CINXE.COM
Ecosystems Services for Poverty Alleviation (ESPA) |
<!DOCTYPE html > <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/" /> <title>Ecosystems Services for Poverty Alleviation (ESPA) |</title> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/modules/system/system.base.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/modules/system/system.menus.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/modules/system/system.messages.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/modules/system/system.theme.css?qf77hi"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/jquery_update/replace/ui/themes/base/jquery.ui.core.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/jquery_update/replace/ui/themes/base/jquery.ui.theme.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/jquery_update/replace/ui/themes/base/jquery.ui.datepicker.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/date/date_popup/themes/jquery.timeentry.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/jquery_update/replace/ui/themes/base/jquery.ui.tabs.css?qf77hi"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/modules/aggregator/aggregator.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/modules/comment/comment.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/date/date_api/date.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/date/date_popup/themes/datepicker.1.7.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/date/date_repeat_field/date_repeat_field.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/modules/field/theme/field.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/logintoboggan/logintoboggan.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/modules/node/node.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/modules/user/user.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/calendar/css/calendar_multiday.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/views/css/views.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/ckeditor/css/ckeditor.css?qf77hi"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/ctools/css/ctools.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/shorten/shortener/shortener.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/custom_search/custom_search.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/js/featherlight.css?qf77hi"); </style> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/sidr/2.2.1/stylesheets/jquery.sidr.light.min.css" media="all" /> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/boilerplate.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/espa-main.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/design.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/style.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/menu.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/base-styles.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/layout.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/components/blocks.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/components/breadcrumb.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/components/buttons.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/components/search.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/components/tabs.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/content-types/blog.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/content-types/event.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/content-types/embedded-video.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/content-types/news-article.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/content-types/page.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/content-types/project.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/content-types/publications-biblio.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/content-types/training-materials.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/content-types/what-did-we-learn.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/base.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/biblio.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/countries-landing.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/events.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/impact-stories.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/landing-pages.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/multimedia.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/news-and-blogs.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/newsletters.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/projects-landing.css?qf77hi"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/project-people.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/project-pi.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/publications.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/rotating-banner.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/sidebar-quote.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/views/themes-landing.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/header.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/footer.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/sidebar.css?qf77hi"); @import url("https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/home.css?qf77hi"); </style> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro:300,300i,400,400i,600,600i,700" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" media="all" /> <!--[if IE]> <link href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/css/espa-main-ie.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.espa.ac.uk/files/espa/js/js_Kd4BsnIT6T8vj1yoTIfotvk_bIOeY4Ndbdvl8ytcvjs.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.espa.ac.uk/files/espa/js/js_hRdz-j1OCF5d_88keEBcGNTNQ-JslHk42UoDcpjfybo.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.espa.ac.uk/files/espa/js/js_f_BpsloZtITWNBq8h8TQNh4SUGlZKD__yTkMLSN2_t8.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.espa.ac.uk/files/espa/js/js_e1ZFb8rq9GbL2qEuiguiiifAHMZ88cx1glaFojqudHo.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i["GoogleAnalyticsObject"]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,"script","https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js","ga");ga("create", "UA-337408-10", {"cookieDomain":"auto"});ga("send", "pageview"); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.espa.ac.uk/files/espa/js/js_RNcfKWPre7GbrbfG5bZWD5TEirVU5nrQzNNuDTfbBZo.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.espa.ac.uk/files/espa/js/js_KJt4-ROLhVzgLCMGe_J7S5LrXdA9K4mQuPVYVYFHy6Y.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","ajaxPageState":{"theme":"gaia","theme_token":"2m-mN5vjU8NlsLBC4AhwzdkqTcvtC8uqXX4gIR6OBwo","js":{"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/sidr\/2.2.1\/jquery.sidr.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery\/1.10\/jquery.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/jquery.ui.core.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/jquery.ui.widget.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/jquery.ui.datepicker.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/date\/date_popup\/jquery.timeentry.pack.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/jquery.ui.tabs.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/spamspan\/spamspan.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/date\/date_popup\/date_popup.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/shorten\/shortener\/shortener.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/custom_search\/js\/custom_search.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/select_with_style\/select_with_style\/select_with_style.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/google_analytics\/googleanalytics.js":1,"0":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/js\/jquery.matchHeight.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/js\/featherlight.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/js\/core.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/js\/jquery.tabslet.min.js":1,"public:\/\/javascript_libraries\/projecttabs.txt":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.core.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.theme.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.datepicker.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/date\/date_popup\/themes\/jquery.timeentry.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.tabs.css":1,"modules\/aggregator\/aggregator.css":1,"modules\/comment\/comment.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/date\/date_api\/date.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/date\/date_popup\/themes\/datepicker.1.7.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/date\/date_repeat_field\/date_repeat_field.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/logintoboggan\/logintoboggan.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/calendar\/css\/calendar_multiday.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor\/css\/ckeditor.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/shorten\/shortener\/shortener.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/custom\/biblio\/biblio.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/custom_search\/custom_search.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/js\/featherlight.css":1,"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/sidr\/2.2.1\/stylesheets\/jquery.sidr.light.min.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/boilerplate.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/espa-main.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/design.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/style.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/menu.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/base-styles.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/layout.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/components\/blocks.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/components\/breadcrumb.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/components\/buttons.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/components\/search.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/components\/tabs.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/content-types\/blog.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/content-types\/event.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/content-types\/embedded-video.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/content-types\/news-article.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/content-types\/page.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/content-types\/project.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/content-types\/publications-biblio.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/content-types\/training-materials.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/content-types\/what-did-we-learn.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/base.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/biblio.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/countries-landing.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/events.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/impact-stories.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/landing-pages.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/multimedia.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/news-and-blogs.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/newsletters.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/projects-landing.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/project-people.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/project-pi.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/publications.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/rotating-banner.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/sidebar-quote.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/views\/themes-landing.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/header.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/footer.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/sidebar.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/gaia\/css\/home.css":1,"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro:300,300i,400,400i,600,600i,700":1,"https:\/\/maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com\/font-awesome\/4.7.0\/css\/font-awesome.min.css":1}},"global_filter_1":["global-filter-1-field-themes","",1],"datePopup":{"edit-field-event-start-und-0-value-datepicker-popup-0":{"func":"datepicker","settings":{"changeMonth":true,"changeYear":true,"autoPopUp":"focus","closeAtTop":false,"speed":"immediate","firstDay":1,"dateFormat":"d M yy","yearRange":"-3:+3","fromTo":false,"syncEndDate":false,"defaultDate":"0y"}},"edit-field-event-start-und-0-value-timeEntry-popup-1":{"func":"timeEntry","settings":{"show24Hours":true,"showSeconds":false,"timeSteps":[1,1,0],"spinnerImage":"","fromTo":false}},"edit-field-event-start-und-0-value2-datepicker-popup-0":{"func":"datepicker","settings":{"changeMonth":true,"changeYear":true,"autoPopUp":"focus","closeAtTop":false,"speed":"immediate","firstDay":1,"dateFormat":"d M yy","yearRange":"-3:+3","fromTo":false,"syncEndDate":false,"defaultDate":"0y"}},"edit-field-event-start-und-0-value2-timeEntry-popup-1":{"func":"timeEntry","settings":{"show24Hours":true,"showSeconds":false,"timeSteps":[1,1,0],"spinnerImage":"","fromTo":false}}},"custom_search":{"form_target":"_self","solr":0},"espa":{"global_filters":{"tid":["","","","",""]}},"better_exposed_filters":{"views":{"sidebar_quote":{"displays":{"block":{"filters":[]}}},"news_articles":{"displays":{"block_1":{"filters":[]}}},"events":{"displays":{"block_3":{"filters":[]}}},"impact_notes":{"displays":{"block_6":{"filters":[]}}},"biblio":{"displays":{"block_4":{"filters":[]}}}}},"googleanalytics":{"trackDownload":1,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip"},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/":true},"gmap":{"auto1map":{"mapstyles":"[{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022administrative\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022all\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022administrative\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022geometry.fill\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022color\u0022:\u0022#5ab031\u0022},{\u0022lightness\u0022:\u002274\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022administrative\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022geometry.stroke\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022color\u0022:\u0022#5ab031\u0022},{\u0022lightness\u0022:\u002274\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022administrative\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022labels\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022administrative\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022labels.text.fill\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022color\u0022:\u0022#444444\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022administrative.country\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022geometry.fill\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022color\u0022:\u0022#5ab031\u0022},{\u0022lightness\u0022:\u002274\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022administrative.country\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022geometry.stroke\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022administrative.province\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022geometry.fill\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022color\u0022:\u0022#ff0000\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022administrative.province\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022geometry.stroke\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022landscape\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022all\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022color\u0022:\u0022#f2f2f2\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022landscape\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022geometry\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022on\u0022},{\u0022color\u0022:\u0022#5ab031\u0022},{\u0022lightness\u0022:\u002274\u0022},{\u0022gamma\u0022:\u00221.00\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022landscape\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022geometry.fill\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022color\u0022:\u0022#5ab031\u0022},{\u0022saturation\u0022:\u00220\u0022},{\u0022lightness\u0022:\u002274\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022landscape\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022geometry.stroke\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022landscape\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022labels.text\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022landscape.natural\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022labels\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022poi\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022all\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022road\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022all\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022saturation\u0022:-100},{\u0022lightness\u0022:45},{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022road\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022labels\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022road.highway\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022all\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022simplified\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022road.arterial\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022labels.icon\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022transit\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022all\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022transit\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022labels\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022transit.line\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022geometry\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022transit.line\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022labels\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022transit.station\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022all\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022transit.station\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022geometry\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022water\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022all\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022color\u0022:\u0022#46bcec\u0022},{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022on\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022water\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022geometry.fill\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022color\u0022:\u0022#ffffff\u0022},{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022on\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022water\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022geometry.stroke\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022water\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022labels\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022water\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022labels.text\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]},{\u0022featureType\u0022:\u0022water\u0022,\u0022elementType\u0022:\u0022labels.icon\u0022,\u0022stylers\u0022:[{\u0022visibility\u0022:\u0022off\u0022}]}]"}}}); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/js/respond.min.js"></script> <!--[if IE ]> <style type="text/css"> .header-fp { margin-top:12px;} </style> <!--[if IE 8]> <style type="text/css"> .header-fp { margin-top:12px;} </style> <![endif]--> </head> <body class="html front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-node page-node- page-node-36377 node-type-page" > <div id="skip-link"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div> <div class="header-wrap content-wrap"> <div id="header"> <div class="logo"> <a href="/"><img src="/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/images/logo.jpg" alt="ESPA - ecosystem services for poverty alleviation"></a> </div> <div class="header-right"> <div id="menu"> <div id="nav2"><h2 class="element-invisible">Main menu</h2><ul id="main-menu" class="links clearfix"><li class="menu-37614 first"><a href="/about">About</a></li> <li class="menu-37821"><a href="/projects">Projects</a></li> <li class="menu-39194"><a href="/espa-themes">Themes</a></li> <li class="menu-37827"><a href="/countries">Countries</a></li> <li class="menu-39218"><a href="/publications" title="">Publications</a></li> <li class="menu-39449"><a href="/multimedia" title="">Multimedia</a></li> <li class="menu-39244 last"><a href="/news-blogs" title="">News & Blogs</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="utility clearfix"> <div class="region region-utility"> <div id="block-search-form" class="block block-search"> <div class="content"> <form class="search-form" role="search" action="/" method="post" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="container-inline"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Search form</h2> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-search-block-form--2">Search this site </label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." class="custom-search-box form-text" placeholder="" type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="search_block_form" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" /> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit--5" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit" /></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-8zf9vJwYOqXaZsBWgiiBsIkfpLLPIjM74EJJJxLwlrQ" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_block_form" /> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-53" class="block block-block"> <div class="content"> <ul class="social-icon-links"> <li class="twitter-icon"><a href="http://twitter.com/espadirectorate"><i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> <li class="youtube-icon"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/espa"><i class="fa fa-youtube-play" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> <li class="rss-icon"><a href="/rss.xml"><i class="fa fa-rss" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-hamburger-wrap visible-mobile"> <a href="#" class="mobile-hamburger">Menu <img src="/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/images/hamburger.png" /></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown-menu clearfix"> <div class="content-wrap"> <div class="region region-header-bottom"> <div id="block-menu-block-12" class="block block-menu-block"> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-12 menu-name-menu-header-dropdown-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded active menu-mlid-39219"><a href="/" title="" class="active">Grant Holders</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-39234"><a href="/grant-holders/communicating-your-research" title="">Communicate your research</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-39236"><a href="/funding/previous-call-documents" title="">Previous funding</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded active menu-mlid-39241"><a href="/" title="" class="active">Policy-makers & practitioners</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-39242"><a href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/results/impact-stories" title="">Impact stories</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-39451"><a href="http://www.espa-headlines.ac.uk" title="">Policy summary: multiple languages</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-39245"><a href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/results/policy-practice-briefs" title="">Policy & practice briefs</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded active menu-mlid-39221"><a href="/" title="" class="active">Researchers & academics</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-39240"><a href="/publications" title="">Publications</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-39450"><a href="http://www.espa.ac.uk/book" title="">ESPA book</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-40262"><a href="http://www.espa.ac.uk/training" title="">Training materials </a></li> </ul></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system"> <div class="content"> <div id="node-36377" class="node node-page clearfix"> <div class="content"> <section class="home-hero" style="background: linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)), url(https://www.espa.ac.uk/files/espa/ESPA%20legacy%20site%20home%20hero%201.jpg) no-repeat center center;"> <div class="home-hero-panel"> <div class="content-wrap"> <div class="field field-name-field-home-hero-text field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even"><p>ESPA was a 9-year UK research programme to explore the links between the environment and human wellbeing.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="below-hero-blocks content-wrap"> <div class="below-hero-block"> <div class="below-hero-block--image"> <a style="background-image: url(https://www.espa.ac.uk/files/espa/styles/home_below_hero_block/public/drying%20cocoa%20beans_for%20homepage.jpg?itok=NcsviP1F);" href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/book"> </a> </div> <div class="below-hero-block--body"> <div class="field field-name-field-below-hero-1-category field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even">ESPA Book</div> </div> <a href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/book"> <div class="field field-name-field-below-hero-1-title field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even">Ecosystem Services and Poverty Alleviation: Trade-offs and Governance</div> </div> </a> <div class="field field-name-field-below-hero-1-link field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even"><a href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/book">An academic synthesis of ESPA's findings</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="below-hero-block"> <div class="below-hero-block--image"> <a style="background-image: url(https://www.espa.ac.uk/files/espa/styles/home_below_hero_block/public/Women%20fish%20Africa%20credit%20Worldfish%20resized%20for%20homepage.jpg?itok=VUIw673s);" href="https://www.espa-headlines.ac.uk"> </a> </div> <div class="below-hero-block--body"> <div class="field field-name-field-below-hero-2-category field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even">ESPA Policy Summary</div> </div> <a href="https://www.espa-headlines.ac.uk"> <div class="field field-name-field-below-hero-2-title field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even">An Environment for Wellbeing: Pathways Out of Poverty</div> </div> </a> <div class="field field-name-field-below-hero-2-link field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even"><a href="https://www.espa-headlines.ac.uk">Our key messages - multiple languages</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="home-middle-blocks"> <div class="content-wrap"> <div class="home-middle-block"> <div class="multimedia-block embed-container"> <iframe width="450" height="253" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/8M3eqMBYahQ" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-multimedia-block-link field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even"><a href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/multimedia">View all multimedia</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="home-middle-block"> <a href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/countries"> <div class="field field-name-field-map-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even"><img src="https://www.espa.ac.uk/files/espa/Map-artwork-proof3.png" width="3527" height="2068" alt="" /></div> </div> </a> <div class="field field-name-field-map-link field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even"><a href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/countries">Explore ESPA's work around the world</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="home-bottom-blocks content-wrap"> <div class="home-bottom-block"> <a style="background-image: url(https://www.espa.ac.uk/files/espa/styles/home_bottom_blocks/public/home-page-block%201%20image.jpg?itok=gyBng1wt);" href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/about/espa"> </a> <div class="field field-name-field-bottom-block-1-link field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even"><a href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/about/espa">What did we do?</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="home-bottom-block"> <a style="background-image: url(https://www.espa.ac.uk/files/espa/styles/home_bottom_blocks/public/Prosper%20of%20NCRC%20resized%20for%20home%20block.jpg?itok=bQdjsbo0);" href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/impact"> </a> <div class="field field-name-field-bottom-block-2-link field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even"><a href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/impact">What did we learn?</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="home-bottom-block"> <a style="background-image: url(https://www.espa.ac.uk/files/espa/styles/home_bottom_blocks/public/home-block-3-image.png?itok=hHb7CJwG);" href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/data-and-tools"> </a> <div class="field field-name-field-bottom-block-3-link field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even"><a href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/data-and-tools">Data and tools you can use</a></div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="home-event"> <h2 class="home-event-title">Events</h2> <div class="field field-name-field-events-link field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-item even"><a href="https://www.espa.ac.uk/events">See resources from our past events</a></div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-container" class="footer-container"> <div class="content-wrap"> <div class="footer-left"> <div class="footer-left-block"> <a href="/contact" class="button button--grey">Contact Us</a> </div> <div class="footer-left-block"> <ul class="footer-links"> <li><a href="/terms-use">Terms of use</a></li> <li><a href="/privacy-statement">Privacy and cookies</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="footer-right"> <ul id="funder-logos"> <li> <a href="http://www.dfid.gov.uk/"><img src="https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/images/logo-ukaid.png" alt="UKAID"></a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.nerc.ac.uk/"><img src="https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/images/logo-nerc.png" alt="Natural Environment Research Council logo"></a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.esrc.ac.uk/"><img src="https://www.espa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/contrib/gaia/images/logo-esrc.jpg" alt="ESRC"></a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="footer-bottom"> 漏 Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation (ESPA). A research programme co-funded by DFID, NERC & ESRC </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/sidr/2.2.1/jquery.sidr.min.js"></script> </body> </html>