions and temperature at the equilibrium.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g006-550.jpg?1732197926" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Variation in the content of manganese and sulfur in the thickness direction of the slab.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g007-550.jpg?1732197927" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Variation in the total area of MnS inclusions in the thickness direction of the slab.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g008-550.jpg?1732197929" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Number of different sizes (<b>a</b>) and proportion (<b>b</b>) of MnS inclusions in the thickness direction of the slab.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g009-550.jpg?1732197930" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Average size (<b>a</b>) and size distribution (<b>b</b>) of MnS inclusions in the thickness direction of the slab.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g010-550.jpg?1732197931" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Size (<b>a</b>) and area fraction (<b>b</b>) distribution of MnS inclusions in the thickness direction of the slab.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g011-550.jpg?1732197932" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Content distribution of manganese and sulfur of 1–2 μm (<b>a</b>), 2–3 μm (<b>b</b>), and 3–5 μm (<b>c</b>) inclusions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g012-550.jpg?1732197936" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Variation in morphology at different macrostructures: CZ (<b>a</b>), CET (<b>b</b>), and CZ (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g013-550.jpg?1732197937" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Tendency of different elemental segregation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g014-550.jpg?1732197938" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Precipitation curves of MnS in CZ (<b>a</b>), CET (<b>b</b>), and EZ (<b>c</b>) and maximum precipitation of MnS in different macrostructures (<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g015-550.jpg?1732197940" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Precipitation curves in CZ (<b>a</b>), CET (<b>b</b>), and EZ (<b>c</b>) and solidification coefficient <span class="html-italic">f</span> in different macrostructures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01010/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01010-g016-550.jpg?1732197941" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Precipitation radius of MnS inclusions in different macrostructures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1010'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1526197" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1526197" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1526197" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1009/s1?version=1732190684"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 237 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 4032 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1009/pdf?version=1732190684" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="In Situ Microscopy with Real-Time Image Analysis Enables Online Monitoring of Technical Protein Crystallization Kinetics in Stirred Crystallizers" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/12/1009">In Situ Microscopy with Real-Time Image Analysis Enables Online Monitoring of Technical Protein Crystallization Kinetics in Stirred Crystallizers</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Julian Mentges</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daniel Bischoff</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Brigitte Walla</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dirk Weuster-Botz</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1009; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121009">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121009</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Controlling protein crystallization processes is essential for improving downstream processing in biotechnology. This study investigates the combination of machine learning-based image analysis and in situ microscopy for real-time monitoring of protein crystallization kinetics. The experimental research is focused on the batch crystallization of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1009/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Controlling protein crystallization processes is essential for improving downstream processing in biotechnology. This study investigates the combination of machine learning-based image analysis and in situ microscopy for real-time monitoring of protein crystallization kinetics. The experimental research is focused on the batch crystallization of an alcohol dehydrogenase from <i>Lactobacillus brevis</i> (<i>Lb</i>ADH) and two selected rational crystal contact mutants. Technical protein crystallization experiments were performed in a 1 L stirred crystallizer by adding polyethyleneglycol 550 monomethyl ether (PEG 550 MME). The estimated crystal volumes from online microscopy correlated well with the offline measured protein concentrations in solution. In addition, in situ microscopy was superior to offline data if amorphous protein precipitation occurred. Real-time image analysis provides the data basis for online estimation of important batch crystallization performance indicators like yield, crystallization kinetics, crystal size distributions, and number of protein crystals. Surprisingly, one of the <i>Lb</i>ADH mutants, which should theoretically crystallize more slowly than the wild type based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, showed better crystallization performance except for the yield. Thus, online monitoring of scalable protein crystallization processes with in situ microscopy and real-time image analysis improves the precision of crystallization studies for industrial settings by providing comprehensive data, reducing the limitations of traditional analytical techniques, and enabling new insights into protein crystallization process dynamics. <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1009">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/crystals/sections/Biomolecular_Crystals">Biomolecular Crystals</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1009/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526197"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526197"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526197" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526197" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526197" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526197-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01009/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01009-g001-550.jpg?1732190839" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526197" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526197-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01009/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01009-g002-550.jpg?1732190841'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526197-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01009/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01009-g003-550.jpg?1732190845'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526197-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01009/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01009-g004-550.jpg?1732190848'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526197-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01009/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01009-g005-550.jpg?1732190852'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526197-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01009/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01009-g006-550.jpg?1732190853'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526197-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01009/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01009-g001-550.jpg?1732190839" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic drawing of the stirred 1 L crystallizer, with integrated in situ microscopy probe, agitator, and sampling tube, with a schematic enlargement of the probe cleft and the expected particle flow profile. (<b>b</b>) Photograph of the stirred 1 L crystallizer with double jacket for temperature control and the in situ microscopy probe.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1009'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01009/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01009-g002-550.jpg?1732190841" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Crystallization experiments of the LbADH WT in a stirred 1 L crystallizer to identify the ratio of maximum local energy dissipation to mean power input by varying the stirrer speed from 50 rpm (yellow), 75 rpm (gray) and 100 rpm (blue) (c<sub>0</sub> = 5 g L<sup>−1</sup>, 100 g L<sup>−1</sup> PEG MME 550, 100 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub>, pH 7.0, T = 20 °C). The black dotted vertical line indicates the start of the crystallization (3 h), determined as the point at which a decrease of more than 1% in protein concentration was observed between two consecutive measurements; (<b>b</b>) Furthermore, the respective yields (gray) and the maximum crystallization speeds (yellow), obtained from the logistic fits, are plotted against the stirrer speed. The error bars (min-max values) result from carrying out the experiments twice.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1009'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01009/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01009-g003-550.jpg?1732190845" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Illustration of <span class="html-italic">Lb</span>ADH WT crystallization experiments in a stirred 1 L crystallizer. The online observed crystal volume (light gray, dark gray) and the offline measured protein concentration (blue) in the supernatant, as well as the average crystallization volume (orange), are depicted. (<b>b</b>) Furthermore, the non-soluble protein concentration (blue) and the respective logistic fits (blue, orange) are shown. The sampling rate of the automatic image evaluation was 0.016 Hz. A moving average considering the surrounding 10 values was used to smooth the raw data of the crystal volume. (<b>c</b>) An exemplary photomicrograph after 8 h crystallization is shown (<b>left</b>). This photomicrograph was also evaluated by the image analysis software, and the crystals detected were marked (<b>center</b>). The crystal agglomerate formation at the end of the process can be seen in the (<b>right</b>) photomicrograph. (c<sub>0</sub> = 5 g L<sup>−1</sup>, 100 g L<sup>−1</sup> PEG 550 MME, n<sub>s</sub> = 50 rpm, 100 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub>, pH 7.0, T = 20 °C).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1009'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01009/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01009-g004-550.jpg?1732190848" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Online observed crystal volume (orange) and offline measured non-soluble protein concentration (blue) with the corresponding logistic fits during the batch crystallization experiment of the LbADH WT with initial amorphous precipitation due to rapid addition of the crystallization buffer. A moving average considering the surrounding 10 values was used to smooth the raw data of the crystal volume. (<b>b</b>) In addition, two representative photomicrographs at the beginning (<b>left</b>) and at the end of the crystallization process (<b>right</b>) are shown. (f<sub>s</sub> = 0.16 Hz, c<sub>0</sub> = 5 g L<sup>−1</sup>, 100 g L<sup>−1</sup> PEG 550 MME, n<sub>s</sub> = 50 rpm, 100 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub>, pH 7.0, T = 20 °C).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1009'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01009/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01009-g005-550.jpg?1732190852" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Online observed crystal volume (light gray, dark gray) and offline measured protein in the supernatant or the non-soluble protein concentration during batch crystallization experiments of the <span class="html-italic">Lb</span>ADH mutants Q207D (green) and T102E (red) in a stirred 1 L crystallizer, as well as the average crystallization volume (orange). Furthermore, the respective logistic fits (green, red, orange) are shown. In addition, a moving average considering the surrounding 10 values was used to smooth the raw data of the crystal volume (f<sub>s</sub> = 0.16 Hz, c<sub>0</sub> = 5 g L<sup>−1</sup>, 100 g L<sup>−1</sup> PEG 550 MME, n<sub>s</sub> = 50 rpm, 100 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub>, pH 7.0, T = 20 °C).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1009'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01009/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01009-g006-550.jpg?1732190853" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Final size distributions of protein crystals of the LbADH WT and the mutants T102E and Q207D (bars: crystal count; line: interpolated cumulative distributions). Shown are the distributions (intervals of 2.5 µm) of the length (<b>left</b>) and width (<b>right</b>) of protein crystals after 24 h stirred crystallization on a 1 L scale (c<sub>0</sub> = 5 g L<sup>−1</sup>, 100 g L<sup>−1</sup> PEG 550 MME, n<sub>s</sub> = 50 rpm, 100 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub>, pH 7.0, T = 20 °C).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1009'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 5425 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1008/pdf?version=1732184125" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Highly Sensitive SnS2/rGO-Based Gas Sensor for Detecting Chemical Warfare Agents at Room Temperature: A Theoretical Study Based on First-Principles Calculations" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/12/1008">Highly Sensitive SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO-Based Gas Sensor for Detecting Chemical Warfare Agents at Room Temperature: A Theoretical Study Based on First-Principles Calculations</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ting Liang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Huaizhang Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Huaning Jiang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yelin Qi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rui Yan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiangcun Li</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yanlei Shangguan</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1008; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121008">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121008</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are known as poor man’s bombs because of their small lethal dose, cheapness, and ease of production. Therefore, the highly sensitive and rapid detection of CWAs at room temperature (RT = 25 °C) is essential. In this paper, we <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1008/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are known as poor man’s bombs because of their small lethal dose, cheapness, and ease of production. Therefore, the highly sensitive and rapid detection of CWAs at room temperature (RT = 25 °C) is essential. In this paper, we have developed a resistive semiconductor sensor for the highly sensitive detection of CWAs at RT. The gas-sensing material is SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO nanosheets (NSs) prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. The lower detection limits of the SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO NSs-based gas sensor were 0.05 mg/m<sup>3</sup> and 0.1 mg/m<sup>3</sup> for the typical chemical weapons sarin (GB) and sulfur mustard (HD), respectively. The responsivity can reach −3.54% and −10.2% in 95 s for 1.0 mg/m<sup>3</sup> GB, and in 47 s for 1.0 mg/m<sup>3</sup> HD. They are 1.17 and 2.71 times higher than the previously reported Nb-MoS<sub>2</sub> NSs-based gas sensors, respectively. In addition, it has better repeatability (RSD = 6.77%) and stability for up to 10 weeks (RSD = 20.99%). Furthermore, to simplify the work of later researchers based on the detection of CWAs by two-dimensional transition metal sulfur compounds (2D-TMDCs), we carried out calculations of the SnS<sub>2</sub> NSs-based and SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO NSs-based gas sensor-adsorbing CWAs. Detailed comparisons are made in conjunction with experimental results. For different materials, it was found that the SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO NSs-based gas sensor performed better in all aspects of adsorbing CWAs in the experimental results. Adsorbed CWAs at a distance smaller than that of the SnS<sub>2</sub> NSs-based gas sensor in the theoretical calculations, as well as its adsorption energy and transferred charge, were larger than those of the SnS<sub>2</sub> NSs-based gas sensor. For different CWAs, the experimental results show that the sensitivity of the SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO NSs-based gas sensor for the adsorption of GB is higher than that of HD, and accordingly, the theoretical calculations show that the adsorption distance of the SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO NSs-based gas sensor for the adsorption of GB is smaller than that of HD, and the adsorption energy and the amount of transferred charge are larger than that of HD. This regularity conclusion proves the feasibility of adsorption of CWAs by gas sensors based on SnS<sub>2</sub> NSs, as well as the feasibility and reliability of theoretical prediction experiments. This work lays a good theoretical foundation for subsequent rapid screenings of gas sensors with gas-sensitive materials for detecting CWAs. <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1008">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/3P0FY021K9 ">Organic Photonics: Organic Optical Functional Materials and Devices</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1008/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526045"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526045"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526045" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526045" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526045" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526045-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01008/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01008-g001-550.jpg?1732184244" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526045" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526045-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01008/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01008-g002-550.jpg?1732184246'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526045-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01008/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01008-g003-550.jpg?1732184248'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526045-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01008/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01008-g004-550.jpg?1732184250'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526045-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01008/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01008-g005-550.jpg?1732184252'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526045-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01008/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01008-g006-550.jpg?1732184255'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1526045-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01008/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01008-g007-550.jpg?1732184256'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526045-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01008/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01008-g001-550.jpg?1732184244" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Sensor electrode physical picture; (<b>b</b>) SEM images of the SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO NSs; (<b>c</b>) TEM images of the SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO NSs; (<b>d</b>) the high-resolution TEM image.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1008'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01008/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01008-g002-550.jpg?1732184246" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO (<b>a</b>) XRD characterization; (<b>b</b>) Raman spectra; (<b>c</b>) EDS elemental mapping.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1008'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01008/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01008-g003-550.jpg?1732184248" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The response–recovery curve of the SnS<sub>2</sub> and SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO NSs-based gas sensor was exposed to various concentrations of (<b>a</b>) GB and (<b>b</b>) HD vapor ranging from 0.05 to 1.5 mg/m<sup>3</sup>. (<b>c</b>) Three successive sensing cycles of the SnS<sub>2</sub> NSs-based and SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO NSs-based gas sensors were continuously exposed to 0.1 mg/m<sup>3</sup> GB. (<b>d</b>) Long-term stability of the SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO NSs-based gas sensor was exposed to 0.5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> GB for ten weeks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1008'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01008/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01008-g004-550.jpg?1732184250" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Sensing schematic diagram of SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO NSs (<b>a</b>) in air and (<b>b</b>) adsorption GB.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1008'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01008/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01008-g005-550.jpg?1732184252" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Structural modeling of (<b>a</b>) SnS<sub>2</sub>; (<b>b</b>) SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO; (<b>c</b>) GB; and (<b>d</b>) HD. Optimal adsorption sites of GB on (<b>e</b>) SnS<sub>2</sub> and (<b>f</b>) SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO surfaces. Optimal adsorption sites of HD on (<b>g</b>) SnS<sub>2</sub> and (<b>h</b>) SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO surfaces.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1008'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01008/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01008-g006-550.jpg?1732184255" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Differential charge-density plots of SnS<sub>2</sub> adsorption on (<b>a</b>) GB and (<b>b</b>) HD; differential charge-density plots of SnS<sub>2</sub>/GO adsorption on (<b>c</b>) GB and (<b>d</b>) HD. (The isosurfaces take the value of 0.02 eV/Å. Green is the region of concentration of electrons. Light blue is the region of dissipation of electrons).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1008'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01008/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01008-g007-550.jpg?1732184256" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Energy band structure and (<b>b</b>) density-of-state plots for SnS<sub>2</sub>. (<b>c</b>) Energy band structure and (<b>d</b>) density-of-state plots for SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO. (<b>e</b>) Energy band structure and (<b>f</b>) density-of-state plots of SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO NSs-adsorbed GB. (<b>g</b>) Energy band structure and (<b>h</b>) density-of-state plots of SnS<sub>2</sub>/rGO NSs-adsorbed HD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1008'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 6414 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1007/pdf?version=1732175771" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Experimental Investigation and Machine Learning Modeling of Tribological Characteristics of AZ31/B4C/GNPs Hybrid Composites" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/12/1007">Experimental Investigation and Machine Learning Modeling of Tribological Characteristics of AZ31/B<sub>4</sub>C/GNPs Hybrid Composites</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dhanunjay Kumar Ammisetti</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bharat Kumar Chigilipalli</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Baburao Gaddala</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ravi Kumar Kottala</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Radhamanohar Aepuru</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>T. Srinivasa Rao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Seepana Praveenkumar</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ravinder Kumar</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1007; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121007">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121007</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this study, the AZ31 hybrid composites reinforced with boron carbide (B<sub>4</sub>C) and graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) are prepared by the stir casting method. The main aim of the study is to study the effect of various wear parameters (reinforcement percentage (R), <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1007/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this study, the AZ31 hybrid composites reinforced with boron carbide (B<sub>4</sub>C) and graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) are prepared by the stir casting method. The main aim of the study is to study the effect of various wear parameters (reinforcement percentage (R), applied load (L), sliding distance (D), and velocity (V)) on the wear characteristics (wear rate (WR)) of the AZ91/B<sub>4</sub>C/GNP composites. Experiments are designed using the Taguchi technique, and it was determined that load (L) is the most significant parameter affecting WR, followed by D, R, and V. The wear mechanisms under conditions of maximum and minimum wear rates are examined using SEM analysis of the worn-out surfaces of the specimens. From the result analysis on the WR, the ideal conditions for achieving the lowest WR are R = 4 wt.%, L = 15 N, V = 3 m/s, and D = 500 m. Machine learning (ML) models, including linear regression (LR), polynomial regression (PR), random forest (RF), and Gaussian process regression (GPR), are implemented to develop a reliable prediction model that forecasts output responses in accordance with input variables. A total of 90% of the experimental data points were used to train and 10% to evaluate the models. The PR model exceeded the accuracy of other models in predicting WR, with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.953, MSE = 0.011, RMSE = 0.103, and COF with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.937, MSE = 0.013, and RMSE = 0.114, respectively. <a href="/2073-4352/14/12/1007">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/BM74JFB2Y7 ">Feature Papers on "Hybrid and Composite Crystalline Materials" 2023–2024</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/12/1007/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525787"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525787"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525787" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525787" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525787" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525787-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g001-550.jpg?1732175874" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525787" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525787-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g002a-550.jpg?1732175878'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525787-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g002b-550.jpg?1732175879'><p>Figure 2 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525787-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g003-550.jpg?1732175883'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525787-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g004-550.jpg?1732175887'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525787-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g005-550.jpg?1732175888'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525787-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g006-550.jpg?1732175890'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525787-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g007-550.jpg?1732175892'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1525787-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g008-550.jpg?1732175894'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1525787-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g009a-550.jpg?1732175897'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1525787-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g009b-550.jpg?1732175900'><p>Figure 9 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1525787-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g010-550.jpg?1732175905'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1525787-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g011-550.jpg?1732175910'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525787-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g001-550.jpg?1732175874" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1007'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g002a-550.jpg?1732175878" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SEM image of (<b>a</b>) GNPs and (<b>b</b>) B<sub>4</sub>C; EDS image of (<b>c</b>) GNPs and (<b>d</b>) B<sub>4</sub>C; XRD image of (<b>e</b>) GNPs and (<b>f</b>) B<sub>4</sub>C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1007'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g002b-550.jpg?1732175879" title=" <strong>Figure 2 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>SEM image of (<b>a</b>) GNPs and (<b>b</b>) B<sub>4</sub>C; EDS image of (<b>c</b>) GNPs and (<b>d</b>) B<sub>4</sub>C; XRD image of (<b>e</b>) GNPs and (<b>f</b>) B<sub>4</sub>C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1007'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g003-550.jpg?1732175883" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Wear testing machine. (<b>b</b>) Experimental setup.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1007'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g004-550.jpg?1732175887" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>SEM microstructures of (<b>a</b>) AZ31 + 1 wt.% graphene + 1 wt.% B<sub>4</sub>C; (<b>b</b>) AZ31 + 1 wt.% graphene + 2 wt.% B<sub>4</sub>C; and (<b>c</b>) AZ31 + 1 wt.% graphene + 3 wt.% B<sub>4</sub>C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1007'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g005-550.jpg?1732175888" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Effect of various factors on WR (means data).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1007'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g006-550.jpg?1732175890" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Effect of various factors on WR (S/N ratios data).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1007'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g007-550.jpg?1732175892" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Interaction plot for means.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1007'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g008-550.jpg?1732175894" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Residual plots for WR.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1007'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g009a-550.jpg?1732175897" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) High worn surfaces. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Low worn out surfaces.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1007'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g009b-550.jpg?1732175900" title=" <strong>Figure 9 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) High worn surfaces. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Low worn out surfaces.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1007'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g010-550.jpg?1732175905" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Regression plots for WR data with (<b>a</b>) LR, (<b>b</b>) PR, (<b>c</b>) RF, and (<b>d</b>) GPR. (<b>e</b>) Comparison plot for training and testing of LR, PR, RF, and GPR techniques.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1007'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01007/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01007-g011-550.jpg?1732175910" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Regression plots for COF data with (<b>a</b>) LR, (<b>b</b>) PR, (<b>c</b>) RF, and (<b>d</b>) GPR. (<b>e</b>) Comparison plot for training and testing of LR, PR, RF, and GPR techniques.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/12/1007'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 9 pages, 5081 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/1006/pdf?version=1732104072" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Pressure-Induced Structural Phase Transition and Fluorescence Enhancement of Double Perovskite Material Cs2NaHoCl6" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/11/1006">Pressure-Induced Structural Phase Transition and Fluorescence Enhancement of Double Perovskite Material Cs<sub>2</sub>NaHoCl<sub>6</sub></a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tingting Yan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Linan Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dongyang Xi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lei Sun</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dinghan Jin</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Han Li</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1006; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111006">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111006</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Cs<sub>2</sub>NaHoCl<sub>6</sub>, a double perovskite material, has demonstrated extensive application potential in the fields of anti-counterfeiting and optoelectronics. The synthesis of Cs<sub>2</sub>NaHoCl<sub>6</sub> crystals was achieved using a hydrothermal method, followed by the determination of their crystal structures <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/1006/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Cs<sub>2</sub>NaHoCl<sub>6</sub>, a double perovskite material, has demonstrated extensive application potential in the fields of anti-counterfeiting and optoelectronics. The synthesis of Cs<sub>2</sub>NaHoCl<sub>6</sub> crystals was achieved using a hydrothermal method, followed by the determination of their crystal structures through single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The material exhibits bright red fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet light, confirming its excellent optical properties. An in situ high-pressure fluorescence experiment was conducted on Cs<sub>2</sub>NaHoCl<sub>6</sub> up to 10 GPa at room temperature. The results indicate that the material possibly undergoes a structural phase transition within the pressure range of 6.9–7.9 GPa, which is accompanied by a significant enhancement in fluorescence. Geometric optimization based on density functional theory (DFT) revealed a significant decrease in the bond lengths and crystal volumes of Ho-Cl and Na-Cl across the predicted phase transition range. Furthermore, it was observed that the bond lengths of Na-Cl and Ho-Cl reach an equivalent state within this phase transition interval. The alteration in bond length may modify the local crystal field strength surrounding Ho<sup>3+</sup>, consequently affecting its electronic transition energy levels. This could be the primary factor contributing to the structural phase transition. <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/1006">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/crystals/sections/inorganic_crystalline_materials">Inorganic Crystalline Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/1006/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525213"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525213"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525213" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525213" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525213" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525213-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01006/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01006-g001-550.jpg?1732104243" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525213" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525213-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01006/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01006-g002-550.jpg?1732104245'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525213-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01006/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01006-g003-550.jpg?1732104246'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525213-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01006/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01006-g004-550.jpg?1732104248'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525213-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01006/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01006-g005-550.jpg?1732104250'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525213-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01006/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01006-g006-550.jpg?1732104252'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525213-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01006/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01006-g001-550.jpg?1732104243" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Rietveld refinement of the experimental XRD pattern of synthesized Cs<sub>2</sub>NaHoCl<sub>6</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1006'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01006/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01006-g002-550.jpg?1732104245" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of Cs<sub>2</sub>NaHoCl<sub>6</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1006'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01006/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01006-g003-550.jpg?1732104246" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Crystal structure of Cs<sub>2</sub>NaHoCl<sub>6</sub>; (<b>b</b>) Coordination of cesium ions in the unit cell.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1006'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01006/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01006-g004-550.jpg?1732104248" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) High-pressure fluorescence spectra of Cs<sub>2</sub>NaHoCl<sub>6</sub> in the range of 640 to 740 nm (<b>b</b>) High-pressure fluorescence spectra of Cs<sub>2</sub>NaHoCl<sub>6</sub> in the range of 900 to 1100 nm. The pressure dependence of the fluorescence peak positions of Cs<sub>2</sub>NaHoCl<sub>6</sub> in the range of 645~690 nm (<b>c</b>) and 945~1030 nm (<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1006'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01006/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01006-g005-550.jpg?1732104250" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) The fluorescence emission intensity in the range of 640 to 700 nm under different pressures as pressure increases. (<b>d</b>) Pressure dependence of PL peak intensity of Cs<sub>2</sub>NaHoCl<sub>6</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1006'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01006/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01006-g006-550.jpg?1732104252" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) CIE chromaticity coordinates of Cs<sub>2</sub>NaHoCl<sub>6</sub>; the illustrations present images of the sample captured under natural light and 365 nm UV illumination. (<b>b</b>) The Cl-Cs-Cl bond angle, controlled by the Ho-Cl and Na-Cl bonds, respectively, changes under pressure. (<b>c</b>) Pressure dependence of Na-Cl and Ho-Cl bond lengths. (<b>d</b>) Pressure dependence of the lattice volume of Cs<sub>2</sub>NaHoCl<sub>6</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1006'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 5415 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/1005/pdf?version=1732093712" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Influence of Mechanical Activation on the Evolution of TiSiCN Powders for Reactive Plasma Spraying" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/11/1005">Influence of Mechanical Activation on the Evolution of TiSiCN Powders for Reactive Plasma Spraying</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lazat Baimoldanova</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aidar Kengesbekov</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rashid Kuanyshbai</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1005; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111005">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111005</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In modern materials science and surface engineering, reactive plasma spraying (RPS) holds a key position due to its ability to create high-quality coatings with unique properties. The effectiveness of this process is largely determined by the physicochemical characteristics of the initial powder materials. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/1005/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In modern materials science and surface engineering, reactive plasma spraying (RPS) holds a key position due to its ability to create high-quality coatings with unique properties. The effectiveness of this process is largely determined by the physicochemical characteristics of the initial powder materials. This study examines the effects of mechanical activation for two compositions in the TiSiCN system and their impact on the quality and performance characteristics of RPS-produced coatings. It is shown that mechanical activation induces significant changes in the crystalline structure of the powders, reducing their particle size and increasing their specific surface area, thereby enhancing the reactivity of the materials during mechanochemical reactions. These changes contribute to the formation of dense and durable coatings with improved hardness and thermal stability. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results confirm that the powders retain stable thermal properties and exhibit resistance to oxidation and decomposition. X-ray structural analysis reveals multiphase structures, including TiC, SiC, and TiCN, with the TiCN phase playing a key role in ensuring coating hardness. Additionally, SEM analysis showed that the TiSiCN-2-2 coating possesses a denser and more homogeneous structure with minimal pores and microcracks, providing superior mechanical strength and wear resistance compared to TiSiCN-1-2. Cross-sectional micrographs further revealed that the TiCN + Si coating has a greater average thickness (39.87 μm) and more uniform distribution compared to Ti + SiC (35.48 μm), indicating better application control and a more homogeneous material structure. Mechanical activation significantly influences the properties of powders, allowing for the determination of optimal parameters for RPS, which is a highly efficient method for creating coatings with unique performance characteristics. <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/1005">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/crystals/sections/hybrid_composite_crystalline_materials">Hybrid and Composite Crystalline Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/1005/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524925"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524925"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524925" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524925" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524925" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g001-550.jpg?1732093836" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524925" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g002-550.jpg?1732093837'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g003-550.jpg?1732093843'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g004-550.jpg?1732093844'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g005-550.jpg?1732093846'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g006-550.jpg?1732093847'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g007-550.jpg?1732093849'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g008-550.jpg?1732093851'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g009-550.jpg?1732093852'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g010-550.jpg?1732093854'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g011-550.jpg?1732093854'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524925-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g001-550.jpg?1732093836" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Dependence of the increase in total energy on the magnitude of external stress (<b>left</b>) and the stepwise nature of strain accumulation under mechanical stress near the yield point (<b>right</b>) [<a href="#B18-crystals-14-01005" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-crystals-14-01005" class="html-bibr">19</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1005'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g002-550.jpg?1732093837" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic configuration of chamber.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1005'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g003-550.jpg?1732093843" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of powders after activation: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Ti + SiC; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) TiCN + Si. Activation time: (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) 30 min; (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) 60 min.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1005'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g004-550.jpg?1732093844" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves of multicomponent systems (powders), (<b>a</b>) Ti + SiC and (<b>b</b>) TiCN + SiC, by activation time: black line—30 min, red line—60 min.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1005'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g005-550.jpg?1732093846" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>X-ray diffraction pattern of Ti + SiC powder.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1005'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g006-550.jpg?1732093847" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>X-ray diffraction pattern of TiCN + Si powder.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1005'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g007-550.jpg?1732093849" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrograph of TiSiCN coating surface: (<b>a</b>) TiSiCN-1-2; (<b>b</b>) TiSiCN-2-2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1005'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g008-550.jpg?1732093851" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Cross-sectional micrographs with coating thickness measurements for coatings: (<b>a</b>) TiSiCN-1-2; (<b>b</b>) TiSiCN-2-2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1005'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g009-550.jpg?1732093852" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>X-ray diffraction pattern of TiSiCN-1-2 coating.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1005'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g010-550.jpg?1732093854" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>X-ray diffraction pattern of TiSiCN-2-2 coating.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1005'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01005/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01005-g011-550.jpg?1732093854" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Loading and unloading curves for the coating.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1005'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 2 pages, 138 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/1004/pdf?version=1732072600" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Advances in Green Nanocomposites: Design, Characterization and Applications" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Editorial</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/11/1004">Advances in Green Nanocomposites: Design, Characterization and Applications</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gianluca Viscusi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1004; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111004">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111004</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-full inline"> Nowadays, green nanocomposites are gaining interest in different application fields [...] <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/1004">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/advances_nanocomposites ">Advances in Green Nanocomposites: Design, Characterization and Applications</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 5167 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/1003/pdf?version=1732087862" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Unveiling the Bluish Green Chalcedony Aquaprase™—The Study of Its Microstructure and Mineralogy" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/11/1003">Unveiling the Bluish Green Chalcedony Aquaprase™—The Study of Its Microstructure and Mineralogy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sara Monico</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ilaria Adamo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Valeria Diella</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yianni Melas</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Loredana Prosperi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nicoletta Marinoni</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1003; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111003">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111003</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A bluish green chalcedony (a micro to crypto polycrystalline form of silica) from Africa has been marketed with the trademark AQUAPRASE<sup>TM</sup>. A multimethodological approach, combining gemological analyses, thin section examination, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and trace elements <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/1003/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A bluish green chalcedony (a micro to crypto polycrystalline form of silica) from Africa has been marketed with the trademark AQUAPRASE<sup>TM</sup>. A multimethodological approach, combining gemological analyses, thin section examination, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and trace elements chemical analyses by LA–ICP–MS, was carried out to characterize this material from a gemological and mineralogical point of view. The chalcedony samples consist of a mixture of quartz and moganite, as shown by the X-ray powder diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy. “Aquaprase” showed a strong microstructural zoning in terms of grain size, from macrocrystalline to micro and crypto, and morphology. Trace element variations correlated well with the different colored areas of the samples. In particular, the main chromophore ion present in the bluish green areas of the “aquaprase” chalcedony was chromium, followed by iron and nickel, so this chalcedony could be included in the group of chromium-bearing chalcedony. Rayleigh light scattering contributed to the blue hue of the gems. <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/1003">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/J87A7E915H ">Gems Decoded: Bridging Gemology, Mineralogy, Crystallography and Geology</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/1003/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524603"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524603"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524603" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524603" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524603" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524603-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01003/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01003-g001-550.jpg?1732087952" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524603" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524603-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01003/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01003-g002-550.jpg?1732087954'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524603-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01003/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01003-g003-550.jpg?1732087955'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524603-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01003/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01003-g004-550.jpg?1732087956'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524603-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01003/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01003-g005-550.jpg?1732087958'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524603-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01003/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01003-g006-550.jpg?1732087961'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524603-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01003/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01003-g007-550.jpg?1732087965'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524603-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01003/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01003-g001-550.jpg?1732087952" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Some selected cut aquaprase chalcedony samples (from 6.28 5 to 12.59 ct) investigated in the present study. On the left there are the bluish green samples (<span class="html-italic">AQ_type I</span>), whereas on the right the sample showing in reflected light a blue “turquoise”-like color (<span class="html-italic">AQ_type II</span>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1003'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01003/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01003-g002-550.jpg?1732087954" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>One aquaprase chalcedony sample (<span class="html-italic">AQ_type II</span>) (<b>a</b>) as viewed in transmitted and (<b>b</b>) in reflected lights collected by a dark field gemological microscope. Note the “cloudy” aspect of the stones. Photos by Ludovica Faldi (IGI).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1003'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01003/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01003-g003-550.jpg?1732087955" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Aquaprase chalcedony samples (<span class="html-italic">AQ_type II</span>) showing color zoning and banding when observed in transmitted light. (<b>a</b>) the contact boundary between the blue clouds and the white areas, (<b>b</b>) opaque and brown inclusions between blue clouds and white areas and (<b>c</b>) banding. Photos by Ludovica Faldi (IGI).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1003'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01003/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01003-g004-550.jpg?1732087956" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Diffraction patterns of an <span class="html-italic">AQ_type I</span> sample (<b>a</b>) from 10° to 60° 2θ and (<b>b</b>) an enlargement from 18° to 32° 2θ of a selected sample, showing the presence of quartz and moganite in aquaprase chalcedony. Dashed blue lines indicate the position of the main peaks of quartz, while red lines indicate the position of the main peaks of moganite.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1003'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01003/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01003-g005-550.jpg?1732087958" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Normalized Raman spectra of the aquaprase chalcedony sample (<span class="html-italic">AQ_type I</span>) in the 300–700 nm range, showing main peaks of quartz at 465 cm<sup>−1</sup> and moganite at 501 cm<sup>−1</sup>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1003'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01003/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01003-g006-550.jpg?1732087961" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Thin section of an aquaprase samples: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">AQ_ type I</span> and (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">AQ_type II</span>. In the <span class="html-italic">AQ_type I</span>, (<b>a</b>) the right part of the figure is characterized by cryptocrystalline quartz (A), whereas the left part presents microcrystalline quartz (B). In the <span class="html-italic">AQ_type II</span>, (<b>b</b>) the right and lower part of the figure are dominated by cryptocrystalline quartz (A), whereas the upper left part consists of microcrystalline and feathery quartz (B). Bands of fibrous quartz are observable between microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline quartz (C). Crossed Nicols observation, gray scale, 2.5× magnification.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1003'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01003/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01003-g007-550.jpg?1732087965" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Backscattered electron (BSE) images of a bluish green portion of an aquaprase chalcedony sample (<span class="html-italic">AQ_type I</span>). (<b>a</b>) a panoramic view of the sample and (<b>b</b>) a particular of irregular darker branched and spherical bodies in the background mass.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1003'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 4409 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/1002/pdf?version=1732252603" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Corrosion Inhibition of PAAS/ZnO Complex Additive in Alkaline Al-Air Battery with SLM-Manufactured Anode" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/11/1002">Corrosion Inhibition of PAAS/ZnO Complex Additive in Alkaline Al-Air Battery with SLM-Manufactured Anode</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guangpan Peng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuankun Geng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chenhao Niu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hanqian Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Weipeng Duan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shu Cao</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1002; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111002">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111002</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In order to improve the electrochemical activity and discharge performance of aluminum–air batteries and to reduce self-corrosion of the anode, an SLM-manufactured aluminum alloy was employed as the anode of the Al-air battery, and the influence of PAAS and ZnO inhibitors taken separately <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/1002/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In order to improve the electrochemical activity and discharge performance of aluminum–air batteries and to reduce self-corrosion of the anode, an SLM-manufactured aluminum alloy was employed as the anode of the Al-air battery, and the influence of PAAS and ZnO inhibitors taken separately or together on the self-corrosion rate and discharge performance of the Al-air battery in a 4 M NaOH solution were investigated. The experimental result indicated that the effect of a composite corrosion inhibitor was stronger than that of a single corrosion inhibitor. The addition of the compound inhibitor not only promoted the activation of the anode but also formed a more stable composite protective film on the surface of the anode, which effectively slowed down the self-corrosion and improved the utilization rate of the anode. In NaOH/PAAS/ZnO electrolytes, the dissolution of the Al6061 alloy was mainly controlled by the diffusion of the electric charge in the corrosion products or the zinc salt deposition layer. Meanwhile, for the Al-air battery, the discharge voltage, specific capacity, and specific energy increased by 21.74%, 26.72%, and 54.20%, respectively. In addition, the inhibition mechanism of the composite corrosion inhibitor was also expounded. The excellent discharge performance was due to the addition of the composite corrosion inhibitor, which promoted the charge transfer of the anode reaction, improved the anode’s activity, and promoted the uniform corrosion of the anode. This study provides ideas for the application of aluminum–air batteries in the field of new energy. <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/1002">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/crystals/sections/Advanced_Energy_Materials">Materials for Energy Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/1002/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524409"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524409"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524409" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524409" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524409" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g001-550.jpg?1732252715" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524409" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g002-550.jpg?1732252715'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g003-550.jpg?1732252716'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g004-550.jpg?1732252717'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g005-550.jpg?1732252718'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g006-550.jpg?1732252719'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g007-550.jpg?1732252721'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g008-550.jpg?1732252721'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g009-550.jpg?1732252723'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g010-550.jpg?1732252724'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g011-550.jpg?1732252725'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1524409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g012-550.jpg?1732252726'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1524409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g013-550.jpg?1732252727'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1524409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g014-550.jpg?1732252728'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524409-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g001-550.jpg?1732252715" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the electrochemical testing equipment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1002'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g002-550.jpg?1732252715" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the discharge testing equipment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1002'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g003-550.jpg?1732252716" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of XRD and SEM equipment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1002'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g004-550.jpg?1732252717" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Self-corrosion behavior of the Al6061 anode in different electrolyte systems.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1002'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g005-550.jpg?1732252718" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>OCP of the Al6061 anode in different electrolyte systems.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1002'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g006-550.jpg?1732252719" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Polarization curve of Al6061 anode in different electrolyte systems.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1002'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g007-550.jpg?1732252721" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>EIS of the Al6061 anode in different electrolyte systems: (<b>a</b>) NaOH and NaOH + PAAS; (<b>b</b>) NaOH + ZnO and NaOH + PAAS + ZnO.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1002'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g008-550.jpg?1732252721" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Equivalent circuit of the Al6061 anode in different electrolyte systems: (<b>a</b>) NaOH and NaOH + PAAS; (<b>b</b>) NaOH + ZnO and NaOH + PAAS + ZnO.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1002'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g009-550.jpg?1732252723" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Discharge curve of the Al-air battery in different electrolyte systems.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1002'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g010-550.jpg?1732252724" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Battery performance parameters of Al6061 anode in different porous electrolytes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1002'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g011-550.jpg?1732252725" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Surface morphology of the Al6061 anode after discharge in different electrolyte systems: (<b>a</b>) NaOH; (<b>b</b>) NaOH + PAAS; (<b>c</b>) NaOH + ZnO; (<b>d</b>) NaOH + PAAS + ZnO.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1002'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g012-550.jpg?1732252726" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Element composition of the corresponding area in <a href="#crystals-14-01002-f011" class="html-fig">Figure 11</a> and EDS atlas of point A to point F: (<b>a</b>) point A, B and C; (<b>b</b>) point D, E and F.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1002'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g013-550.jpg?1732252727" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>XRD pattern of surface corrosion products of the Al6061 anode after discharge in different electrolytes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1002'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01002/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01002-g014-550.jpg?1732252728" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Inhibition mechanism of the Al6061 anode in different electrolyte systems.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1002'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 5644 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/1001/pdf?version=1732081512" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Influence of Ultrasonic Irradiation of a 316L Weld Pool Produced by DED on the Mechanical Properties of the Produced Component" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/11/1001">The Influence of Ultrasonic Irradiation of a 316L Weld Pool Produced by DED on the Mechanical Properties of the Produced Component</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dennis Lehnert</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Christian Bödger</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Philipp Pabel</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Claus Scheidemann</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tobias Hemsel</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stefan Gnaase</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>David Kostka</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thomas Tröster</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1001; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111001">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111001</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Additive manufacturing of metallic components often results in the formation of columnar grain structures aligned along the build direction. These elongated grains can introduce anisotropy, negatively impacting the mechanical properties of the components. This study aimed to achieve controlled solidification with a fine-grained <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/1001/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Additive manufacturing of metallic components often results in the formation of columnar grain structures aligned along the build direction. These elongated grains can introduce anisotropy, negatively impacting the mechanical properties of the components. This study aimed to achieve controlled solidification with a fine-grained microstructure to enhance the mechanical performance of printed parts. Stainless steel 316L was used as the test material. High-intensity ultrasound was applied during the direct energy deposition (DED) process to inhibit the formation of columnar grains. The investigation emphasized the importance of amplitude changes of the ultrasound wave as the system’s geometry continuously evolves with the addition of multiple layers and assessed how these changes influence the grain size and distribution. Initial tests revealed significant amplitude fluctuations during layer deposition, highlighting the impact of layer deposition on process uniformity. The mechanical results demonstrated that the application of ultrasound effectively refined the grain structure, leading to a 15% increase in tensile strength compared to conventionally additively manufactured samples. <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/1001">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/crystals/sections/Alloys_Compounds">Crystalline Metals and Alloys</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/1001/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524377"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524377"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524377" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524377" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524377" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524377-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g001-550.jpg?1732081645" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524377" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524377-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g002-550.jpg?1732081646'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524377-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g003-550.jpg?1732081647'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524377-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g004-550.jpg?1732081648'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524377-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g005-550.jpg?1732081648'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524377-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g006-550.jpg?1732081650'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524377-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g007-550.jpg?1732081652'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524377-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g008-550.jpg?1732081654'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524377-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g009-550.jpg?1732081655'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524377-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g010-550.jpg?1732081656'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524377-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g011-550.jpg?1732081657'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524377-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g001-550.jpg?1732081645" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematics of the DED process [<a href="#B1-crystals-14-01001" class="html-bibr">1</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1001'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g002-550.jpg?1732081646" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Experimental setup inside the DMG MORI LASERTEC 65 3D.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1001'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g003-550.jpg?1732081647" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the process strategy for the individual tracks with different ultrasonic amplitudes (given in µm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1001'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g004-550.jpg?1732081648" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Schematic representation of the process strategy of the volumes; (<b>B</b>) Dimension and position of the volumes on the substrate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1001'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g005-550.jpg?1732081648" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Dimensions of the tensile test specimen.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1001'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g006-550.jpg?1732081650" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Minimum Feret diameter of the reference samples without (black) and with (red) ultrasound with standard deviations; (<b>B</b>) Maximum Feret diameter of the reference samples without (black) and with (red) ultrasound with deviations; and (<b>C</b>) Microscopic view of reference sample without ultrasound (<b>C1</b>) and with ultrasound (<b>C2</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1001'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g007-550.jpg?1732081652" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Single tracks with different amplitudes (<b>A</b>) and corresponding surface roughness (<b>B</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1001'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g008-550.jpg?1732081654" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Microstructure (EBSD) images with and without ultrasound (<b>A</b>); Grain sizes at different deflection amplitudes (<b>B</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1001'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g009-550.jpg?1732081655" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the tensile strength (<b>A</b>) and elongation at break (<b>B</b>) of the samples produced with and without ultrasound.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1001'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g010-550.jpg?1732081656" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Grain sizes for the top and bottom area of samples A and B (<b>A</b>) and the respective EBSD for sample B (<b>B</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1001'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01001/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01001-g011-550.jpg?1732081657" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Metallurgical evaluation of the microscopic images from samples without current control (<b>A</b>) and with current control (<b>B</b>) showing the relative density.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1001'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 6860 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/1000/pdf?version=1732010237" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Powder Preparation Techniques on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Wear Behaviors of Graphene-Reinforced Copper Matrix Composites" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/11/1000">Effect of Powder Preparation Techniques on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Wear Behaviors of Graphene-Reinforced Copper Matrix Composites</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Doan Dinh Phuong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pham Van Trinh</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Phan Ngoc Minh</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexandr A. Shtertser</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vladimir Y. Ulianitsky</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1000; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111000">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111000</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this study, the effect of powder preparation techniques on microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear behaviors of graphene-reinforced copper matrix (Gr/Cu) composites was investigated. The composite powders were prepared by two different techniques including high-energy ball (HEB) milling and nanoscale dispersion (ND). The <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/1000/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this study, the effect of powder preparation techniques on microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear behaviors of graphene-reinforced copper matrix (Gr/Cu) composites was investigated. The composite powders were prepared by two different techniques including high-energy ball (HEB) milling and nanoscale dispersion (ND). The obtained results showed that the ND technique allows the preparation of the composite powder with a smaller and more uniform grain size compared to the HEB technique. By adding Gr, the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the composite were much improved compared to pure Cu. In addition, the composite using the powder prepared by the ND technique exhibits the best performance with the improvement in hardness (40%), tensile strength (66%) and wear resistance (38%) compared to pure Cu. This results from the uniform grain size of the Cu matrix and the good bonding between Cu matrix and Gr. The strengthening mechanisms were also analyzed to clarify the contribution of the powder preparation techniques on the load transfer strengthening mechanisms of the prepared composite. <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/1000">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/P058PW0H62 ">Processing, Structure and Properties of Metal Matrix Composites</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/1000/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524134"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524134"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524134" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524134" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524134" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524134-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g001-550.jpg?1732010327" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524134" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524134-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g002-550.jpg?1732010329'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524134-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g003-550.jpg?1732010329'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524134-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g004-550.jpg?1732010332'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524134-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g005-550.jpg?1732010334'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524134-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g006-550.jpg?1732010338'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524134-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g007-550.jpg?1732010339'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524134-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g008-550.jpg?1732010340'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524134-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g009-550.jpg?1732010340'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524134-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g010-550.jpg?1732010341'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524134-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g011-550.jpg?1732010342'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524134-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g001-550.jpg?1732010327" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic view of the preparation process for Gr/Cu powder by using high energy ball milling (HEB-Approach 1) and nanoscale dispersion (ND, Approach 2).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1000'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g002-550.jpg?1732010329" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of (<b>a</b>) Cu powder and (<b>b</b>) graphene powders.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1000'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g003-550.jpg?1732010329" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Sintering process of Gr/Cu composite by hot isostatic pressing technique.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1000'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g004-550.jpg?1732010332" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>SEM images and EDS spectra of Gr/Cu powder prepared by using different techniques (<b>a</b>) HEB and (<b>b</b>) ND.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1000'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g005-550.jpg?1732010334" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of Gr/Cu composite using powder prepared by using different techniques: (<b>a</b>) HEB and (<b>b</b>) ND.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1000'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g006-550.jpg?1732010338" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>EBSD inverse pole figure (IPF) maps of (<b>a</b>) pure Cu (HEB), (<b>b</b>) Gr/Cu (HEB), (<b>c</b>) pure Cu (ND), and (<b>d</b>) Gr/Cu (ND).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1000'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g007-550.jpg?1732010339" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) XRD patterns and (<b>b</b>) crystallite size of pure Cu and Gr/Cu with powder prepared by HEB and ND techniques.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1000'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g008-550.jpg?1732010340" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Microhardness and (<b>b</b>) tensile strength of pure Cu and Gr/Cu with powder prepared by HEB and ND techniques.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1000'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g009-550.jpg?1732010340" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Contribution of strengthening mechanisms to the yield strength of Gr/Cu composites with powder prepared by HEB technique.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1000'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g010-550.jpg?1732010341" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Contribution of strengthening mechanisms to the yield strength of Gr/Cu composites with powder prepared by ND technique.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1000'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-01000/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-01000-g011-550.jpg?1732010342" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Friction coefficient and (<b>c</b>) wear rate of pure Cu and Gr/Cu with powder prepared by HEB and ND techniques.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/1000'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 5215 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/999/pdf?version=1732008133" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Enhancing Wireless Power Transfer Performance Based on a Digital Honeycomb Metamaterial Structure for Multiple Charging Locations" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/11/999">Enhancing Wireless Power Transfer Performance Based on a Digital Honeycomb Metamaterial Structure for Multiple Charging Locations</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bui Huu Nguyen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pham Thanh Son</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Le Thi Hong Hiep</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nguyen Hai Anh</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Do Khanh Tung</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bui Xuan Khuyen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bui Son Tung</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vu Dinh Lam</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haiyu Zheng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Liangyao Chen</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>YoungPak Lee</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 999; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110999">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110999</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Enhancing the efficiency is an essential target of the wireless power transfer (WPT) technology. Enabling the WPT systems requires careful control to prevent power from being transferred to unintended areas. This is essential in improving the efficiency and minimizing the flux leakage that <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/999/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Enhancing the efficiency is an essential target of the wireless power transfer (WPT) technology. Enabling the WPT systems requires careful control to prevent power from being transferred to unintended areas. This is essential in improving the efficiency and minimizing the flux leakage that might otherwise occur. Selective field localization can effectively reduce the flux leakage from the WPT systems. In this work, we propose a method using a digital honeycomb metamaterial structure that has a property operation as a function of switching between 0 and 1 states. These cavities were created by strongly confining the field by using a hybridization bandgap that arose from wave interaction with a two-dimensional array of local resonators on the metasurface. A WPT efficiency of 64% at 13.56 MHz was achieved by using the metamaterial and improved to 60% compared to the system without the metamaterial with an area ratio of Rx:Tx~1:28. Rx is the receiver coil, and Tx is the transmitter one. <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/999">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/crystals/sections/hybrid_composite_crystalline_materials">Hybrid and Composite Crystalline Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/999/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524049"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524049"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524049" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524049" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524049" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524049-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g001-550.jpg?1732008208" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524049" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524049-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g002-550.jpg?1732008210'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524049-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g003-550.jpg?1732008211'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524049-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g004-550.jpg?1732008212'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524049-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g005-550.jpg?1732008214'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524049-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g006-550.jpg?1732008216'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524049-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g007-550.jpg?1732008217'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524049-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g008-550.jpg?1732008219'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524049-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g001-550.jpg?1732008208" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic of MM slab including 37 unit cells. (<b>b</b>) Top and bottom of the 5T-SR hexagonal unit cells. (<b>c</b>) Unit cell circuit model. (<b>d</b>) Reflection coefficient and (<b>e</b>) reflection phase of the unit cell at the ON (<span class="html-italic">C</span><sub>ON</sub> = 145.6 pF) and OFF states (<span class="html-italic">C</span><sub>OFF</sub> = 195.6 pF).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/999'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g002-550.jpg?1732008210" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the WPT-MM system with control panel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/999'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g003-550.jpg?1732008211" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The circuit model of the WPT-MM system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/999'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g004-550.jpg?1732008212" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>H-field intensity distribution (simulations with CST). (<b>a</b>) Free space and (<b>b</b>) metamaterial with a cavity.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/999'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g005-550.jpg?1732008214" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>H-field intensity distribution in the x–y plane. (<b>a</b>) One unit cell ON. (<b>b</b>) Three unit cells ON. (<b>c</b>) Five unit cells ON.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/999'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g006-550.jpg?1732008216" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Experimental configuration for the proposed WPT-MM system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/999'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g007-550.jpg?1732008217" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the measurement and simulation results. (<b>a</b>) Transmission coefficient (<span class="html-italic">S</span><sub>21</sub>) and (<b>b</b>) PTE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/999'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00999/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00999-g008-550.jpg?1732008219" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Measured relative field amplitude via transmission coefficient. (<b>a</b>) One unit cell ON, (<b>b</b>) three unit cells ON, and (<b>c</b>) five unit cells ON.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/999'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1523984" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1523984" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1523984" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/998/s1?version=1732005660"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 5228 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 4523 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/998/pdf?version=1732005660" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Cr3+ Doping Effects on Structural, Optical, and Morphological Characteristics of BaTiO3 Nanoparticles and Their Bioactive Behavior" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/11/998">Cr<sup>3+</sup> Doping Effects on Structural, Optical, and Morphological Characteristics of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> Nanoparticles and Their Bioactive Behavior</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Efracio Mamani Flores</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bertha Silvana Vera Barrios</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Julio César Huillca Huillca</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jesús Alfredo Chacaltana García</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carlos Armando Polo Bravo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Henry Edgardo Nina Mendoza</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alberto Bacilio Quispe Cohaila</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francisco Gamarra Gómez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rocío María Tamayo Calderón</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gabriela de Lourdes Fora Quispe</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elisban Juani Sacari Sacari</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 998; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110998">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110998</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study investigates the effects of chromium (Cr<sup>3+</sup>) doping on BaTiO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles synthesized via the sol–gel route. X-ray diffraction confirms a Cr-induced cubic-to-tetragonal phase transition, with lattice parameters and crystallite size varying systematically with Cr<sup>3+</sup> content. UV–visible spectroscopy reveals <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/998/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study investigates the effects of chromium (Cr<sup>3+</sup>) doping on BaTiO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles synthesized via the sol–gel route. X-ray diffraction confirms a Cr-induced cubic-to-tetragonal phase transition, with lattice parameters and crystallite size varying systematically with Cr<sup>3+</sup> content. UV–visible spectroscopy reveals a monotonic decrease in bandgap energy from 3.168 eV (pure BaTiO<sub>3</sub>) to 2.604 eV (5% Cr<sup>3+</sup>-doped BaTiO<sub>3</sub>). Raman and FTIR spectroscopy elucidate structural distortions and vibrational mode alterations caused by Cr<sup>3+</sup> incorporation. Transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy verify nanoscale morphology and successful Cr<sup>3+</sup> doping (up to 1.64 atom%). Antioxidant activity, evaluated using the DPPH assay, shows stable radical scavenging for pure BaTiO<sub>3</sub> (40.70–43.33%), with decreased activity at higher Cr<sup>3+</sup> doping levels. Antibacterial efficacy against <i>Escherichia coli</i> peaks at 0.5% Cr<sup>3+</sup> doping (10.569 mm inhibition zone at 1.5 mg/mL), decreasing at higher concentrations. This study demonstrates the tunability of structural, optical, and bioactive properties in Cr<sup>3+</sup>-doped BaTiO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles, highlighting their potential as multifunctional materials for electronics, photocatalysis, and biomedical applications. <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/998">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/T30010F266 ">Synthesis and Characterization of Oxide Nanoparticles</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/998/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1523984"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1523984"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1523984" data-cycle-prev="#prev1523984" data-cycle-progressive="#images1523984" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1523984-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g001-550.jpg?1732005743" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1523984" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1523984-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g002-550.jpg?1732005746'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1523984-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g003-550.jpg?1732005748'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1523984-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g004-550.jpg?1732005749'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1523984-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g005-550.jpg?1732005752'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1523984-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g006-550.jpg?1732005753'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1523984-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g007-550.jpg?1732005757'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1523984-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g008-550.jpg?1732005758'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1523984-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g001-550.jpg?1732005743" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Thermogravimetric analysis and (<b>b</b>) differential scanning calorimetry of pure and Cr<sup>3+</sup>-doped BaTiO<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/998'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g002-550.jpg?1732005746" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) X-ray diffraction patterns of pure and doped BaTiO<sub>3</sub> and (<b>b</b>) amplification of XRD peaks within the 44–46.5° range.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/998'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g003-550.jpg?1732005748" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Raman spectra of (<b>a</b>) Pristine BaTiO<sub>3</sub> and (<b>b</b>) Cr<sup>3+</sup>-doped BaTiO<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/998'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g004-550.jpg?1732005749" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectra of pure and Cr<sup>3+</sup>-doped BaTiO<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/998'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g005-550.jpg?1732005752" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectrum. (<b>b</b>) Kubelka–Munk plot for bandgap calculation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/998'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g006-550.jpg?1732005753" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Photoluminescence spectrums of pure and Cr<sup>3+</sup>-doped BaTiO<sub>3</sub><b>.</b></p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/998'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g007-550.jpg?1732005757" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Transmission electron microscopy microphotography of (<b>a</b>) BaTiO<sub>3</sub>, (<b>b</b>) BaTiO<sub>3</sub>-0.3%Cr<sup>3+</sup>, (<b>c</b>) BaTiO<sub>3</sub>-0.5%Cr<sup>3+</sup>, (<b>d</b>) BaTiO<sub>3</sub>-1%Cr<sup>3+</sup>, (<b>e</b>) BaTiO<sub>3</sub>-3%Cr<sup>3+</sup>, and (<b>f</b>) BaTiO<sub>3</sub>-5%Cr<sup>3+</sup>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/998'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00998/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00998-g008-550.jpg?1732005758" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Antioxidant activity of pure and Cr<sup>3+</sup>-doped BaTiO<sub>3.</sub></p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/998'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 5902 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/997/pdf?version=1731922897" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Modulation of Surface Elastic Waves and Surface Acoustic Waves by Acoustic–Elastic Metamaterials" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/11/997">Modulation of Surface Elastic Waves and Surface Acoustic Waves by Acoustic–Elastic Metamaterials</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chang Fu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tian-Xue Ma</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 997; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110997">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110997</a> - 18 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Metamaterials enable the modulation of elastic waves or acoustic waves in unprecedented ways and have a wide range of potential applications. This paper achieves the simultaneous manipulation of surface elastic waves (SEWs) and surface acoustic waves (SAWs) using two-dimensional acousto-elastic metamaterials (AEMMs). The <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/997/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Metamaterials enable the modulation of elastic waves or acoustic waves in unprecedented ways and have a wide range of potential applications. This paper achieves the simultaneous manipulation of surface elastic waves (SEWs) and surface acoustic waves (SAWs) using two-dimensional acousto-elastic metamaterials (AEMMs). The proposed AEMMs are composed of periodic hollow cylinders on the surface of a semi-infinite substrate. The band diagrams and the frequency responses of the AEMMs are numerically calculated through the finite element approach. The band diagrams exhibit simultaneous bandgaps for the SEWs and SAWs, which can also be effectively tuned by the modification of AEMM geometry. Furthermore, we construct the AEMM waveguide by the introduction of a line defect and hence demonstrate its ability to guide the SEWs and SAWs simultaneously. We expect that the proposed AEMMs will contribute to the development of multi-functional wave devices, such as filters for dual waves in microelectronics or liquid sensors that detect more than one physical property. <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/997">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/crystals/sections/hybrid_composite_crystalline_materials">Hybrid and Composite Crystalline Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/997/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1523309"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1523309"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1523309" data-cycle-prev="#prev1523309" data-cycle-progressive="#images1523309" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1523309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g001-550.jpg?1731923000" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1523309" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1523309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g002-550.jpg?1731923002'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1523309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g003-550.jpg?1731923003'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1523309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g004-550.jpg?1731923004'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1523309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g005-550.jpg?1731923006'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1523309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g006-550.jpg?1731923008'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1523309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g007-550.jpg?1731923009'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1523309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g008-550.jpg?1731923009'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1523309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g009-550.jpg?1731923010'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1523309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g010-550.jpg?1731923011'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1523309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g011-550.jpg?1731923012'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1523309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g012-550.jpg?1731923013'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1523309-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g001-550.jpg?1731923000" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schemes of the AEMM unit cells for the elastic (<b>a</b>) and acoustic (<b>b</b>) waves. (<b>c</b>) Cross-section view of the AEMM unit cell. (<b>d</b>) The first Brillouin zone of the square lattice.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/997'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g002-550.jpg?1731923002" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Band diagrams of the AEMM unit cell for the elastic (<b>a</b>) and acoustic (<b>b</b>) waves. (<b>c</b>) Displacement distributions and deformations of the SEW modes marked in (<b>a</b>). (<b>d</b>) Pressure distributions of the SAW modes marked in (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/997'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g003-550.jpg?1731923003" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Transmission spectra of the SEWs (<b>a</b>) and SAWs (<b>b</b>) in the finite-sized AEMM along the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </semantics></math>X direction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/997'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g004-550.jpg?1731923004" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Distributions of the displacement (<b>a</b>) and pressure (<b>b</b>) fields of the finite-sized AEMM at different excitation frequencies.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/997'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g005-550.jpg?1731923006" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Band diagrams of the AEMM unit cell with different cylinder heights, where the upper and lower panels are the results of the elastic and acoustic waves, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/997'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g006-550.jpg?1731923008" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Transmission curves of the SEWs (<b>upper panel</b>) and SAWs (<b>lower panel</b>) along the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </semantics></math>X direction for different cylinder heights.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/997'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g007-550.jpg?1731923009" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Schemes of the AEMM supercells with a line defect for the elastic (<b>a</b>) and acoustic (<b>b</b>) waves.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/997'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g008-550.jpg?1731923009" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Band diagrams of the AEMM supercell for the elastic (<b>a</b>) and acoustic (<b>b</b>) waves, where the direction of wave propagation is the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </semantics></math>X direction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/997'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g009-550.jpg?1731923010" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Displacement distributions and deformations of the SEW modes marked in <a href="#crystals-14-00997-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a>a. (<b>b</b>) Pressure distributions of the SAW modes marked in <a href="#crystals-14-00997-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a>b.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/997'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g010-550.jpg?1731923011" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Schemes for calculating the frequency responses of the AEMM waveguide: (<b>a</b>) solid domain and (<b>b</b>) air domain.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/997'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g011-550.jpg?1731923012" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Transmission curves of the SEWs in the AEMM waveguide, where the normalized frequencies corresponding to marker points 1, 2 are 0.257, 0.293. (<b>b</b>) Transmission curves of the SAWs in the AEMM waveguide, where the normalized frequencies corresponding to marker points I, II are 0.30, 0.36.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/997'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00997/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00997-g012-550.jpg?1731923013" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Distributions of the displacement (<b>a</b>) and pressure (<b>b</b>) fields of the AEMM waveguide at different excitation frequencies.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/997'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 7053 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/996/pdf?version=1731922058" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effects of Temperature and Secondary Orientations on the Deformation Behavior of Single-Crystal Superalloys" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/11/996">Effects of Temperature and Secondary Orientations on the Deformation Behavior of Single-Crystal Superalloys</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sujie Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cui Zong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guangcai Ma</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yafeng Zhao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Junjie Huang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yi Guo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xingqiu Chen</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 996; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110996">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110996</a> - 18 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The tensile behavior of single-crystal superalloys was investigated at room temperature (RT) and 850 °C, focusing on various secondary orientations. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and quasi in situ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were employed to study the deformation mechanisms across length scales. Deformation <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/996/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The tensile behavior of single-crystal superalloys was investigated at room temperature (RT) and 850 °C, focusing on various secondary orientations. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and quasi in situ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were employed to study the deformation mechanisms across length scales. Deformation at 850 °C enhanced the tensile ductility of the samples, evidenced by the more uniform coverage of dislocations across the γ and γ′ phases, and the fracture mode switched from pure cleavage at room temperature to mixed mode due to accelerated void growth. The influence of secondary orientations on mechanical properties is insignificant at room temperature. However, the ductility of the different secondary orientation samples shows significant variations at 850 °C, among which the one with [001] rotated 37° demonstrated superior ductility compared to others. <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/996">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/64ZFT5G999 ">Microstructure and Mechanical Behaviour of Structural Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/996/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1523282"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1523282"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1523282" data-cycle-prev="#prev1523282" data-cycle-progressive="#images1523282" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1523282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g001-550.jpg?1731922274" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1523282" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1523282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g002-550.jpg?1731922276'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1523282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g003-550.jpg?1731922276'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1523282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g004-550.jpg?1731922278'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1523282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g005-550.jpg?1731922280'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1523282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g006-550.jpg?1731922281'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1523282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g007-550.jpg?1731922284'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1523282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g008-550.jpg?1731922286'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1523282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g009-550.jpg?1731922287'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1523282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g010-550.jpg?1731922288'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1523282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g011-550.jpg?1731922290'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1523282-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g001-550.jpg?1731922274" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram of the four secondary orientations of 5°, 37°, 47°, and 57°, sampled on the ingot; (<b>b</b>) geometry of the tension sample with the location for the EBSD scans indicated by the box.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/996'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g002-550.jpg?1731922276" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Microstructures of the alloy: (<b>a</b>) SEM image; (<b>b</b>) the carbide area fraction varies with different secondary orientations; (<b>c</b>) EDS images indicating the carbide compositions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/996'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g003-550.jpg?1731922276" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>True stress–strain curves for different secondary orientations at (<b>a</b>) RT and (<b>b</b>) 850 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/996'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g004-550.jpg?1731922278" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Fracture surface of the samples tested at (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) RT and (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) 850 °C. Note that the images are presented at different magnifications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/996'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g005-550.jpg?1731922280" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>TEM bright-field images after fracture at RT. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Dislocations accumulated in the γ-channel and sheared into the γ′ along the &lt;110&gt; direction. (<b>c</b>) Anti-phase boundaries formed by partial dislocation pairs (red arrow) and stacking faults in the γ′ phases.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/996'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g006-550.jpg?1731922281" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>STEM images and corresponding EDS elemental mapping (at. %) at RT. The encircled regions indicate local segregation of γ′ stabilizers: Co, Cr, and Re.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/996'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g007-550.jpg?1731922284" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>TEM bright-field images after fracture at 850 °C. (<b>a</b>) Curved dislocations distributed uniformly in the γ and γ′ phases, (<b>b</b>) irregular dislocation network at the γ/γ′ interface. The white triangles indicate partial dislocation pairs, (<b>c</b>) screw dislocations cross slip into γ′, and (<b>d</b>) partial dislocation pairs cut into γ′ by cross-slip, indicated by the red triangles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/996'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g008-550.jpg?1731922286" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>STEM images and corresponding EDS elemental mapping (at.%) at 850 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/996'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g009-550.jpg?1731922287" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Quasi in situ observation of the GND density distribution of different secondary orientations during RT tensile tests at strains of 0%, 3%, 8%, and 12%.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/996'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g010-550.jpg?1731922288" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Quasi in-situ observation of the GND density distribution of different secondary orientations during 850 °C tensile tests at strains of 0%, 3%, 8%, and 18%.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/996'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00996/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00996-g011-550.jpg?1731922290" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) The work hardening rate variations among secondary orientations at (<b>a</b>) RT and (<b>b</b>) 850 °C. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) indicate the evolution of the GND density growth rate vs. strain for different secondary orientations at (<b>c</b>) RT and (<b>d</b>) 850 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/996'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 2023 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/995/pdf?version=1732001402" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Revival of Molecular Surface Electrostatic Potential Statistical Quantities: Ionic Solids and Liquids" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4352/14/11/995">A Revival of Molecular Surface Electrostatic Potential Statistical Quantities: Ionic Solids and Liquids</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jane S. Murray</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kevin E. Riley</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tore Brinck</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 995; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110995">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110995</a> - 17 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this paper, we focus on surface electrostatic potentials and a variety of statistically derived quantities defined in terms of the surface potentials. These have been shown earlier to be meaningful in describing features of these potentials and have been utilized to understand <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/995/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this paper, we focus on surface electrostatic potentials and a variety of statistically derived quantities defined in terms of the surface potentials. These have been shown earlier to be meaningful in describing features of these potentials and have been utilized to understand the interactive tendencies of molecules in condensed phases. Our current emphasis is on ionic salts and liquids instead of neutral molecules. Earlier work on ionic salts has been reviewed. Presently, our results are for a variety of singly charged cations and anions that can combine to form ionic solids or liquids. Our approach is computational, using the density functional B3PW91/6-31G(d,p) procedure for all calculations. We find consistently that the average positive and negative surface electrostatic potentials of the cations and anions decrease with the size of the ion, as has been noted earlier. A model using computed statistical quantities has allowed us to put the melting points of both ionic solids and liquids together, covering a range from 993 °C to 11 °C. <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/995">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/crystals/sections/inorganic_crystalline_materials">Inorganic Crystalline Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/995/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1522964"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1522964"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1522964" data-cycle-prev="#prev1522964" data-cycle-progressive="#images1522964" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1522964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00995/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00995-ag-550.jpg?1732009038" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1522964" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1522964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00995/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00995-g001-550.jpg?1732001505'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1522964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00995/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00995-g002-550.jpg?1732001506'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1522964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00995/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00995-g003-550.jpg?1732001507'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1522964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00995/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00995-g004-550.jpg?1732001508'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1522964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00995/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00995-g005-550.jpg?1732001509'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1522964-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00995/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00995-ag-550.jpg?1732009038" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/995'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00995/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00995-g001-550.jpg?1732001505" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Computed electrostatic potentials on the 0.001 au iso-density contours of (<b>a</b>) hydrazine, (<b>b</b>) the hydrazinium cation, and (<b>c</b>) NH<sub>2</sub>NH<sup>−</sup>. The frameworks are shown in gray within the surfaces. The surface of (<b>a</b>) has both positive and negative values of V<sub>S</sub>(<b>r</b>); those of (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) are completely positive and negative, respectively. The color ranges, in kcal/mol, are therefore necessarily different for each. The color ranges for (<b>a</b>) are red, greater than 15; yellow, from 15 to 0; green, from 0 to −15; blue, more negative than −15. The color ranges for (<b>b</b>) are red, greater than 150; yellow, from 150 to 125; green, from 125 to 100; blue, less than 100. The color ranges for (<b>c</b>) are red, less negative than −110; yellow, from −110 to −130; green, from −130 to −150; blue, more negative than −150.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/995'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00995/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00995-g002-550.jpg?1732001506" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The quantum chemically computed electrostatic potential (V<sub>QC</sub>(r)) compared with the electrostatic potential of a point charge (V<sub><span class="html-italic">q</span></sub>(r)) as functions of the distance (r) from the nucleus for the ions Na<sup>+</sup> and F<sup>−</sup>. The distance of the iso-density contour (<span class="html-italic">ρ</span>(r) = 0.001 au) that is used to compute V<sub>S</sub>(<b>r</b>) is marked in both plots.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/995'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00995/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00995-g003-550.jpg?1732001507" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Computed electrostatic potentials on the 0.001 au iso-density contours of (<b>a</b>) EA<sup>+</sup> and (<b>b</b>) [BMIM]<sup>+</sup>. The frameworks are shown in gray within the surfaces. The color ranges, in kcal/mol, are for (<b>a</b>) red, greater than 150; yellow, from 150 to 125; green, from 125 to 100; blue, less than 100. The color ranges for (<b>b</b>) are red, greater than 100; yellow, from 100 to 80; green, from 80 to 60; blue, less than 60.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/995'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00995/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00995-g004-550.jpg?1732001508" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Computed electrostatic potentials on the 0.001 au iso-density contours of (<b>a</b>) BF<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> and (<b>b</b>) PF<sub>6</sub><sup>−</sup>. The color ranges, in kcal/mol, are for (<b>a</b>) red, less negative than −129; yellow, from −129 to −133; green, from −133 to −137; blue, more negative than −137. The color ranges for (<b>b</b>) are red, less negative than −113; yellow, from −113 to −117; green, from −117 to −121; blue, more negative than −12.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/995'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00995/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00995-g005-550.jpg?1732001509" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Plot of predicted melting points using Equation (8) vs. experimentally determined melting points for the seventeen ionic systems in <a href="#crystals-14-00995-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a>. R = 0.997.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4352/14/11/995'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=crystals&sort=pubdate&page_count=50">More Articles...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 large-pull-6 medium-3 medium-pull-6 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/crystals"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/crystals-logo.png?a2c22e8538083c0b" alt="crystals-logo" title="Crystals" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border" style="position: relative;"> <div class=""> <a class="button button--color button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link 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Crystals | An Open Access Journal from MDPI