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Agama Hindu - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definisi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definisi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Definisi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_kolonial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_kolonial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pengaruh kolonial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_kolonial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pendapat_orang_Hindu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendapat_orang_Hindu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pendapat orang Hindu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pendapat_orang_Hindu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pendapat_orang_Barat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendapat_orang_Barat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pendapat orang Barat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pendapat_orang_Barat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karakteristik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karakteristik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Karakteristik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Karakteristik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Akar_Hinduisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akar_Hinduisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Akar Hinduisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akar_Hinduisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keanekaragaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keanekaragaman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Keanekaragaman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keanekaragaman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persamaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persamaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Persamaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persamaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggolongan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggolongan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Penggolongan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggolongan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enam_tipe_umum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enam_tipe_umum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Enam tipe umum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enam_tipe_umum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religi_dan_religiositas_Hindu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religi_dan_religiositas_Hindu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Religi dan religiositas Hindu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religi_dan_religiositas_Hindu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toleransi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toleransi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Toleransi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toleransi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mazhab,_aliran,_dan_gerakan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mazhab,_aliran,_dan_gerakan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mazhab, aliran, dan gerakan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mazhab,_aliran,_dan_gerakan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Mazhab, aliran, dan gerakan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mazhab,_aliran,_dan_gerakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enam_mazhab_filsafat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enam_mazhab_filsafat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Enam mazhab filsafat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enam_mazhab_filsafat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empat_aliran_utama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empat_aliran_utama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Empat aliran utama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empat_aliran_utama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sekte_dan_aliran_lainnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sekte_dan_aliran_lainnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sekte dan aliran lainnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sekte_dan_aliran_lainnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gerakan_keagamaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerakan_keagamaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Gerakan keagamaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerakan_keagamaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyakinan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyakinan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Keyakinan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Keyakinan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Keyakinan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Keyakinan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Konsep_ketuhanan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsep_ketuhanan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Konsep ketuhanan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsep_ketuhanan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atman_dan_jiwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atman_dan_jiwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Atman dan jiwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atman_dan_jiwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Para_dewa_dan_awatara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Para_dewa_dan_awatara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Para dewa dan awatara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Para_dewa_dan_awatara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karma_dan_reinkarnasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karma_dan_reinkarnasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Karma dan reinkarnasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karma_dan_reinkarnasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tujuan_hidup_manusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tujuan_hidup_manusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Tujuan hidup manusia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tujuan_hidup_manusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jalan_menuju_Tuhan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jalan_menuju_Tuhan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Jalan menuju Tuhan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jalan_menuju_Tuhan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pustaka_suci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pustaka_suci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pustaka suci</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pustaka_suci-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Pustaka suci</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pustaka_suci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sruti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sruti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sruti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sruti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smerti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smerti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Smerti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smerti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Periodisasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodisasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Periodisasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodisasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agama-Agama_Pra-Weda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agama-Agama_Pra-Weda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Agama-Agama Pra-Weda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agama-Agama_Pra-Weda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periode_Weda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periode_Weda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Periode Weda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periode_Weda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformisme_Asketis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformisme_Asketis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Reformisme Asketis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformisme_Asketis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduisme_Klasik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduisme_Klasik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Hinduisme Klasik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduisme_Klasik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduisme_Praklasik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduisme_Praklasik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Hinduisme Praklasik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduisme_Praklasik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-&quot;Zaman_Kejayaan&quot;" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#&quot;Zaman_Kejayaan&quot;"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.2</span> <span>"Zaman Kejayaan"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-&quot;Zaman_Kejayaan&quot;-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduisme_Klasik_Akhir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduisme_Klasik_Akhir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.3</span> <span>Hinduisme Klasik Akhir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduisme_Klasik_Akhir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kehadiran_Islam_dan_sekte_Hindu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kehadiran_Islam_dan_sekte_Hindu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Kehadiran Islam dan sekte Hindu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kehadiran_Islam_dan_sekte_Hindu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduisme_masa_kini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduisme_masa_kini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Hinduisme masa kini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduisme_masa_kini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pranata</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pranata-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Pranata</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pranata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caturwarna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caturwarna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Caturwarna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caturwarna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenjang_kehidupan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenjang_kehidupan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Jenjang kehidupan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenjang_kehidupan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Praktik_keagamaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praktik_keagamaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Praktik keagamaan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Praktik_keagamaan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Praktik keagamaan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Praktik_keagamaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persembahyangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persembahyangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Persembahyangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persembahyangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upacara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upacara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Upacara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upacara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahimsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahimsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Ahimsa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahimsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vegetarianisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetarianisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span>Vegetarianisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetarianisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pertapaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pertapaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Pertapaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pertapaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tempat_suci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tempat_suci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Tempat suci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tempat_suci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simbolisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simbolisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Simbolisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simbolisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keterangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Keterangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keterangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Lihat pula</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catatan_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Catatan kaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Pranala luar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Riset_tentang_Hinduisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riset_tentang_Hinduisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Riset tentang Hinduisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riset_tentang_Hinduisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Agama Hindu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 220 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-220" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">220 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Hindoeïsme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hindoeïsme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%82%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B1_%E1%88%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%96%E1%89%B5" title="የሂንዱ ሃይማኖት – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሂንዱ ሃይማኖት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिन्दू धर्म – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हिन्दू धर्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الهندوسية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهندوسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هندوسية – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هندوسية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="هندوسيه – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هندوسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="হিন্দু ধৰ্ম – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হিন্দু ধৰ্ম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismu" title="Hinduismu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hinduismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindudarmeva" title="Sindudarmeva – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sindudarmeva" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिन्दू धर्म – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हिन्दू धर्म" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizm" title="Hinduizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hinduizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="هندوئیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هندوئیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Hindu" title="Agama Hindu – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Agama Hindu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo%C4%97zmos" title="Indoėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Indoėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hindu" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Індуізм – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Індуізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Індуізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Індуізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Индуизъм – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индуизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिंदू धर्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिंदू धर्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hindu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%B0%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="ဟေင်ဒူဘာႏသာႏ – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဟေင်ဒူဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="হিন্দুধর্ম – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দুধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧིན་ཏུའི་ཆོས་ལུགས། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧིན་ཏུའི་ཆོས་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4" title="হিন্দু লিচেত – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="হিন্দু লিচেত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindouegezh" title="Hindouegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hindouegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizam" title="Hinduizam – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hinduizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Hindu" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Энэдхэгэй шажан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Энэдхэгэй шажан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hinduisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ng-d%C3%B4-g%C3%A1u" title="Éng-dô-gáu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Éng-dô-gáu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="ХӀиндуизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀиндуизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induwismo" title="Induwismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Induwismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ھیندوویزم – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیندوویزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induisimu" title="Induisimu – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Induisimu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nduizm" title="İnduizm – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İnduizm" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C5%B5aeth" title="Hindŵaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hindŵaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hinduisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizm" title="Hinduizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hinduizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिन्दू धर्म – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हिन्दू धर्म" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%AB%DE%8B%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ހިންދޫދީން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހިންދޫދީން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ινδουισμός – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδουισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induismu" title="Induismu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Induismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="هندوئیسم – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هندوئیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinndu" title="Hinndu – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Hinndu" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindulaisuus" title="Hindulaisuus – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hindulaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisma" title="Hinduisma – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hinduisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindouisme" title="Hindouisme – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hindouisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C3%B4ismo" title="Hindôismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Hindôismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induisim" title="Induisim – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Induisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Hindoeïsme – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hindoeïsme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Hiond%C3%BAchas" title="An Hiondúchas – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Hiondúchas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="印度教" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endouism" title="Endouism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Endouism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hionduthachd" title="Hionduthachd – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hionduthachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%C3%ADsmo" title="Hinduísmo – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hinduísmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indu_jerovia" title="Indu jerovia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Indu jerovia" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिंदू धर्म – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="हिंदू धर्म" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitara" title="Pitara – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Pitara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 – Gotik" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gotik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%81_%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE" title="હિંદુ ધર્મ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિંદુ ધર્મ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="הינדואיזם – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הינדואיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिन्दू धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्दू धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizam" title="Hinduizam – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hinduizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endouyis" title="Endouyis – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Endouyis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizmus" title="Hinduizmus – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hinduizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Հինդուիզմ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հինդուիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Հինտուիզմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հինտուիզմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Hindu" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hinduisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okpukpe_Hindu" title="Okpukpe Hindu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Okpukpe Hindu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="ХӀиндий ди – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХӀиндий ди" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C3%BAasi%C3%B0ur" title="Hindúasiður – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hindúasiður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induismo" title="Induismo – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Induismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E6%95%99" title="ヒンドゥー教 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒンドゥー教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induizim" title="Induizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Induizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jda%27indu" title="jda&#039;indu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jda&#039;indu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindhu" title="Hindhu – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hindhu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ინდუიზმი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდუიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induizm" title="Induizm – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Induizm" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90nduuyisim" title="Ɛnduuyisim – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛnduuyisim" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6" title="ហិណ្ឌូសាសនា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហិណ្ឌូសាសនា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಧರ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%8C%EB%91%90%EA%B5%90" title="힌두교 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힌두교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A0%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AF%D8%A0_%D8%AF%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%95%D9%85" title="ہؠنٛدؠ دَرٕم – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہؠنٛدؠ دَرٕم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%C3%AEzm" title="Hinduîzm – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hinduîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoueth" title="Hindoueth – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hindoueth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induizmo" title="Induizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Induizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induisme" title="Induisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Induisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Hindoeïsme – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hindoeïsme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induiximo" title="Induiximo – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Induiximo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induism" title="Induism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Induism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1" title="ສາສະໜາພາມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາສະໜາພາມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizmas" title="Hinduizmas – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hinduizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisms" title="Hinduisms – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hinduisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिन्दू धर्म – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हिन्दू धर्म" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Hindu" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Индуизмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Индуизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoisma" title="Hindoisma – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hindoisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamo_Hindu" title="Agamo Hindu – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Agamo Hindu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хиндуизам – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хиндуизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ഹിന്ദുമതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിന്ദുമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D2%AF_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хиндү шашин – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хиндү шашин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A8_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%B0" title="ဟိန္ဒူ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဟိန္ဒူ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिंदू धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिंदू धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hinduisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6indui%C5%BCmu" title="Ħinduiżmu – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ħinduiżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%C3%ADsmo" title="Hinduísmo – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Hinduísmo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%B0%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ဟိန္ဒူဘာသာ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိန္ဒူဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="هندو دین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هندو دین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Hindoeïsme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hindoeïsme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिन्दु धर्म – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिन्दु धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिन्दू धर्म – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिन्दू धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Hindoeïsme – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hindoeïsme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismen" title="Hinduismen – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hinduismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hinduisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEndou%C3%AFsme" title="Hîndouïsme – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Hîndouïsme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo%C3%AFsme" title="Indoïsme – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Indoïsme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindulai%C5%BEus" title="Hindulaižus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hindulaižus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE" title="ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଧର୍ମ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଧର୍ମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਹਿੰਦੂ ਧਰਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿੰਦੂ ਧਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induismu" title="Induismu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Induismu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindouisme" title="Hindouisme – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hindouisme" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिंदू धर्म – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="हिंदू धर्म" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizm" title="Hinduizm – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hinduizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induism" title="Induism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Induism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="ہندو مت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندو مت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="هندويزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هندويزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%C3%ADsmo" title="Hinduísmo – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hinduísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inriya_i%C3%B1iy" title="Inriya iñiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inriya iñiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduissem" title="Hinduissem – Reto-Roman" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Hinduissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Roman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindipen" title="Hindipen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Hindipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Індуїзм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Індуїзм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuhindo" title="Umuhindo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umuhindo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83" title="हिन्दूधर्मः – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिन्दूधर्मः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innuismu" title="Innuismu – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Innuismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%8C%D8%B1%D9%85" title="هندوڌرم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هندوڌرم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindula%C5%A1vuohta" title="Hindulašvuohta – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Hindulašvuohta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizam" title="Hinduizam – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hinduizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%82%81%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87" title="ၸၢဝ်းႁိၼ်ႇတူႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၸၢဝ်းႁိၼ်ႇတူႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="හින්දු ධර්මය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හින්දු ධර්මය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizmus" title="Hinduizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hinduizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="ھندو مت – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ھندو مت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizem" title="Hinduizem – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hinduizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Hindu" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhindu" title="Uhindu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Uhindu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindusam" title="Hindusam – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hindusam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizmi" title="Hinduizmi – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hinduizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хиндуизам – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хиндуизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hindu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhindu" title="Uhindu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uhindu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்து சமயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்து சமயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಧರ್ಮ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82" title="హిందూధర్మం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిందూధర్మం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ҳиндуия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳиндуия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9" title="ศาสนาฮินดู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาฮินดู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induizm" title="Induizm – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Induizm" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisim" title="Hinduisim – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Hinduisim" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizm" title="Hinduizm – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hinduizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuhindu" title="Vuhindu – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vuhindu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Һинд дине – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һинд дине" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Индияның хөй арынныг бурганнары – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Индияның хөй арынныг бурганнары" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89" title="ھىندى دىنى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىندى دىنى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Індуїзм – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індуїзм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="ہندو مت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہندو مت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduiylik" title="Hinduiylik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hinduiylik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induismo" title="Induismo – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Induismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induizm" title="Induizm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Induizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99_gi%C3%A1o" title="Ấn Độ giáo – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ấn Độ giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indouwisse" title="Indouwisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Indouwisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印度教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ინდუიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინდუიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="הינדואיזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הינדואיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80s%C3%ACn_Hinduism" title="Ẹ̀sìn Hinduism – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀sìn Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yindugyau" title="Yindugyau – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yindugyau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%80%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜ – Tamazight Maroko Standar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maroko Standar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="印度教" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-t%C5%8D%CD%98-k%C3%A0u" title="Ìn-tō͘-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-tō͘-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="印度教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UbuHindu" title="UbuHindu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UbuHindu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9089#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Agama_Hindu" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Agama_Hindu" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Agama_Hindu" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;oldid=26327207" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&amp;page=Agama_Hindu&amp;id=26327207&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAgama_Hindu"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAgama_Hindu"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Agama+Hindu"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hinduism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9089" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Dialihkan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu&amp;redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hindu" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/wiki/Hindu_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hindu (disambiguasi)">Hindu (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333518">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Hindu" title="Kategori:Hindu"><span style="color:#002bb8">seri</span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agama Hindu</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aum_Om_dark_red_circle_hollow_tomato.svg/150px-Aum_Om_dark_red_circle_hollow_tomato.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aum_Om_dark_red_circle_hollow_tomato.svg/225px-Aum_Om_dark_red_circle_hollow_tomato.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aum_Om_dark_red_circle_hollow_tomato.svg/300px-Aum_Om_dark_red_circle_hollow_tomato.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umat_Hindu" title="Umat Hindu">Umat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_agama_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah agama Hindu">Sejarah</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;">Topik</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_agama_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah agama Hindu">Sejarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Hindu" title="Mitologi Hindu">Mitologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmologi_Hindu" title="Kosmologi Hindu">Kosmologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewa-Dewi_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewa-Dewi Hindu">Dewa-Dewi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;">Keyakinan</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atman" title="Atman">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karma_dalam_agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karma dalam agama Hindu (halaman belum tersedia)">Karmaphala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">Samsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">Moksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushartha" class="mw-redirect" title="Purushartha">Purushartha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_(ilusi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maya (ilusi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Maya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Hindu" title="Filsafat Hindu">Filsafat</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waisesika" title="Waisesika">Waisesika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedanta" title="Wedanta">Wedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwaita_Wedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwaita Wedanta">Dwaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwaita_Wedanta" title="Adwaita Wedanta">Adwaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisistadwaita_Wedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisistadwaita Wedanta">Wisistadwaita</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sastra_Hindu" title="Sastra Hindu">Pustaka</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana_(kitab)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmana (kitab) (halaman belum tersedia)">Brāhmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedangga" title="Wedangga">Wedangga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purana" title="Purana">Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa" title="Itihasa">Itihasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusmerti" title="Manusmerti">Manusmerti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthasastra" title="Arthasastra">Arthasastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogasutra">Yogasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;">Ritual</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja" class="mw-disambig" title="Puja">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhyana_dalam_agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhyana dalam agama Hindu (halaman belum tersedia)">Meditasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhajan (halaman belum tersedia)">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadnya" title="Yadnya">Upacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" class="mw-redirect" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa" title="Homa">Homa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hari_Raya_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari Raya Hindu">Perayaan</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deepawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepawali">Dipawali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nawaratri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nawaratri (halaman belum tersedia)">Nawaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwaratri" title="Siwaratri">Siwaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janmashtami&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Janmashtami (halaman belum tersedia)">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapuja" class="mw-redirect" title="Durgapuja">Durgapuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aum_Om_red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Portal:Hindu" title="Portal:Hindu">Portal&#32;Hindu</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Hindu" title="Templat:Hindu"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Hindu (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Hindu&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:River_Sindh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/River_Sindh.jpg/250px-River_Sindh.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/River_Sindh.jpg/375px-River_Sindh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/River_Sindh.jpg/500px-River_Sindh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Indus" title="Sungai Indus">Sungai Indus</a> di <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, yang merupakan asal dari kata <i>Hindu</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Agama Hindu</b> merupakan <a href="/wiki/Kepercayaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepercayaan">kepercayaan</a> dominan di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Selatan" title="Asia Selatan">Asia Selatan</a>, terutama di <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, yang mengandung beraneka ragam <a href="/wiki/Tradisi" title="Tradisi">tradisi</a>. Kepercayaan ini meliputi berbagai aliran, di antaranya <a href="/wiki/Saiwa" title="Saiwa">Saiwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sakta" title="Sakta">Sakta</a>, serta suatu pandangan luas akan <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmasastra</a> tentang "moralitas sehari-hari" yang berdasar pada <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darma" title="Darma">darma</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Norma" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Norma">norma</a> kemasyarakatan. Hinduisme cenderung seperti himpunan berbagai pandangan <a href="/wiki/Filosofis" class="mw-redirect" title="Filosofis">filosofis</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Intelektual" title="Intelektual">intelektual</a>, daripada seperangkat keyakinan yang baku dan seragam seperti pada <a href="/wiki/Agama_Abrahamik" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Abrahamik">agama Abrahamik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgis201062_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgis201062-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hinduisme diklaim sebagian orang sebagai "<a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">agama tertua</a>" di <a href="/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia">dunia</a> yang masih bertahan hingga kini,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Umat_Hindu" title="Umat Hindu">umat Hindu</a> menyebut agamanya sendiri sebagai <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Sanātana-dharma</span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Aksara_Dewanagari" title="Aksara Dewanagari">Dewanagari</a>: <span lang="sa">सनातन धर्म</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> artinya "<a href="/wiki/Darma" title="Darma">darma</a> abadi" atau "jalan abadi"<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang melampaui asal mula manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnott19985_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnott19985-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Agama ini menyediakan kewajiban "kekal" untuk diikuti oleh seluruh umatnya—tanpa memandang <a href="/wiki/Stratifikasi_sosial" title="Stratifikasi sosial">strata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasta" title="Kasta">kasta</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Sekte" title="Sekte">sekte</a>—seperti kejujuran, kesucian, dan pengendalian diri. </p><p>Para ahli dari <a href="/wiki/Dunia_barat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunia barat">barat</a> memandang Hinduisme sebagai peleburan atau <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/sintesis" class="extiw" title="wikt:sintesis">sintesis</a> dari berbagai tradisi dan kebudayaan di <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, dengan pangkal yang beragam dan tanpa tokoh pendiri. Pangkal-pangkalnya meliputi <a href="/wiki/Brahmanisme" title="Brahmanisme">Brahmanisme</a> (agama <a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a> Kuno), agama-agama masa <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_lembah_Sungai_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peradaban lembah Sungai Indus">peradaban lembah Sungai Indus</a>, dan tradisi lokal yang populer. Sintesis tersebut muncul sekitar 500–200 SM, dan tumbuh berdampingan dengan <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Buddha">agama Buddha</a> hingga abad ke-8. Dari <a href="/wiki/India_Utara" title="India Utara">India Utara</a>, "Sintesis Hindu" tersebar ke <a href="/wiki/India_Selatan" title="India Selatan">selatan</a>, hingga sebagian <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a>. Hal itu didukung oleh <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisasi" title="Sanskritisasi">Sanskritisasi</a>. Sejak abad ke-19, di bawah dominansi <a href="/wiki/Kolonialisme" title="Kolonialisme">kolonialisme</a> <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Barat" title="Dunia Barat">Barat</a> serta <a href="/wiki/Indologi" title="Indologi">Indologi</a> (saat istilah "Hinduisme" mulai dipakai secara luas<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>), agama Hindu ditegaskan kembali sebagai tempat berhimpunnya aneka tradisi yang <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/koheren" class="extiw" title="wikt:koheren">koheren</a> dan <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/independen" class="extiw" title="wikt:independen">independen</a>. Pemahaman populer tentang agama Hindu digiatkan oleh gerakan <a href="/wiki/Neo-Wedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Wedanta">"modernisme Hindu"</a>, yang menekankan <a href="/wiki/Mistisisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistisisme">mistisisme</a> dan persatuan tradisi Hindu. Ideologi <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Politik_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Politik Hindu">politik Hindu</a> muncul pada abad ke-20 sebagai kekuatan politis dan jati diri <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa India">bangsa India</a>. </p><p>Praktik keagamaan Hindu meliputi ritus sehari-hari (contohnya <i><a href="/wiki/Puja" class="mw-disambig" title="Puja">puja</a></i> [sembahyang] dan pembacaan doa), perayaan suci pada hari-hari tertentu, dan penziarahan. Kaum petapa yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Sadu_(Hinduisme)" title="Sadu (Hinduisme)"><i>sadu</i></a> (orang suci) memilih untuk melakukan tindakan yang lebih ekstrem daripada umat Hindu pada umumnya, yaitu melepaskan diri dari kesibukan duniawi dan melaksanakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadana (halaman belum tersedia)">tapa brata</a> selama sisa hidupnya demi mencapai <a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">moksa</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Susastra_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Susastra Hindu">Susastra Hindu</a> diklasifikasikan ke dalam dua kelompok: <i><a href="/wiki/Sruti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sruti">Sruti</a></i> (apa yang "terdengar") dan <i><a href="/wiki/Smerti" title="Smerti">Smerti</a></i> (apa yang "diingat"). Susastra tersebut memuat <a href="/wiki/Teologi_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Teologi Hindu">teologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Hindu" title="Filsafat Hindu">filsafat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Hindu" title="Mitologi Hindu">mitologi</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yadnya" title="Yadnya">yadnya</a></i> (<a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/kurban" class="extiw" title="wikt:kurban">kurban</a>), prosesi ritual, dan bahkan kaidah <a href="/wiki/Tempat_suci_Hindu" title="Tempat suci Hindu">arsitektur Hindu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kitab-kitab utama di antaranya adalah <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></i> (keduanya tergolong Sruti), <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Purana" title="Purana">Purana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Manusmerti" title="Manusmerti">Manusmerti</a></i>, dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_(kitab)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama (kitab) (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama</a></i> (semuanya tergolong Smerti).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dengan penganut sekitar 1 miliar jiwa,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> agama Hindu merupakan agama terbesar ketiga di dunia, setelah <a href="/wiki/Kristen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen">Kristen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14851226">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22380697">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Dalam teks ber<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a>, <i>al-Hind</i> adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menyebut suku bangsa di suatu daerah yang kini disebut <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, sedangkan 'Hindu' atau 'Hindoo' digunakan sejak akhir <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-18" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-18">abad ke-18</a> dan seterusnya oleh <a href="/wiki/Orang_Inggris" title="Orang Inggris">orang Inggris</a> untuk menyebut penduduk '<a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>', yaitu bangsa di sebelah barat daya India. Akhirnya, 'Hindu' menjadi istilah padanan bagi 'orang India' yang bukan <a href="/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh">Sikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme">Jaina</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Kristen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen">Kristen</a>, sehingga mencakup berbagai penganut dan pelaksana kepercayaan tradisional yang berbeda-beda. Akhiran '-isme' ditambahkan pada kata Hindu sekitar tahun 1830-an untuk merujuk pada kebudayaan dan agama <a href="/wiki/Kasta" title="Kasta">kasta</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">brahmana</a> yang berlainan dengan agama lainnya, dan kemudian istilah tersebut diterima oleh orang India sendiri dalam hal membangun jati diri bangsa untuk menentang <a href="/wiki/Kolonialisme" title="Kolonialisme">kolonialisme</a>, meski istilah 'Hindu' pernah dicantumkan dalam babad berbahasa Sanskerta dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bengali" title="Bahasa Bengali">Bengali</a> sebagai antonim bagi 'Yawana' atau Muslim, sekitar awal <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-16" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-16">abad ke-16</a>. </p> </blockquote> <p><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a>, <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite> </p> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:412px;max-width:412px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:224px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Civilt%C3%A0ValleIndoMappa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Civilt%C3%A0ValleIndoMappa.png/195px-Civilt%C3%A0ValleIndoMappa.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Civilt%C3%A0ValleIndoMappa.png/293px-Civilt%C3%A0ValleIndoMappa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Civilt%C3%A0ValleIndoMappa.png/390px-Civilt%C3%A0ValleIndoMappa.png 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:211px;max-width:211px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:224px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pakistan-map-blank.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pakistan-map-blank.png/209px-Pakistan-map-blank.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pakistan-map-blank.png/314px-Pakistan-map-blank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Pakistan-map-blank.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left;background-color:transparent"><b>Kiri</b>: Peta kawasan <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Lembah_Indus" title="Peradaban Lembah Indus">peradaban Lembah Indus</a> (ditandai dengan warna hijau) beserta kota-kota kuno di sekitar aliran sungai Sindhu. <br /><b>Kanan</b>: Peta aliran <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Sindhu">sungai Sindhu</a> di negara <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, yang terletak di antara negara <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Kata <i>Hindu</i> (melalui <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Persia" title="Bahasa Persia">bahasa Persia</a>) berasal dari kata <i>Sindhu</i> dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta">bahasa Sanskerta</a>, yaitu nama sebuah <a href="/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai">sungai</a> di sebelah barat daya <a href="/wiki/Subbenua_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Subbenua India">Subbenua India</a>—sebagian besar alirannya terletak di wilayah negara <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>—yang dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a> disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Indus" title="Sungai Indus">Indus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a>, pada mulanya istilah 'hindu' muncul sebagai istilah geografis bangsa Persia untuk menyebut suku bangsa yang tinggal di seberang sungai Sindhu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Para sejarawan pun menyebut peradaban suku tersebut sebagai <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Lembah_Indus" title="Peradaban Lembah Indus">Peradaban Lembah Indus</a>. Maka dari itu, awalnya istilah 'Hindu' merupakan istilah geografis dan tidak mengacu pada suatu <a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">agama</a>. </p><p>Kata <i>Hindu</i> diserap oleh bahasa-bahasa Eropa dari istilah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">Arab</a> <i>al-Hind</i>, dan mengacu kepada negeri bagi bangsa yang mendiami daerah sekitar Sungai Sindhu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar199377_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar199377-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Istilah Arab tersebut berasal istilah Persia <i>Hindū</i>, yang mengacu kepada seluruh suku di India. Pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-13" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-13">abad ke-13</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a></i> muncul sebagai nama alternatif <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> yang acap disebutkan, yang memiliki arti "Negeri para <i>Hindu</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Istilah <i>agama Hindu</i> kemudian sering digunakan dalam beberapa teks ber<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta">bahasa Sanskerta</a> seperti <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajatarangini (halaman belum tersedia)">Rajatarangini</a></i> dari <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> (Hinduka, <abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 1450) dan beberapa teks mazhab <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Waisnawa" title="Gaudiya Waisnawa">Gaudiya Waisnawa</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-16" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-16">abad ke-16</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-18" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-18">ke-18</a> yang ber<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bengali" title="Bahasa Bengali">bahasa Bengali</a>, seperti <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caitanyacaritamerta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Caitanyacaritamerta (halaman belum tersedia)">Caitanyacaritamerta</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Caitanyabhagawata" title="Caitanyabhagawata">Caitanyabhagawata</a></i>. Istilah itu digunakan untuk membedakan Hindu dengan <a href="/wiki/Yawana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yawana">Yawana</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Mleccha" title="Mleccha">Mleccha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO&#39;Conell1973340-344_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO&#39;Conell1973340-344-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sejak abad ke-18 dan seterusnya, istilah Hindu digunakan oleh para kolonis dan pedagang dari <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> untuk menyebut para penganut agama tradisional India secara umum. Istilah <i>Hinduism</i> diserap ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-19">abad ke-19</a> untuk menyebut tradisi keagamaan, filasat, dan kebudayaan asli India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definisi">Definisi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Definisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Definisi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studi tentang <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> beserta kebudayaan dan agamanya—demikian pula definisi "Hinduisme"—telah dibentuk oleh minat <a href="/wiki/Kolonialisme" title="Kolonialisme">kolonialisme</a>, serta gagasan <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Barat" title="Dunia Barat">orang Barat</a> tentang agama tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweetman200413_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweetman200413-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999169_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999169-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sejak 1990-an, pengaruh-pengaruh beserta dampaknya telah menjadi topik perdebatan di kalangan ahli Hindu,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweetman200413_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweetman200413-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan turut dicampuri oleh kritik-kritik terhadap India menurut pandangan Barat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENussbaum2009_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENussbaum2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Karena istilah tersebut melingkupi berbagai tradisi dan gagasan yang luas, maka sulit untuk memperoleh definisi yang komprehensif.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tanpa keseragaman, Hinduisme didefinisikan sebagai agama, tradisi keagamaan, dan seperangkat kepercayaan religius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood20031-17_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood20031-17-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengaruh_kolonial">Pengaruh kolonial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Pengaruh kolonial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengaruh kolonial"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gagasan untuk sebuah sebutan umum bagi beberapa aliran kepercayaan dan tradisi di India sudah mendapat perhatian sejak <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-12" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-12">abad ke-12</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson20102_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson20102-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen20061-36_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen20061-36-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gagasan "Hinduisme" sebagai "tradisi keagamaan dunia yang tunggal" dipopulerkan pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-19">abad ke-19</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Indologi" title="Indologi">Indolog</a> <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> yang mengacu kepada "kasta-kasta brahmana" sebagai informasi mereka tentang agama-agama di India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999171_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999171-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hal ini mengacu pada suatu kecenderungan untuk menegaskan sastra dan keyakinan terhadap Weda sebagai "esensi" bagi praktik keagamaan Hindu pada umumnya, serta bagi hubungan 'doktrin Hindu' masa kini dengan berbagai perguruan <a href="/wiki/Wedanta" title="Wedanta">Wedanta</a> (khususnya <a href="/wiki/Adwaita_Wedanta" title="Adwaita Wedanta">Adwaita Wedanta</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999169_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999169-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kolonialisme" title="Kolonialisme">Kolonialisme</a> telah menjadi faktor signifikan dalam pengaruh kasta <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">brahmana</a> dan "brahmanisasi" dalam masyarakat Hindu. Adat kaum brahmana juga memengaruhi pengertian Hinduisme di mata orang Eropa. Kaum brahmana melestarikan kitab-kitab Hindu yang kemudian diteliti oleh orang-orang Eropa. Kewenangan kitab-kitab tersebut telah menjadi sasaran penelitian orang Eropa. Penetapan basis-basis tekstual agama Hindu oleh kaum orientalis Eropa didasari oleh kecenderungan untuk mengacu kepada otoritas tertulis daripada otoritas lisan. Kaum Brahmana dan ilmuwan Eropa memiliki persepsi yang sama tentang "suatu deklinasi umum dari sebuah agama yang mulanya murni".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweetman200413_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweetman200413-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pendapat_orang_Hindu">Pendapat orang Hindu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Pendapat orang Hindu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pendapat orang Hindu"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Radhakrishnan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Radhakrishnan.jpg/180px-Radhakrishnan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Radhakrishnan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Menurut <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>, "Hinduisme tidak sekadar <a href="/wiki/Keyakinan" title="Keyakinan">keyakinan</a>. Ia adalah gabungan antara <a href="/wiki/Penalaran" title="Penalaran">penalaran</a> dan <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/intuisi" class="extiw" title="wikt:intuisi">intuisi</a> yang tak dapat didefinisikan, tapi hanya bisa dirasakan."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1995_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1995-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Bagi <a href="/wiki/Umat_Hindu" title="Umat Hindu">orang Hindu</a>, Hinduisme adalah jalan hidup tradisional.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsoll2001_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2001-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Banyak penganutnya yang menyebut Hinduisme sebagai <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Sanātana-dharma</span></i>, artinya "<a href="/wiki/Darma" title="Darma">darma</a> yang abadi" atau "jalan yang abadi".<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Istilah ini mengacu kepada kewajiban "abadi" yang harus dijalankan oleh seluruh umat Hindu—tanpa memandang derajat, kasta, atau sekte/aliran—seperti kejujuran, tidak menyakiti makhluk hidup, menjaga kesucian, berniat baik, pemaaf, bersabar, mengendalikan nafsu, mengendalikan diri sendiri, murah hati, dan bertafakur. Ini berbeda dengan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swadarma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Swadarma (halaman belum tersedia)">swadarma</a></i>, artinya "darma seseorang", yaitu kewajiban yang harus dijalankan sesuai aliran yang diikuti dan tingkatan kehidupan.<sup id="cite_ref-EB-sanatana_dharma_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-sanatana_dharma-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut Kim Knott, perihal darma ini mengacu pada gagasan bahwa sumbernya melampaui sejarah umat manusia, dan kebenarannya disampaikan oleh Tuhan (<i>Sruti</i>) serta diwariskan dari zaman ke zaman, hingga masa kini, dalam suatu kumpulan kitab tertua di dunia, yaitu <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnott19985_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnott19985-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21477316">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Pada masa kini, istilah [<i>Sanatana-dharma</i>] itu pun digunakan oleh para pemuka, reformis, dan nasionalis Hindu untuk menyebut Hinduisme sebagai suatu agama dunia yang bersatu. Maka dari itu, <i>Sanatana-dharma</i> menjadi sinonim bagi kebenaran dan ajaran Hindu yang "abadi", yang kemudian dipahami bahwa tidak hanya <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/transenden" class="extiw" title="wikt:transenden">transenden</a> bagi sejarah dan tak berubah-ubah, tapi juga tak terbagi-bagi dan pada pokoknya bukanlah <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/sektarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:sektarian">sektarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB-sanatana_dharma_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-sanatana_dharma-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sebagai tanggapan atas <a href="/wiki/Kolonialisme" title="Kolonialisme">kolonialisme</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Orientalisme" title="Orientalisme">orientalisme</a> <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Barat" title="Dunia Barat">Barat</a>, para pemuka dan ahli Hindu menginterpretasikan agamanya dalam suatu upaya yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">"modernisme Hindu"</a> oleh orang Barat. Tokoh terkemuka dalam upaya tersebut adalah <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996256-261_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996256-261-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut Gavin Flood, Vivekanda (1863–1902) adalah tokoh penting dalam pengembangan pemahaman diri umat Hindu masa kini dan telah merumuskan pandangan terhadap Hinduisme bagi orang Barat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996257_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996257-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Intisari dalam filsafatnya adalah gagasan bahwa "<a href="/wiki/Atman" title="Atman">percikan dari Tuhan</a>" <a href="/wiki/Tattwamasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattwamasi">berada dalam setiap makhluk hidup</a>, sehingga seluruh umat manusia dapat mencapai persatuan dengan "sifat ilahi bawaan" tersebut, dan dengan memandang bahwa sifat ilahi ini juga terkandung pada setiap orang maka berkembanglah kasih sayang dan harmoni sosial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut Flood, pandangan Vivekananda terhadap Hinduisme adalah yang paling umum diterima oleh kebanyakan umat Hindu golongan menengah berbahasa Inggris (<i>English-speaking middle-class Hindus</i>) pada masa kini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996259_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996259-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> adalah salah satu cendekiawan terpelajar dari India yang bergelut dengan <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Barat" title="Filsafat Barat">filsafat Barat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Hindu" title="Filsafat Hindu">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996248_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996248-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ia mencari keselarasan antara <a href="/wiki/Rasionalisme" title="Rasionalisme">rasionalisme</a> barat dengan Hinduisme, dan memperkenalkan Hinduisme sebagai <a href="/wiki/Pengalaman_religius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengalaman religius">pengalaman religius</a> yang pada hakikatnya rasional dan humanistis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996249_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996249-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Wawasan Radhakrishnan disebut sangat relevan dan penting dalam membentuk jati diri Hindu kontemporer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996249_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996249-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pendapat_orang_Barat">Pendapat orang Barat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Pendapat orang Barat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pendapat orang Barat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Monier_Monier-Williams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Monier_Monier-Williams.jpg/180px-Monier_Monier-Williams.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Monier_Monier-Williams.jpg/270px-Monier_Monier-Williams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Monier_Monier-Williams.jpg/360px-Monier_Monier-Williams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams</a> (1819–1899), <a href="/wiki/Profesor" title="Profesor">Profesor</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta">Sastra Sanskerta</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Indologi" title="Indologi">Indolog</a> terawal, berpendapat bahwa "berawal dari <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i>, Hinduisme telah merangkul berbagai bentuk kepercayaan, dan menyajikan fase yang cocok bagi berbagai pikiran. Paham tersebut begitu toleran, rendah hati, komprehensif, dan menerima [berbagai bentuk tradisi]."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Toleransi" title="Toleransi">Toleransi</a> agama Hindu terhadap aneka ragam aliran kepercayaan dan tradisi yang berbeda-beda membuatnya sulit untuk didefinisikan sebagai suatu agama menurut pemahaman tradisional <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Barat" title="Dunia Barat">orang Barat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1996-A275_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996-A275-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam sejumlah kajian didapati bahwa agama Hindu dapat dipandang sebagai suatu kategori dengan "batas-batas yang kabur", daripada suatu lembaga yang tegar dan terdefinisikan dengan baik. Beberapa aktivitas keagamaan Hindu dapat dipandang sebagai hal yang lazim dalam agama tersebut, sementara yang tak lazim pun masih dapat dimasukkan ke dalam kategori agama Hindu. Berdasarkan pemikiran-pemikiran tersebut, Ferro-Luzzi menulis suatu 'pendekatan Teori Prototipe' untuk mendefinisikan Hinduisme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuzzi1991187–95_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuzzi1991187–95-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut Flood, <a href="/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Globalisasi">globalisasi</a> kebudayaan Hindu diprakarsai oleh <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> dengan mendirikan <a href="/wiki/Misi_Ramakrishna" title="Misi Ramakrishna">Misi Ramakrishna</a>, dan diikuti oleh para pemuka Hindu lainnya, yang membawa ajaran yang menjadi kekuatan kultural penting dalam masyarakat Barat, dan sebagai akibatnya menjadi kekuatan kultural penting di India, tempat ajaran itu bermula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267-268_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267-268-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hinduisme Global tersebut menarik minat di seluruh dunia, melampaui batas-batas nasional, dan telah menjadikannya suatu agama dunia yang berdampingan dengan <a href="/wiki/Kekristenan" title="Kekristenan">Kekristenan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">Buddhisme</a>, bagi komunitas Hindu seluruh dunia maupun orang-orang Barat yang tertarik dengan kebudayaan dan kepercayaan non-Barat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Agama ini menekankan nilai-nilai spiritual universal seperti keadilan sosial, kedamaian, serta "transformasi spiritual umat manusia."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebagian perkembangannya disebabkan oleh "re-enkulturasi" atau <a href="/wiki/Efek_Pizza" class="mw-redirect" title="Efek Pizza">efek Pizza</a>, yaitu suatu kondisi ketika unsur-unsur kebudayaan Hindu diperkenalkan ke Dunia Barat, lalu mendapatkan popularitas di sana, dan sebagai akibatnya juga mendapatkan popularitas yang lebih besar di India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karakteristik">Karakteristik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Karakteristik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karakteristik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keberadaan agama Hindu sebagai <a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">agama</a> tersendiri yang berbeda dengan <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Buddha">agama Buddha</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme">Jainisme</a> diperkuat oleh penegasan para penganutnya bahwa agama mereka memang demikian berbeda.<sup id="cite_ref-weightman_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weightman-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Berbeda dengan dua agama tersebut, Hinduisme bersifat lebih <a href="/wiki/Teisme" title="Teisme">teistik</a>. Sebagian besar sekte dan aliran Hinduisme meyakini suatu pengatur alam semesta—dasar bagi segala fenomena di dunia yang memanifestasikan diri dalam berbagai wujud—yang disebut dengan berbagai nama, seperti <a href="/wiki/Iswara" title="Iswara">Iswara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dewa" title="Dewa">Dewa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batara" class="mw-redirect" title="Batara">Batara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a>, dan lain-lain. Sebagian aliran meyakini bahwa berbagai kemajemukan di dunia merupakan bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. Dalam agama Hindu, seorang umat boleh berkontemplasi tentang misteri Brahman (dalam konteks tertentu, Brahman dapat didefinisikan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Tuhan" title="Tuhan">Tuhan</a> personal ataupun impersonal) dan mengungkapkannya melalui <a href="/wiki/Mitologi" title="Mitologi">mitos</a> yang jumlahnya tidak habis-habisnya, serta melalui penyelidikan filosofis. Mereka mencari kemerdekaan atas penderitaan melalui praktik-praktik <a href="/wiki/Brata" title="Brata">brata</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Meditasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditasi">meditasi</a> yang mendalam, atau dengan mendekatkan diri kepada Tuhan melalui cinta kasih (<i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a></i>) dan percaya (<i><a href="/wiki/Sradha" title="Sradha">sradha</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akar_Hinduisme">Akar Hinduisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Akar Hinduisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Akar Hinduisme"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:(1)_Puja_by_a_woman_at_sunset,_Rishikesh_Haridwar_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%281%29_Puja_by_a_woman_at_sunset%2C_Rishikesh_Haridwar_India.jpg/240px-%281%29_Puja_by_a_woman_at_sunset%2C_Rishikesh_Haridwar_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%281%29_Puja_by_a_woman_at_sunset%2C_Rishikesh_Haridwar_India.jpg/360px-%281%29_Puja_by_a_woman_at_sunset%2C_Rishikesh_Haridwar_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%281%29_Puja_by_a_woman_at_sunset%2C_Rishikesh_Haridwar_India.jpg/480px-%281%29_Puja_by_a_woman_at_sunset%2C_Rishikesh_Haridwar_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption>Seorang wanita melakukan <a href="/wiki/Puja" class="mw-disambig" title="Puja">puja</a> saat matahari terbenam di <a href="/wiki/Rishikesh" title="Rishikesh">Rishikesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sejak minat akan <a href="/wiki/Indologi" title="Indologi">Indologi</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Studi_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Studi Hindu (halaman belum tersedia)">studi Hindu</a> bertumbuh, sejarah dan pangkal agama Hindu telah menjadi perdebatan para cendekiawan di <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Barat" title="Dunia Barat">Dunia Barat</a>. Sebelumnya, tidak ada istilah 'Hinduisme' atau 'agama Hindu', tetapi keberadaan tradisi Hindu seperti sekarang telah berpangkal sejak purbakala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2009_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2009-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain itu, para ahli sulit mendefinisikan Hinduisme karena ketiadaan seorang tokoh pendiri agama tersebut. Para cendekiawan memandang Hinduisme sebagai gabungan dari berbagai kebudayaan atau tradisi yang ada di <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199616_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199616-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockard200750_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200750-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salah satu akarnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Brahmanisme" title="Brahmanisme">Brahmanisme</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Brahmanisme" title="Brahmanisme">agama Weda Kuno</a> dari <a href="/wiki/India_Zaman_Besi" title="India Zaman Besi">India pada Zaman Besi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201041-42_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201041-42-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199616_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199616-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang merupakan hasil peleburan antara bangsa <a href="/wiki/Indo-Arya" class="mw-disambig" title="Indo-Arya">Indo-Arya</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Lembah_Sungai_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus">kebudayaan dan peradaban Harrapa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200628_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200628-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain itu, tradisi yang mendukung perkembangan agama Hindu meliputi <a href="/wiki/Sramana" title="Sramana">Sramana</a> atau "tradisi penolakan" dari <a href="/wiki/Kemaharajaan_Maurya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemaharajaan Maurya">India Utara</a>, serta kebudayaan <a href="/wiki/Mesolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolitik">mesolitik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Neolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolitik">neolitik</a> di India, seperti agama-agama <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_lembah_sungai_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peradaban lembah sungai Indus">peradaban lembah sungai Indus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20073_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20073-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006xviii_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006xviii-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tradisi <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Dravida" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Dravida">bangsa Dravida</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockard200752_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200752-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> serta tradisi dan agama lokal dari suku bangsa di India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiwari2002v_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiwari2002v-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setelah <a href="/wiki/Periode_Weda" title="Periode Weda">periode Weda</a> (antara 500–200&#160;SM dan <abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 300&#160;M,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> pada permulaan periode "Wiracarita dan Purana" atau "periode Praklasik"), "sintesis Hindu" mulai timbul<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (masa ketika dimasukkannya pengaruh <a href="/wiki/Sramana" title="Sramana">Sramana</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">Buddhisme</a>), diiringi dengan kemunculan tradisi <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a></i> ke dalam balutan Brahmanisme melalui kitab-kitab <a href="/wiki/Smerti" title="Smerti">Smerti</a>. Sintesis ini muncul di bawah tekanan perkembangan Buddhisme dan <a href="/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme">Jainisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200121_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200121-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selama pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Kemaharajaan_Gupta" title="Kemaharajaan Gupta">Dinasti Gupta</a>, kitab-kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Purana" title="Purana">Purana</a></i> disusun, digunakan untuk menyebarkan ideologi keagamaan umum di tengah-tengah <a href="/wiki/Akulturasi" title="Akulturasi">akulturasi</a> yang dijalani masyarakat tribal dan buta huruf. Hasilnya adalah kemunculan Hinduisme-Puranis (<i>Puranic-Hinduism</i>) yang memiliki perbedaan mencolok jika dibandingkan dengan Brahmanisme sebelumnya (yang berpegang pada <i><a href="/wiki/Dharmasastra" title="Dharmasastra">Dharmasastra</a></i> dan Smerti). Selama beberapa abad, Hinduisme dan Buddhisme tumbuh berdampingan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2010193-228_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010193-228-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sampai akhirnya memperoleh keunggulan pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-8">abad ke-8</a> M.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju199231_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju199231-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oslo-Mauryan_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oslo-Mauryan-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dari <a href="/wiki/India_Utara" title="India Utara">India Utara</a>, "sintesis Hindu" beserta konsep pembagian masyarakat menyebar ke <a href="/wiki/India_Selatan" title="India Selatan">India Selatan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/India_Raya" title="India Raya">sebagian Asia Tenggara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2010193-228,_339-353,_terutama_hlm.76-79_dan_199_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010193-228,_339-353,_terutama_hlm.76-79_dan_199-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hal tersebut didukung oleh sejumlah kegiatan: pengadaan permukiman bagi kaum <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">brahmana</a> di kawasan yang diizinkan oleh penguasa lokal;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201077_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201077-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath2001_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath2001-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dimasukkannya atau di<a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/asimilasi" class="extiw" title="wikt:asimilasi">asimilasikannya</a> dewa-dewi non-Weda (tidak disebut dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i>) yang populer;<sup id="cite_ref-EBHinbduism6_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBHinbduism6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200131-34_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200131-34-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan proses <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisasi" title="Sanskritisasi">Sanskritisasi</a>, yaitu kondisi ketika "orang-orang dari berbagai strata masyarakat India cenderung menyesuaikan kehidupan religius dan sosial mereka dengan norma-norma Brahmanis".<sup id="cite_ref-EBHinbduism6_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBHinbduism6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996128,_129,_148_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996128,_129,_148-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Proses asimilasi tersebut menjelaskan bahwa keanekaragaman budaya lokal di India diselimuti oleh selubung persamaan konseptual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich200636_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200636-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keanekaragaman">Keanekaragaman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Keanekaragaman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keanekaragaman"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:right; margin-left:1em;"> <table border="1" class="wikitable" style="margin: 0px 1em 0px auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Diversitas Hinduisme </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;line-height:135%;"> <div style="width:183.95528804815px; float:left;margin:2px;" class="thumbcaption"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gaijatra_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gaijatra_01.jpg/184px-Gaijatra_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gaijatra_01.jpg/276px-Gaijatra_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gaijatra_01.jpg/368px-Gaijatra_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="576" /></a></span><br />Anak-anak Hindu saat perayaan <i>gaijtra</i> di <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.</div> <div style="width:196.04471195185px; float:left;margin:2px;" class="thumbcaption"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ritual.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/f/fe/Ritual.JPG/196px-Ritual.JPG" decoding="async" width="196" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/f/fe/Ritual.JPG/294px-Ritual.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/f/fe/Ritual.JPG/392px-Ritual.JPG 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563" /></a></span><br />Ritual keagamaan Hindu di <a href="/wiki/Candi_Prambanan" title="Candi Prambanan">Candi Prambanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.</div> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="1" class="wikitable" style="margin: -1px 1em 0px auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:90%;line-height:135%;"> <div style="width:201.17647058824px; float:left;margin:2px;" class="thumbcaption"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Russian_Hare_Krishna_devotees_on_Harinam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Russian_Hare_Krishna_devotees_on_Harinam.jpg/201px-Russian_Hare_Krishna_devotees_on_Harinam.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Russian_Hare_Krishna_devotees_on_Harinam.jpg/302px-Russian_Hare_Krishna_devotees_on_Harinam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Russian_Hare_Krishna_devotees_on_Harinam.jpg/402px-Russian_Hare_Krishna_devotees_on_Harinam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br />Tari kebaktian yang dilakukan wanita Hindu di <a href="/wiki/Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskwa">Moskwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>.</div> <div style="width:178.82352941177px; float:left;margin:2px;" class="thumbcaption"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Barthaband_Pooja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Barthaband_Pooja.jpg/179px-Barthaband_Pooja.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Barthaband_Pooja.jpg/269px-Barthaband_Pooja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Barthaband_Pooja.jpg/358px-Barthaband_Pooja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span><br />Upacara Puja <i>barthaband</i> di Bagmati, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.</div> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="1" class="wikitable" style="margin: -1px 1em 0px auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:90%;line-height:135%;"> <div style="width:216.21576325371px; float:left;margin:2px;" class="thumbcaption"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:A_sadhu_by_the_Ghats_on_the_Ganges,_Varanasi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/A_sadhu_by_the_Ghats_on_the_Ganges%2C_Varanasi.jpg/216px-A_sadhu_by_the_Ghats_on_the_Ganges%2C_Varanasi.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/A_sadhu_by_the_Ghats_on_the_Ganges%2C_Varanasi.jpg/324px-A_sadhu_by_the_Ghats_on_the_Ganges%2C_Varanasi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/A_sadhu_by_the_Ghats_on_the_Ganges%2C_Varanasi.jpg/432px-A_sadhu_by_the_Ghats_on_the_Ganges%2C_Varanasi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span><br />Seorang petapa Hindu di tepi <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Gangga" title="Sungai Gangga">sungai Gangga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benares" title="Benares">Benares</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</div> <div style="width:163.78423674629px; float:left;margin:2px;" class="thumbcaption"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Thaipusam_Festival_-_tongue_pierced_with_trident.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Thaipusam_Festival_-_tongue_pierced_with_trident.jpg/164px-Thaipusam_Festival_-_tongue_pierced_with_trident.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Thaipusam_Festival_-_tongue_pierced_with_trident.jpg/246px-Thaipusam_Festival_-_tongue_pierced_with_trident.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Thaipusam_Festival_-_tongue_pierced_with_trident.jpg/328px-Thaipusam_Festival_-_tongue_pierced_with_trident.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="679" /></a></span><br />Ritus tindik lidah saat <i>thaipusam</i> di <a href="/wiki/Batu_Caves" title="Batu Caves">Batu Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.</div> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="1" class="wikitable" style="margin: -1px 1em 0px auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:90%;line-height:135%;"> <div style="width:201.50836672167px; float:left;margin:2px;" class="thumbcaption"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Festival_of_sacred_bath_(Baruni_snan-_in_Bengali)_in_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Festival_of_sacred_bath_%28Baruni_snan-_in_Bengali%29_in_Bangladesh.jpg/202px-Festival_of_sacred_bath_%28Baruni_snan-_in_Bengali%29_in_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Festival_of_sacred_bath_%28Baruni_snan-_in_Bengali%29_in_Bangladesh.jpg/303px-Festival_of_sacred_bath_%28Baruni_snan-_in_Bengali%29_in_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Festival_of_sacred_bath_%28Baruni_snan-_in_Bengali%29_in_Bangladesh.jpg/404px-Festival_of_sacred_bath_%28Baruni_snan-_in_Bengali%29_in_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1993" /></a></span><br />Perayaan mandi suci (<i>baruni snan</i>) di <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.</div> <div style="width:178.49163327834px; float:left;margin:2px;" class="thumbcaption"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hatha_Yoga,_Halasana,_Zhengzhou,_China.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hatha_Yoga%2C_Halasana%2C_Zhengzhou%2C_China.JPG/178px-Hatha_Yoga%2C_Halasana%2C_Zhengzhou%2C_China.JPG" decoding="async" width="178" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hatha_Yoga%2C_Halasana%2C_Zhengzhou%2C_China.JPG/267px-Hatha_Yoga%2C_Halasana%2C_Zhengzhou%2C_China.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hatha_Yoga%2C_Halasana%2C_Zhengzhou%2C_China.JPG/356px-Hatha_Yoga%2C_Halasana%2C_Zhengzhou%2C_China.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span><br />Praktisi <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> melakukan sikap <i>halasana</i> di <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Tiongkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a>.</div> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="1" class="wikitable" style="margin: -1px 1em 0px auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:90%;line-height:135%;"> <div style="width:178.82352941177px; float:left;margin:2px;" class="thumbcaption"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Procession_(6336844603).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Procession_%286336844603%29.jpg/179px-Procession_%286336844603%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Procession_%286336844603%29.jpg/269px-Procession_%286336844603%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Procession_%286336844603%29.jpg/358px-Procession_%286336844603%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><br />Prosesi keagamaan Hindu di <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.</div> <div style="width:201.17647058824px; float:left;margin:2px;" class="thumbcaption"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2015-3_Budhanilkantha,Nepal-Wedding_DSCF5048.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2015-3_Budhanilkantha%2CNepal-Wedding_DSCF5048.JPG/201px-2015-3_Budhanilkantha%2CNepal-Wedding_DSCF5048.JPG" decoding="async" width="201" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2015-3_Budhanilkantha%2CNepal-Wedding_DSCF5048.JPG/302px-2015-3_Budhanilkantha%2CNepal-Wedding_DSCF5048.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2015-3_Budhanilkantha%2CNepal-Wedding_DSCF5048.JPG/402px-2015-3_Budhanilkantha%2CNepal-Wedding_DSCF5048.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br />Prosesi pernikahan adat Hindu di Budhanilkantha, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.</div> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Agama Hindu dapat dideskripsikan sebagai sebuah wadah tradisi yang memiliki "sifat kompleks, bertumbuh, berhierarki, dan kadangkala inkonsisten secara internal."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999434_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999434-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Agama Hindu tidak mengenal "satu sistem kepercayaan yang disusun demi menyeragamkan keyakinan atau iman",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> namun menjadi istilah awam yang meliputi kemajemukan tradisi keagamaan di India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith196265_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith196265-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass19911-22_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass19911-22-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut Mahkamah Agung India: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Tidak seperti agama lainnya di dunia, agama Hindu tidak mengklaim satu nabi saja, tidak memuja satu dewa saja, tidak menganut satu konsep filosofis saja, tidak mengikuti atau mengadakan satu ritus keagamaan saja; faktanya, ciri-ciri [agama Hindu] itu tidak seperti agama atau kepercayaan lain pada umumnya. Tak lain dan tak bukan, agama [Hindu] itu merupakan suatu jalan hidup.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier19941_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier19941-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoller1984_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller1984-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Salah satu masalah dalam merumuskan satu definisi tentang istilah "agama Hindu" adalah adanya fakta bahwa agama Hindu tidak didirikan oleh seorang tokoh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborne20059_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne20059-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Agama ini merupakan <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/sintesis" class="extiw" title="wikt:sintesis">sintesis</a> dari berbagai tradisi, atau himpunan tradisi keagamaan yang berbeda tetapi memiliki persamaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockard200750_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200750-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Konsep ketuhanan dalam tubuh agama Hindu pun tidak seragam. Beberapa aliran bersifat <a href="/wiki/Monoteisme" title="Monoteisme">monoteisme</a>—mengagungkan <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>—sementara aliran lainnya bersifat <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">monisme</a>, yang memandang bahwa para dewa atau sembahan apa pun merupakan manifestasi beragam dari Yang Maha Esa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199614_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199614-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa aliran Hindu bersifat <i><a href="/wiki/Panenteisme" title="Panenteisme">panenteisme</a></i>—sebagaimana disebutkan dalam kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a></i>—yang meyakini bahwa Tuhan meresap ke seluruh <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta" title="Alam semesta">alam semesta</a>, tapi alam semesta bukanlah Tuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-Southgate_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southgate-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Hindu" title="Filsafat Hindu">filsafat Hindu</a> membuat postulat <a href="/wiki/Ontologi" title="Ontologi">ontologi</a> <a href="/wiki/Teisme" title="Teisme">teistis</a> (dalil ketuhanan) tentang penciptaan dan peleburan alam semesta, meskipun beberapa umat Hindu merupakan <a href="/wiki/Ateisme_dalam_Hindu" title="Ateisme dalam Hindu">ateis</a> yang memandang Hinduisme tak lebih dari sebuah filsafat, bukan agama. </p><p>Di samping itu, agama Hindu tidak mengenal satu sistem saja untuk mencari "keselamatan" (<i>salvation</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> namun mengandung sejumlah aliran dan berbagai bentuk tradisi keagamaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa tradisi Hindu mengandalkan ritus tertentu sebagai hal penting demi keselamatan, tapi berbagai pandangan mengenai hal tersebut juga hadir secara berdampingan. Agama Hindu juga dicirikan dengan adanya kepercayaan akan <a href="/wiki/Reinkarnasi" title="Reinkarnasi">reinkarnasi</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">samsara</a></i>, atau siklus lahir-mati) yang ditentukan oleh hukum <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, dan gagasan tentang "keselamatan" adalah kondisi saat individu terbebas dari siklus lahir-mati yang terus berputar. Berdasarkan hal-hal tersebut di atas, agama Hindu dipandang sebagai agama yang paling kompleks dari seluruh agama yang masih bertahan hingga saat ini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeversluis200050_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeversluis200050-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persamaan">Persamaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Persamaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Persamaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di samping berbagai perbedaan yang teramati, ada pula rasa persamaan dalam Hinduisme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut tokoh spiritual Hindu <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, ada kesatuan fundamental dalam tubuh Hinduisme, yang mendasari berbagai perbedaan dalam bentuk-bentuk pelaksanaannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada umumnya, umat Hindu mengenal berbagai nama dan gelar seperti <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakti" title="Sakti">Sakti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dewata" title="Dewata">Dewata</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Batara" class="mw-redirect" title="Batara">Batara</a>. Beberapa aliran memandang nama dan gelar tersebut sebagai aneka manifestasi dari Yang Maha Esa atau Yang Mahakuasa, sehingga agama Hindu dapat dikatakan bersifat <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">monisme</a>. Agama Hindu juga dicirikan dengan adanya kepercayaan akan <a href="/wiki/Dewa" title="Dewa">makhluk ilahi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dewata" title="Dewata">makhluk surgawi</a>, yang dipandang tidak setara dengan Yang Mahakuasa, sedangkan beberapa aliran juga memandangnya sebagai manifestasi dari Yang Mahakuasa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199614_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199614-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Karakteristik lainnya—yang kerap dijumpai dalam tubuh Hinduisme—adalah iman tentang <a href="/wiki/Reinkarnasi" title="Reinkarnasi">reinkarnasi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, serta keyakinan akan kewajiban yang harus dipenuhi secara mutlak (<a href="/wiki/Darma" title="Darma">darma</a>). </p><p>Selain itu, banyak aliran Hinduisme mentakzimkan suatu kumpulan <a href="/wiki/Kitab_suci" title="Kitab suci">kitab suci</a> yang disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i>, meskipun ada beberapa aliran yang mengabaikannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199635_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199635-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sekte Hindu seperti <a href="/wiki/Linggayata" class="mw-redirect" title="Linggayata">Linggayata</a> bahkan tidak mengikuti <i>Weda</i>, tapi masih memiliki kepercayaan akan <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebaliknya, sekte <a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a> memiliki kitab suci tersendiri yang disebut <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akilattirattu_Ammanai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akilattirattu Ammanai (halaman belum tersedia)">Akilattirattu Ammanai</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> namun masih mengimani Tuhan yang sama dengan Hinduisme—contohnya <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Laksmi" title="Laksmi">Laksmi</a>—serta memiliki sejumlah mitos yang mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Hindu" title="Mitologi Hindu">mitologi Hindu</a> pada umumnya. </p><p>Dalam perkembangannya, tradisi Hindu yang cenderung mengagungkan Wisnu—atau Narayana dan Kresna—disebut <a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a>, sementara yang memuja Siwa disebut <a href="/wiki/Saiwa" title="Saiwa">Saiwa</a> (Saiwisme). Dilihat dari luar, aliran Saiwa dan Waisnawa memiliki konsep tersendiri tentang Tuhan yang diagungkan. Menurut Halbfass, meskipun aliran Saiwa dan Waisnawa dapat dipandang sebagai aliran keagamaan yang mandiri, ada kadar interaksi dan saling acu antara para teoretikus dan pujangga dari masing-masing tradisi yang mengindikasikan adanya rasa jati diri yang lebih luas, rasa koherensi dalam konteks yang sama, serta inklusi dalam kerangka dan garis besar [kepercayaan] secara umum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut Nicholson, pada masa antara <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-12" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-12">abad ke-12</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-16" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-16">ke-16</a>, para cendekiawan tertentu mulai memandang "<a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/benang_merah" class="extiw" title="wikt:benang merah">benang merah</a>" terhadap kekayaan ajaran filsafat yang berasal dari <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" title="Itihasa">wiracarita</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Purana" title="Purana">Purana</a></i>, dan beberapa mazhab yang dikenal sebagai "enam sistem" (<i>saddarsana</i>) dari <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Hindu" title="Filsafat Hindu">filsafat Hindu</a> yang umum."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson20102_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson20102-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tendensi dari kekaburan distingsi filosofis juga digarisbawahi oleh Burley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200734_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200734-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hacker menyebut perihal tersebut sebagai "inklusivisme",<sup id="cite_ref-hacker_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hacker-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan Michaels berpendapat tentang "sifat identifikasi diri".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200444_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200444-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut Lorenzen, rasa identitas ke-Hindu-an bermula dari masa interaksi antara kaum <a href="/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> dan Hindu,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200624-33_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200624-33-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan dari sebuah proses penentuan jati diri untuk membedakan kaum Hindu dengan kaum Muslim, yang sudah dimulai sebelum <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-19">1800-an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200626-27_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200626-27-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut Michaels: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sebagai pencegahan terhadap supremasi <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, dan sebagai bagian dari proses regionalisasi yang berkelanjutan, dua inovasi keagamaan berkembang dalam tubuh agama Hindu: pembentukan sekte-sekte serta historisasi yang mendahului nasionalisme pada masa berikutnya … Para orang suci, dan kadangkala pemuka sekte yang militan, seperti pujangga <a href="/wiki/Maratha" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> [bernama] <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a> (1609–1649) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramdas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramdas (halaman belum tersedia)">Ramdas</a> (1608–1681), menyuarakan gagasan-gagasan yang mengagungkan kejayaan agama Hindu pada masa lampau. Para <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">brahmana</a> juga menyusun tulisan-tulisan bersejarah yang kian bertambah, terutama <a href="/wiki/Eulogi" title="Eulogi">eulogi</a> dan riwayat tempat-tempat suci (<i>mahatmya</i>), atau mengobarkan semangat reflektif untuk menghimpun dan menggubah suatu koleksi kutipan yang ekstensif tentang berbagai subjek.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMicaels200444_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMicaels200444-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Inklusivisme" title="Inklusivisme">Inklusivisme</a> ini dikembangkan lebih jauh lagi pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-19">abad ke-19</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-20" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-20">ke-20</a> oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_reformasi_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan reformasi Hindu (halaman belum tersedia)">gerakan reformasi Hindu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a>, serta telah menjadi karakteristik agama Hindu modern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penggolongan">Penggolongan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Penggolongan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penggolongan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agama Hindu sebagaimana biasanya dapat digolongkan ke dalam beberapa mazhab atau aliran besar. Dalam suatu kelompok mazhab pada masa lalu—yang digolongkan sebagai "enam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darsana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Darsana (halaman belum tersedia)">darsana</a></i>"—hanya dua mazhab yang popularitasnya masih bertahan: <a href="/wiki/Wedanta" title="Wedanta">Wedanta</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>. Golongan-golongan utama Hinduisme pada masa kini disesuaikan dengan aliran-aliran besar yang ada: <a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a> (Waisnawisme), <a href="/wiki/Saiwa" title="Saiwa">Saiwa</a> (Saiwisme), <a href="/wiki/Sakta" title="Sakta">Sakta</a> (Saktisme), dan <a href="/wiki/Smarta" title="Smarta">Smarta</a> (Smartisme).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enam_tipe_umum">Enam tipe umum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Enam tipe umum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Enam tipe umum"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ganga_Aarathi_DashashwaMedh_Ghat,_Varanasi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ganga_Aarathi_DashashwaMedh_Ghat%2C_Varanasi.jpg/220px-Ganga_Aarathi_DashashwaMedh_Ghat%2C_Varanasi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ganga_Aarathi_DashashwaMedh_Ghat%2C_Varanasi.jpg/330px-Ganga_Aarathi_DashashwaMedh_Ghat%2C_Varanasi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ganga_Aarathi_DashashwaMedh_Ghat%2C_Varanasi.jpg/440px-Ganga_Aarathi_DashashwaMedh_Ghat%2C_Varanasi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Prosesi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aarti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aarti (halaman belum tersedia)">ganga aarti</a></i> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dashashwamedh_Ghat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dashashwamedh Ghat (halaman belum tersedia)">Dashashwamedh Ghat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benares" title="Benares">Benares</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Menurut J. McDaniel, ada enam tipe umum dalam tubuh agama Hindu, yang disusun dengan maksud menampung berbagai pandangan terhadap suatu subjek yang kompleks. Adapun enam tipe tersebut sebagai berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200752–53_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200752–53-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu_rakyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Hindu rakyat">Agama Hindu rakyat</a>, yaitu agama Hindu yang berdasarkan pada tradisi masyarakat setempat serta pemujaan dewa-dewi lokal, seperti <a href="/wiki/Suku_Tamil" title="Suku Tamil">Hindu Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Newa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Newa">Hindu Newa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Bali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Bali">Hindu Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meitei" class="mw-disambig" title="Meitei">Hindu Manipuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Hindu Kaharingan</a>, dan lain-lain. Berpangkal dari masa prasejarah atau setidaknya mendahului penulisan <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200752–53_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200752–53-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srauta" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> atau Agama Hindu Weda, dilaksanakan oleh kaum <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">brahmana</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tradisionalisme" title="Tradisionalisme">tradisional</a> yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Srauta" title="Srauta"><i>srautin</i></a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedanta" title="Wedanta">Agama Hindu Wedanta</a>, yaitu agama Hindu yang mengacu pada filsafat <a href="/wiki/Wedanta" title="Wedanta">Wedanta</a>, meliputi <a href="/wiki/Adwaita_Wedanta" title="Adwaita Wedanta">Adwaita Wedanta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smarta" title="Smarta">Smarta</a>), dan menekankan pendekatan filosofis pada kitab-kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Agama Hindu Yoga</a>, yaitu sekte yang menitikberatkan pelaksanaan <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> menurut <i><a href="/wiki/Yogasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogasutra">Yogasutra</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma">Agama Hindu Dharma</a> atau agama "moralitas sehari-hari", yaitu Hinduisme yang berdasarkan pada realisasi <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> dan pelaksanaan norma kemasyarakatan seperti <i><a href="/wiki/Wiwaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiwaha">wiwaha</a></i> (adat pernikahan Hindu).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a>, yaitu agama Hindu yang menekankan pelaksanaan kebaktian bagi entitas tertentu, seperti <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesa" title="Ganesa">Ganesa</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religi_dan_religiositas_Hindu">Religi dan religiositas Hindu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Religi dan religiositas Hindu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Religi dan religiositas Hindu"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menurut Axel Michaels, ada tiga bentuk <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/religi" class="extiw" title="wikt:religi">religi</a> (agama) Hindu dan empat macam <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/religiositas" class="extiw" title="wikt:religiositas">religiositas</a> (pengabdian) umat Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pembagian agama Hindu menjadi tiga bentuk bersuaian dengan metode pembagian dari India yang mengelompokkannya sebagai berikut: praktik ritual menurut <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i> (<i>vaidika</i>), agama rakyat dan lokal (<i>gramya</i>), dan sekte keagamaan (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_(kitab)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama (kitab) (halaman belum tersedia)">agama</a></i> atau <i><a href="/wiki/Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantra">tantra</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200423_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200423-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut Michaels, tiga bentuk agama Hindu yakni: </p> <ol><li>Hinduisme Brahmanis-Sanskritis (<i>Brahmanic-Sanskritic Hinduism</i>): suatu agama <a href="/wiki/Politeisme" title="Politeisme">politeistis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritualistis</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">kependetaan</a> yang berpusat pada suatu keluarga besar serta upacara pengorbanan, dan merujuk kepada kitab-kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i> sebagai keabsahannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Agama ini mendapat sorotan utama dalam banyak risalah tentang agama Hindu karena memenuhi banyak kriteria untuk disebut sebagai <a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">agama</a>, serta karena agama ini merupakan yang dominan di berbagai wilayah India, sebab masyarakat non-<a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">brahmana</a> pun mencoba untuk mengasimilasinya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Agama rakyat dan agama suku: suatu agama lokal yang politeistis, kadang kala <a href="/wiki/Animisme" title="Animisme">animistis</a>, dengan tradisi lisan yang luas. Kadang kala bertentangan dengan Hinduisme Brahmanis-Sanskritis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200422_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200422-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Agama bentukan: tradisi dengan komunitas monastis yang dibentuk untuk mencari keselamatan (<i>salvation</i>), biasanya menjauhkan diri dari belenggu duniawi, dan sering kali anti-Brahmanis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Agama ini dapat dikelompokkan lagi menjadi tiga bagian: <ul><li>Agama sektarian: aliran keagamaan yang menggarisbawahi suatu konsep filosofis dari Hinduisme dan menekankan praktik religius menurut konsep tersebut, contohnya <a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Saiwa" title="Saiwa">Saiwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200422_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200422-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Agama-bentukan sinkretis: agama tersendiri yang terbentuk dari <a href="/wiki/Sinkretisme" title="Sinkretisme">sinkretisme</a> antara Hinduisme dengan agama lain, contohnya Hindu-<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme">Sikhisme</a>), Hindu-<a href="/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">Buddha</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_Newara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme Newara (halaman belum tersedia)">Buddhisme Newara</a>), atau Hindu-<a href="/wiki/Kristen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen">Kristen</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neohinduisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Neohinduisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Neohinduisme</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200422_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200422-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Agama proselitisis (<i>proselytizing religions</i>), atau "Guru-isme": kelompok keagamaan yang berawal dari seorang <a href="/wiki/Guru_(agama_dharma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru (agama dharma)">guru</a> dan biasanya menekankan isu <a href="/wiki/Universalisme" title="Universalisme">universalisme</a>, contohnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (halaman belum tersedia)">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a> dengan gerakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meditasi_Transendental&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Meditasi Transendental (halaman belum tersedia)">Meditasi Transendental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a> dengan Federasi Satya Sai, <a href="/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a> dengan gerakan <a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prem_Rawat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prem Rawat (halaman belum tersedia)">Maharaj Ji</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Divine_Light_Mission&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Divine Light Mission (halaman belum tersedia)">Divine Light Mission</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osho&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Osho (halaman belum tersedia)">Osho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200422_100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200422-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ol> <p>Menurut Michaels, empat macam <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/religiositas" class="extiw" title="wikt:religiositas">religiositas</a> Hindu yakni: </p> <ol><li>Ritualisme: terutama mengacu pada ritualisme Weda-Brahmanistis (<i>Vedic-Brahmanistic ritualism</i>) yang domestik dan butuh kurban, tapi dapat juga meliputi beberapa bentuk <a href="/wiki/Tantrisme" title="Tantrisme">Tantrisme</a><i><a href="/wiki/Tantrisme" title="Tantrisme">Tantrisme</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200423_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200423-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ini merupakan <i><a href="/wiki/Karma_Yoga" title="Karma Yoga">karma-marga</a></i> klasik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200424_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200424-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spiritualisme: kesalehan intelektual, bertujuan untuk mencari kebebasan (<i><a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">moksa</a></i>) bagi individu, biasanya dengan bimbingan seorang <a href="/wiki/Guru_(agama_dharma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru (agama dharma)">guru</a>. Ini merupakan karakteristik <a href="/wiki/Adwaita_Wedanta" title="Adwaita Wedanta">Adwaita Wedanta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saiwa_Kashmir&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saiwa Kashmir (halaman belum tersedia)">Saiwa Kashmir</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saiwa_Siddhanta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saiwa Siddhanta (halaman belum tersedia)">Saiwa Siddhanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Wedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Wedanta">Neo-Wedanta</a>, Guruisme esoterik masa kini, dan beberapa macam Tantrisme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200423_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200423-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ini merupakan <i><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">jnana-marga</a></i> klasik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200424_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200424-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Devosionalisme: pemujaan kepada Tuhan, seperti yang ditekankan dalam tradisi <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a></i> dan <a href="/wiki/Kresnaisme" title="Kresnaisme">Kresnaisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200423_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200423-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ini merupakan <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti yoga">bhakti-marga</a></i> klasik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200424_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200424-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Heroisme: bentuk religiositas <a href="/wiki/Politeisme" title="Politeisme">politeistis</a> yang berpangkal dari tradisi militeristis, seperti Ramaisme dan sebagian dari Hinduisme politis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200423_99-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200423-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ini juga disebut <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wirya_(Hinduisme)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wirya (Hinduisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">wirya-marga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200424_101-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200424-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toleransi">Toleransi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Toleransi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Toleransi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hindu-Romuvan_ecumenism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hindu-Romuvan_ecumenism.png/280px-Hindu-Romuvan_ecumenism.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hindu-Romuvan_ecumenism.png/420px-Hindu-Romuvan_ecumenism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hindu-Romuvan_ecumenism.png/560px-Hindu-Romuvan_ecumenism.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Pendeta Hindu diberi kesempatan melantunkan doa dalam suatu upacara yang diselenggarakan umat <a href="/wiki/Agama_Romuva" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Romuva">agama Romuva</a> di <a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituania</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Agama Hindu memiliki ciri khas sebagai salah satu agama yang paling <a href="/wiki/Toleransi" title="Toleransi">toleran</a> karena tiadanya <a href="/wiki/Skisma" title="Skisma">skisma</a> meskipun ada kemajemukan tradisi yang bernaung di bawah simbol-simbol agama Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-lingen_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lingen-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDogra20035_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDogra20035-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada awal perkembangannya, saat tiadanya perselisihan antaragama, umat Hindu menganggap setiap orang yang mereka temui sebagai umat Hindu pula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeoffray2005106_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeoffray2005106-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetkar190987–89_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetkar190987–89-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tetapi pada masa kini, umat Hindu menerima pengaruh dari Barat tentang pengadaan konversi agama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrowse1996191_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrowse1996191-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maka, banyak umat Hindu berpendapat bahwa identitas kehinduan diperoleh semenjak lahir,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sementara yang lainnya berpendapat bahwa siapa pun yang mengikuti kepercayaan dan praktik agama Hindu merupakan seorang Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasu19191_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasu19191-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a> menyatakan bahwa Hinduisme bebas dari <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma-dogma</a> yang memaksa, serta dapat menampung berbagai bentuk ekspresi diri dalam ruang lingkup yang besar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1970112-261_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1970112-261-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam tubuh agama Hindu, perbedaan pada setiap tradisi—bahkan pada agama lain—tidak untuk diperkarakan, karena ada keyakinan bahwa setiap orang memuja Tuhan yang sama dengan nama yang berbeda, entah disadari atau tidak oleh umat bersangkutan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhaskarananda1994_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhaskarananda1994-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Regweda" title="Regweda">Regweda</a></i> terdapat suatu bait yang sering dikutip oleh umat Hindu untuk menegaskan hal tersebut, sebagai berikut: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><span class="Unicode">एकम् सत् विप्रा: बहुधा वदन्ति</span> (<i>Ekam Sat Viprāh Bahudhā Vadanti</i>)<br /> Arti: "Hanya ada satu kebenaran, tetapi para cendekiawan menyebut-Nya dengan banyak nama." (<span style="font-family:Tahoma, monospace; cursor: help; border-bottom:1px dotted;" title="Dikutip dari kitab Regweda.&#160;Buku&#160;I.&#160;Bab&#160;CLXIV,&#160;sloka&#160;46.">I:CLXIV:46</span>) </p> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Swami_Vivekananda_Jaipur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Swami_Vivekananda_Jaipur.jpg/220px-Swami_Vivekananda_Jaipur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Swami_Vivekananda_Jaipur.jpg/330px-Swami_Vivekananda_Jaipur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Swami_Vivekananda_Jaipur.jpg/440px-Swami_Vivekananda_Jaipur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlemen_Agama-Agama_Dunia_(1893)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parlemen Agama-Agama Dunia (1893) (halaman belum tersedia)">Parlemen Agama-Agama Dunia (1893)</a> di <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> sebagai perwakilan India mengawali pidatonya dengan salam "<i>Sisters and brothers of America!</i>" dan mendapatkan sambutan yang hangat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhide20089_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhide20089-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ia memperkenalkan Hinduisme sebagai agama yang mengajarkan toleransi dan bersikap sangat terbuka.<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Agama Hindu memandang seluruh dunia sebagai suatu keluarga besar yang mengagungkan satu kebenaran yang sama, sehingga agama tersebut menghargai segala bentuk keyakinan dan tidak mempersoalkan perbedaan agama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadlani2008303_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadlani2008303-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maka dari itu, agama Hindu tidak mengakui konsep <a href="/wiki/Murtad" class="mw-redirect" title="Murtad">murtad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidah">bidah</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Penghujatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Penghujatan">penghujatan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lingen_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lingen-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane2005149_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane2005149-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Agama Hindu bersifat mendukung <a href="/wiki/Pluralisme_agama" title="Pluralisme agama">pluralisme agama</a> dan lebih menekankan harmoni dalam kehidupan antar-umat beragama, dengan tetap mengindahkan bahwa tiap agama memiliki perbedaan mutlak yang tak patut diperselisihkan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurthy20037_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurthy20037-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut tokoh spiritual Hindu <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, setiap orang tidak hanya patut menghargai agama lain, tapi juga merangkulnya dengan pikiran yang baik, dan kebenaran itulah yang merupakan dasar bagi setiap agama.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam agama Hindu, toleransi beragama tidak hanya ditujukan pada umat agama lain, tapi juga pada umat Hindu sendiri. Hal ini terkait dengan keberadaan beragam tradisi dalam tubuh Hinduisme. Agama Hindu memberikan jaminan kebebasan bagi para penganutnya untuk memilih suatu pemahaman dan melakukan tata cara persembahyangan tertentu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDogra20035_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDogra20035-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOslon20079_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOslon20079-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews2008386_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews2008386-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebuah sloka dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a></i> sering dikutip untuk mendukung pernyataan tersebut: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><span class="Unicode">ये यथा मां प्रपद्यन्ते तांस्तथैव भजाम्यहम् मम वर्त्मानुवर्तन्ते मनुष्या: पार्थ सर्वश:</span> <br />(<i>Ye yathā mām prapadyante tāms tathaiva bhajāmy aham mama vartmānuvartante manusyāh pārtha sarvaśah</i>.)<br /> Arti: "Jalan mana pun yang ditempuh seseorang kepada-Ku, Aku memberinya anugerah setimpal. Semua orang mencari-Ku dengan berbagai jalan, wahai <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>." (<i>Bhagawadgita</i>,&#160;<span style="font-family:Tahoma, monospace; cursor: help; border-bottom:1px dotted;" title="Dikutip dari kitab Bhagawadgita.&#160;Bab&#160;IV,&#160;sloka&#160;11.">IV:11</span>) </p> </blockquote> <p>Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlemen_Agama-Agama_Dunia_(1893)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parlemen Agama-Agama Dunia (1893) (halaman belum tersedia)">Parlemen Agama-Agama Dunia (1893)</a> di <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a> juga mengutip suatu ayat yang menyatakan bahwa setiap orang menempuh jalan yang berbeda-beda dalam memuja Tuhan, sebagaimana berbagai aliran sungai pada akhirnya menyatu di lautan.<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mazhab,_aliran,_dan_gerakan"><span id="Mazhab.2C_aliran.2C_dan_gerakan"></span>Mazhab, aliran, dan gerakan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Mazhab, aliran, dan gerakan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Mazhab, aliran, dan gerakan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2012-08_Woodstock_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2012-08_Woodstock_12.jpg/300px-2012-08_Woodstock_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2012-08_Woodstock_12.jpg/450px-2012-08_Woodstock_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2012-08_Woodstock_12.jpg/600px-2012-08_Woodstock_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2222" data-file-height="1481" /></a><figcaption>Partisipasi umat Waisnawa dalam acara Festival Woodstock di <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hinduisme tidak mengandalkan otoritas berdasarkan doktrin sentral seperti <a href="/wiki/Kredo" title="Kredo">kredo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pengakuan_iman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengakuan iman">pengakuan iman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rukun_iman" title="Rukun iman">rukun iman</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Syahadat" title="Syahadat">syahadat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner199473_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner199473-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Meskipun tradisi Hindu tidak seragam, banyak umat Hindu yang tidak mau mengakui dirinya sebagai penganut aliran atau sekte Hindu tertentu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner199473_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner199473-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada umumnya, aliran dibedakan berdasarkan pada dewa yang dipuja sebagai manifestasi Yang Mahakuasa, serta pada tradisi mengenai cara pemujaan dewa tersebut. </p><p>Ada empat aliran utama yang sering teramati: <a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saiwa" title="Saiwa">Saiwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakta" title="Sakta">Sakta</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Smarta" title="Smarta">Smarta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iskcon-fourtraditions_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iskcon-fourtraditions-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Umat <a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a> memuja <i><a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a></i> sebagai manifestasi Yang Mahakuasa; umat <a href="/wiki/Saiwa" title="Saiwa">Saiwa</a> memuja <i><a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a></i> sebagai manifestasi Yang Mahakuasa; umat <a href="/wiki/Sakta" title="Sakta">Sakta</a> memuja <i><a href="/wiki/Sakti" title="Sakti">Sakti</a></i> (kekuatan) atau <i><a href="/wiki/Dewi" title="Dewi">Dewi</a></i> yang dipersonifikasikan sebagai wanita ilahi; sedangkan <a href="/wiki/Smarta" title="Smarta">Smarta</a> meyakini kesatuan mendasar dari lima (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancadewa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pancadewa (halaman belum tersedia)">Pancadewa</a>) atau enam (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanmata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanmata (halaman belum tersedia)">Shanmata</a>) dewa sebagai personifikasi dari Yang Mahakuasa. Aliran lainnya seperti <a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a> (pemujaan terhadap <i><a href="/wiki/Ganesa" title="Ganesa">Ganesa</a></i>) dan <a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduisme)" title="Saura (Hinduisme)">Saura</a> (pemujaan terhadap <i><a href="/wiki/Surya" class="mw-redirect" title="Surya">Surya</a></i>) kurang menyebar secara luas. </p><p>Sejumlah gerakan keagamaan terkategorikan ke dalam salah satu aliran besar Hinduisme, contohnya <a href="/wiki/Masyarakat_Internasional_Kesadaran_Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Masyarakat Internasional Kesadaran Krishna">Gerakan Hare Krishna</a> terkategorikan ke dalam golongan <a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a>. Ada pula gerakan keagamaan Hindu yang sukar ditentukan untuk dimasukkan ke dalam golongan yang disebutkan di atas, contohnya <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> yang diprakarsai Swami <a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a>. Gerakan keagamaan ini berbeda dengan tradisi Hindu pada umumnya, yaitu tidak memuja Tuhan dengan sarana <a href="/wiki/Arca" title="Arca">arca</a> atau lukisan. Gerakan ini berfokus kepada <i>Weda</i> dan <a href="/wiki/Yadnya" title="Yadnya">yadnya</a> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">yajña</span></i>; ritus keagamaan berdasarkan <i>Weda</i>). </p><p>Di samping empat aliran besar dalam agama Hindu, sekte-sekte keagamaan yang ada meliputi <a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu_Swaminarayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Hindu Swaminarayana">Swaminarayana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravidassia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ravidassia (halaman belum tersedia)">Ravidassia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linggayata" class="mw-redirect" title="Linggayata">Linggayata</a>, dan lain-lain. Beberapa sekte memiliki konsep, mitologi, serta pustaka suci tersendiri yang berbeda dengan tradisi Hindu pada umumnya. Sekte-sekte tertentu pun memiliki aliran di dalamnya, misalnya <a href="/wiki/Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantra">tradisi Tantra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enam_mazhab_filsafat">Enam mazhab filsafat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Enam mazhab filsafat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Enam mazhab filsafat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Hindu" title="Filsafat Hindu">Filsafat Hindu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Kapila_muni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kapila_muni.jpg/220px-Kapila_muni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kapila_muni.jpg/330px-Kapila_muni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Kapila_muni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Lukisan <a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a>, dari abad ke-19.</figcaption></figure> <p>Menurut sistem <a href="/wiki/Astika_dan_nastika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika dan nastika">astika dan nastika</a>, ada sembilan filsafat India klasik. Enam di antaranya merupakan filsafat Hindu klasik (<i>astika</i>) yang mengakui otoritas <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i> sebagai kitab suci. Tiga filsafat lainnya merupakan aliran <a href="/wiki/Heterodoks" title="Heterodoks">heterodoks</a> (<i>nastika</i>) yang tidak mengakui otoritas <i>Weda</i>, tapi menekankan tradisi perguruan yang berbeda. Adapun enam filsafat Hindu tersebut sebagai berikut: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></b>: mazhab filsafat yang—dipercaya secara tradisional—digagas oleh Resi <a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a>. Mazhab ini dianggap sebagai salah satu mazhab filsafat tertua di India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1997149_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1997149-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mazhab ini bersifat <a href="/wiki/Dualisme" title="Dualisme">dualisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004264_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004264-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen_Gupta19866_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen_Gupta19866-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore195789_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore195789-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut Samkhya, alam semesta terdiri dari dua realitas: <i><a href="/wiki/Purusa" title="Purusa">purusa</a></i> (kesadaran) dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prakerti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prakerti (halaman belum tersedia)">prakerti</a></i> (materi). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiwa_(Hinduisme)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiwa (Hinduisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Jiwa</a></i> adalah kondisi saat <i>purusa</i> terikat pada <i>prakriti</i> karena suatu "perekat" yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Kehendak_(filsafat)" title="Kehendak (filsafat)">kehendak</a>, dan akhir dari ikatan itu disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">moksa</a></i>. Samkhya menolak bahwa sumber segalanya adalah <a href="/wiki/Iswara" title="Iswara">Iswara</a> (Tuhan).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1922258_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1922258-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Samkhya tidak mendeskripsikan apa yang terjadi setelah moksa, dan tidak menyinggung apa pun yang berkaitan dengan Iswara atau Tuhan, karena filsafat ini menyatakan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan esensial antara <i>purusa</i> individu dengan alam semesta setelah mencapai moksa.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></b>: mazhab yang menekankan pada pengendalian diri dan pikiran. Mazhab Yoga menerima <a href="/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi">psikologi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika">metafisika</a> yang diajarkan Samkhya, tapi bersifat lebih <a href="/wiki/Teisme" title="Teisme">teistis</a> daripada Samkhya, karena ditambahkannya entitas ketuhanan pada 25 elemen realitas menurut Samkhya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1967453_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1967453-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mazhab ini digagas oleh Resi <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>. Yoga menurut Patanjali dikenal sebagai <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajayoga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajayoga (halaman belum tersedia)">Rajayoga</a></i>, yaitu suatu sistem untuk mengontrol pikiran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199696–98_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199696–98-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Berbagai tradisi Yoga didapati dalam agama Hindu, <a href="/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">Buddha</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme">Jaina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarmody199668_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmody199668-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Para <a href="/wiki/Guru_(agama_dharma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru (agama dharma)">guru</a> dari <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> memperkenalkan Yoga ke <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Barat" title="Dunia Barat">Dunia Barat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20112_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20112-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mengikuti keberhasilan <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a> pada akhir <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-19">abad ke-19</a> dan awal <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-20" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-20">abad ke-20</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20112_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20112-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1980-an, salah satu jenis Yoga menjadi populer sebagai suatu sistem latihan jasmani di Dunia Barat. Bentuk Yoga semacam itu disebut <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hathayoga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hathayoga (halaman belum tersedia)">Hathayoga</a></i>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></b>: mazhab <a href="/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">logika</a> dalam Hinduisme. Mazhab spekulasi filosofis ini berdasarkan kitab-kitab yang disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Nyayasutra" title="Nyayasutra">Nyayasutra</a></i>, ditulis oleh <a href="/wiki/Aksapada_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksapada Gautama">Aksapada Gautama</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-2">abad ke-2</a>&#160;Masehi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal1986xiv_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal1986xiv-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kontribusi signifikan dari mazhab Nyaya adalah <a href="/wiki/Metodologi" title="Metodologi">metodologi</a> untuk membuktikan keberadaan Tuhan, menurut kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i>. Menurut mazhab Nyaya, ada empat sumber untuk memperoleh pengetahuan (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pramana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pramana (halaman belum tersedia)">pramana</a></i>): persepsi, inferensi, perbandingan, dan testimoni. Pengetahuan yang diperoleh melalui masing-masing sumber tersebut bisa saja sahih atau tidak. Sebagai dampaknya, para filsuf Nyaya berusaha keras untuk mencari cara membuktikan kesahihan pengetahuan melalui sejumlah bagan penjelasan.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Waisesika" title="Waisesika">Waisesika</a></b>: mazhab <a href="/wiki/Atomisme" title="Atomisme">atomisme</a> dalam Hinduisme yang menyatakan suatu <a href="/wiki/Postulat" title="Postulat">postulat</a> bahwa segala benda di alam semesta dapat dibagi-bagi menjadi sejumlah <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>. Mazhab ini mulanya digagas oleh <a href="/wiki/Resi_Kanada" class="mw-redirect" title="Resi Kanada">Resi Kanada</a> sekitar <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-2">abad ke-2</a>&#160;Masehi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaman1999269_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaman1999269-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Secara historis, mazhab ini dikaitkan erat dengan Nyaya. Meskipun sistem Waisesika dan Nyaya berkembang secara mandiri, keduanya bergabung karena teori-teori metafisis yang memiliki keterkaitan. Akan tetapi, dalam bentuknya yang klasik, ajaran Waisesika berbeda dengan Nyaya, karena Nyaya mengakui empat sumber pengetahuan, sementara Waisesika hanya mengakui persepsi dan inferensi.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a></b>: mazhab yang kajian utamanya adalah sifat-sifat <a href="/wiki/Darma" title="Darma">darma</a> berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutika" title="Hermeneutika">hermeneutika</a> pada kitab-kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i>. Sifat-sifat darma tidak dapat diakses untuk penalaran atau pengamatan, sehingga harus dikaji melalui otoritas wahyu-wahyu yang dikandung dalam <i>Weda</i>, yang diyakini kekal, tanpa pengarang (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apauruseyatwa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Apauruseyatwa (halaman belum tersedia)">apauruṣeyatva</a></i>), dan sempurna.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mazhab Mimamsa mengandung doktrin yang <a href="/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme">ateistis</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Teisme" title="Teisme">teistis</a> dan tidak terlalu tertarik pada <a href="/wiki/Keberadaan_Tuhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Keberadaan Tuhan">keberadaan Tuhan</a>, tapi pada karakteristik <i>darma</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeville200151_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville200151-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorthington198266_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorthington198266-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mimamsa sangat memerhatikan penafsiran tekstual, sehingga memberi rintisan pada kajian <a href="/wiki/Filologi" title="Filologi">filologi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_bahasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Filsafat bahasa">filsafat bahasa</a>. Gagasannya tentang "tuturan" (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Aabda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Śabda (halaman belum tersedia)">śabda</a></i>) sebagai kesatuan suara dan makna (penanda dan petanda) yang tak dapat dibagi lagi dipengaruhi oleh <a href="/wiki/Bhart%E1%B9%9Bhari" title="Bhartṛhari">Bhartṛhari</a> (<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> abad&#160;ke-5).<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:AdiShankara1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/AdiShankara1.jpg/220px-AdiShankara1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/AdiShankara1.jpg/330px-AdiShankara1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/AdiShankara1.jpg/440px-AdiShankara1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Patung <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, filsuf mazhab <a href="/wiki/Adwaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Adwaita">Adwaita</a> yang tertemuka, terletak di <a href="/wiki/Mysore" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wedanta" title="Wedanta">Wedanta</a></b>: mazhab yang berfokus pada kajian tentang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasthanatrayi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasthanatrayi (halaman belum tersedia)">tiga sastra dasar</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Hindu" title="Filsafat Hindu">filsafat Hindu</a>, yaitu <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmasutra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmasutra (halaman belum tersedia)">Brahmasutra</a></i>, dan <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992176-177_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992176-177-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sekurang-kurangnya, ada sepuluh aliran dalam mazhab Wedanta,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992177_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> namun tiga di antaranya—<a href="/wiki/Adwaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Adwaita">Adwaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisistadwaita" title="Wisistadwaita">Wisistadwaita</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Dwaita" title="Dwaita">Dwaita</a>—lebih termasyhur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivananda1993217_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivananda1993217-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>Wedanta terdiri dari berbagai macam aliran, tiga di antaranya ialah: <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Adwaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Adwaita">Adwaita</a></b>: perguruan Wedanta yang dirintis oleh <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> (awal <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-8">abad ke-8</a>) dan guru besarnya, <a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a>, yang menjabarkan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajatiwada&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajatiwada (halaman belum tersedia)">Ajatiwada</a></i>. Menurut perguruan ini, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> adalah satu-satunya kenyataan, sedangkan <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta_teramati" title="Alam semesta teramati">dunia yang teramati</a> hanyalah <a href="/wiki/Ilusi" title="Ilusi">ilusi</a> belaka. Karena Brahman adalah kenyataan sejati, Ia tidak dapat dikatakan memiliki atribut. Kekuatan ilusif dari Brahman yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_(ilusi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maya (ilusi) (halaman belum tersedia)">maya (<i>māyā</i>)</a> membuat dunia ini tampak ada. Ketidaktahuan akan kenyataan tersebut merupakan penyebab adanya penderitaan di dunia, sehingga kebebasan (dari penderitaan) hanya bisa diperoleh melalui kesadaran akan Brahman. Ketika seseorang mencoba memahami Brahman melalui pikirannya, maka—karena pengaruh maya—Brahman hadir sebagai Tuhan berkepribadian (<a href="/wiki/Iswara" title="Iswara">Iswara</a>), yang berbeda dengan dunia dan juga individu. Pada kenyataannya, tiada perbedaan antara esensi individu yang sejati (<i><a href="/wiki/Atman" title="Atman">jiwatman</a></i>) dengan Brahman. Kebebasan dapat diperoleh dengan merasakan bahwa tiada perbedaan antara keduanya. Maka dari itu, jalan kebebasan ditempuh dengan pengetahuan (<i>jñāna</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Vedanta_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vedanta-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wisistadwaita" title="Wisistadwaita">Wisistadwaita</a></b>: perguruan Wedanta yang dirintis oleh <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> (1017–1137). Menurut perguruan ini, <i>jiwatman</i> adalah bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, sehingga mereka mirip, tetapi tidak sama. Menurut Wisistadwaita, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> dinyatakan memiliki atribut (<i><a href="/wiki/Saguna-brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguna-brahman">Saguna-brahman</a></i>), termasuk materi dan jiwa kesadaran individu. <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, materi, dan jiwa individu tidaklah sama tetapi merupakan entitas yang tidak terpisahkan. Perguruan ini menegaskan <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></i> atau pengabdian kepada Tuhan—yang dibayangkan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a>—sebagai jalan untuk mencapai kebebasan (<a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">moksa</a>). Dalam perguruan ini, maya dipandang sebagai daya cipta dari Tuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-Vedanta_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vedanta-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dwaita" title="Dwaita">Dwaita</a></b>: perguruan Wedanta yang dirintis oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhwacarya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhwacarya (halaman belum tersedia)">Madhwacarya</a> (1199–1278). Perguruan ini juga disebut sebagai <i>tatvavādā</i>&#160;–&#160;"Filsafat Kenyataan". Perguruan ini menyamakan Tuhan dengan <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, sehingga tiada berbeda dengan <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a> ataupun berbagai perwujudan-Nya seperti <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narasinga" title="Narasinga">Narasinga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wenkateswara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wenkateswara (halaman belum tersedia)">Wenkateswara</a>, dan lain-lain. Perguruan ini memandang Brahman, jiwa individu, dan materi sebagai entitas yang berbeda. Perguruan ini menekankan <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></i> sebagai jalan yang benar untuk mencapai kebebasan, dan pengabaian akan Tuhan akan berujung pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neraka_(Hinduisme)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Neraka (Hinduisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">neraka</a> serta ikatan duniawi. Menurut Dwaita, segala tindakan diberdayakan oleh jiwa yang diberi kekuatan oleh Tuhan, dan hasil tindakan tersebut dilimpahkan kepada jiwa, tapi Tuhan tidak ikut terpengaruh oleh hasil tindakan tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-Vedanta_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vedanta-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Dalam sejarah agama Hindu, keberadaan enam mazhab tersebut di atas mencapai masa gemilang pada masa <a href="/wiki/Kemaharajaan_Gupta" title="Kemaharajaan Gupta">Dinasti Gupta</a>. Dengan bubarnya Waisesika dan Mimamsa, perguruan filsafat tersebut kehilangan pamornya pada masa-masa berikutnya, sedangkan berbagai aliran-aliran Wedanta mulai naik pamor sebagai cabang-cabang utama dalam filsafat keagamaan. Nyaya bertahan sampai <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-17" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-17">abad ke-17</a> dan berganti nama menjadi <i>Nawya-nyaya</i> ("Nyaya Baru"), sedangkan Samkhya lenyap perlahan-lahan, tapi ajarannya diserap oleh Yoga dan Wedanta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empat_aliran_utama">Empat aliran utama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Empat aliran utama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Empat aliran utama"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Shivas_Kinder_-_0238.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Shivas_Kinder_-_0238.jpg/280px-Shivas_Kinder_-_0238.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Shivas_Kinder_-_0238.jpg/420px-Shivas_Kinder_-_0238.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Shivas_Kinder_-_0238.jpg/560px-Shivas_Kinder_-_0238.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Umat Saiwa di kuil Pashupatinatha, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Empat aliran utama yang sering didapati adalah <a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saiwa" title="Saiwa">Saiwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakta" title="Sakta">Sakta</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Smarta" title="Smarta">Smarta</a>. Dalam masing-masing aliran, ada beberapa perguruan atau aliran lain yang menempuh caranya sendiri. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a></b>: aliran dalam tubuh Hinduisme yang memuja <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a>—dewa pemelihara menurut konsep <i>Trimurti</i> (Tritunggal)—beserta sepuluh perwujudannya (<a href="/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara">awatara</a>). Aliran ini menekankan pada <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">kebaktian</a>, dan para pengikutnya turut memuja berbagai dewa, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a> yang diyakini sebagai perwujudan Wisnu. Pengikut aliran ini biasanya non-asketis, monastis (mengikuti cara hidup biarawan), dan menekuni praktik meditasi serta melantunkan lagu-lagu pemujaan.<sup id="cite_ref-Iskcon_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iskcon-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hindus_in_SA_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindus_in_SA-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dubois_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubois-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Biasanya umat Waisnawa bersifat <a href="/wiki/Dualisme" title="Dualisme">dualisme</a>. Aliran ini memiliki banyak tokoh suci, kuil, dan kitab suci.<sup id="cite_ref-Himalaya_Academy_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Himalaya_Academy-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aliran ini terbagi dalam beberapa golongan, yaitu: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Sampradaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Sampradaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Sri Sampradaya</a></i> (Waisnawa yang memuja <a href="/wiki/Laksmi" title="Laksmi">Laksmi</a> sebagai pasangan Wisnu), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahma_Sampradaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahma Sampradaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Brahma Sampradaya</a></i> (Waisnawa yang memuja Wisnu secara eksklusif), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudra_Sampradaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudra Sampradaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Rudra Sampradaya</a></i> (Waisnawa yang memuja Wisnu atau para <a href="/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara">awatara</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balarama" class="mw-redirect" title="Balarama">Balarama</a>, dan lain-lain), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumara_Sampradaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumara Sampradaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kumara Sampradaya</a></i> (Waisnawa yang memuja <a href="/wiki/Catursana" title="Catursana">Caturkumara</a>).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saiwa" title="Saiwa">Saiwa</a></b>: aliran dalam tubuh Hinduisme yang memuja <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>. Kadang kala Siwa digambarkan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bhairawa" title="Bhairawa">Bhairawa</a> yang menyeramkan. Umat Saiwa lebih tertarik pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapa_brata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapa brata (halaman belum tersedia)">tapa brata</a> daripada umat Hindu aliran lainnya, dan biasa ditemui berkeliaran di India dengan wajah yang dilumuri abu dan melakukan ritual penyucian diri.<sup id="cite_ref-Iskcon_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iskcon-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hindus_in_SA_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindus_in_SA-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dubois_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubois-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mereka bersembahyang di kuil dan melakukan <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>, berjuang untuk dapat menyatukan diri dengan Siwa.<sup id="cite_ref-Himalaya_Academy_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Himalaya_Academy-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aliran ini terbagi dalam beberapa golongan, yaitu: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasupata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasupata (halaman belum tersedia)">Pasupata</a></i> (Saiwa yang menekankan tapa brata, terutama tersebar di <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saiwa_Siddhanta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saiwa Siddhanta (halaman belum tersedia)">Saiwa Siddhanta</a></i> (Saiwa yang mendapat pengaruh <a href="/wiki/Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saiwa_Kashmir&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saiwa Kashmir (halaman belum tersedia)">Kashmira Saiwadarshana</a></i> (Saiwa yang <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">monistis</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Idealisme" title="Idealisme">idealistis</a>), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natha_Siddha_Siddhanta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Natha Siddha Siddhanta (halaman belum tersedia)">Natha Siddha Siddhanta</a></i> (Saiwa yang monistis), <i><a href="/wiki/Linggayata" class="mw-redirect" title="Linggayata">Linggayata</a></i> (Saiwa yang monoteistis), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saiwa_Adwaita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saiwa Adwaita (halaman belum tersedia)">Saiwa Adwaita</a></i> (Saiwa yang monistis dan <a href="/wiki/Teisme" title="Teisme">teistis</a>).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Putting_Tika_From_Elder.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Putting_Tika_From_Elder.jpeg/280px-Putting_Tika_From_Elder.jpeg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Putting_Tika_From_Elder.jpeg/420px-Putting_Tika_From_Elder.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Putting_Tika_From_Elder.jpeg/560px-Putting_Tika_From_Elder.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Umat Hindu Nepal mengoleskan <i>tika</i> dan <i>jamara</i> pada puncak hari raya <i>Dashain</i>, yaitu hari pemujaan terhadap 9 manifestasi Dewi <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> selama 9 hari berturut-turut.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sakta" title="Sakta">Sakta</a></b>: aliran Hinduisme yang memuja <a href="/wiki/Sakti" title="Sakti">Sakti</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Dewi" title="Dewi">Dewi</a>. Pengikut Saktisme meyakini <i>Sakti</i> sebagai kekuatan yang mendasari prinsip-prinsip <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/maskulinitas" class="extiw" title="wikt:maskulinitas">maskulinitas</a>, yang dipersonifikasikan sebagai pasangan dewa. Sakti diyakini memiliki berbagai wujud. Beberapa di antaranya tampak ramah, seperti <a href="/wiki/Parwati" title="Parwati">Parwati</a> (pasangan <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>) atau <a href="/wiki/Laksmi" title="Laksmi">Laksmi</a> (pasangan <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a>). Yang lainnya tampak menakutkan, seperti <a href="/wiki/Kali_(dewi)" title="Kali (dewi)">Kali</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>. Sakta memiliki kaitan dekat dengan <a href="/wiki/Tantrisme" title="Tantrisme">Hinduisme Tantra</a>, yang mengajarkan ritual dan praktik untuk penyucian pikiran dan tubuh.<sup id="cite_ref-Iskcon_142-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iskcon-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hindus_in_SA_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindus_in_SA-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dubois_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubois-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Umat Sakta menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra-mantra</a>, sihir, gambar sakral, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>, dan upacara untuk memanggil kekuatan kosmis.<sup id="cite_ref-Himalaya_Academy_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Himalaya_Academy-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aliran ini mengandung dua golongan utama, yaitu: <i>Srikula</i> (pemujaan kepada dewi-dewi yang bergelar Sri) dan <i>Kalikula</i> (pemujaan kepada dewi-dewi perwujudan Kali).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Smarta" title="Smarta">Smarta</a></b>: aliran <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">Hindu-monistis</a> yang memuja lebih dari satu dewa—meliputi <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakti" title="Sakti">Sakti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesa" title="Ganesa">Ganesa</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Surya" class="mw-redirect" title="Surya">Surya</a> di antara dewa dan dewi lainnya—tetapi menganggap bahwa dewa-dewi tersebut merupakan manifestasi dari zat yang Maha Esa. Dibandingkan tiga aliran Hinduisme yang disebutkan di atas, <a href="/wiki/Smarta" title="Smarta">Smarta</a> berusia relatif muda. Berbeda dengan <a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Saiwa" title="Saiwa">Saiwa</a>, aliran ini tidak bersifat sektarian secara gamblang, dan berdasarkan pada iman bahwa <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> adalah asas tertinggi di alam semesta dan meresap ke dalam segala sesuatu yang ada.<sup id="cite_ref-Iskcon_142-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iskcon-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hindus_in_SA_143-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindus_in_SA-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dubois_144-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubois-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada umumnya, umat Smarta memuja Yang Mahakuasa dalam enam personifikasi: Ganesa, Siwa, Sakti, Wisnu, Surya, dan <a href="/wiki/Skanda" class="mw-disambig" title="Skanda">Skanda</a>. Karena umat Smarta menerima keberadaan dewa-dewi Hindu yang utama, mereka dikenal sebagai umat liberal atau non-sektarian. Mereka mengikuti praktik-praktik filosofis dan meditasi, serta menekankan persatuan antara individu dengan Tuhan melalui kesadaran.<sup id="cite_ref-Himalaya_Academy_145-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Himalaya_Academy-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sekte_dan_aliran_lainnya">Sekte dan aliran lainnya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Sekte dan aliran lainnya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sekte dan aliran lainnya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tiwah_Kaharingan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/b/be/Tiwah_Kaharingan.jpg/280px-Tiwah_Kaharingan.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/b/be/Tiwah_Kaharingan.jpg/420px-Tiwah_Kaharingan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/b/be/Tiwah_Kaharingan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Upacara <i>tiwah</i> yang dilaksanakan umat <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kaharingan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Kaharingan">Hindu Kaharingan</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kotawaringin_Timur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotawaringin Timur">Kotawaringin Timur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Tengah" title="Kalimantan Tengah">Kalimantan Tengah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Newari_Girls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Newari_Girls.jpg/280px-Newari_Girls.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Newari_Girls.jpg/420px-Newari_Girls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Newari_Girls.jpg/560px-Newari_Girls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Para peniup seruling saat hari raya Gaijatra yang dirayakan oleh umat Hindu Newa.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hindus_in_Ghana_celebrating_Ganesh_Chaturti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hindus_in_Ghana_celebrating_Ganesh_Chaturti.jpg/280px-Hindus_in_Ghana_celebrating_Ganesh_Chaturti.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hindus_in_Ghana_celebrating_Ganesh_Chaturti.jpg/420px-Hindus_in_Ghana_celebrating_Ganesh_Chaturti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hindus_in_Ghana_celebrating_Ganesh_Chaturti.jpg/560px-Hindus_in_Ghana_celebrating_Ganesh_Chaturti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Umat Hindu di <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> merayakan <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cham_Hindu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/4/4d/Cham_Hindu.jpg/280px-Cham_Hindu.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/4/4d/Cham_Hindu.jpg/420px-Cham_Hindu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/4/4d/Cham_Hindu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Umat <a href="/wiki/Suku_Cham" title="Suku Cham">Hindu Cham</a> di <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> merayakan festival Kuil "Yan Po Nagar", alias Dewi Bhagawati.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rath_Yatra_russia_winter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rath_Yatra_russia_winter.jpg/280px-Rath_Yatra_russia_winter.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rath_Yatra_russia_winter.jpg/420px-Rath_Yatra_russia_winter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rath_Yatra_russia_winter.jpg/560px-Rath_Yatra_russia_winter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>Pengikut Gerakan Hare Krishna di <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> menyelenggarakan prosesi <i>Rathayatra</i> pada musim dingin 2011.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu_Newa" title="Agama Hindu Newa">Agama Hindu Newa</a></b>: agama Hindu yang dianut oleh sebagian besar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Newa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Newa (halaman belum tersedia)">suku Newa</a> di <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. Agama Hindu ini mengenal beberapa tradisi unik seperti tarian sakral dengan topeng yang disebut <i>Chachaa Pyakhan</i>. Agama Hindu ini juga mengenal sejumlah hari raya, dan adakalanya bertepatan dengan perayaan Buddhis di sana.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu_di_Nusantara" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Hindu di Nusantara">Agama Hindu Nusantara</a></b>: tradisi serta kepercayaan masyarakat <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> yang telah mengalami akulturasi/berasimilasi dengan konsep-konsep Hindu dari India, sehingga membentuk suatu tradisi Hindu yang unik, contohnya <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Jawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Jawa">Hindu Jawa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Bali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Bali">Hindu Bali</a>. Karena sikap lembaga Hindu yang terbuka, beberapa <a href="/wiki/Agama_asli_Nusantara" title="Agama asli Nusantara">kepercayaan asli</a> Nusantara pun diakui sebagai bagian dari agama Hindu Nusantara sehingga mendapatkan label Hindu, contohnya <a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Hindu Kaharingan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tollotang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tollotang">Hindu Tollotang</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu_Swaminarayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Hindu Swaminarayana">Agama Hindu Swaminarayana</a></b>: agama yang dianut oleh sebagian besar orang <a href="/wiki/Suku_Gujarat" title="Suku Gujarat">Hindu Gujarat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Werbner2003_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werbner2003-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pengikut Hindu Swaminarayana memuja <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a> sebagai Tuhan sehingga sering dianggap sebagai salah satu aliran dalam Waisnawa. Tetapi—tidak seperti aliran Waisnawa pada umumnya—Hindu Swaminarayana tidak membedakan <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>. Aliran ini menggunakan pemahaman sebagaimana aliran <a href="/wiki/Smarta" title="Smarta">Smarta</a> bahwa para dewa adalah manifestasi dari <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200125–30_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200125–30-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></b>: sistem kepercayaan <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">monistis</a> berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Darma" title="Darma">darma</a> yang berasal dari <a href="/wiki/India_Selatan" title="India Selatan">India Selatan</a>. Aliran ini dikatakan sebagai agama tersendiri oleh media massa dan beberapa penganutnya, tetapi banyak penganutnya yang mengaku sebagai <a href="/wiki/Umat_Hindu" title="Umat Hindu">umat Hindu</a>, sehingga Ayyavazhi juga dianggap sebagai sekte Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ayyavazhi berpusat pada ajaran dan khotbah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayya_Vaikundar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayya Vaikundar (halaman belum tersedia)">Ayya Vaikundar</a>; gagasan dan filosofi mereka berdasarkan kitab <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akilattirattu_Ammanai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akilattirattu Ammanai (halaman belum tersedia)">Akilattirattu Ammanai</a></i> dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arul_Nool&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arul Nool (halaman belum tersedia)">Arul Nool</a></i>. Ayyavazhi memiliki banyak kesamaan dengan Hinduisme dalam hal mitologi dan praktik, tapi memiliki perbedaan dalam konsep baik dan buruk, serta perbedaan pandangan tentang <a href="/wiki/Darma" title="Darma">darma</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sekte_Balmiki" title="Sekte Balmiki">Balmiki</a></b>: sekte yang memuja Begawan <a href="/wiki/Walmiki" title="Walmiki">Walmiki</a> sebagai leluhur dan dewa mereka. Pengikutnya meyakini bahwa Walmiki adalah <a href="/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara">awatara</a> Tuhan, dan menghormati karya-karya gubahannya, seperti <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Vasistha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoga Vasistha (halaman belum tersedia)">Yoga Vasistha</a></i>, sebagai kitab suci.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></b>: aliran <a href="/wiki/Panenteisme" title="Panenteisme">Hindu-panenteistis</a> yang dirintis oleh <a href="/wiki/Srimanta_Sankardeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Srimanta Sankardeva">Srimanta Sankardeva</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-15" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-15">abad ke-15</a>. Kini, banyak penganutnya yang tinggal di negara bagian <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>. Aliran kepercayaan ini menolak upacara dan ritus berbasis <i>Weda</i>, menentang pelaksanaan kurban hewan, dan hanya melakukan pemujaan dengan menyebut nama Tuhan berulang-ulang. Kitab pegangan bagi aliran ini adalah <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sankardewa_Bhagawata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sankardewa Bhagawata (halaman belum tersedia)">Sankardewa Bhagawata</a></i>. Aliran kepercayaan ini terbagi menjadi empat golongan: <i>Brahma-sanghati</i>, <i>Purusha-sanghati</i>, <i>Nika-sanghati</i>, dan <i>Kala-sanghati</i>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></b>: sekte Hinduisme yang berfokus pada pemujaan <a href="/wiki/Ganesa" title="Ganesa">Ganesa</a> sebagai Tuhan Yang Mahakuasa. Ganesa dipuja sebagai bagian dari Saiwa sejak sekitar <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-5">abad ke-5</a>. Sekte Ganapatya mulai muncul sekitar abad ke-6 dan ke-9. Kemudian, sekte ini dipopulerkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Morya_Gosavi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Morya Gosavi (halaman belum tersedia)">Sri Morya Gosavi</a>. Sekte Ganapatya mulai masyhur antara abad ke-17 dan ke-19 di <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapadi_Sampradaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapadi Sampradaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kapadi Sampradaya</a></b>: aliran dan tradisi Hinduisme yang dianut sebagian masyarakat <a href="/wiki/Kesatria" class="mw-disambig" title="Kesatria">kesatria</a> di <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, terutama di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kutch&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutch (halaman belum tersedia)">Kutch</a>. Pengikut tradisi ini memuja <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> sebagai Tuhan Yang Mahakuasa. Kepercayaan ini terbagi menjadi empat golongan: Ramsnehi, Ashapuri, Sravani, dan Makadbantha.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></b>: sekte Hinduisme yang berfokus pada pemujaan <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Skanda" class="mw-disambig" title="Skanda">Skanda</a> di kawasan <a href="/wiki/India_Selatan" title="India Selatan">India Selatan</a>, terutama yang didominasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Suku_Tamil" title="Suku Tamil">suku Tamil</a>. Tradisi tersebut juga dapat ditemui di luar India, khususnya di kawasan permukiman imigran Tamil.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mahima_Dharma" title="Mahima Dharma">Mahima Dharma</a></b>: sekte Hinduisme yang penganutnya banyak terdapat di <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Sekte ini diprakarsai oleh seorang <a href="/wiki/Guru_(agama_dharma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru (agama dharma)">guru spiritual</a> yang dikenal dengan nama Mahima Swami atau Mahima Gosain.<sup id="cite_ref-mahima_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahima-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sekte ini memusatkan kebaktian pada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang disebut <i>Alekha</i>, serta menolak pemujaan Tuhan dengan sarana <a href="/wiki/Arca" title="Arca">arca</a>, gambar, ataupun pratima.<sup id="cite_ref-mahima_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahima-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranami_Sampradaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pranami Sampradaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Pranami Sampradaya</a></b>: disebut pula Nijananda Sampradaya, adalah suatu aliran monoteistis yang memuja Tuhan dengan sebutan <i>Raj Ji</i> atau <i>Prannath Ji</i>. Pengikut kepercayaan ini tidak diperkenankan makan daging, mengonsumsi <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol">alkohol</a>, atau me<a href="/wiki/Rokok" title="Rokok">rokok</a>. Mereka juga memiliki kitab tersendiri yang disebut <i>Kuljam Swarup</i> atau <i>Tartam Sagar</i>. Pengikut kepercayaan ini banyak terdapat di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Najarpur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Najarpur (halaman belum tersedia)">Najarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduisme)" title="Saura (Hinduisme)">Saura</a></b>: sekte Hinduisme yang memuja <a href="/wiki/Surya_(dewa)" title="Surya (dewa)">Surya</a> sebagai <i><a href="/wiki/Saguna-brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguna-brahman">Saguna-brahman</a></i>. Aliran ini berpangkal dari tradisi Weda kuno. Kini, hanya ada sedikit penganut aliran ini di India.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Srauta" title="Srauta">Srauta</a></b>: golongan <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">brahmana</a> ortodoks yang mengikuti <i>Purwamimamsa</i>, berbeda dengan Wedanta yang diikuti oleh kaum brahmana lainnya. Mereka merupakan penganut tradisi ritual konservatif dan membentuk golongan minoritas di antara umat Hindu di India. Penganut aliran ini biasanya terdapat di negara bagian <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> (kaum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nambudiri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nambudiri (halaman belum tersedia)">Nambudiri</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mattur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mattur (halaman belum tersedia)">Mattur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holenarsipur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Holenarsipur (halaman belum tersedia)">Holenarsipur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sringeri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sringeri (halaman belum tersedia)">Sringeri</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gerakan_keagamaan">Gerakan keagamaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Gerakan keagamaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Gerakan keagamaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beberapa gerakan Hindu modern muncul di India pada periode antara abad ke-18 dan ke-20, antara lain sebagai berikut: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Brahmoisme" title="Brahmoisme">Brahmoisme</a></b>: gerakan keagamaan yang berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Benggala" title="Benggala">Benggala</a> pada awal abad ke-19. Gerakan ini didirikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Mohan_Roy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ram Mohan Roy (halaman belum tersedia)">Ram Mohan Roy</a>. Dia menggagas pentingnya pemanfaatan nalar untuk mereformasi praktik sosial dan religius agama Hindu, dengan pengaruh dari <a href="/wiki/Monoteisme" title="Monoteisme">agama monoteistis</a> dan ilmu pengetahuan modern.<sup id="cite_ref-test_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Brahmoisme menolak dogma, takhayul, otoritas kitab suci, dan penggambaran Tuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prarthana_Samaj&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prarthana Samaj (halaman belum tersedia)">Prarthana Samaj</a></b>: gerakan reformasi sosial dan keagamaan yang dimulai di <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, didirikan oleh Dr. Atmaram Pandurang pada tahun 1867 dengan tujuan agar masyarakat meyakini satu Tuhan dan hanya menyembah satu Tuhan. Gerakan ini dimulai sebagai reformasi sosial dan keagamaan sebagaimana <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a>. Perintis Prarthana Samaj di Mumbai adalah Paramahamsa Sabha, perkumpulan rahasia untuk memajukan gagasan-gagasan liberal yang didirikan oleh Ram Balkrishna Jaykar.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></b>: gerakan reformasi Hindu yang diprakarsai oleh <a href="/wiki/Swami_Dayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Dayananda">Swami Dayananda</a>, dan didirikan pada tanggal <span class="nowrap">7 April 1875</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings200357_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings200357-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gerakan ini bermaksud mengamalkan <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i> sebagaimana mestinya, dan mengesampingkan kitab-kitab yang ditulis setelah <i>Weda</i>. Gerakan ini bersifat <a href="/wiki/Monoteisme" title="Monoteisme">monoteistis</a> karena tidak mengakui dewa-dewi tertentu,<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> serta menolak pemujaan Tuhan dengan sarana patung atau lukisan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaidoo1982158_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaidoo1982158-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELata1990x_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELata1990x-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Misi_Ramakrishna" title="Misi Ramakrishna">Misi Ramakrishna</a></b>: gerakan filantropis dan sukarela yang diprakarsai oleh murid <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, pada tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 Mei 1897</span>. Gerakan ini berfokus pada masalah kemanusiaan seperti pemeliharaan kesehatan, bencana alam, kesejahteraan masyarakat desa, pendidikan, dan lain-lain. Misi gerakan ini berdasarkan konsep <i><a href="/wiki/Karma_Yoga" title="Karma Yoga">Karmayoga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgarwal1998243_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgarwal1998243-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalil-dalil yang digunakan adalah filsafat <a href="/wiki/Wedanta" title="Wedanta">Wedanta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-belurmath_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belurmath-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Masyarakat_Internasional_Kesadaran_Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Masyarakat Internasional Kesadaran Krishna">Masyarakat Internasional Kesadaran Krishna</a></b> (<i>The International Society for Krishna Consciousness</i>–ISKCON): gerakan keagamaan berdasarkan tradisi <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Waisnawa" title="Gaudiya Waisnawa">Gaudiya Waisnawa</a>. Gerakan ini juga dikenal dengan nama "Gerakan Hare Krishna", didirikan pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a> di <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City">New York City</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a>. Ajarannya berpegang pada <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawatapurana" title="Bhagawatapurana">Srimad Bhagawatam</a></i>. Gerakan ini didirikan untuk menyebarkan <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Yoga" title="Bhakti Yoga">Bhaktiyoga</a></i> dan memuja Tuhan dengan wujud <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a>.</li></ul> <p>Di luar <a href="/wiki/Asia_Selatan" title="Asia Selatan">Asia Selatan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a>, aliran Hindu yang cukup populer adalah tradisi <a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a> yang dibawa oleh misionaris <a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">Gerakan Hare Krishna</a>. Tradisi Hindu juga dilaksanakan di beberapa negara dengan jumlah imigran India yang signifikan, seperti <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> (Afrika bagian selatan) dan <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_dan_Tobago" title="Trinidad dan Tobago">Trinidad dan Tobago</a> (Amerika Tengah). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keyakinan">Keyakinan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Keyakinan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keyakinan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agama Hindu tidak memiliki seorang pendiri dan tidak berpedoman pada satu kitab suci.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2009_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2009-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Meskipun demikian, ada keyakinan yang kerap dijumpai dalam berbagai tradisi Hindu. Perihal yang umum dijumpai dalam berbagai keyakinan masyarakat Hindu—namun tidak untuk terbatas pada beberapa hal tersebut—meliputi kepercayaan akan zat Yang Mahakuasa (dapat disebut sebagai <i><a href="/wiki/Iswara" title="Iswara">Iswara</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara">Awatara</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dewa" title="Dewa">Dewata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Batara" class="mw-redirect" title="Batara">Batara</a></i>, dan lain-lain), <i><a href="/wiki/Darma" title="Darma">darma</a></i> (etika/kewajiban), <i><a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">samsara</a></i> (siklus kelahiran, kehidupan, kematian, dan kelahiran kembali yang berulang-ulang), <i><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a></i> (sebab dan akibat), <i><a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">moksa</a></i> (kebebasan dari <i>samsara</i>), dan berbagai <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a></i> (jalan atau praktik spiritual).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodd2003_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodd2003-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konsep_ketuhanan">Konsep ketuhanan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Konsep ketuhanan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Konsep ketuhanan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar plainlist" style="width:180px"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Teisme" title="Teisme">Konsep Ketuhanan</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Agama_di_Indonesia#Enam_agama_utama" title="Agama di Indonesia">Enam agama utama</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketuhanan_dalam_Buddhisme" title="Ketuhanan dalam Buddhisme">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhan_dalam_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhan dalam Hindu">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah_(Islam)" title="Allah (Islam)">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah_(Kristen)" title="Allah (Kristen)">Katolik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuhanan_dalam_kepercayaan_Tionghoa" title="Ketuhanan dalam kepercayaan Tionghoa">Konghucu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah_(Kristen)" title="Allah (Kristen)">Protestan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Agama lainnya</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agama_asli_Nusantara" title="Agama asli Nusantara">Agama asli Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuhan_dalam_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuhan dalam Bahá&#39;í (halaman belum tersedia)">Bahá'í</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Latter Day Saints)">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhan_dalam_Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhan dalam Sikh">Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuhanan_dalam_kepercayaan_Tionghoa" title="Ketuhanan dalam kepercayaan Tionghoa">Taoisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhan_dalam_agama_Yahudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhan dalam agama Yahudi">Yahudi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lain-lain</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jenis_kelamin_Tuhan" title="Jenis kelamin Tuhan">Jenis kelamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sang_Hyang_Widhi" title="Sang Hyang Widhi">Sang Hyang Widhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sang_Hyang_Adi_Buddha" title="Sang Hyang Adi Buddha">Sang Hyang Adi Buddha</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Konsep_Tuhan" title="Templat:Konsep Tuhan"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Konsep_Tuhan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Konsep Tuhan (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Konsep_Tuhan&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Saraswati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saraswati.jpg/220px-Saraswati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saraswati.jpg/330px-Saraswati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saraswati.jpg/440px-Saraswati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Agama Hindu memiliki konsep <i><a href="/wiki/Nirguna-brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna-brahman">Nirguna-brahman</a></i> (esensi alam semesta; realitas sejati; atau Tuhan impersonal), sementara sebagian mazhab menganut konsep <i><a href="/wiki/Saguna-brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguna-brahman">Saguna-brahman</a></i> (zat ilahi yang berkepribadian; Tuhan personal yang memiliki kasih sayang), yang menyebut Tuhan dengan nama <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>, atau bahkan <a href="/wiki/Sakti" title="Sakti">Sakti</a> (kualitas feminin dari Tuhan), contohnya <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> (<i>gambar</i>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Agama Hindu merupakan sistem kepercayaan yang kaya, mencakup keyakinan yang bersifat <a href="/wiki/Monoteisme" title="Monoteisme">monoteisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politeisme" title="Politeisme">politeisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panenteisme" title="Panenteisme">panenteisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panteisme" title="Panteisme">panteisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">monisme</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ateisme_dalam_Hindu" title="Ateisme dalam Hindu">ateisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2009109_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2009109-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti199171_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti199171-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattanaik200238_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattanaik200238-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EBpolytheism_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBpolytheism-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Konsep ketuhanannya bersifat kompleks dan bergantung pada nurani setiap umatnya atau pada tradisi dan <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Hindu" title="Filsafat Hindu">filsafat</a> yang diikuti. Kadang kala agama Hindu dikatakan bersifat <a href="/wiki/Henoteisme" title="Henoteisme">henoteisme</a> (melakukan pemujaan terhadap satu <a href="/wiki/Tuhan" title="Tuhan">Tuhan</a>, sekaligus mengakui keberadaan para <a href="/wiki/Dewa" title="Dewa">dewa</a>), tapi istilah-istilah demikian hanyalah suatu generalisasi berlebihan.<sup id="cite_ref-heno_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heno-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mazhab <a href="/wiki/Wedanta" title="Wedanta">Wedanta</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> menyatakan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> itu sendiri telah membuktikan keberadaan Tuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichenbach1989135–149,_145_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichenbach1989135–149,_145-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nyaya merupakan suatu perguruan <a href="/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">logika</a>, sehingga menarik kesimpulan "logis" bahwa [keberadaan] alam semesta hanyalah suatu "akibat", maka pasti ada suatu "penyebab" di balik semuanya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeville200147_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville200147-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agama Hindu mengandung suatu konsep filosofis yang disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></i>, yang sering didefinisikan sebagai kenyataan sejati, esensi bagi segala hal, atau sukma <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta" title="Alam semesta">alam semesta</a> yang menjadi asal usul serta sandaran bagi segala sesuatu dan fenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tetapi, umat Hindu tidak menyembah Brahman secara harfiah. Pada zaman <a href="/wiki/Brahmanisme" title="Brahmanisme">Brahmanisme</a>, Brahman adalah istilah yang disematkan bagi suatu kekuatan yang membuat <a href="/wiki/Yadnya" title="Yadnya">yadnya</a> (upacara) menjadi efektif, yaitu kekuatan spiritual dari ucapan-ucapan suci yang dirapalkan para ahli <i>Weda</i>, sehingga mereka disebut <i>brahmana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues200659_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues200659-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kadang kala, Brahman dipandang sebagai Yang Mahamutlak atau Mahakuasa, atau asas ilahi bagi segala <a href="/wiki/Materi" title="Materi">materi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waktu" title="Waktu">waktu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruang" title="Ruang">ruang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benda" title="Benda">benda</a>, dan sesuatu di dalam atau di luar alam semesta. Sebagai hasil dari berbagai <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/kontemplasi" class="extiw" title="wikt:kontemplasi">kontemplasi</a> tentang Brahman, maka Ia dapat dipandang sebagai Tuhan dengan atribut (<i><a href="/wiki/Saguna-brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguna-brahman">Saguna-brahman</a></i>), Tuhan tanpa atribut (<i><a href="/wiki/Nirguna-brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna-brahman">Nirguna-brahman</a></i>), dan/atau Tuhan Mahakuasa (<i><a href="/wiki/Parabrahman" title="Parabrahman">Parabrahman</a></i>), tergantung mazhab dan aliran. </p><p>Mazhab dan aliran <a href="/wiki/Dualisme" title="Dualisme">Hindu-dualistis</a>—seperti <a href="/wiki/Dwaita" title="Dwaita">Dwaita</a> dan tradisi <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a>—menyembah Tuhan yang berkepribadian (memiliki <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guna_(Hinduisme)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Guna (Hinduisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">guna</a></i> atau "atribut ketuhanan", yaitu supremasi dari sifat-sifat baik manusia seperti Maha-penyayang, Maha-pemurah, Maha-pelindung, dan sebagainya), sehingga mereka memujanya dengan nama <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dewi" title="Dewi">Dewi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dewata" title="Dewata">Dewata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batara" class="mw-redirect" title="Batara">Batara</a>, dan lain-lain, tergantung aliran masing-masing. Dalam tradisi Hindu pada umumnya, Tuhan yang dipandang sebagai zat mahakuasa dengan supremasi dari sifat baik manusia—daripada dianggap sebagai asas semesta yang tak terbatas—disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Iswara" title="Iswara">Iswara</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawan" title="Bhagawan">Bhagawan</a></i>, atau <i><a href="/wiki/Parameswara" title="Parameswara">Parameswara</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_Sanskrit_dict._171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_Sanskrit_dict.-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Meski demikian, ada beragam penafsiran tentang Iswara, mulai dari keyakinan bahwa Iswara sesungguhnya tiada—sebagaimana ajaran <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a>—sampai pengertian bahwa Brahman dan Iswara sesungguhnya tunggal, sebagaimana yang diajarkan mazhab Adwaita.<sup id="cite_ref-bhaskaranandaessential_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhaskaranandaessential-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam banyak tradisi <a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a>, Ia disebut Wisnu, sedangkan kitab Waisnawa menyebutnya sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a>, dan kadang kala menyebutnya <i><a href="/wiki/Swayam_Bhagawan" title="Swayam Bhagawan">Swayam Bhagawan</a></i>. Sementara itu, dalam aliran <a href="/wiki/Sakta" title="Sakta">Sakta</a>, Ia disebut <a href="/wiki/Dewi" title="Dewi">Dewi</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Adiparasakti" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiparasakti">Adiparasakti</a>, sedangkan dalam aliran <a href="/wiki/Saiwa" title="Saiwa">Saiwa</a>, Ia disebut <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>. Ajaran <a href="/wiki/Smarta" title="Smarta">Smarta</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">monistis</a> memandang bahwa seluruh nama-nama ilahi seperti <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesa" title="Ganesa">Ganesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakti" title="Sakti">Sakti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surya_(dewa)" title="Surya (dewa)">Surya</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Skanda" class="mw-disambig" title="Skanda">Skanda</a> sesungguhnya <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/manifestasi" class="extiw" title="wikt:manifestasi">manifestasi</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> yang Maha Esa. </p><p>Mazhab <a href="/wiki/Adwaita_Wedanta" title="Adwaita Wedanta">Adwaita Wedanta</a> menolak <a href="/wiki/Teisme" title="Teisme">teisme</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dualisme" title="Dualisme">dualisme</a> dengan menegaskan bahwa pada hakikatnya Brahman tidak memiliki bagian atau atribut.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut mazhab ini, Tuhan yang berkepribadian atau menyandang atribut tertentu adalah salah satu fenomena <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_(ilusi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maya (ilusi) (halaman belum tersedia)">maya</a></i>, atau kekuatan ilusif Brahman. Pada hakikatnya, Brahman tidak dapat dikatakan memiliki sifat-sifat kemanusiaan seperti pelindung, penyayang, perawat, pengasih, dan sebagainya.<sup id="cite_ref-&#73;SBN_81-208-2144-0_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISBN_81-208-2144-0-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut mazhab ini, pikiran manusia yang terperangkap <i>maya</i> menyebabkan Brahman terbayangkan sebagai Tuhan dengan sifat atau atribut tertentu, yang dapat disebut sebagai <i><a href="/wiki/Iswara" title="Iswara">Iswara</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawan" title="Bhagawan">Bhagawan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a></i>, dan nama-nama lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-&#73;SBN_81-208-2144-0_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISBN_81-208-2144-0-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mazhab ini menegaskan bahwa tiada larangan untuk membayangkan Tuhan dengan sifat-sifat tertentu, tapi tujuan hidup sejati adalah untuk merasakan bahwa "sesuatu yang nyata" dalam tiap makhluk sesungguhnya tiada berbeda dengan Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-&#73;SBN_1-884852-02-5_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISBN_1-884852-02-5-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mazhab Adwaita dapat dikatakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">monisme</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Panteisme" title="Panteisme">panteisme</a> karena meyakini bahwa alam semesta tidak sekadar berasal dari Brahman, tapi pada "hakikatnya" <i>sama dengan</i> Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERambachan1994124,_125_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1994124,_125-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doktrin <a href="/wiki/Ateisme_dalam_Hindu" title="Ateisme dalam Hindu">ateistis</a> mendominasi aliran Hindu seperti <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-samkhyaatheism_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samkhyaatheism-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam kitab <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samkhyapravachana_Sutra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra (halaman belum tersedia)">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></i> dari aliran <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> dinyatakan bahwa keberadaan Tuhan (<i><a href="/wiki/Iswara" title="Iswara">Iswara</a></i>) tidak dapat dibuktikan sehingga (keberadaan Tuhan) tidak dapat diakui.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Samkhya berpendapat bahwa Tuhan yang abadi tidak mungkin menjadi sumber bagi dunia yang senantiasa berubah. Dikatakan bahwa Tuhan merupakan gagasan metafisik yang dibuat untuk suatu keadaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajadhyaksha195995_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajadhyaksha195995-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pendukung dari aliran <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a>—yang berdasarkan pada ritual dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortopraksi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortopraksi (halaman belum tersedia)">ortopraksi</a>—menyatakan bahwa tidak ada cukup bukti untuk membuktikan keberadaan Tuhan. Aliran ini berpendapat bahwa kita tidak perlu membuat postulat tentang suatu "pencipta dunia", sebagaimana kita tidak perlu memikirkan siapa penulis <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i> atau Tuhan apa yang dibuatkan upacara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeville200151_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville200151-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mimamsa menganggap bahwa nama-nama Tuhan yang tertulis dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i> sebenarnya tidak mengacu pada wujud apa pun di dunia nyata, dan hanya untuk keperluan <i><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a></i> belaka. Atas pemahaman tersebut, mantra itulah yang sebenarnya merupakan "kekuatan Tuhan", sehingga Tuhan tiada lain hanyalah kekuatan mantra belaka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoward2008114_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward2008114-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atman_dan_jiwa">Atman dan jiwa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Atman dan jiwa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Atman dan jiwa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Atman%27s_layer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/5/54/Atman%27s_layer.svg/250px-Atman%27s_layer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/5/54/Atman%27s_layer.svg/375px-Atman%27s_layer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/5/54/Atman%27s_layer.svg/500px-Atman%27s_layer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption> Diagram yang menunjukkan lapisan penyelubung atman:<br /> &#160;• <i>annamayakosa</i> (lapisan badan kasar yang mengandung daging dan kulit)<br /> &#160;• <i>pranamayakosa</i> (lapisan tenaga kehidupan)<br /> &#160;• <i>manomayakosa</i> (lapisan pikiran atau indra yang menerima rangsangan)<br /> &#160;• <i>wijanamayakosa</i> (lapisan nalar, akal budi, atau kecerdasan)<br /> &#160;• <i>anandamayakosa</i> (lapisan kebahagiaan atau tubuh kausal) </figcaption></figure> <p>Dalam agama Hindu terdapat keyakinan bahwa ada "sesuatu yang sejati" dalam tiap individu yang disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Atman" title="Atman">atman</a></i>, sifatnya abadi atau tidak terhancurkan.<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliams2037_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliams2037-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya-upanishad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Taittiriya-upanishad (halaman belum tersedia)">Taittiriya-upanishad</a></i> mendeskripsikan bahwa atman individu diselimuti oleh lima lapisan: <i>annamayakosa</i>, <i>pranamayakosa</i>, <i>manomayakosa</i>, <i>wijanamayakosa</i>, dan <i>anandamayakosa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Istilah atman dan jiwa kadang kala dipakai untuk konteks yang sama. Dalam suatu pengertian, atman adalah percikan dari Brahman, sedangkan jiwa adalah penggerak segala makhluk hidup.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClean199432_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClean199432-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut teologi Hindu yang <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">monistis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Panteisme" title="Panteisme">panteistis</a> (seperti mazhab <a href="/wiki/Adwaita_Wedanta" title="Adwaita Wedanta">Adwaita Wedanta</a>), sukma individu sama sekali tiada berbeda dari <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. Sukma individu disebut <i>jiwatman</i>, sedangkan Brahman disebut <i>paramatman</i>. Maka dari itu, ajaran ini disebut aliran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nondualisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nondualisme (halaman belum tersedia)">non-dualis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bhaskaranandaessential_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhaskaranandaessential-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ketika tubuh individu hancur, jiwa tidak turut hancur. Sebaliknya, ia berpindah ke tubuh baru melalui <a href="/wiki/Reinkarnasi" title="Reinkarnasi">reinkarnasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">samsara</a>). Jiwa mengalaminya karena diselubungi oleh <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awidya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Awidya (halaman belum tersedia)">awidya</a></i> atau "ketidaksadaran" bahwa dirinya sesungguhnya sama dengan Paramatman. Tujuan kehidupan menurut mazhab Adwaita adalah untuk mencapai kesadaran bahwa atman sesungguhnya sama dengan Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></i> menyatakan bahwa siapa pun yang merasakan bahwa atman merupakan esensi dari tiap individu, maka ia akan menyadari kesetaraan dengan Brahman, sehingga mencapai <a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">moksa</a> (kebebasan atau kemerdekaan dari proses reinkarnasi/samsara).<sup id="cite_ref-werner37_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-werner37-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> dari Resi <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>—sebagaimana yang diuraikan dalam <a href="/wiki/Yogasutra_Pata%C3%B1jali" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogasutra Patañjali"><i>Yogasutra</i></a>—berbeda dengan <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">monisme</a> yang diuraikan dalam filsafat Adwaita.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut yoga, pencapaian spiritual tertinggi bukanlah untuk menyadari bahwa segala kemajemukan di alam semesta merupakan maya. Jati diri yang diperoleh saat mencapai pengalaman religius tertinggi bukanlah atman belaka. Itu hanyalah salah satu jati diri yang ditemukan oleh individu. Meruntuhkan "tembok alam sadar manusia" untuk membangun "persatuan" jati diri individu (<a href="/wiki/Jiwa" title="Jiwa">jiwatman</a>) dengan sukma alam semesta (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramatman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramatman (halaman belum tersedia)">paramatman</a>), merupakan tujuan praktik yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips199512–13_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips199512–13-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut pemahaman <a href="/wiki/Dualisme" title="Dualisme">dualistis</a> seperti mazhab <a href="/wiki/Dwaita" title="Dwaita">Dwaita</a>, jiwa merupakan entitas yang berbeda dengan Tuhan, tapi memiliki kesamaan. Jiwa bergantung kepada Tuhan, sedangkan pencapaian <a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">moksa</a> (lepas dari <a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">samsara</a>) bergantung kepada cinta pada Tuhan serta kasih sayang Tuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Para_dewa_dan_awatara">Para dewa dan awatara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Para dewa dan awatara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Para dewa dan awatara"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Brahma,_Vishnu_and_Shiva_seated_on_lotuses_with_their_consorts,_ca1770.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Brahma%2C_Vishnu_and_Shiva_seated_on_lotuses_with_their_consorts%2C_ca1770.jpg/300px-Brahma%2C_Vishnu_and_Shiva_seated_on_lotuses_with_their_consorts%2C_ca1770.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Brahma%2C_Vishnu_and_Shiva_seated_on_lotuses_with_their_consorts%2C_ca1770.jpg/450px-Brahma%2C_Vishnu_and_Shiva_seated_on_lotuses_with_their_consorts%2C_ca1770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Brahma%2C_Vishnu_and_Shiva_seated_on_lotuses_with_their_consorts%2C_ca1770.jpg/600px-Brahma%2C_Vishnu_and_Shiva_seated_on_lotuses_with_their_consorts%2C_ca1770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2426" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>Lukisan dari akhir <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-18" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-18">abad ke-18</a>, menggambarkan tiga dewa utama Hinduisme—<a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>—beserta <i><a href="/wiki/Sakti" title="Sakti">sakti</a></i> (pasangan) masing-masing.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22380697"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:300px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Umat dari berbagai sekte agama Hindu memuja dewa-dewi tertentu yang tak terhitung banyaknya dan mengikuti aneka upacara untuk memuja dewa-dewi tersebut. Karena merupakan agama Hindu, maka para penganutnya memandang kekayaan tradisi tersebut sebagai ungkapan dari suatu realitas yang kekal. Dewa-dewi yang memanggul senjata dipahami oleh umatnya sebagai simbol-simbol dari suatu realitas sejati yang tunggal. </p> </blockquote> <p><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Brandon Toropov &amp; Luke Buckles, <i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToropov2011_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToropov2011-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite> </p> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Susastra_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Susastra Hindu">Susastra Hindu</a> menyebutkan suatu kelompok entitas ilahi yang disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Dewa_(Hindu)" title="Dewa (Hindu)">dewa</a></i> (atau <a href="/wiki/Dewi" title="Dewi">dewi</a> dalam bentuk feminin, sedangkan <i><a href="/wiki/Dewata" title="Dewata">dewata</a></i> bersinonim dengan dewa), bermakna "yang bersinar", atau dapat diterjemahkan sebagai "makhluk surgawi".<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Para dewa merupakan bagian integral dalam kebudayaan Hindu dan ditampilkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kesenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesenian">kesenian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lukisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukisan">lukisan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patung" title="Patung">patung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arsitektur" title="Arsitektur">arsitektur</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ikon" class="mw-disambig" title="Ikon">ikon</a>. Cerita mitologis mengenai keberadaan mereka terkandung dalam sejumlah sastra Hindu, terutama <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" title="Itihasa">wiracarita Hindu</a> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Purana" title="Purana">Purana</a></i>. </p><p>Keberadaan banyak <i><a href="/wiki/Dewa_(Hindu)" title="Dewa (Hindu)">dewa</a></i> diyakini sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manifestasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Manifestasi (halaman belum tersedia)">manifestasi</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pustaka <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></i> tidak mengajarkan <a href="/wiki/Panteisme" title="Panteisme">panteisme</a> ataupun <a href="/wiki/Politeisme" title="Politeisme">politeisme</a>, melainkan <a href="/wiki/Monoteisme" title="Monoteisme">monoteisme</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">monisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESehgal19991372_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESehgal19991372-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ada banyak dewa, tapi mereka merupakan manifestasi berbagai aspek dari suatu "kenyataan sejati".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESehgal19991372_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESehgal19991372-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Keberadaan konsep monisme dan monoteisme berjalin-jalin. Dalam banyak sloka, kenyataan sejati dikatakan <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/imanen" class="extiw" title="wikt:imanen">imanen</a>, sedangkan dalam sloka lainnya dikatakan <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/transenden" class="extiw" title="wikt:transenden">transenden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESehgal19991373_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESehgal19991373-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Secara monisme, kenyataan sejati tersebut adalah Brahman, sedangkan pandangan monoteisme lebih berfokus pada wujud-wujud beratribut (<i>Saguna</i>) dari Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESehgal19991373_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESehgal19991373-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biasanya pengertian dewa dibedakan dengan <a href="/wiki/Iswara" title="Iswara">Iswara</a> (Tuhan Yang Maha Esa), meskipun banyak umat Hindu menyembah Iswara dalam suatu perwujudan tertentu (seolah-olah ada Tuhan yang berbeda) sebagai <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istadewata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Istadewata (halaman belum tersedia)">istadewata</a></i> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">iṣṭa devatā</span></i>), yaitu sosok ideal (dewa-dewi tertentu) dari Tuhan yang cenderung dipuja.<sup id="cite_ref-werner80_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-werner80-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pilihan tersebut bergantung pada preferensi seseorang atau menurut tradisi regional dan keluarga.<sup id="cite_ref-harman1_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harman1-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam kitab suci <i><a href="/wiki/Regweda" title="Regweda">Regweda</a></i> disebutkan adanya 33 dewa atau <i><a href="/wiki/Dewata" title="Dewata">dewata</a></i>, dan <i>Purana</i> menjelaskan bahwa sebagian di antaranya merupakan para putra Dewi <a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a> dan Bagawan <a href="/wiki/Kasyapa" title="Kasyapa">Kasyapa</a>, dan merupakan murid dari <a href="/wiki/Wrehaspati" title="Wrehaspati">Wrehaspati</a>. Menurut <a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Hindu" title="Mitologi Hindu">mitologi Hindu</a> dalam <i>Purana</i>, sebelum memperoleh keabadian melalui tirta <a href="/wiki/Amerta" title="Amerta">amerta</a> (minuman keabadian), dewata adalah golongan makhluk yang berseteru dengan para <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">asura</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Raksasa_(mitologi_Hindu_dan_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raksasa (mitologi Hindu dan Buddha)">raksasa</a> dan dapat gugur dalam pertempuran. Kekuatan dewata berbeda dengan tiga dewa utama yang abadi—<a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a> dimuliakan sebagai Mahadewa karena kemasyhuran mereka dalam kitab suci dan pemujaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200432_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200432-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mereka berdua, beserta <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, dipandang sebagai <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a>—tiga aspek dari Yang Mahakuasa. Ketiga aspek tersebut melambangkan seluruh siklus <a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">samsara</a> menurut agama Hindu: Brahma sebagai pencipta, Wisnu sebagai pelindung atau pemelihara, dan Siwa sebagai pelebur. Dua di antara tiga dewa tersebut, yaitu Wisnu dan Siwa memiliki pengikut dengan jumlah banyak sehingga membentuk dua aliran utama (<a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Saiwa" title="Saiwa">Saiwa</a>) dalam tubuh agama Hindu. Dalam kajian tentang <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(filolog)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Jones (filolog)">Sir William Jones</a> menyatakan bahwa umat Hindu "menyembah Tuhan dalam tiga wujud: <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> … Gagasan fundamental agama Hindu, bahwa metamorfosis, atau transformasi, dicontohkan melalui [konsep] <a href="/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara">awatara</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tridewi ("Tiga Dewi") dalam agama Hindu memiliki peran penting sebagaimana Trimurti dan berfungsi sebagai pasangan bagi Trimurti. Brahma adalah Sang Pencipta, sehingga ia membutuhkan pengetahuan atau Dewi <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>. Wisnu adalah Sang Pelindung, sehingga ia membutuhkan kemakmuran, yang dimanifestasikan sebagai Dewi <a href="/wiki/Laksmi" title="Laksmi">Laksmi</a> (Sri). Sedangkan Siwa adalah Sang Pelebur, sehingga ia membutuhkan Dewi <a href="/wiki/Parwati" title="Parwati">Parwati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Kali_(dewi)" title="Kali (dewi)">Kali</a> sebagai kekuatannya. Para dewi tersebut adalah manifestasi dari satu entitas, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Sakti" title="Sakti">Sakti</a>. </p><p>Wiracarita Hindu dan <i>Purana</i> menceritakan beberapa kisah tentang turunnya Tuhan ke dunia (inkarnasi) dalam wujud fana demi menegakkan di masyarakat dan menuntun manusia mencapai moksa. Inkarnasi itu disebut pula <i><a href="/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara">awatara</a></i>. Beberapa awatara terkenal merupakan perwujudan Wisnu, meliputi <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> (tokoh utama <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>) dan <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a> (tokoh penting dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karma_dan_reinkarnasi">Karma dan reinkarnasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Karma dan reinkarnasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karma dan reinkarnasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sadu_Kathmandu_Pashupatinath_2006_Luca_Galuzzi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sadu_Kathmandu_Pashupatinath_2006_Luca_Galuzzi.jpg/280px-Sadu_Kathmandu_Pashupatinath_2006_Luca_Galuzzi.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sadu_Kathmandu_Pashupatinath_2006_Luca_Galuzzi.jpg/420px-Sadu_Kathmandu_Pashupatinath_2006_Luca_Galuzzi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sadu_Kathmandu_Pashupatinath_2006_Luca_Galuzzi.jpg/560px-Sadu_Kathmandu_Pashupatinath_2006_Luca_Galuzzi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Dua <a href="/wiki/Sadu_(Hinduisme)" title="Sadu (Hinduisme)">sadu</a> di Kuil Pahupatinatha, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<br /><i>Sadu</i> adalah istilah bagi kaum <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a> yang sedang menempuh <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_Yoga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja Yoga (halaman belum tersedia)">Rajayoga</a></i>, yaitu jalan pengendalian pikiran, demi melepaskan diri dari belenggu duniawi sehingga dapat mencapai kesadaran spiritual tingkat tinggi atau bahkan <a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">moksa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></i> diterjemahkan secara <a href="/wiki/Harfiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Harfiah">harfiah</a> sebagai tindakan, kerja, perbuatan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApte1997_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1997-201"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan dapat dideskripsikan sebagai "hukum moral sebab–akibat".<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut hukum karma, nasib baik berasal dari tindakan baik terdahulu, dan nasib buruk berasal dari tindakan buruk terdahulu, yang merupakan suatu sistem aksi-reaksi dan membentuk suatu siklus <a href="/wiki/Reinkarnasi" title="Reinkarnasi">reinkarnasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fenomena sebab-akibat tersebut tidak hanya berlaku bagi dunia material, tapi juga terhadap pikiran, perkataan, tindakan, dan tindakan yang dilakukan berdasarkan perintah seseorang.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahesh23_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahesh23-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></i>, suatu <a href="/wiki/Jiwa" title="Jiwa">jiwa</a> membentuk <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanskara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanskara (halaman belum tersedia)">sanskara</a></i> (kesan) dari tindakan, baik secara fisik atau mental. <i>Linga-sarira</i> (tubuh yang lebih halus daripada tubuh fisik namun lebih kasar daripada jiwa) dilekati kesan-kesan tersebut, dan membawanya ke kehidupan selanjutnya, sehingga menciptakan jalan kehidupan tersendiri bagi setiap orang.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maka dari itu, konsep karma—yang universal, netral, dan tak pernah meleset—berkaitan dengan <a href="/wiki/Reinkarnasi" title="Reinkarnasi">reinkarnasi</a>, demikian pula kepribadian, watak, dan keluarga seseorang. Karma menyatukan konsep <a href="/wiki/Kehendak_bebas" title="Kehendak bebas">kehendak bebas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nasib" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasib">nasib</a>. </p><p>Karena agama Hindu meyakini bahwa <a href="/wiki/Jiwa" title="Jiwa">jiwa</a> tidak dapat dihancurkan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropa_Publications_Staff200339_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropa_Publications_Staff200339-206"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> maka kematian tidak dipandang sebagai <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/momok" class="extiw" title="wikt:momok">momok</a> bagi kehidupan karena merupakan fenomena alami.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maka dari itu, seseorang yang sudah meninggalkan ambisi dan keinginannya, tidak memiliki tanggung jawab lagi di dunia, atau terjangkiti penyakit mematikan dapat mengusahakan kematian dengan cara <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prayopavesa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prayopavesa (halaman belum tersedia)">Prayopavesa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Siklus <i>aksi, reaksi, kelahiran, kematian, dan kelahiran</i> adalah proses berkesinambungan yang disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">samsara</a></i> (reinkarnasi). Pemahaman akan reinkarnasi dan karma merupakan premis kuat dalam filsafat Hindu. Dalam kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a></i> (<span style="font-family:Tahoma, monospace; cursor: help; border-bottom:1px dotted;" title="Dikutip dari kitab Bhagawadgita.&#160;Bab&#160;II,&#160;sloka&#160;22.">II:22</span>) tertulis: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <dl><dd>Seperti halnya seseorang memakai baju baru dan menanggalkan baju yang lama,</dd> <dd>demikian pula jiwa memasuki tubuh yang baru, meninggalkan tubuh yang lama.</dd></dl> </blockquote> <p>Dalam kepercayaan Hindu, samsara memberikan kesempatan bagi manusia untuk menikmati kesenangan sesaat pada setiap kelahiran. Selama manusia terlena untuk terus menikmati kesenangan tersebut, maka mereka akan dilahirkan kembali. Akan tetapi, pelepasan diri dari belenggu samsara (melalui <a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">moksa</a>) diyakini dapat memberikan kebahagiaan dan kedamaian abadi.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut kepercayaan ini, setelah mengalami reinkarnasi berkali-kali, pada akhirnya suatu atman akan mencari persatuan dengan sukma alam semesta (Brahman/Paramatman). </p><p>Dalam agama Hindu, tujuan hidup sejati—yang disebut sebagai <a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">moksa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nirwana" title="Nirwana">nirwana</a>, atau <i><a href="/wiki/Semadi" title="Semadi">semadi</a></i>—dipahami dalam berbagai arti: realisasi penyatuan jiwa dengan Tuhan; realisasi hubungan kekal dengan Tuhan; realisasi dari penyatuan seluruh hal yang ada; wawas diri sempurna serta pengetahuan akan diri yang sejati; pencapaian atas kedamaian batin yang sempurna; dan pelepasan dari segala keinginan duniawi. Realisasi semacam itu membebaskan seseorang dari samsara dan mengakhiri siklus lahir kembali.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Konseptualisasi moksa berbeda-beda tergantung mazhab atau aliran Hinduisme. Sebagai contoh, mazhab <a href="/wiki/Adwaita_Wedanta" title="Adwaita Wedanta">Adwaita Wedanta</a> berpedoman bahwa setelah mencapai moksa, atman tidak lagi mengenali dirinya sebagai individu, melainkan menyadari bahwa Brahman identik dalam segala hal, termasuk kesamaannya dengan atman. Pengikut mazhab <a href="/wiki/Dwaita" title="Dwaita">Dwaita</a> (dualistis) memandang individu sebagai bagian dari Brahman, dan setelah mencapai moksa, mereka yakin akan memperoleh kekekalan di <i><a href="/wiki/Loka" title="Loka">loka</a></i> bersama dengan manifestasi <i>Iswara</i> yang dipilihnya. Maka dari itu, dianalogikan bahwa pengikut <i>dwaita</i> berharap untuk "menikmati gula", sementara pengikut Adwaita berharap untuk "menjadi gula".<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tujuan_hidup_manusia">Tujuan hidup manusia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Tujuan hidup manusia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tujuan hidup manusia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filsafat Hindu klasik mengakui empat hal yang harus dipenuhi sebagai tujuan hidup manusia—sebagaimana dijabarkan di bawah ini—yang disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Purusarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Purusarta">purusarta</a></i>: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Darma" title="Darma">Darma</a></b>: Darma adalah prinsip yang tak boleh diabaikan oleh umat Hindu. Darma dapat dipandang sebagai kewajiban (dalam hal kegiatan duniawi ataupun rohani), <a href="/wiki/Hukum" title="Hukum">hukum</a>, keadilan, tindakan benar, dan berbagai kualitas yang mendukung harmoni segala sesuatu. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brihadaranyaka-upanishad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brihadaranyaka-upanishad (halaman belum tersedia)">Brihadaranyaka-upanishad</a></i> memandang darma sebagai prinsip universal—tentang aturan, kewajiban, dan harmoni—yang berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. Darma berlaku sebagai prinsip moral bagi alam semesta. Darma merupakan <i>sat</i> (kebenaran), ajaran pokok dalam agama Hindu. Hal ini berpangkal pada pernyataan dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Regweda" title="Regweda">Regweda</a></i> bahwa "Ekam Sat," (Kebenaran Hanya Satu), dari keyakinan bahwa Brahman itu sendiri merupakan "<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satcitananda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Satcitananda (halaman belum tersedia)">Satcitananda</a></i>" (Kebenaran-Kesadaran-Keberkatan). Darma tidak hanya sekadar aturan atau harmoni, tapi kebenaran murni. Dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a> mendefinisikan darma sebagai penegak perkara di dunia manusia dan dunia lain (Mbh 12.110.11). Kata <i>Sanātana</i> berarti 'kekal', 'tak mati', atau 'selamanya'; maka, agama Hindu sebagai <i>Sanātana-dharma</i> bermakna suatu darma yang tidak berawal atau berakhir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwami_Prabhupada198616_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwami_Prabhupada198616-213"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arta" title="Arta">Arta</a></b>: Arta adalah upaya mencari harta demi penghidupan dan kemakmuran. Hal ini juga mencakup usaha mencari pekerjaan, berpolitik, memelihara kesehatan, dan mencari kesejahteraan material.<sup id="cite_ref-johnk_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnk-214"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Arta dibutuhkan demi mencapai kehidupan yang makmur sentosa, terutama bagi umat yang sudah berumah tangga. Ajaran tentang arta disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i>, dan yang termasyhur di antaranya adalah <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i> karya <a href="/wiki/Kautilya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kautilya">Kautilya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan197392_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan197392-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></b>: Kama berarti hasrat, keinginan, gairah, kemauan, dan kenikmatan <a href="/wiki/Panca_indra" class="mw-redirect" title="Panca indra">panca indra</a>. Kama dapat pula berarti kesenangan estetis dalam menikmati kehidupan (<a href="/wiki/Seni" title="Seni">seni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiburan" title="Hiburan">hiburan</a>, kegembiraan), <a href="/wiki/Cinta" title="Cinta">kasih sayang</a>, ataupun asmara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacy1975145–60_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacy1975145–60-216"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Akan tetapi, kama dalam hubungan asmara atau percintaan hanya dapat dipenuhi melalui hubungan <a href="/wiki/Pernikahan" title="Pernikahan">pernikahan</a>. Kama dibutuhkan dalam membangun kehidupan rumah tangga, atau <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grehasta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grehasta (halaman belum tersedia)">grehasta</a></i>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">Moksa</a></b>: Moksa atau <i>mukti</i> adalah tujuan hidup yang utama bagi umat Hindu. Moksa adalah keadaan yang sama sekali berbeda dengan pencapaian <a href="/wiki/Surga" title="Surga">surga</a>. Moksa adalah suatu kondisi saat individu menyadari esensi dan realitas sejati dari alam semesta, sehingga individu mengalami kemerdekaan dari kesan-kesan duniawi, tanpa suka ataupun duka, lepas belenggu <a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">samsara</a>, serta lepas dari hasil perbuatan (<a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>) yang melekati individu selama mengalami proses <a href="/wiki/Reinkarnasi" title="Reinkarnasi">reinkarnasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishore2001152_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishore2001152-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jalan_menuju_Tuhan">Jalan menuju Tuhan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Jalan menuju Tuhan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jalan menuju Tuhan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:490px;max-width:490px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nepal_(293588353).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Karma marga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nepal_%28293588353%29.jpg/107px-Nepal_%28293588353%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nepal_%28293588353%29.jpg/161px-Nepal_%28293588353%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nepal_%28293588353%29.jpg/214px-Nepal_%28293588353%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><center><i>Karmayoga</i></center></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cow_feed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bhakti marga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cow_feed.jpg/120px-Cow_feed.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cow_feed.jpg/180px-Cow_feed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cow_feed.jpg/240px-Cow_feed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><center><i>Bhaktiyoga</i></center></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gunakar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jñāna marga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gunakar.jpg/127px-Gunakar.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gunakar.jpg/191px-Gunakar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gunakar.jpg/254px-Gunakar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="805" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><center><i>Jnanayoga</i></center></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Meditation,_Shimla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rāja yoga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Meditation%2C_Shimla.jpg/120px-Meditation%2C_Shimla.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Meditation%2C_Shimla.jpg/180px-Meditation%2C_Shimla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Meditation%2C_Shimla.jpg/240px-Meditation%2C_Shimla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><center><i>Rajayoga</i></center></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left;background-color:transparent">Empat jalan spiritualitas (<a href="/wiki/Caturmarga" title="Caturmarga">caturmarga</a>) dalam agama Hindu. Setiap jalan menyediakan cara yang berbeda untuk mencapai <a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">moksa</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Umat Hindu memenuhi tujuan hidupnya dengan menempuh jalan yang berbeda-beda. Jalan tersebut merupakan <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a></i>. Yoga di sini dapat diartikan sebagai disiplin fisik, mental, dan spiritual demi memperoleh kedamaian dan ketenangan pikiran.<sup id="cite_ref-bryant_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryant-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam konteks dan tradisi lain, yoga dapat pula didefinisikan sebagai "upaya mengendalikan pikiran agar [pikiran] tidak liar", atau "[usaha] mempersatukan diri dengan Tuhan".<sup id="cite_ref-bryant_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryant-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ajaran tentang pelaksanaan yoga dihimpun dan diuraikan oleh para <a href="/wiki/Resi" title="Resi">resi</a> atau orang bijak. Kitab yang memuat ajaran yoga meliputi <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yogasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogasutra">Yogasutra</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hathayoga-pradipika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hathayoga-pradipika (halaman belum tersedia)">Hathayoga-pradipika</a></i>, dan <i>Upanishad</i> sebagai basis filosofis dan historisnya. Yoga mengarahkan umat Hindu untuk mencapai tujuan hidup yang spiritual (moksa, <i>samadhi</i>, atau <a href="/wiki/Nirwana" title="Nirwana">nirwana</a>), baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Empat macam jalan (yoga) utama yang sering disinggung yakni:<sup id="cite_ref-bhaskaressentgeneral_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhaskaressentgeneral-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karma_Yoga" title="Karma Yoga">Karmayoga</a></i> (melaksanakan kewajiban sebaik-baiknya dengan ikhlas)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Yoga" title="Bhakti Yoga">Bhaktiyoga</a></i> (mencintai Tuhan dan menyayangi segala makhluk)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jnana_Yoga" title="Jnana Yoga">Jnanayoga</a></i> (mencari pengetahuan dan berkontemplasi tentang Tuhan)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_Yoga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja Yoga (halaman belum tersedia)">Rajayoga</a></i> (mengendalikan pikiran dengan meditasi, sikap tubuh, atau semacamnya)</li></ol> <p>Seseorang dapat memilih salah satu atau beberapa yoga sekaligus, sesuai dengan kecenderungan dan pemahamannya. Beberapa aliran Hinduisme yang menekankan pengabdian mengajarkan bahwa <i>bhakti</i> adalah satu-satunya jalan praktis untuk mencapai kesempurnaan spiritual bagi masyarakat awam, berdasarkan kepercayaan bahwa dunia sedang berada pada masa <i><a href="/wiki/Kaliyuga" title="Kaliyuga">Kaliyuga</a></i> (salah satu jangka waktu dalam siklus <a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a> yang kini sedang berlangsung).<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Melaksanakan salah satu yoga tidak berarti mengabaikan yang lainnya. Banyak mazhab Hinduisme mengajarkan bahwa berbagai yoga secara alami berbaur dan mendukung pelaksanaan yoga lainnya. Contohnya praktik <i>jnanayoga</i>, yang dianggap pasti mengarahkan seseorang untuk memberikan kasih sayang murni (tujuan utama <i>bhaktiyoga</i>), dan demikian sebaliknya.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Seseorang yang mendalami meditasi tingkat tinggi (seperti yang ditekankan <i>raja yoga</i>) harus mewujudkan prinsip pokok dari <i>karmayoga</i>, <i>jnanayoga</i>, dan <i>bhaktiyoga</i>, baik secara langsung maupun tak langsung.<sup id="cite_ref-bhaskaressentgeneral_220-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhaskaressentgeneral-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pustaka_suci">Pustaka suci</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Pustaka suci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pustaka suci"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Susastra_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Susastra Hindu">Susastra Hindu</a></div> <p>Menurut tokoh spiritual Hindu <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, agama Hindu berdasarkan kepada himpunan pedoman spiritual yang ditemukan oleh orang yang berbeda-beda pada zaman yang berbeda-beda.<sup id="cite_ref-vivekI6_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vivekI6-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vivekIII118_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vivekIII118-225"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selama berabad-abad, pedoman itu diwariskan secara lisan dalam bentuk syair agar dapat dihafalkan, sampai akhirnya dituliskan.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selama berabad-abad, para <a href="/wiki/Resi" title="Resi">resi</a> menyaring ajaran tersebut dan memperluas dalil-dalilnya. Pada masa setelah <a href="/wiki/Periode_Weda" title="Periode Weda">Periode Weda</a> dan menurut keyakinan Hindu masa kini, banyak pustaka Hindu tidak untuk ditafsirkan secara <a href="/wiki/Harfiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Harfiah">harfiah</a>. Yang diutamakan adalah <a href="/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">etika</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Metafora" title="Metafora">makna metaforis</a> yang terkandung di dalamnya.<sup id="cite_ref-nikhilupa3to8_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikhilupa3to8-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di antara pustaka suci tersebut, <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i> merupakan yang paling tua, yang diikuti dengan <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></i> sebagai susastra dasar yang sangat penting dalam mempelajari <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Hindu" title="Filsafat Hindu">filsafat Hindu</a>. Sastra lainnya yang menjadi landasan penting dalam ajaran Hindu adalah <i><a href="/wiki/Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_(kitab)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama (kitab) (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Purana" title="Purana">Purana</a></i>, serta dua <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" title="Itihasa">wiracarita</a>, yaitu <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a></i> adalah ajaran yang dimuat dalam <i>Mahabharata</i>, merupakan susastra yang dipelajari secara luas, yang sering disebut sebagai intisari <i>Weda</i>. Banyak pustaka Hindu yang ditulis dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta">bahasa Sanskerta</a>. Pustaka-pustaka tersebut digolongkan menjadi dua kelas: <i>Sruti</i> dan <i>Smerti</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sruti">Sruti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Sruti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sruti"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/220px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/330px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/440px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Regweda" title="Regweda">Regweda</a></i> adalah salah satu <a href="/wiki/Kitab_suci" title="Kitab suci">kitab suci</a> tertua di dunia. Naskah <i>Regweda</i> dalam foto ini ditulis dengan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Dewanagari" title="Aksara Dewanagari">aksara Dewanagari</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Sruti</i> (artinya "apa yang didengar")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart200468_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart200468-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> terutama mengacu kepada kumpulan <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i>, yang merupakan bentuk pustaka Hindu tertua. Banyak umat Hindu mengagungkan <i>Weda</i> sebagai kebenaran abadi yang diwahyukan kepada para <a href="/wiki/Resi" title="Resi">resi</a> purbakala,<sup id="cite_ref-vivekIII118_225-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vivekIII118-225"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood20084_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood20084-229"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sementara umat yang lain tidak menyangkutpautkan penyusunan <i>Weda</i> dengan Tuhan atau seseorang. Umat Hindu meyakini kumpulan <i>Weda</i> sebagai pedoman bagi dunia <a href="/wiki/Spiritual" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Spiritual">spiritual</a>, yang akan ada selama-lamanya, bahkan tetap ada jika seandainya tidak pernah diwahyukan kepada para resi.<sup id="cite_ref-vivekI6_224-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vivekI6-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarshananda1989_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarshananda1989-230"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Umat Hindu memiliki kepercayaan demikian karena mengimani bahwa kebenaran spiritual dalam <i>Weda</i> bersifat kekal, yang dapat terus diungkapkan dengan cara-cara yang baru.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ada empat kitab <i>Weda</i>, yaitu <i><a href="/wiki/Regweda" title="Regweda">Regweda</a></i> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Ṛg</span>veda</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Samaweda" title="Samaweda">Samaweda</a></i> (<i>Sāmaveda</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Yajurweda" title="Yajurweda">Yajurweda</a></i> (<i>Yajurveda</i>), dan <i><a href="/wiki/Atharwaweda" title="Atharwaweda">Atharwaweda</a></i> (<i>Atharvaveda</i>). Kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Regweda" title="Regweda">Regweda</a></i> adalah kitab <i>Weda</i> yang pertama dan terpenting. Setiap <i>Weda</i> dibagi menjadi empat bagian: yang utama—<i>Weda</i> yang baku—adalah <i><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></i> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Saṃhitā</span></i>), yang menghimpun <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra-mantra</a>. Tiga bagian lainnya membentuk seperangkat golongan suplemen bagi <i>Samhita</i>, biasanya dalam bentuk prosa dan dipercaya berusia lebih muda daripada <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Saṃhitā</span></i>. Adapun tiga bagian tersebut adalah <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana_(kitab)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmana (kitab) (halaman belum tersedia)">Brahmana</a></i> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Brāhmaṇa</span></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></i> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Āraṇyaka</span></i>), dan <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></i>. Dua bagian pertama disebut <i>Karmakanda</i> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Karmakāṇḍa</span></i>; porsi ritual), sedangkan yang terakhir disebut <i>Jnanakanda</i> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Jñānakāṇḍa</span></i>; porsi pengetahuan).<sup id="cite_ref-Shivananda_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shivananda-232"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kumpulan <i>Weda</i> berfokus kepada pelaksanaan upacara, sementara kumpulan <i>Upanishad</i> berfokus kepada pandangan spiritual dan ajaran filosofis, serta memperbincangkan <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Reinkarnasi" title="Reinkarnasi">reinkarnasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nikhilupa3to8_227-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikhilupa3to8-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smerti">Smerti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Smerti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Smerti"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kitab-kitab Hindu yang tak termasuk <i><a href="/wiki/Sruti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sruti">Sruti</a></i> digolongkan ke dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Smerti" title="Smerti">Smerti</a></i> (ingatan). Kitab Smerti yang terkenal yaitu <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" title="Itihasa">wiracarita India</a> (<i>Itihasa</i>), terdiri dari <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Mahābhārata</span></i>) dan <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Rāmāyaṇa</span></i>). <i>Itihasa</i> adalah suatu bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Sastra_Hindu" title="Sastra Hindu">kesusastraan Hindu</a> yang menceritakan kisah kepahlawanan para raja dan kesatria Hindu pada masa lampau dan dikombinasikan dengan <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Hindu" title="Filsafat Hindu">filsafat keagamaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Hindu" title="Mitologi Hindu">mitologi</a>, dan cerita tentang makhluk supernatural. </p><p>Kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a></i> (<i><span class="Unicode">Bhagavadgītā</span></i>) merupakan suatu bagian integral dalam <i>Mahabharata</i>, dan merupakan salah satu kitab suci Hindu yang masyhur. Kitab tersebut mengandung ajaran filosofis yang dinarasikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a>—sebagai <a href="/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara">awatara</a> Wisnu—kepada <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>, menjelang <a href="/wiki/Perang_di_Kurukshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang di Kurukshetra">perang di Kurukshetra</a>. <i>Bhagawadgita</i> terdiri dari delapan belas bab dan berisi ± 650 <a href="/wiki/Sloka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sloka">sloka</a>. Setiap bab menguraikan jawaban-jawaban yang diajukan oleh Arjuna kepada Kresna. Jawaban-jawaban tersebut merupakan wejangan suci sekaligus pokok-pokok ajaran <i>Weda.</i><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Akan tetapi, kitab yang termasuk <i>Gita</i>—kadang kala disebut <i>Gitopanishad</i>—sering kali digolongkan ke dalam Sruti, karena konteksnya bersifat <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn1984435-459_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn1984435-459-236"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kitab-kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Purana" title="Purana">Purana</a></i> (<i><span class="Unicode">Purāṇa</span></i>)—yang menguraikan ajaran-ajaran Hindu melalui kisah-kisah yang gamblang—tergolong ke dalam Smerti. <i>Purana</i> memuat <a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Hindu" title="Mitologi Hindu">mitologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legenda" title="Legenda">legenda</a>, dan kisah-kisah zaman purba yang diyakini kebenarannya oleh umat Hindu. Kata <i>Purana</i> berarti "sejarah kuno" atau "cerita kuno". Penulisan kitab-kitab <i>Purana</i> diperkirakan dimulai sekitar tahun <span class="nowrap">500 SM</span>. Terdapat delapan belas kitab <i>Purana</i> yang disebut <i>Mahapurana</i>. </p><p>Kitab lain yang tergolong ke dalam <i>Smerti</i> meliputi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewimahatmya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewimahatmya (halaman belum tersedia)">Dewimahatmya</a></i> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Devīmahātmya</span></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yogasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogasutra">Yogasutra</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirumantiram&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tirumantiram (halaman belum tersedia)">Tirumantiram</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwasutra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Siwasutra (halaman belum tersedia)">Siwasutra</a></i>, dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_(kitab_Hindu)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama (kitab Hindu) (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama</a></i> (<i><span class="Unicode">Āgama</span></i>). Selain itu, ada kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Manusmerti" title="Manusmerti">Manusmerti</a></i>, yang merupakan kitab hukum preskriptif yang mendasari aturan kemasyarakatan dan stratifikasi sosial yang kemudian menuntun masyarakat membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_kasta_di_India&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem kasta di India (halaman belum tersedia)">sistem kasta di India</a>. Kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></i> memuat tentang cara pemujaan masing-masing aliran dalam agama Hindu. Kitab <i>Tantra</i> juga mengatur tentang pembangunan <a href="/wiki/Tempat_suci_Hindu" title="Tempat suci Hindu">tempat suci Hindu</a> dan peletakkan <a href="/wiki/Arca" title="Arca">arca</a>. Kitab <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitisastra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitisastra (halaman belum tersedia)">Nitisastra</a></i> memuat ajaran kepemimpinan dan pedoman untuk menjadi seorang pemimpin yang baik.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></i> merupakan kitab yang memuat ajaran sistem <a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">astronomi</a> tradisional Hindu. Kitab Jyotisha berisi pedoman tentang benda langit dan peredarannya. Kitab Jyotisha digunakan untuk meramal dan memperkirakan datangnya suatu <a href="/wiki/Musim" title="Musim">musim</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodisasi">Periodisasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Periodisasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Periodisasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a> (1773–1836), dalam bukunya <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_British_India&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The History of British India (halaman belum tersedia)">The History of British India</a></i> (1817), membagi sejarah India menjadi tiga tahap, yaitu peradaban Hindu, Muslim, dan Britania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhanna2007xvii_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhanna2007xvii-238"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra2004194_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra2004194-239"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Periodisasi ini menuai kritik karena kesalahpahaman yang ditimbulkannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulke20047_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulke20047-240"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Periodisasi lainnya memilah-milah menjadi periode kuno, klasik, pertengahan, dan modern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199621_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199621-241"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Smart<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart200352-53_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart200352-53-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan Michaels<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200432_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200432-243"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tampaknya mengikuti periodisasi menurut Mill,<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sedangkan Flood<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996_244-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996-244"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan Muesse<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuesse2003_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuesse2003-247"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuesse2011_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuesse2011-248"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mengikuti periodisasi yang terbagi menjadi periode kuno, klasik, pertengahan, dan modern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuesse201116_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuesse201116-249"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Periode-periode yang berbeda ditentukan sebagai masa Hinduisme Klasik: </p> <ul><li>Smart menyatakan rentang waktu antara 1000 SM dan 100 M sebagai "praklasik". Itu merupakan periode formatif bagi <i>Upanishad</i> dan <i>Brahmanisme</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jainisme, dan Buddhisme. Menurut Smart, "periode klasik" berlangsung dari 100 M hingga 1000 M, dan bertepatan dengan suburnya "Hinduisme Klasik", serta pertumbuhan dan kemunduran <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana">Buddha Mahayana</a> di India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart200352_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart200352-252"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Menurut Michaels, rentang waktu antara 500 SM dan 200 SM adalah masa "Reformisme Asketis",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200436_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200436-253"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sedangkan rentang waktu antara 200 SM dan 1100 M adalah masa "Hinduisme Klasik", karena adanya titik balik antara agama Weda dan agama Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200438_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200438-254"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Muesse menyatakan perbedaan rentang waktu yang lebih jauh, yaitu antara 800 SM dan 200 SM, yang ia sebut sebagai "Periode Klasik". Menurut Muesse, beberapa konsep dasar agama Hindu, yaitu karma, reinkarnasi, serta pencerahan dan transformasi seseorang—yang tidak ditemui dalam agama Weda—berkembang pada periode tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuesse200314_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuesse200314-255"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; width:100%; border:2px solid grey; border-right:2px solid grey; margin:2.em;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center; width:22%; border-bottom:2px solid grey; border-right:2px solid grey; border-right:2px solid grey;" rowspan="2"><b>Smart</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart200352-53_242-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart200352-53-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="text-align:center; width:34%; border-right:2px solid grey;" colspan="2"><b>Michaels</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="text-align:center; width:22%; border-bottom:2px solid grey; border-right:2px solid grey;" rowspan="2"><b>Muesse</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuesse2011_248-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuesse2011-248"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="text-align:center; width:22%; border-bottom:2px solid grey; border-right:2px solid grey;" rowspan="2"><b>Flood</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199621-22_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199621-22-256"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;">Umum </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid grey; border-right:2px solid grey;">Detail </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Lembah_Sungai_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus">Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus</a><br />dan<br /><a href="/wiki/Periode_Weda" title="Periode Weda">Periode Weda</a><br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 3000–1000 SM) </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;" colspan="2">Agama-Agama Pra-Weda<br />(prasejarah–<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 1750 SM) </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Lembah_Sungai_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus">Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus</a><br />(3300–1400 SM) </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Lembah_Sungai_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus">Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus</a><br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 2500–1500 SM) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmanisme" title="Brahmanisme">Agama Weda Kuno</a><br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 1750–500 SM) </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Periode Weda Awal<br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 1750–1200 SM) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_Weda" title="Periode Weda">Periode Weda</a><br />(1600–800 SM) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_Weda" title="Periode Weda">Periode Weda</a><br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 1500–500 SM) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Periode Weda Pertengahan<br />(dari 1200 SM) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Periode Praklasik<br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 1000 SM–100 M) </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Periode Weda Akhir<br />(dari 850 SM) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Periode Klasik<br />(800–200 SM) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sramana" title="Sramana">Reformisme Asketis</a><br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 500–200 SM) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Periode <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" title="Itihasa">Epos</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Purana" title="Purana">Purana</a><br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 500 SM–500 M) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Hinduisme Klasik<br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 200 SM–1100 M) </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Hinduisme Praklasik<br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 200 SM–300 M) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Periode <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" title="Itihasa">Epos</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Purana" title="Purana">Purana</a><br />(200 SM–500 M) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Periode Klasik<br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 100 M–1000 M) </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">"Zaman Kejayaan"<br />(<a href="/wiki/Kemaharajaan_Gupta" title="Kemaharajaan Gupta">Kemaharajaan Gupta</a>)<br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 320–650 M) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Hinduisme-Klasik Akhir<br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 650–1100 M) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Periode-Purana Pertengahan dan Akhir<br />(500–1500 M) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Periode-Purana Pertengahan dan Akhir<br />(500–1500 M) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Peradaban Hindu-Islam<br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 1000–1750 M) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_Muslim_di_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Penaklukan Muslim di India">Penaklukan Muslim</a> dan<br />Kemunculan Sekte-Sekte Hinduisme<br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 1100–1850 M) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Abad Modern<br />(1500–kini) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Abad Modern<br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 1500–kini) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;">Periode Modern<br />(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 1750–kini) </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-right:2px solid grey;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hinduisme Modern</a><br />(sejak <abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 1850) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agama-Agama_Pra-Weda">Agama-Agama Pra-Weda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Sunting bagian: Agama-Agama Pra-Weda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Agama-Agama Pra-Weda"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Shiva_Pashupati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/200px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/300px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/400px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Artefak yang disebut cap <i><a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Shiva</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pasupati" title="Pasupati">pashupati</a></i> (Siwa sang penguasa satwa), berasal dari masa <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Lembah_Sungai_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus">Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ras manusia pertama yang menduduki <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 40.000–60.000 tahun yang lalu, saat periode <a href="/wiki/Paleolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolitik">Paleolitik</a>) adalah <i><a href="/wiki/Australoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Australoid">Australoid</a></i> yang mungkin memiliki hubungan dengan <a href="/wiki/Suku_Aborigin" class="mw-redirect" title="Suku Aborigin">penduduk asli Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ada dugaan bahwa ras tersebut hampir punah atau terdesak oleh gelombang migrasi pada masa berikutnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavalli-Sforza1994241_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavalli-Sforza1994241-258"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setelah pendudukan oleh Australoid, maka ras <a href="/wiki/Kaukasoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaukasoid">Kaukasoid</a> (meliputi bangsa <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Elamo-Dravida" title="Rumpun bahasa Elamo-Dravida">Elamo-Dravida</a> [<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 4000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThani_Nayagam1963_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThani_Nayagam1963-259"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> hingga <span class="nowrap">6000 SM</span>]<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar2004_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2004-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Indo-Arya" class="mw-disambig" title="Indo-Arya">Indo-Arya</a> [<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 2000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199634_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199634-261"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> hingga <span class="nowrap">1500 SM</span>]<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199630_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199630-262"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) dan <a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongoloid">Mongoloid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Sino-Tibet" title="Rumpun bahasa Sino-Tibet">Sino-Tibet</a>) bermigrasi ke India. Bangsa Elamo-Dravida<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ada kemungkinan berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, kini merupakan wilayah <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThani_Nayagam1963_259-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThani_Nayagam1963-259"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar2004_260-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2004-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2001_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2001-264"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordaux2004_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordaux2004-265"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_prasejarah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama prasejarah (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama prasejarah</a> tertua di India—yang mungkin meninggalkan jejaknya pada agama Hindu<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>—berasal dari zaman <a href="/wiki/Mesolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolitik">mesolitik</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger201066_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger201066-268"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Neolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolitik">neolitik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006xvii_266-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006xvii-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa agama suku di India masih bertahan, mendahului dominansi agama Hindu, tapi tidak harus dianggap bahwa ada banyak kemiripan antara masyarakat suku pada zaman prasejarah dengan masa kini.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut <a href="/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi">antropolog</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Possehl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Possehl (halaman belum tersedia)">Gregory Possehl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_lembah_sungai_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peradaban lembah sungai Indus">peradaban lembah sungai Indus</a> (2600–1900&#160;SM) mengandung titik pangkal yang logis, atau mungkin <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/arbitrer" class="extiw" title="wikt:arbitrer">arbitrer</a>, bagi beberapa aspek pada tradisi Hindu di kemudian hari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPossehl2002154_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossehl2002154-270"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Agama pada masa tersebut mengandung pemujaan kepada Dewa Yang Mahakuasa, yang dibandingkan oleh beberapa ahli (terutama <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(arkeolog)" title="John Marshall (arkeolog)">John Marshall</a>) sebagai <span class="nowrap">proto-<a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a></span>, dan mungkin sesosok Ibu Dewi, yang mendasari figur <a href="/wiki/Sakti" title="Sakti">Sakti</a>. Praktik-praktik lain dari zaman peradaban lembah sungai Indus yang berlanjut ke periode Weda meliputi pemujaan kepada air dan api. Akan tetapi, hubungan antara dewa-dewi dan praktik agama lembah sungai Indus dengan agama Hindu masa kini telah menjadi subjek perselisihan politis serta perdebatan para ahli.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPossehl2002141–156_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossehl2002141–156-271"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periode_Weda">Periode Weda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Sunting bagian: Periode Weda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Periode Weda"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Periode_Weda" title="Periode Weda">Periode Weda</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Brahmanisme" title="Brahmanisme">Brahmanisme</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Indo-Gangetic_Plain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Indo-Gangetic_Plain.png/300px-Indo-Gangetic_Plain.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Indo-Gangetic_Plain.png/450px-Indo-Gangetic_Plain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Indo-Gangetic_Plain.png/600px-Indo-Gangetic_Plain.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Peta dataran subur <a href="/wiki/India_Utara" title="India Utara">India Utara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Periode Weda—yang berlangsung dari <abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 1750 sampai 500&#160;SM<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200432_243-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200432-243"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>—disebut demikian karena berdasarkan agama berbasis <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i> yang dianut oleh bangsa <a href="/wiki/Indo-Arya" class="mw-disambig" title="Indo-Arya">Indo-Arya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008185_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008185-274"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang bermigrasi ke India barat daya setelah mundurnya peradaban lembah sungai Indus<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200433_275-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200433-275"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199630-35_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199630-35-277"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20075_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20075-278"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (ada kemungkinan dari <a href="/wiki/Stepa" title="Stepa">stepa</a> <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2001_264-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2001-264"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllchin1995_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllchin1995-279"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bangsa ini membawa serta bahasa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201053-56_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201053-56-280"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan agama mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199630_262-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199630-262"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20075-7_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20075-7-281"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Agama mereka berkembang lebih jauh ketika bermigrasi ke dataran <a href="/wiki/India_Utara" title="India Utara">India Utara</a> setelah <abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 1100&#160;SM dan menjadi pastoralis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel1995_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel1995-282"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201048-51,_61-93_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201048-51,_61-93-283"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20078-10_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20078-10-284"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meskipun kepercayaan dan praktik pada masa Hinduisme Praklasik boleh jadi berasal dari bahan-bahan <a href="/wiki/Agama_Proto-Indo-Eropa" title="Agama Proto-Indo-Eropa">agama Proto-Indo-Eropa</a> (yang masih hipotesis),<sup id="cite_ref-Woodard2006_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodard2006-285"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sastra yang mendasari tradisi pada masa itu adalah <a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda"><i>Weda Samhita</i></a>, sehingga periode tersebut dinamai demikian. Kitab tertua di antara sastra <i>Weda</i> tersebut adalah <i><a href="/wiki/Regweda" title="Regweda">Regweda</a></i>, yang diperkirakan telah disusun pada periode 1700–1100&#160;SM.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sastra <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i> memusatkan pemujaan kepada para dewa seperti <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baruna" title="Baruna">Baruna</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>, serta melangsungkan upacara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Soma (halaman belum tersedia)">Soma</a>. Kurban dengan api, yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Yadnya" title="Yadnya">yadnya</a> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">yajña</span></i>) dilaksanakan dengan merapalkan <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra-mantra</a> Weda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008195_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008195-288"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockington19847_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockington19847-289"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sastra <i>Weda</i> dikodifikasi ketika bangsa Indo-Arya mulai menduduki dataran India Utara yang subur, kemudian melakukan transisi dari masyarakat penggembala menuju masyarakat agraris, sehingga kebutuhan akan organisasi yang lebih terstruktur mulai timbul. Masyarakat baru tersebut melibatkan penduduk yang lebih dahulu bermukim di dataran subur tersebut. Mereka dimasukkan ke dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Warna_dalam_agama_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Warna dalam agama Hindu">sistem warna</a></i> menurut bangsa Arya, dengan otoritas politik dan keagamaan berada di tangan kaum <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">brahmana</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kesatria" class="mw-disambig" title="Kesatria">kesatria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2010_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010-290"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selama Periode Weda Awal (<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 1500–1100&#160;SM), suku-suku penganut <i>Weda</i> merupakan suku penggembala, berkelana di sekitar India sebelah barat laut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201041-48_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201041-48-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Setelah 1100&#160;SM, seiring ditemukannya <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>, suku-suku penganut <i>Weda</i> berpindah ke dataran India Utara sebelah barat, dan mengadaptasi gaya hidup agraris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201041-93_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201041-93-292"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein201048-49_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein201048-49-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bentuk-bentuk wilayah berdaulat yang belum sempurna mulai muncul, dan yang paling menonjol atau berpengaruh adalah kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Kuru" title="Kerajaan Kuru">suku Kuru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel1995_282-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel1995-282"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201061-93_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201061-93-294"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kerajaan tersebut merupakan ikatan kesukuan, yang kemudian berkembang menjadi masyarakat setingkat <a href="/wiki/Negara" title="Negara">negara</a>—yang pertama kali tercatat dalam sejarah <a href="/wiki/Asia_Selatan" title="Asia Selatan">Asia Selatan</a>—sekitar 1000&#160;M.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel1995_282-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel1995-282"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Secara terang-terangan, mereka mengubah warisan budaya dari Periode Weda sebelumnya, mengumpulkan himne-himne Weda menjadi suatu himpunan, dan mengembangkan upacara-upacara baru yang menonjol dalam peradaban India sebagai upacara-upacara <a href="/wiki/Srauta" title="Srauta">srauta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel1995_282-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel1995-282"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang berkontribusi bagi "sintesis klasik" atau "sintesis Hindu".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2010_290-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010-290"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-9_SM" title="Abad ke-9 SM">abad ke-9</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-8_SM" title="Abad ke-8 SM">ke-8 SM</a> terjadi penyusunan kitab-kitab <i>Upanishad</i> tertua.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Religions_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Religions-295"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Upanishad</i> membentuk suatu dasar teoretis bagi Hinduisme Klasik dan dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Wedanta" title="Wedanta">Wedanta</a> (kesimpulan dari <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton20101324_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton20101324-296"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kitab-kitab <i>Upanishad</i> kuno menangkal intensitas upacara-upacara yang kian bertambah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195657_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195657-297"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Spekulasi <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">monistis</a> yang beragam dari ajaran <i>Upanishad</i> disintesiskan menjadi suatu kerangka teistis dalam kitab suci Hindu <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2012xxii–xxiii_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2012xxii–xxiii-298"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Etika dalam kitab-kitab <i>Weda</i> berdasarkan konsep <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Satya (halaman belum tersedia)">satya</a></i> dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reta (halaman belum tersedia)">reta</a></i>. Satya adalah prinsip <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/integrasi" class="extiw" title="wikt:integrasi">integrasi</a> yang berakar pada kemutlakan. Reta adalah ungkapan dari satya, yang meregulasi dan mengkoordinasi jalannya alam semesta beserta segala sesuatu di dalamnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldrege2004215_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldrege2004215-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kesesuaian dengan reta akan memungkinkan sesuatu berjalan sebagaimana mestinya, sedangkan penyimpangan akan mengakibatkan hal yang tidak diinginkan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001350-351_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001350-351-300"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Istilah <a href="/wiki/Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma">dharma</a> sudah digunakan dalam filsafat-filsafat Brahmanis, yang dipandang sebagai aspek dari reta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay198242–45_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay198242–45-301"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Istilah reta juga dikenal dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Proto-Indo-Iran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama Proto-Indo-Iran (halaman belum tersedia)">agama Proto-Indo-Iran</a>, yaitu agama orang-orang <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iran" class="mw-disambig" title="Indo-Iran">Indo-Iran</a> sebelum kehadiran kitab-kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i> (Indo-Aryan) dan <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianisme" title="Zoroastrianisme">Zoroastrianisme</a> (Iran). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asha (halaman belum tersedia)">Asha</a></i> (<i>aša</i>) adalah istilah dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Avesta" title="Bahasa Avesta">bahasa Avesta</a> yang mirip dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reta (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>ṛta</i></a> dalam <i>Weda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuchesne-Guillemin196346_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuchesne-Guillemin196346-302"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kitab-kitab <i>Weda</i> merupakan pustaka bagi golongan atas, dan tidak semata-mata mengungkapkan gagasan atau praktik yang populer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008184_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008184-303"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Agama berbasis <i>Weda</i> pada periode selanjutnya hadir berdampingan dengan agama-agama lokal—seperti pemujaan <a href="/wiki/Yaksa" title="Yaksa">Yaksa</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2010_290-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010-290"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasham198974-75_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasham198974-75-304"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>—dan ia sendiri merupakan hasil dari campuran antara kebudayaan <a href="/wiki/Indo-Arya" class="mw-disambig" title="Indo-Arya">Indo-Arya</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_lembah_sungai_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peradaban lembah sungai Indus">Harrapa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200628_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200628-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformisme_Asketis">Reformisme Asketis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Sunting bagian: Reformisme Asketis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Reformisme Asketis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:269px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tirthankar_Bhagwan_Mahavira.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mahavira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tirthankar_Bhagwan_Mahavira.png/171px-Tirthankar_Bhagwan_Mahavira.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tirthankar_Bhagwan_Mahavira.png/257px-Tirthankar_Bhagwan_Mahavira.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tirthankar_Bhagwan_Mahavira.png/342px-Tirthankar_Bhagwan_Mahavira.png 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><center><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></center></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:269px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Buddha_meditating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Buddha Gautama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Buddha_meditating.jpg/173px-Buddha_meditating.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Buddha_meditating.jpg/260px-Buddha_meditating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Buddha_meditating.jpg/346px-Buddha_meditating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1567" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><center><a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhartha Gautama">Siddhartha Gautama</a></center></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left;background-color:transparent">Dua tokoh terkemuka dari golongan <a href="/wiki/Sramana" title="Sramana">Sramana</a>, tradisi yang tidak mengakui kewenangan sastra <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i>. Di kemudian hari, Mahavira menjadi figur utama dalam <a href="/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme">Jainisme</a>, sedangkan Siddhartha Gautama dalam <a href="/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">Buddhisme</a>.</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Sramana" title="Sramana">Sramana</a></div> <p>Peningkatan urbanisasi di India pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-7_SM" title="Abad ke-7 SM">abad ke-7</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-6_SM" title="Abad ke-6 SM">ke-6 SM</a> telah mendukung terjadinya gerakan <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/asketisisme" class="extiw" title="wikt:asketisisme">asketis</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Sramana" title="Sramana">Sramana</a> yang menentang fanatisme terhadap berbagai upacara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199682_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199682-306"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> (<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 549–477&#160;SM, pemuka <a href="/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme">Jainisme</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Gautama">Buddha Gautama</a> (<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 563–483&#160;SM, penggagas tradisi <a href="/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">Buddhisme</a>) adalah tokoh-tokoh terkemuka dalam gerakan tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeusner2009184_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusner2009184-307"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Heinrich Zimmer</a>, Jainisme dan Buddhisme adalah bagian dari warisan kebudayaan pra-Weda, yang juga meliputi <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Jainisme tidak berasal dari sumber-sumber [budaya] <a href="/wiki/Brahmanisme" title="Brahmanisme">Brahman</a>-<a href="/wiki/Indo-Arya" class="mw-disambig" title="Indo-Arya">Arya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tetapi mencerminkan <a href="/wiki/Kosmologi" title="Kosmologi">kosmologi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi">antropologi</a> masyarakat kuno pra-Arya golongan atas [yang tinggal] di India bagian timur laut–dengan berpangkal pada dasar-dasar yang sama tentang spekulasi <a href="/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika">metafisis</a> kuno seperti Yoga, Sankhya, dan Buddhisme, yaitu ajaran-ajaran India lainnya yang tidak berbasis Weda.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1989217_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1989217-310"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrangle19947_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19947-311"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Dalam suatu bagian, tradisi Sramana mengajarkan konsep siklus kelahiran dan kematian (siklus <a href="/wiki/Reinkarnasi" title="Reinkarnasi">reinkarnasi</a>), konsep <a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">samsara</a>, dan konsep pencarian kebebasan (dari reinkarnasi tersebut), yang menjadi karakteristik Hinduisme.<sup id="cite_ref-Flood273_312-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood273-312"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>James B. Pratt dalam bukunya <i>The Pilgrimage of Buddhism and a Buddhist Pilgrimage</i> menulis bahwa <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Oldenberg" title="Hermann Oldenberg">Oldenberg</a> (1854–1920), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Eugen_Neumann&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Eugen Neumann (halaman belum tersedia)">Neumann</a> (1865–1915), dan <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a> (1888–1975) percaya bahwa <i><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka">Tripitaka</a></i> Buddhis mendapat pengaruh dari kitab-kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></i>, sedangkan <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_La_Vall%C3%A9e-Poussin" title="Louis de La Vallée-Poussin">la Vallee Poussin</a> menyatakan ketiadaan pengaruh apa pun, dan ahli lainnya menegaskan bahwa pada bagian-bagian tertentu, Sang Buddha menyatakan <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/antitesis" class="extiw" title="wikt:antitesis">antitesis</a> secara langsung kepada <i>Upanishad</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPratt199690_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt199690-313"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduisme_Klasik">Hinduisme Klasik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Sunting bagian: Hinduisme Klasik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hinduisme Klasik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Periode Hinduisme Klasik diawali dengan periode Hinduisme Praklasik, dilanjutkan dengan zaman kejayaan Hindu pada masa <a href="/wiki/Kemaharajaan_Gupta" title="Kemaharajaan Gupta">Dinasti Gupta</a>, lalu ditutup dengan periode Hinduisme Klasik Akhir. Periode Hinduisme Klasik ini disusul dengan kedatangan agama <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Asia_Selatan" title="Asia Selatan">Asia Selatan</a>, lalu diikuti dengan pendirian aliran atau sekte dalam agama Hindu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduisme_Praklasik">Hinduisme Praklasik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=35" title="Sunting bagian: Hinduisme Praklasik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hinduisme Praklasik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada periode dari 500<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> hingga 200&#160;SM,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2009_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2009-314"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 300&#160;M, terjadi "sintesis Hindu",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_54-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang menyerap pengaruh-pengaruh Sramana dan Buddha,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2009_314-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2009-314"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins2010_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins2010-315"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> serta kemunculan tradisi <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a></i> dalam balutan Brahmanisme melalui pustaka <i><a href="/wiki/Smerti" title="Smerti">Smerti</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200713_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200713-316"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sintesis ini timbul di bawah tekanan perkembangan agama Buddha dan Jainisme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200121_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200121-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut Embree, beberapa tradisi keagamaan lainnya hadir berdampingan dengan agama berbasis <i>Weda</i>. Agama-agama pribumi tersebut akhirnya menemukan tempat di bawah naungan agama Weda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmbree1988277_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmbree1988277-317"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ketika Brahmanisme mulai kehilangan pamornya<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200438_254-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200438-254"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan harus bersaing dengan Buddhisme dan Jainisme,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200713_316-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200713-316"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> agama-agama yang populer mendapat kesempatan untuk menonjolkan ajarannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmbree1988277_317-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmbree1988277-317"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut Embree: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Para Brahmanis tampaknya bergiat untuk memperluas perkembangan [agamanya] sebagai maksud untuk menghadapi gempuran aliran-aliran yang lebih <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/heterodoks" class="extiw" title="wikt:heterodoks">heterodoks</a>. Pada saat yang sama, di kalangan agama-agama pribumi yang ada, kesetiaan terhadap kewenangan sastra <i>Weda</i> telah memberikan suatu tali persatuan yang tipis—namun begitu signifikan—di antara kemajemukan dewa-dewi dan praktik keagamaan [yang ada].<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmbree1988277_317-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmbree1988277-317"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Menurut Larson, para <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">brahmana</a> menanggapinya dengan <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/asimilasi" class="extiw" title="wikt:asimilasi">asimilasi</a> dan <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/konsolidasi" class="extiw" title="wikt:konsolidasi">konsolidasi</a>. Hal tersebut tercerminkan dalam pustaka <i><a href="/wiki/Smerti" title="Smerti">Smerti</a></i> yang mulai disusun pada periode itu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2009185_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2009185-319"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kitab-kitab Smerti dari periode 200&#160;SM–100&#160;M mempermaklumkan kewenangan <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i>, sehingga pengakuan terhadap kewenangan <i>Weda</i> menjadi kriteria utama untuk membedakan Hinduisme dengan aliran <a href="/wiki/Heterodoks" title="Heterodoks">heterodoks</a> yang menolak <i>Weda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200714_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200714-320"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar gagasan dasar dan praktik Hinduisme Klasik berasal dari pustaka Smerti, yang kemudian menjadi inspirasi dasar bagi kebanyakan umat Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2009185_319-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2009185-319"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dua <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" title="Itihasa">wiracarita India</a> terkemuka—<i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>—yang tergolong ke dalam Smerti, disusun dalam periode panjang selama akhir zaman Sebelum Masehi dan awal zaman Masehi.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pustaka tersebut mengandung cerita mitologis tentang para pemimpin dan peperangan pada zaman India Kuno, dan diselingi dengan filsafat dan ajaran agama. Sastra <i><a href="/wiki/Purana" title="Purana">Purana</a></i> yang disusun pada masa berikutnya mengandung cerita tentang <a href="/wiki/Dewa_(Hindu)" title="Dewa (Hindu)">para dewa-dewi</a>, interaksi mereka dengan manusia, dan pertempuran mereka melawan para <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakshasa">rakshasa</a>. Kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a></i> memperkuat keberhasilan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200720_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200720-322"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> konsolidasi agama Hindu,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200720_322-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200720-322"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dengan memadupadankan gagasan-gagasan Brahmanis dan Sramana menjadi suatu kebaktian yang <a href="/wiki/Teisme" title="Teisme">teistis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200720_322-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200720-322"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992211_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992211-323"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB-BG_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-BG-324"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada awal zaman Masehi, beberapa mazhab <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Hindu" title="Filsafat Hindu">filsafat Hindu</a> dikodifikasikan secara formal, meliputi <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waisesika" title="Waisesika">Waisesika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purwamimamsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Purwamimamsa (halaman belum tersedia)">Purwamimamsa</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Wedanta" title="Wedanta">Wedanta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Radhaxviii-xxi_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhaxviii-xxi-325"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="&quot;Zaman_Kejayaan&quot;"><span id=".22Zaman_Kejayaan.22"></span>"Zaman Kejayaan"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=36" title="Sunting bagian: &quot;Zaman Kejayaan&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: &quot;Zaman Kejayaan&quot;"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kemaharajaan_Gupta" title="Kemaharajaan Gupta">Kemaharajaan Gupta</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Deogarh01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Deogarh01.jpg/260px-Deogarh01.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Deogarh01.jpg/390px-Deogarh01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Deogarh01.jpg/520px-Deogarh01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Candi_Dashavatara" title="Candi Dashavatara">Candi Dashavatara</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deogarh,_Uttar_Pradesh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh (halaman belum tersedia)">Deogarh</a>, negara bagian <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Candi ini dibangun pada <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-6">abad ke-6</a></span>, era <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Gupta" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinasti Gupta">Dinasti Gupta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Selama periode ini, kekuasaan atas India disentralisasi, seiring dengan berkembangnya perdagangan ke negeri yang jauh, standardisasi prosedur legal, dan pemberantasan buta huruf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200440_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200440-326"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">Buddhisme</a> aliran <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> menyebar, sedangkan kebudayaan Brahmana ortodoks mulai disegarkan kembali di bawah perlindungan Dinasti Gupta,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004687_327-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004687-327"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang dipimpin para raja penganut <a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2003325_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2003325-328"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kedudukan para brahmana diperkuat kembali dan <a href="/wiki/Tempat_suci_Hindu" title="Tempat suci Hindu">kuil-kuil Hindu</a> mulai didirikan sebagai dedikasi untuk <a href="/wiki/Dewa-Dewi_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewa-Dewi Hindu">dewa-dewi Hindu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200440_326-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200440-326"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selama pemerintahan Dinasti Gupta, sastra <i><a href="/wiki/Purana" title="Purana">Purana</a></i> mulai ditulis, digunakan untuk menyebarkan ideologi keagamaan umum di kalangan masyarakat pribumi dan buta huruf yang menjalani akulturasi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200119_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200119-329"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Para raja Gupta melindungi tradisi Purana yang mulai berkembang demi perbawa wangsa mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2003325_328-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2003325-328"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hal ini menyebabkan timbulnya Hinduisme-Puranis (<i>Puranic Hinduism</i>), yang berbeda dengan <a href="/wiki/Brahmanisme" title="Brahmanisme">Brahmanisme</a> sebelumnya yang mengacu pada <i><a href="/wiki/Dharmasastra" title="Dharmasastra">Dharmasastra</a></i> dan Smerti.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200119_329-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200119-329"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gerakan_Bhakti" title="Gerakan Bhakti">Gerakan Bhakti</a> muncul pada periode ini. Gerakan Bhakti merupakan perkembangan tradisi <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a></i> yang tumbuh sangat cepat, bermula di <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> (<a href="/wiki/India_Selatan" title="India Selatan">India Selatan</a>). Para <a href="/wiki/Nayanar" title="Nayanar">Nayanar</a> dari aliran <a href="/wiki/Saiwa" title="Saiwa">Saiwa</a> (abad ke-4&#160;–&#160;ke-10)<sup id="cite_ref-Embree_330-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Embree-330"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> serta para <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alwar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alwar (halaman belum tersedia)">Alwar</a> dari aliran <a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a> (abad ke-3&#160;–&#160;ke-9) menyebarkan puisi dan tradisi <i>bhakti</i> ke berbagai penjuru India dari abad ke-12 hingga ke-18.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996131_331-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996131-331"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Embree_330-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Embree-330"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut P.S. Sharma, periode Gupta dan Harsha membentuk—dari segi intelektual—kurun waktu paling gemilang dalam perkembangan filsafat India, ketika filsafat Hindu dan Buddha tumbuh subur secara berdampingan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma19805_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma19805-332"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carwaka" title="Carwaka">Carwaka</a>, mazhab <a href="/wiki/Materialisme" title="Materialisme">materialisme</a> <a href="/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme">ateistis</a>, tampil di <a href="/wiki/India_Utara" title="India Utara">India Utara</a> sebelum abad ke-8.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya201165_333-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya201165-333"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduisme_Klasik_Akhir">Hinduisme Klasik Akhir</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=37" title="Sunting bagian: Hinduisme Klasik Akhir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hinduisme Klasik Akhir"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Setelah runtuhnya <a href="/wiki/Kemaharajaan_Gupta" title="Kemaharajaan Gupta">kemaharajaan Gupta</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kamaharajaan_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamaharajaan Harsha">Harsha</a>, kekuasaan di India mengalami <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/desentralisasi" class="extiw" title="wikt:desentralisasi">desentralisasi</a>. Beberapa kerajaan besar mulai berdiri, dengan <a href="/wiki/Vasal" title="Vasal">negeri taklukan</a> yang sangat banyak. Kerajaan-kerajaan tersebut dipimpin dengan sistem <a href="/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme">feodal</a>. Kerajaan yang lebih kecil bergantung pada kerajaan yang lebih besar. Maharaja sulit dijangkau, sangat diagungkan dan didewakan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEmichaels200441_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEmichaels200441-334"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sebagaimana yang digambarkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>, dan kadang kala raja digambarkan sebagai pusat mandala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200025-28_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200025-28-335"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perpecahan kekuasaan pusat juga mengarah kepada regionalisasi religiositas, serta persaingan religius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kultus dan bahasa lokal lebih diutamakan, dan pengaruh Hinduisme-Brahmanis ritualistis (<i>ritualistic Brahmanic Hinduism</i>) berkurang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442_336-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gerakan rakyat dan kebaktian mulai bermunculan, seiring dengan [tumbuhnya] aliran <a href="/wiki/Saiwa" title="Saiwa">Saiwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>, meskipun pengelompokan menurut sekte hanya terjadi saat permulaan perkembangan aliran-aliran tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442_336-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gerakan keagamaan berkompetisi untuk memperoleh pengakuan dari penguasa lokal. Agama Buddha kehilangan pamornya setelah <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-8">abad ke-8</a>, lalu mulai memudar di India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442_336-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hal tersebut tersirat dari penghentian ritus <a href="/wiki/Puja" class="mw-disambig" title="Puja">puja</a> Buddhis di lingkungan istana-istana India pada abad ke-8, ketika dewa-dewa Hindu menggantikan peran <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> sebagai pelindung kerajaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInden199867_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInden199867-337"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sastra <i><a href="/wiki/Purana" title="Purana">Purana</a></i> kuno disusun untuk menyebarkan ideologi keagamaan yang awam di kalangan masyarakat pribumi yang mengalami <a href="/wiki/Akulturasi" title="Akulturasi">akulturasi</a>. Seiring dengan <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/dadal" class="extiw" title="wikt:dadal">dadal</a> yang dialami Dinasti Gupta, <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/tanah_perawan" class="extiw" title="wikt:tanah perawan">tanah-tanah perawan</a> dikumpulkan oleh para brahmana, yang tidak hanya menjamin keuntungan agraris dari eksploitasi tanah yang dimiliki para raja, tetapi juga memberikan status bagi kelas penguasa yang baru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2003325,_487_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2003325,_487-338"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Para brahmana menyebar ke berbagai penjuru India, berinteraksi dengan warga lokal yang menganut kepercayaan dan ideologi berbeda. Para brahmana menggunakan <i>Purana</i> untuk mengajak berbagai klan menjadi masyarakat agraris, serta mengikuti agama dan ideologi para brahmana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath2001_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath2001-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut Flood, para brahmana yang mengikuti agama berbasis <i>Purana</i> kemudian dikenal sebagai <i><a href="/wiki/Smarta" title="Smarta">Smarta</a></i>, artinya orang yang bersembahyang berdasarkan <i>Smerti</i>, atau <i>Pauranika</i>, yaitu penganut <i>Purana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113-339"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kepala suku dan warga lokal diserap ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Warna_(Hindu)" title="Warna (Hindu)">sistem warna</a>, demi mengendalikan tindak tanduk kaum "<i><a href="/wiki/Kesatria" class="mw-disambig" title="Kesatria">kesatria</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Sudra" title="Sudra">sudra</a></i> baru" tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2003487_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2003487-340"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kelompok-kelompok brahmana semakin besar dengan mengikutsertakan orang lokal, seperti pendeta dan rohaniwan lokal. Hal ini mengarah ke <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/stratifikasi" class="extiw" title="wikt:stratifikasi">stratifikasi</a> bagi kaum brahmana, sehingga ada golongan brahmana yang memiliki derajat lebih tinggi dibandingkan brahmana lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath2001_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath2001-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penarapan sistem kasta lebih sesuai bagi Hinduisme Puranis daripada aliran-aliran <a href="/wiki/Sramana" title="Sramana">Sramana</a> (Buddha atau Jaina). Pustaka <i>Purana</i> mencantumkan suatu <a href="/wiki/Genealogi" title="Genealogi">riwayat silsilah</a> yang luas sehingga dapat memberikan status <i>kesatria</i> baru bagi suatu golongan. Sementara itu, <a href="/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">ajaran Buddha</a> menggambarkan pemerintah sebagai suatu kontrak antara orang yang terpilih dengan rakyat, dan <i><a href="/wiki/Cakrawartin" title="Cakrawartin">chakkavatti</a></i> Buddhis adalah konsep yang berbeda dengan model penaklukkan yang dilakukan para kesatria dan kaum <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2003487_340-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2003487-340"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Govinda_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Govinda_2.jpg/220px-Govinda_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Govinda_2.jpg/330px-Govinda_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Govinda_2.jpg/440px-Govinda_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Lukisan <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Gowinda" title="Gowinda">Gowinda</a> atau "pelindung para sapi", dari abad ke-19.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brahmanisme berdasarkan pustaka <i><a href="/wiki/Dharmasastra" title="Dharmasastra">Dharmasastra</a></i> dan Smerti mengalami transformasi radikal di tangan para penyusun <i>Purana</i>, mengakibatkan munculnya Hinduisme Puranis (<i>Puranic Hinduism</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200119_329-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200119-329"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> bagaikan "raksasa" yang melangkahi "cakrawala keagamaan", yang kemudian melintangi segala agama-agama yang ada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200120_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200120-341"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hinduisme Puranis merupakan sistem kepercayaan yang terdiri dari banyak bagian yang tumbuh dan meluas dengan menyerap dan memadukan gagasan-gagasan bertentangan dan berbagai tradisi pemujaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200120_341-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200120-341"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Agama ini berbeda dengan Smarta yang menjadi pangkalnya. Perbedaan itu terletak pada ketenaran, <a href="/wiki/Pluralisme" title="Pluralisme">pluralisme</a> <a href="/wiki/Teologi" title="Teologi">teologis</a>, pluralisme sekte, pengaruh <a href="/wiki/Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>, dan pengutamaan <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200120_341-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200120-341"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banyak kepercayaan dan tradisi lokal yang diasimilasi ke dalam Hinduisme Puranis. <a href="/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu">Wisnu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a> tampil sebagai dewa yang utama, berdampingan dengan <a href="/wiki/Sakti" title="Sakti">Sakti</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dewi" title="Dewi">Dewi</a>. Pemujaan kepada Wisnu akhirnya menimbulkan kultus <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagatnata" title="Jagatnata">Jagatnata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wenkateswara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wenkateswara (halaman belum tersedia)">Wenkateswara</a>, dan lain-lain. Menurut Nath: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Beberapa <a href="/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara">inkarnasi</a> Wisnu seperti <a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurma_(awatara)" title="Kurma (awatara)">Kurma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waraha" title="Waraha">Waraha</a>, dan bahkan <a href="/wiki/Narasinga" title="Narasinga">Narasinga</a> membantu pemaduan simbol-simbol <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totem</a> populer dan mitos penciptaan, khususnya yang berkaitan dengan babi hutan, yang umumnya meresapi mitologi [masyarakat] prapustaka, sedangkan [inkarnasi] lainnya seperti <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Balarama" class="mw-redirect" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> menjadi alat untuk mengasimilasi kultus dan mitos lokal yang berpusat pada dewa-dewa pedesaan dan pertanian.<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200131-32_343-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200131-32-343"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a> menjadi pujaan utama dalam tradisi <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a></i>, yang terutama diungkapkan dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawatapurana" title="Bhagawatapurana">Bhagawatapurana</a></i>. Tradisi pemujaan Kresna melibatkan beberapa kultus berbasis <a href="/wiki/Naga_(mitologi_India)" title="Naga (mitologi India)">naga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaksa" title="Yaksa">yaksa</a>, bukit, dan pepohonan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200132_344-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200132-344"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Siwa menyerap kultus-kultus lokal dengan menambahkan kata <i>Isa</i> atau <i>Iswara</i> pada nama dewa-dewa lokal, contohnya <i>Buteswara</i>, <i>Hatakeswara</i>, <i>Candeswara</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200131_345-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200131-345"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam lingkungan keluarga raja pada abad ke-8, puja terhadap <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> mulai tergantikan oleh puja terhadap dewa-dewi Hindu. Pada periode itu pula, Buddha dimasukkan sebagai salah satu <a href="/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara">awatara</a> Wisnu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt200412,_15_346-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200412,_15-346"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mazhab <a href="/wiki/Adwaita_Wedanta" title="Adwaita Wedanta">Adwaita Wedanta</a> yang non-dualistis—yang mendapat pengaruh <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Buddha">agama Buddha</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-178_347-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-178-347"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>—dirumuskan kembali oleh <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> dengan membuat sistematisasi karya-karya para filsuf pendahulunya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004680_348-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004680-348"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada masa kini, karena pengaruh <a href="/wiki/Orientalisme" title="Orientalisme">Orientalisme</a> Barat dan <a href="/wiki/Perenialisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Perenialisme">Perenialisme</a> terhadap <a href="/wiki/Neo-Wedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Wedanta">Neo-Wedanta</a> India dan <a href="/wiki/Nasionalisme_Hindu" title="Nasionalisme Hindu">nasionalisme Hindu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999_349-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999-349"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Adwaita Wedanta mendapatkan sambutan yang luas dalam kebudayaan India dan di luar India sebagai contoh paradigmatis dari spiritualitas Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999_349-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999-349"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kehadiran_Islam_dan_sekte_Hindu">Kehadiran Islam dan sekte Hindu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=38" title="Sunting bagian: Kehadiran Islam dan sekte Hindu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kehadiran Islam dan sekte Hindu"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_India_oleh_Muslim" title="Penaklukan India oleh Muslim">Penaklukan India oleh Muslim</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Somnath_temple_ruins_(1869).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg/280px-Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg/420px-Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg/560px-Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Reruntuhan Candi <a href="/wiki/Somnath" title="Somnath">Somnath</a> pada tahun 1869. Candi ini pernah didirikan dan dihancurkan berkali-kali selama periode <a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_India_oleh_Muslim" title="Penaklukan India oleh Muslim">penaklukan India oleh Muslim</a>, sampai akhirnya dipugar pada tahun 1951.</figcaption></figure> <p>Meskipun <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> sudah datang ke <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> sejak awal <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-7" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-7">abad ke-7</a> (seiring dengan kedatangan para pedagang Arab dan penaklukan Sindhu), agama tersebut menjadi agama utama selama periode <a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_Muslim_di_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Penaklukan Muslim di India">penaklukan Islam di Asia Selatan</a> pada masa selanjutnya.<sup id="cite_ref-&#73;SBN_0-19-563921-9_350-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISBN_0-19-563921-9-350"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada periode tersebut, <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Buddha">agama Buddha</a> memudar secara drastis, dan banyak <a href="/wiki/Umat_Hindu" title="Umat Hindu">umat Hindu</a> pindah agama ke Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoel199338_351-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoel199338-351"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1991112_352-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1991112-352"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Banyak penguasa muslim beserta panglimanya, seperti <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Malik_Kafur" title="Malik Kafur">Malik Kafur</a> yang menghancurkan tempat ibadah umat Hindu dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penganiayaan_umat_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penganiayaan umat Hindu (halaman belum tersedia)">menindas kaum non-muslim</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> akan tetapi, beberapa penguasa muslim seperti <a href="/wiki/Akbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> bersikap lebih toleran. </p><p>Agama Hindu mengalami reformasi besar-besaran karena pengaruh Guru <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> yang terkemuka, serta Guru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhwacarya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhwacarya (halaman belum tersedia)">Madhwa</a>, dan Sri <a href="/wiki/Caitanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Caitanya">Caitanya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-&#73;SBN_0-19-563921-9_350-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISBN_0-19-563921-9-350"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pengikut <a href="/wiki/Gerakan_Bhakti" title="Gerakan Bhakti">gerakan Bhakti</a> beralih dari konsep <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> yang abstrak—yang dianjurkan oleh filsuf <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> berabad-abad sebelumnya—dengan tradisi kebaktian yang lebih bersemangat terhadap pemujaan para <a href="/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara">awatara</a> yang lebih mudah dibayangkan, terutama <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordens&#73;SBN_0-19-563921-9_355-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JordensISBN_0-19-563921-9-355"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut Nicholson, antara <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-17" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-17">abad ke-17</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-16" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-16">ke-16</a>, beberapa cendekiawan tertentu mulai menarik <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/benang_merah" class="extiw" title="wikt:benang merah">benang merah</a> pada kanekaragaman ajaran filosofis dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" title="Itihasa">wiracarita</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Purana" title="Purana">Purana</a></i>, dan mazhab filsafat yang dikenal sebagai "enam sistem" (<i>saddarsana</i>) dari <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Hindu" title="Filsafat Hindu">filsafat Hindu</a> yang umum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENcholson20102_356-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENcholson20102-356"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lorenzen menentukan bahwa asal mula identitas ke-Hindu-an yang khas berawal dari interaksi antara <a href="/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">muslim</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Umat_Hindu" title="Umat Hindu">umat Hindu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200624-33_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200624-33-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan dari suatu proses pencarian jati diri yang membedakan diri dengan muslim,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200627_357-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200627-357"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang sudah dimulai sebelum 1800-an.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200626-27_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200626-27-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Baik cendekiawan India ataupun Eropa—yang mempopulerkan istilah "Hinduisme" pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-19">abad ke-19</a>—telah mendapat pengaruh dari filsafat tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson20102_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson20102-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Michaels menggarisbawahi bahwa <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/historisasi" class="extiw" title="wikt:historisasi">historisasi</a> muncul sebelum nasionalisme di kemudian hari, yang menyuarakan gagasan kejayaan agama Hindu dan masa lampau.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMicaels200444_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMicaels200444-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduisme_masa_kini">Hinduisme masa kini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=39" title="Sunting bagian: Hinduisme masa kini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hinduisme masa kini"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di tengah kekuasaan <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> (penjajahan <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> atas <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>), <a href="/wiki/Renaisans_Benggala" title="Renaisans Benggala">Renaisans Hindu</a> mulai bangkit pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-19">abad ke-19</a>, yang memberi perubahan besar bagi pemahaman akan agama Hindu, baik di India ataupun di Barat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indologi" title="Indologi">Indologi</a> (disiplin ilmiah tentang kajian kebudayaan India dari sudut pandang <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a>) didirikan pada abad ke-19, dipimpin oleh para ahli seperti <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woodroffe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Woodroffe (halaman belum tersedia)">John Woodroffe</a>. Mereka memboyong filsafat dan pustaka <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Purana" title="Purana">Purana</a></i>, dan <i><a href="/wiki/Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></i> ke Eropa. Para <a href="/wiki/Orientalisme" title="Orientalisme">orientalis</a> mencari-cari "hakikat" agama-agama di India, dan menemukannya pada pustaka <i>Weda</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002118_358-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002118-358"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sambil membuat gagasan bahwa "Hinduisme" adalah suatu kesatuan dari berbagai adat keagamaan dan gambaran populer mengenai ‘India yang mistis’.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999-B_359-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999-B-359"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gagasan tersebut diambil alih oleh beberapa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_reformasi_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan reformasi Hindu (halaman belum tersedia)">gerakan reformasi Hindu</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a>, yang didukung untuk sesaat oleh <a href="/wiki/Unitarianisme" title="Unitarianisme">Gereja Unitarian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006114_360-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006114-360"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> bersama dengan gagasan <a href="/wiki/Universalisme_dalam_agama" class="mw-redirect" title="Universalisme dalam agama">Universalisme</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perenialisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Perenialisme">Perenialisme</a>, yaitu gagasan bahwa seluruh agama memiliki dasar <a href="/wiki/Mistisisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistisisme">mistisisme</a> yang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002119-120_361-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002119-120-361"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">"Modernisme Hindu"</a>, dengan tokoh terkemuka seperti <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurobindo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a>, serta <a href="/wiki/Radhakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a> menjadi panutan dalam pemahaman populer mengenai agama Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002123_362-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002123-362"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuesse20113-4_363-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuesse20113-4-363"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger201018_364-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger201018-364"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJouhki200610-11_365-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouhki200610-11-365"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tokoh Hindu yang berpengaruh pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-20" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-20">abad ke-20</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/B.K.S._Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="B.K.S. Iyengar">B.K.S. Iyengar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" class="mw-redirect" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Swami Prabhupada</a> (pendiri <a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Sri Chinmoy</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a>, yang menerjemahkan, merumuskan ulang, dan memperkenalkan pustaka dasar agama Hindu bagi khalayak awam masa kini dengan imla yang baru, mengangkat pandangan tentang <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wedanta" title="Wedanta">Wedanta</a> di <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Barat" title="Dunia Barat">Dunia Barat</a>, serta menarik pengikut baru dan perhatian masyarakat di India dan negara lainnya. </p><p>Pada abad ke-20, agama Hindu juga mendapatkan keunggulan sebagai kekuatan politis dan acuan bagi jati diri bangsa India. Sejak pendirian <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> pada 1910-an, banyak gerakan bertumbuh dengan perumusan dan perkembangan ideologi <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> pada dekade-dekade berikutnya; pendirian <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS) pada tahun 1925; dan percabangan RSS—yang kemudian berhasil—yaitu <a href="/wiki/Jana_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jana Sangha">Jana Sangha</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP) dalam politik pemilu pada masa pascakemerdekaan India.<sup id="cite_ref-Ram-Prasad_366-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ram-Prasad-366"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Religiositas Hindu juga memainkan peran penting dalam gerakan nasionalis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004196-197_367-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004196-197-367"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranata">Pranata</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=40" title="Sunting bagian: Pranata" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranata"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caturwarna">Caturwarna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=41" title="Sunting bagian: Caturwarna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Caturwarna"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hindoe%C3%AFstische_priesters_uit_de_omgeving_van_Tenger._Java_TMnr_60032537.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hindoe%C3%AFstische_priesters_uit_de_omgeving_van_Tenger._Java_TMnr_60032537.jpg/280px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hindoe%C3%AFstische_priesters_uit_de_omgeving_van_Tenger._Java_TMnr_60032537.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hindoe%C3%AFstische_priesters_uit_de_omgeving_van_Tenger._Java_TMnr_60032537.jpg/420px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hindoe%C3%AFstische_priesters_uit_de_omgeving_van_Tenger._Java_TMnr_60032537.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hindoe%C3%AFstische_priesters_uit_de_omgeving_van_Tenger._Java_TMnr_60032537.jpg/560px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hindoe%C3%AFstische_priesters_uit_de_omgeving_van_Tenger._Java_TMnr_60032537.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Sekelompok pendeta Hindu <a href="/wiki/Suku_Tengger" title="Suku Tengger">suku Tengger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Timur" title="Jawa Timur">Jawa Timur</a>. Foto dari tahun 1910-an.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Warna_dalam_agama_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Warna dalam agama Hindu">Warna dalam agama Hindu</a></div> <p>Masyarakat Hindu dikategorikan menjadi empat kelas, disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Warna_(Hindu)" title="Warna (Hindu)">warna</a></i>, yaitu sebagai berikut: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></i>: pendeta dan guru kerohanian</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kesatria" class="mw-disambig" title="Kesatria">Kesatria</a></i>: bangsawan, pejabat, dan tentara</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waisya" title="Waisya">Waisya</a></i>: petani, pedagang, dan wiraswasta</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sudra" title="Sudra">Sudra</a></i>: pelayan dan buruh</li></ul> <p>Kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a></i> menghubungkan <i>warna</i> dengan kewajiban seseorang (<i>swadharma</i>), pembawaan (<i>swabhāwa</i>), dan kecenderungan alamiah (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu%E1%B9%87a&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Guṇa (halaman belum tersedia)">guṇa</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-hacker_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hacker-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Berdasarkan pengertian <i>warna</i> menurut <i>Bhagawadgita</i>, tokoh spiritual Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> membuat doktrin bahwa pekerjaan seseorang semestinya ditentukan oleh bakat dan kapasitas alaminya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESri_Aurobindo2000517_368-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESri_Aurobindo2000517-368"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelissen2011116_369-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelissen2011116-369"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Manusmerti" title="Manusmerti">Manusmerti</a></i> terdapat pengelompokan kasta-kasta yang berbeda.<sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobilitas dan fleksibitas dalam warna menampik dugaan diskriminasi sosial dalam sistem kasta, sebagaimana yang dikemukakan oleh beberapa sosiolog,<sup id="cite_ref-Silverberg_Paper_371-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverberg_Paper-371"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmelserLipset2005_372-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelserLipset2005-372"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> meskipun beberapa ahli tidak sependapat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1994_373-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1994-373"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Para ahli memperdebatkan apakah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_kasta_di_India&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem kasta di India (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>sistem kasta</i></a> merupakan bagian dari Hinduisme yang diatur oleh kitab suci, ataukah sekadar adat masyarakat.<sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-377" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-377"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>u<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Berbagai ahli berpendapat bahwa sistem kasta dibangun oleh <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="British Raj">rezim kolonial Britania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Zwart2000235–249_378-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Zwart2000235–249-378"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut guru rohani Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Ramakrishna">Sri Ramakrishna</a> (1836–1886): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Para pencinta Tuhan tidak tergolong dalam kasta tertentu … Seorang brahmana tanpa cinta pada Tuhan bukanlah brahmana lagi. Dan seorang <a href="/wiki/Paria" title="Paria">paria</a> tanpa cinta pada Tuhan bukanlah paria lagi. Melalui <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> (pengabdian kepada Tuhan), seorang hina dina dapat menjadi suci dan derajatnya pun meningkat.<sup id="cite_ref-379" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-379"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Menurut sastra <a href="/wiki/Wedanta" title="Wedanta">Wedanta</a>, orang yang berada di luar warna disebut "<i>warnatita</i>". Para ahli seperti <a href="/wiki/Adi_Sankara" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Sankara">Adi Sankara</a> menegaskan bahwa tidak hanya <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> yang melampaui seluruh warna, tapi seseorang yang dapat bersatu dengan-Nya juga dapat melampaui seluruh perbedaan dan pembatasan kasta-kasta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jenjang_kehidupan">Jenjang kehidupan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=42" title="Sunting bagian: Jenjang kehidupan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jenjang kehidupan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Fire_rituals_at_a_Hindu_Wedding,_Orissa_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Fire_rituals_at_a_Hindu_Wedding%2C_Orissa_India.jpg/240px-Fire_rituals_at_a_Hindu_Wedding%2C_Orissa_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Fire_rituals_at_a_Hindu_Wedding%2C_Orissa_India.jpg/360px-Fire_rituals_at_a_Hindu_Wedding%2C_Orissa_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Fire_rituals_at_a_Hindu_Wedding%2C_Orissa_India.jpg/480px-Fire_rituals_at_a_Hindu_Wedding%2C_Orissa_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Upacara pernikahan umat Hindu menurut adat di <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Caturasrama" title="Caturasrama">Caturasrama</a></div> <p>Secara tradisional, kehidupan umat Hindu terbagi menjadi empat <i><span class="Unicode">āśrama</span></i> atau <i>caturasrama</i> (empat fase atau empat tahapan). Bagian pertama dalam kehidupan seseorang adalah <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmacari" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacari">Brahmacari</a></i>, yaitu masa menuntut ilmu. Tahap ini dilaksanakan sebelum masa kawin, untuk dapat berkontemplasi secara murni dan bijaksana di bawah bimbingan <a href="/wiki/Guru_(agama_dharma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru (agama dharma)">Guru</a>, demi membangun pikiran dan fondasi spiritual. Tahap berikutnya adalah <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grehasta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grehasta (halaman belum tersedia)">Grehasta</a></i>, yaitu tahap membangun kehidupan rumah tangga, dilaksanakan dengan cara menikah dan memenuhi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kama_(Purusarta)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kama (Purusarta) (halaman belum tersedia)"><span class="Unicode">kāma</span></a></i> (kenikmatan indria) dan <i><a href="/wiki/Arta" title="Arta">arta</a></i> (kemakmuran). Setelah berumah tangga, kewajiban moral yang dilaksanakan meliputi: mengasuh anak, merawat orang tua, menghormati tamu dan orang suci. </p><p>Setelah berumah tangga dalam jangka waktu tertentu, umat Hindu kemudian menempuh tahap <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanaprasta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanaprasta (halaman belum tersedia)">Wanaprasta</a></i>, yaitu masa pensiun atau masa melepaskan diri dari kesibukan duniawi. Tahap ini dapat dilaksanakan dengan cara menyerahkan tanggung jawab kepada keturunan, agar pensiunan mendapatkan lebih banyak kesempatan untuk melakukan aktivitas keagamaan dan mengunjungi tempat-tempat suci. Tahap yang terakhir adalah <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sannyasa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sannyasa (halaman belum tersedia)">Sannyasa</a></i>, yaitu masa menghabiskan sisa hidup dengan melakukan tapa brata, atau berusaha melepaskan diri dari ikatan duniawi. Pelepasan tersebut dilakukan dalam rangka menemukan Tuhan, serta untuk mencari cara meninggalkan tubuh fana secara damai, agar mencapai suatu kondisi yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">moksa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-380" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-380"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Praktik_keagamaan">Praktik keagamaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=43" title="Sunting bagian: Praktik keagamaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Praktik keagamaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Praktik keagamaan Hindu biasanya bertujuan untuk mencari kesadaran akan Tuhan, dan kadang kala mencari anugerah dari para dewa. Maka dari itu, ada beragam praktik keagamaan dalam tubuh Hinduisme yang dimaksudkan untuk membantu seseorang dalam upaya memahami Tuhan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persembahyangan">Persembahyangan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=44" title="Sunting bagian: Persembahyangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Persembahyangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Puja_by_a_Bhakti_Yogi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Puja_by_a_Bhakti_Yogi.jpg/260px-Puja_by_a_Bhakti_Yogi.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Puja_by_a_Bhakti_Yogi.jpg/390px-Puja_by_a_Bhakti_Yogi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Puja_by_a_Bhakti_Yogi.jpg/520px-Puja_by_a_Bhakti_Yogi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Seorang praktisi <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Yoga" title="Bhakti Yoga">Bhaktiyoga</a> sedang bermeditasi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalam banyak praktik keagamaan dan ritual, umat Hindu biasanya mengucapkan <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>. Mantra adalah seruan, panggilan, atau doa yang membantu umat Hindu agar dapat memusatkan pikiran kepada Tuhan atau dewa tertentu, melalui kata-kata, suara, dan cara pelantunan. Pada pagi hari, di tepi sungai yang dikeramatkan, banyak umat Hindu yang melaksanakan upacara pembersihan sambil melantunkan <i><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a></i> atau mantra-mantra <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahamrityunjaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahamrityunjaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Mahamrityunjaya</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertson200971_381-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertson200971-381"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Wiracarita <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> mengagungkan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Japa (halaman belum tersedia)">japa</a></i> (lagu-lagu pujaan) sebagai kewajiban terbesar pada masa <a href="/wiki/Kaliyuga" title="Kaliyuga">Kaliyuga</a> (zaman sekarang, <span class="nowrap">3102 SM–kini</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-swami_382-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swami-382"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Banyak aliran yang mengadopsi <i>japa</i> sebagai praktik spiritual yang utama.<sup id="cite_ref-swami_382-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swami-382"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Praktik spiritual Hindu yang cukup populer adalah <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>. Yoga merupakan ajaran Hindu yang gunanya melatih kesadaran demi kedamaian, kesehatan, dan pandangan spiritual. Hal ini dilakukan melalui seperangkat latihan dan pembentukan posisi tubuh untuk mengendalikan raga dan pikiran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra1998178_383-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra1998178-383"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhajan (halaman belum tersedia)">Bhajan</a></i> merupakan praktik pelantunan lagu-lagu pujian. Praktik ini memiliki bentuk beragam: dapat berupa <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> semata atau <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirtan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirtan (halaman belum tersedia)">kirtan</a></i>, atau berupa <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhrupad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhrupad (halaman belum tersedia)">dhrupad</a></i> atau <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriti (halaman belum tersedia)">kriti</a></i> dengan musik berdasarkan <i><a href="/wiki/Raga_(musik)" title="Raga (musik)">raga</a></i> dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tala_(musik)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tala (musik) (halaman belum tersedia)">tala</a></i> menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musik_klasik_India&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Musik klasik India (halaman belum tersedia)">musik klasik India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-384" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-384"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Biasanya, <i>bhajan</i> mengandung syair untuk mengungkapkan cinta kepada Tuhan. Istilah tersebut sepadan dengan <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> yang artinya "pengabdian religius", menyiratkan pentingnya <i>bhajan</i> bagi <a href="/wiki/Gerakan_bhakti" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerakan bhakti">gerakan bhakti</a> yang menyebar dari India bagian selatan ke seluruh subkontinen India pada masa <a href="/wiki/Moghul" class="mw-redirect" title="Moghul">Moghul</a>. </p><p>Penggalan cerita dari kitab suci, ajaran para orang suci, serta deskripsi para dewa telah menjadi subjek bagi pelaksanaan <i>bhajan</i>. Tradisi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhrupad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhrupad (halaman belum tersedia)">dhrupad</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">qawwali</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sufi" title="Sufi">Sufi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2005359_385-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2005359-385"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>364<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirtan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirtan (halaman belum tersedia)">kirtan</a> atau lagu dalam tradisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swami_Haridas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Swami Haridas (halaman belum tersedia)">Haridasi</a> berkaitan dengan <i>bhajan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Nanak" title="Nanak">Nanak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meera" title="Meera">Meera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narottama_Dasa" title="Narottama Dasa">Narottama Dasa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surdas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Surdas (halaman belum tersedia)">Surdas</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a> adalah para pujangga <i>bhajan</i> terkemuka. Tradisi dalam <i>bhajan</i> seperti Nirguni, Gorakhanathi, Vallabhapanthi, Ashtachhap, Madhura-bhakti, dan Sampradya Bhajan dari India Selatan memiliki repertoar dan cara pelantunan masing-masing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upacara">Upacara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=45" title="Sunting bagian: Upacara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Upacara"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Choroonu1(%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Choroonu1%28%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA%29.JPG/240px-Choroonu1%28%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Choroonu1%28%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA%29.JPG/360px-Choroonu1%28%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Choroonu1%28%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA%29.JPG/480px-Choroonu1%28%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Upacara <i>choroonu</i> (nama lain dari <i>annaprashan</i>) di <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Banyak umat Hindu dari berbagai aliran yang melaksanakan ritual keagamaan sehari-hari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuesse2011216_386-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuesse2011216-386"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-religiouslife_387-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religiouslife-387"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Banyak umat Hindu yang melaksanakannya di rumah,<sup id="cite_ref-locceremonies_388-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locceremonies-388"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tetapi pelaksanaannya berbeda-beda tergantung daerah, desa, dan kecenderungan umat itu sendiri. Umat Hindu yang saleh melaksanakan ritual sehari-hari seperti sembahyang subuh sehabis mandi (biasanya di kamar suci/tempat suci keluarga, dan biasanya juga diiringi dengan menyalakan pelita serta menghaturkan sesajen ke hadapan arca dewa-dewi), membaca kitab suci berulang-ulang, menyanyikan lagu-lagu pemujaan, <a href="/wiki/Meditasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditasi">meditasi</a>, merapalkan mantra-mantra, dan lain-lain.<sup id="cite_ref-locceremonies_388-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locceremonies-388"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ciri menonjol dalam ritual keagamaan Hindu adalah pembedaan antara yang murni dan sudah tercemar. Ada aturan yang mengisyaratkan bagaimana kondisi-kondisi yang dikatakan tercemar atau tak murni lagi, sehingga pelaksana upacara harus melakukan pembersihan atau pemurnian kembali sebelum upacara dimulai. Maka dari itu, penyucian—biasanya dengan air—menjadi ciri umum dalam kebanyakan aktivitas keagamaan Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-locceremonies_388-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locceremonies-388"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ciri lainnya meliputi kepercayaan akan kemujaraban upacara dan konsep pahala yang diperoleh melalui kemurahan hati atau keikhlasan, yang akan bertumpuk-tumpuk dari waktu ke waktu sehingga mengurangi penderitaan di kehidupan selanjutnya.<sup id="cite_ref-locceremonies_388-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locceremonies-388"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ritus dengan sarana api (<a href="/wiki/Yadnya" title="Yadnya">yadnya</a>) kini tidak dilakukan sesering mungkin, meskipun pelaksanaannya sangat diagungkan dalam teori. Akan tetapi, dalam upacara pernikahan dan pemakaman adat Hindu, pelaksanaan yadnya dan perapalan <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra-mantra</a> <i>Weda</i> masih disesuaikan dengan norma.<sup id="cite_ref-389" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-389"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa upacara juga berubah seiring berjalannya waktu. Sebagai contoh, pada masa beberapa abad yang lalu, persembahan tarian dan musik sakral menurut kaidah <i>Sodasa Upachara</i> yang standar—sebagaimana tercantum dalam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_(kitab)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama (kitab) (halaman belum tersedia)">Agamashastra</a></i>—tergantikan oleh persembahan dari nasi dan gula-gula. </p><p>Peristiwa seperti kelahiran, pernikahan, dan kematian melibatkan seperangkat tradisi Hindu yang terperinci. Dalam agama Hindu, upacara bagi "siklus kehidupan" meliputi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annaprashan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Annaprashan (halaman belum tersedia)">Annaprashan</a></i> (ketika bayi dapat memakan makanan yang keras untuk pertama kalinya), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanayanam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Upanayanam (halaman belum tersedia)">Upanayanam</a></i> (pelantikan anak-anak kasta menengah ke atas saat mulai menempuh pendidikan formal), dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Śrāddha (halaman belum tersedia)">Śrāddha</a></i> (upacara menjamu orang-orang dengan makanan karena bersedia melantunkan doa-doa kepada "Tuhan" agar jiwa mendiang mendapatkan kedamaian).<sup id="cite_ref-loclifecycle_390-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loclifecycle-390"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shraddha_391-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shraddha-391"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Untuk perihal pernikahan, bagi sebagian besar masyarakat India, masa pertunangan pasangan muda-mudi serta tanggal dan waktu pernikahan ditentukan oleh para orang tua dengan konsultasi ahli perbintangan.<sup id="cite_ref-loclifecycle_390-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loclifecycle-390"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Untuk perihal kematian, <a href="/wiki/Kremasi" title="Kremasi">kremasi</a> merupakan kewajiban yang harus dilaksanakan oleh kerabat mendiang, kecuali bila mendiang adalah <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanyasin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanyasin (halaman belum tersedia)">sanyasin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Asia_Selatan)" title="Hijra (Asia Selatan)">hijra</a></i>, atau anak di bawah lima tahun. Biasanya, kremasi dilakukan dengan membungkus jenazah dengan pakaian terlebih dahulu, lalu membakarnya dengan api unggun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=46" title="Sunting bagian: Ahimsa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=46" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ahimsa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gandhi_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gandhi_1944.jpg/180px-Gandhi_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gandhi_1944.jpg/270px-Gandhi_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gandhi_1944.jpg/360px-Gandhi_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> adalah tokoh Hindu dari India yang memilih untuk menerapkan praktik ahimsa dalam upaya menentang <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="British Raj">pemerintah kolonial Inggris</a> pada masa <a href="/wiki/Gerakan_Kemerdekaan_India" title="Gerakan Kemerdekaan India">Gerakan Kemerdekaan India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Umat Hindu menganjurkan praktik <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">ahiṃsā</span></i>; artinya "tanpa kekerasan") dan penghormatan kepada seluruh bentuk kehidupan karena mereka meyakini bahwa "<a href="/wiki/Atman" title="Atman">percikan dari Tuhan</a>" juga meresap ke dalam setiap makhluk hidup, termasuk tumbuhan dan hewan.<sup id="cite_ref-392" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-392"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>371<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Istilah ahimsa disebutkan dalam kitab-kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Radhakrishnan_393-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhakrishnan-393"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>372<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan wiracarita <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>. Ahimsa adalah yang pertama di antara lima <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancayamabrata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pancayamabrata (halaman belum tersedia)">yama</a></i> (<i>pancayamabrata</i>; lima prinsip pengendalian diri) dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Yogasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogasutra">Yogasutra</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaimi1961206_394-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaimi1961206-394"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>373<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan menjadi prinsip pertama bagi seluruh anggota <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warnasramadarma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Warnasramadarma (halaman belum tersedia)">Warnasramadarma</a></i> (brahmana, kesatria, waisya, dan sudra) menurut <i><a href="/wiki/Manusmerti" title="Manusmerti">Manusmerti</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-395" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-395"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Konsep ahimsa dalam Hinduisme tidak seketat <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Buddha">agama Buddha</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme">Jainisme</a>, karena jejak keberadaan praktik-praktik pengorbanan dapat ditelusuri dalam kitab-kitab <i><a href="/wiki/Weda" title="Weda">Weda</a></i>, contohnya mantra-mantra untuk kurban kambing (dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Regweda" title="Regweda">Regweda</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-396" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-396"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>375<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> kurban kuda (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aswameda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aswameda (halaman belum tersedia)">Aswameda</a></i>, dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Yajurweda" title="Yajurweda">Yajurweda</a></i>), dan kurban manusia (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purusameda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Purusameda (halaman belum tersedia)">Purusameda</a></i>, dalam <i>Yajurweda</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-griffith_397-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-397"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sedangkan dalam ritus <i>Jyotistoma</i> ada tiga hewan yang dikurbankan melalui upacara yang masing-masing disebut <i>Agnisomiya</i>, <i>Sawaniya</i>, dan <i>Anubandya</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yajurweda" title="Yajurweda">Yajurweda</a></i> dianggap sebagai <i>Weda</i> pengorbanan dan ritual,<sup id="cite_ref-398" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-398"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-keith_399-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keith-399"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>378<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> serta menyebutkan beberapa ritus pengurbanan hewan, contohnya mantra dan prosedur pengurbanan kambing putih kepada <a href="/wiki/Bayu" title="Bayu">Bayu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bekkum199777_400-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bekkum199777-400"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> seekor anak lembu kepada <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, seekor sapi bertutul kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawitr&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sawitr (halaman belum tersedia)">Sawitr</a>, seekor banteng kepada <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, seekor sapi yang dikebiri kepada <a href="/wiki/Baruna" title="Baruna">Baruna</a>, dan lain-lain.<sup id="cite_ref-401" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-401"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>380<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tanggapan yang menentang pelaksanaan kurban datang dari aliran <a href="/wiki/Carwaka" title="Carwaka">Carwaka</a> yang menuliskan kritik mereka dalam <i>Barhaspatyasutra</i> (abad ke-3 SM) sebagai berikut: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Jika hewan yang dikurbankan dalam ritus Jyotistoma akan segera mencapai surga,<br />mengapa si pelaksana tidak segera mengurbankan ayahnya saja?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGowan_(ed.)201210_402-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGowan_(ed.)201210-402"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Pada masa perkembangan Hinduisme dan Buddhisme di India, para raja Buddhis seperti <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> memengaruhi rakyatnya dengan larangan pelaksanaan kurban.<sup id="cite_ref-griffith_397-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-397"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada masa pemerintahan Ashoka, sebuah titah diberlakukan dan dituliskan pada sebuah batu, dengan kata-kata sebagai berikut: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Ini adalah titah dari orang yang disayangi para dewa, <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashoka">Raja Piyadasi</a>. Tindak pembunuhan kepada hewan tidak boleh dilakukan untuk seterusnya."<sup id="cite_ref-griffith_397-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-397"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Dari sini, reaksi sosial berkenaan dengan kitab tata cara pengorbanan (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana_(kitab)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmana (kitab) (halaman belum tersedia)">Brahmana</a></i>) dapat ditelusuri.<sup id="cite_ref-griffith_397-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-397"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Panini</a>, ada dua macam <i>Brahmana</i>, yaitu <i>Brahmana Lama</i> dan <i>Brahmana Baru</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-griffith_397-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-397"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam Brahmana Lama—seperti <i>Aitareya Brahmana</i> untuk <i>Regweda</i>—pengorbanan benar-benar dilakukan, tapi dalam Brahmana Baru seperti <i>Shatapatha Brahmana</i>, hewan kurban dilepaskan setelah terikat pada tiang pengorbanan.<sup id="cite_ref-griffith_397-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-397"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hal ini merupakan reaksi dari kebangkitan agama-agama <a href="/wiki/Sramana" title="Sramana">Sramana</a>—seperti <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Buddha">agama Buddha</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme">Jainisme</a>—yang berakibat pada peletakan konsep <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> di kalangan praktisi kitab <i>Brahmana</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vegetarianisme">Vegetarianisme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=47" title="Sunting bagian: Vegetarianisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=47" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Vegetarianisme"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg/280px-Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg" decoding="async" width="280" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg/420px-Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg/560px-Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Masakan vegetarian khas India Utara yang disajikan di suatu restoran di <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sesuai dengan konsep <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a>, maka banyak umat Hindu yang mengikuti <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarianisme">vegetarianisme</a> (tidak makan daging) demi menghormati bentuk kehidupan yang tingkatannya tinggi. Sejumlah umat justru pantang makan daging hanya pada hari-hari tertentu. Budaya makan juga bervariasi sesuai komunitas dan kawasan. Sebagai contoh, beberapa kasta memiliki sedikit penganut vegetarianisme, sedangkan masyarakat pesisir cenderung bergantung kepada masakan laut.<sup id="cite_ref-403" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-403"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>382<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Food_habits_of_a_nation_404-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Food_habits_of_a_nation-404"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>383<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Perkiraan jumlah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakto-vegetarian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakto-vegetarian (halaman belum tersedia)">lakto-vegetarian</a> di <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (mencakup umat seluruh agama di sana) bervariasi antara 20% dan 42%.<sup id="cite_ref-405" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-405"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam agama Hindu, kemurnian makanan bersifat sangat penting karena ada keyakinan bahwa makanan mencerminkan tiga kualitas sifat (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triguna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Triguna (halaman belum tersedia)">triguna</a></i>) yang umum, yaitu: kesucian (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satwam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Satwam (halaman belum tersedia)">satwam</a></i>), semangat (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajas (halaman belum tersedia)">rajas</a></i>), dan kelambanan (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamas (halaman belum tersedia)">tamas</a></i>). Maka dari itu, aturan makan yang sehat akan menjadi sesuatu yang turut membersihkan hati seseorang.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasudha_406-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasudha-406"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>384<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Berdasarkan alasan tersebut, umat Hindu dianjurkan untuk menghindari atau meminimalkan konsumsi makanan yang tidak meningkatkan kebersihan hati. Beberapa contoh makanan yang dimaksud adalah <a href="/wiki/Bawang_merah" title="Bawang merah">bawang merah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bawang_putih" title="Bawang putih">bawang putih</a>, yang diyakini mengandung sifat <i>rajas</i> (keadaan yang dicirikan oleh sifat suka menentang dan egois), serta <a href="/wiki/Daging" title="Daging">daging</a> (daging dari hewan apa pun), yang diyakini mengandung sifat <i>tamas</i> (keadaan yang dicirikan oleh kemarahan, kerakusan, dan iri hati).<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen_407-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-407"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>385<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarianisme">Vegetarianisme</a> dianjurkan oleh sejumlah aliran Hinduisme—meliputi <a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Saiwa" title="Saiwa">Saiwa</a>—yang melarang pengorbanan hewan,<sup id="cite_ref-408" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-408"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>386<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tetapi tidak dianjurkan oleh aliran Hinduisme yang mengizinkan pengorbanan hewan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200483_409-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200483-409"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>387<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada umumnya, pengorbanan hewan dilakukan oleh umat Hindu dari aliran <a href="/wiki/Sakta" title="Sakta">Sakta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold2007_410-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold2007-410"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>388<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (beberapa) komunitas Hindu dari golongan <a href="/wiki/Sudra" title="Sudra">sudra</a> dan kesatria,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200712_411-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200712-411"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>389<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamphorst2008287_412-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamphorst2008287-412"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>390<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> penganut aliran Hinduisme di India Timur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200483_409-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200483-409"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>387<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> serta penganut aliran Hinduisme di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGouyon200551_413-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGouyon200551-413"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada umumnya, umat Hindu yang mengonsumsi daging tidak akan mau memakan <a href="/wiki/Daging_sapi" title="Daging sapi">daging sapi</a>. Dalam masyarakat Hindu, sapi dipercaya sebagai pengasuh manusia serta merupakan figur keibuan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1968257_414-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1968257-414"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>392<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan mereka menghormatinya sebagai lambang kasih tak bersyarat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman1988272_415-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1988272-415"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>393<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maka dari itu, praktik penyembelihan sapi dilarang secara resmi di hampir seluruh negara bagian di India.<sup id="cite_ref-beef_without_borders_416-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beef_without_borders-416"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>394<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada masa kini, ada banyak kelompok keagamaan Hindu yang menekankan praktik vegetarianisme yang ketat. Salah satu contoh yang terkenal adalah gerakan <a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a> (<i>International Society for Krishna Consciousness</i>), yang mewajibkan pengikutnya untuk tidak hanya pantang makan daging (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan">ikan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Unggas" title="Unggas">unggas</a>), tetapi juga menghindari sayuran/tumbuhan tertentu yang dianggap dapat memberikan pengaruh negatif, seperti <a href="/wiki/Bawang_merah" title="Bawang merah">bawang merah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bawang_putih" title="Bawang putih">bawang putih</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Vasudha_406-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasudha-406"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>384<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Jamur" title="Jamur">jamur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-417" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-417"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>395<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Contoh yang kedua adalah gerakan <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a>. Pengikut gerakan ini juga sangat setia untuk tidak mengkonsumsi daging, telur, dan ikan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001159_418-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001159-418"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>396<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pertapaan">Pertapaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=48" title="Sunting bagian: Pertapaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=48" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pertapaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Three_saddhus_at_Kathmandu_Durbar_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Three_saddhus_at_Kathmandu_Durbar_Square.jpg/280px-Three_saddhus_at_Kathmandu_Durbar_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Three_saddhus_at_Kathmandu_Durbar_Square.jpg/420px-Three_saddhus_at_Kathmandu_Durbar_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Three_saddhus_at_Kathmandu_Durbar_Square.jpg/560px-Three_saddhus_at_Kathmandu_Durbar_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3471" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption>Tiga petapa Hindu di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapangan_Durbar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lapangan Durbar (halaman belum tersedia)">Lapangan Durbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sejumlah umat Hindu memilih untuk hidup sebagai petapa (<i>Sanyāsa</i>) dalam upaya mencapai "<a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">moksa</a>" ataupun bentuk kesempurnaan spiritual lainnya. Para petapa berkomitmen untuk hidup sederhana, tidak berhubungan seksual, tidak mencari harta duniawi, serta berkontemplasi tentang Tuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-bhaskaranandaessential112_419-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhaskaranandaessential112-419"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>397<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Petapa Hindu disebut <i>sanyasin</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhu">sadu</a></i>, atau <i><a href="/wiki/Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami">swāmi</a></i>, sedangkan yang wanita disebut <i>sanyāsini</i>. </p><p>Orang yang melepaskan diri dari ikatan duniawi memperoleh respek yang tinggi dalam masyarakat Hindu karena egoisme dan ikatan duniawi yang mereka lepaskan menjadi inspirasi bagi umat yang masih berkeluarga untuk berjuang dalam pengendalian pikiran. Beberapa petapa tinggal di <a href="/wiki/Tempat_suci_Hindu" title="Tempat suci Hindu">tempat suci</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Asrama" class="mw-redirect" title="Asrama">asrama</a>, sedangkan yang lainnya berkelana dari satu tempat ke tempat lain dengan keyakinan bahwa hanya Tuhan yang dapat memenuhi keinginan mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-420" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-420"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>398<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bagi umat Hindu awam, menyediakan makanan dan kebutuhan untuk para petapa atau sadu merupakan jasa yang sangat besar. Sebaliknya, para sadu menerimanya dengan rasa hormat dan simpati—tanpa memedulikan orang miskin atau kaya, baik atau jahat—tanpa perlu memuji, mencela, menunjukkan rasa senang, ataupun sedih.<sup id="cite_ref-bhaskaranandaessential112_419-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhaskaranandaessential112-419"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>397<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tempat_suci">Tempat suci</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=49" title="Sunting bagian: Tempat suci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=49" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tempat suci"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Tempat_suci_Hindu" title="Tempat suci Hindu">Tempat suci Hindu</a></div> <p>Tempat suci atau tempat peribadatan umat Hindu pada umumnya disebut <a href="/wiki/Kuil" title="Kuil">kuil</a>. Beberapa istilah lokal untuk menyebut tempat suci Hindu meliputi <a href="/wiki/Candi" title="Candi">candi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pura" title="Pura">pura</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mandir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandir">mandir</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tempat_suci_Hindu" title="Tempat suci Hindu">devasthana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tempat_suci_Hindu" title="Tempat suci Hindu">ksetram</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tempat_suci_Hindu" title="Tempat suci Hindu">dharmakshetram</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Koil" class="mw-redirect" title="Koil">koil</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deula&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deula (halaman belum tersedia)">deula</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">wat</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">balai basarah</a></i>, dan <i><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">bale keramat</a></i>. Pembangunan kuil dan tata cara persembahyangan diatur dalam beberapa kitab berbahasa Sanskerta yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_(kitab)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama (kitab) (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>Agama</i></a>, yang berhubungan dengan dewa-dewi individual. Ada perbedaan substansial dalam <a href="/wiki/Arsitektur" title="Arsitektur">arsitektur</a>, adat, <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>, dan tradisi mengenai kuil di berbagai wilayah India.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Hindu_Temple_1946_421-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu_Temple_1946-421"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>399<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Umat Hindu dapat menyelenggarakan <a href="/wiki/Puja" class="mw-disambig" title="Puja">puja</a> (persembahyangan atau kebaktian) di rumah atau kuil. Untuk peribadatan di rumah, biasanya umat Hindu membuat kamar suci atau kuil kecil dengan <a href="/wiki/Ikon" class="mw-disambig" title="Ikon">ikon</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> yang didedikasikan bagi dewa atau dewi tertentu (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istadewata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Istadewata (halaman belum tersedia)">istadewata</a></i>), misalnya <a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesa" title="Ganesa">Ganesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, dewa-dewi lokal, atau entitas lainnya yang dihormati (misalnya leluhur atau roh pelindung). Umat Hindu melakukan persembahyangan melalui suatu <i><a href="/wiki/Murti" class="mw-redirect" title="Murti">murti</a></i> atau <i>pratima</i>, dapat berupa <a href="/wiki/Arca" title="Arca">arca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingga" class="mw-disambig" title="Lingga">lingga</a>, atau sesuatu lainnya—sebagai lambang dari dewa yang dipuja—yang disakralkan/disucikan terlebih dahulu melalui suatu upacara. </p><p>Biasanya, bangunan kuil didedikasikan sebagai tempat pemujaan kepada suatu dewa utama beserta dewa-dewi sekunder yang terkait. Adapula bangunan kuil yang didedikasikan untuk beberapa dewa sekaligus. Bagi sebagian besar umat Hindu di India, mengunjungi kuil bukanlah suatu kewajiban,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhaskarananda1994157_422-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhaskarananda1994157-422"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>400<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan banyak umat yang mengunjungi kuil hanya pada saat ada perayaan/hari raya. <a href="/wiki/Murti" class="mw-redirect" title="Murti">Murti</a> atau pratima dalam kuil berperan sebagai medium antara umat dan Tuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhaskarananda1994137_423-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhaskarananda1994137-423"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>401<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pencitraan murti dianggap sebagai perwakilan atau manifestasi dari Tuhan, sebab umat Hindu meyakini bahwa Tuhan ada di mana-mana. Meskipun demikian, ada golongan umat Hindu yang tidak melakukan persembahyangan dengan murti dalam bentuk apa pun; contoh yang terkemuka adalah aliran <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:New_Delhi_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Akshardham, pemegang rekor Guiness sebagai kuil Hindu terbesar di dunia,[402] terletak di New Delhi, India."><img alt="Akshardham, pemegang rekor Guiness sebagai kuil Hindu terbesar di dunia,[402] terletak di New Delhi, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/New_Delhi_Temple.jpg/400px-New_Delhi_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/New_Delhi_Temple.jpg/600px-New_Delhi_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/New_Delhi_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Akshardham_(Delhi)" title="Akshardham (Delhi)">Akshardham</a>, pemegang <a href="/wiki/Rekor_Guiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Rekor Guiness">rekor Guiness</a> sebagai kuil Hindu terbesar di dunia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJha2007_424-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJha2007-424"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>402<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> terletak di <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Angkor_wat_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Angkor Wat di Kamboja, dibangun oleh Suryavarman II pada abad ke-12, merupakan kuil Hindu terluas di dunia."><img alt="Angkor Wat di Kamboja, dibangun oleh Suryavarman II pada abad ke-12, merupakan kuil Hindu terluas di dunia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Angkor_wat_temple.jpg/400px-Angkor_wat_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Angkor_wat_temple.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kamboja" title="Kamboja">Kamboja</a>, dibangun oleh <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a> pada abad ke-12, merupakan kuil Hindu terluas di dunia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Brihadeeswarar_Temple_main_complex_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuil Brihadiswara yang termasuk Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO, terletak di Thanjavur, negara bagian Tamil Nadu, India."><img alt="Kuil Brihadiswara yang termasuk Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO, terletak di Thanjavur, negara bagian Tamil Nadu, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Brihadeeswarar_Temple_main_complex_01.JPG/400px-Brihadeeswarar_Temple_main_complex_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Brihadeeswarar_Temple_main_complex_01.JPG/600px-Brihadeeswarar_Temple_main_complex_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Brihadeeswarar_Temple_main_complex_01.JPG/800px-Brihadeeswarar_Temple_main_complex_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Kuil_Brihadiswara" title="Kuil Brihadiswara">Kuil Brihadiswara</a> yang termasuk <a href="/wiki/Situs_Warisan_Dunia_UNESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO">Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO</a>, terletak di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanjavur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanjavur (halaman belum tersedia)">Thanjavur</a>, negara bagian <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:PrayerAtBesakih.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pura Besakih, kompleks kuil Hindu terbesar di seluruh Bali, Indonesia."><img alt="Pura Besakih, kompleks kuil Hindu terbesar di seluruh Bali, Indonesia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PrayerAtBesakih.jpg/401px-PrayerAtBesakih.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PrayerAtBesakih.jpg/602px-PrayerAtBesakih.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PrayerAtBesakih.jpg/802px-PrayerAtBesakih.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Pura_Besakih" title="Pura Besakih">Pura Besakih</a>, kompleks kuil Hindu terbesar di seluruh <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 284px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 282px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Durbar_Square,_Kathmandu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuil Siwa-Parwati di Lapangan Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal. Di belakangnya (berjajar) Kuil Taleju, Kuil Degutale, dan Kuil Bhagawati."><img alt="Kuil Siwa-Parwati di Lapangan Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal. Di belakangnya (berjajar) Kuil Taleju, Kuil Degutale, dan Kuil Bhagawati." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Durbar_Square%2C_Kathmandu.jpg/423px-Durbar_Square%2C_Kathmandu.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Durbar_Square%2C_Kathmandu.jpg/635px-Durbar_Square%2C_Kathmandu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Durbar_Square%2C_Kathmandu.jpg/846px-Durbar_Square%2C_Kathmandu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2658" data-file-height="1885" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Kuil <a href="/wiki/Siwa" title="Siwa">Siwa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Parwati" title="Parwati">Parwati</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapangan_Durbar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lapangan Durbar (halaman belum tersedia)">Lapangan Durbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. Di belakangnya (berjajar) Kuil Taleju, Kuil Degutale, dan Kuil Bhagawati.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 264px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 262px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ramakrishna_Belur_Math,_Howrah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belur Math di Kolkata, Benggala Barat, India. Kuil ini didirikan oleh Swami Vivekananda dari Misi Ramakrishna."><img alt="Belur Math di Kolkata, Benggala Barat, India. Kuil ini didirikan oleh Swami Vivekananda dari Misi Ramakrishna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ramakrishna_Belur_Math%2C_Howrah.jpg/393px-Ramakrishna_Belur_Math%2C_Howrah.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ramakrishna_Belur_Math%2C_Howrah.jpg/590px-Ramakrishna_Belur_Math%2C_Howrah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Ramakrishna_Belur_Math%2C_Howrah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belur_Math&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Belur Math (halaman belum tersedia)">Belur Math</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benggala_Barat" title="Benggala Barat">Benggala Barat</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Kuil ini didirikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Misi_Ramakrishna" title="Misi Ramakrishna">Misi Ramakrishna</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 271.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 269.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:London_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuil Hindu Shri Swaminarayan di London, Inggris. Kuil ini merupakan kuil Hindu terbesar di Eropa."><img alt="Kuil Hindu Shri Swaminarayan di London, Inggris. Kuil ini merupakan kuil Hindu terbesar di Eropa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/London_Temple.jpg/404px-London_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/London_Temple.jpg/605px-London_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/London_Temple.jpg/807px-London_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2002" data-file-height="1489" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Kuil Hindu <a href="/w/index.php?title=BAPS_Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir_London&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London (halaman belum tersedia)">Shri Swaminarayan</a> di <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a>. Kuil ini merupakan kuil Hindu terbesar di Eropa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 246.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 244.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Jor_Bangla_Temple_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuil bergaya jor-bangla atau char-chala dari Benggala Barat, didedikasikan untuk Krishna-Gouranga."><img alt="Kuil bergaya jor-bangla atau char-chala dari Benggala Barat, didedikasikan untuk Krishna-Gouranga." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jor_Bangla_Temple_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG/367px-Jor_Bangla_Temple_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="245" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jor_Bangla_Temple_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG/550px-Jor_Bangla_Temple_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jor_Bangla_Temple_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG/734px-Jor_Bangla_Temple_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1554" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Kuil bergaya <i>jor-bangla</i> atau <i>char-chala</i> dari <a href="/wiki/Benggala_Barat" title="Benggala Barat">Benggala Barat</a>, didedikasikan untuk <a href="/wiki/Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>-<a href="/wiki/Caitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Caitanya Mahaprabhu">Gouranga</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sun_Temple_at_Konark,_Odisha,_India.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuil Surya di Konark, negara bagian Odisha, India."><img alt="Kuil Surya di Konark, negara bagian Odisha, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sun_Temple_at_Konark%2C_Odisha%2C_India.JPG/400px-Sun_Temple_at_Konark%2C_Odisha%2C_India.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sun_Temple_at_Konark%2C_Odisha%2C_India.JPG/600px-Sun_Temple_at_Konark%2C_Odisha%2C_India.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sun_Temple_at_Konark%2C_Odisha%2C_India.JPG/800px-Sun_Temple_at_Konark%2C_Odisha%2C_India.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Kuil_Matahari_Konark" title="Kuil Matahari Konark">Kuil Surya</a> di <a href="/wiki/Konark" title="Konark">Konark</a>, negara bagian <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Baglamukhi_temple_with_Gulariya_skyline_at_the_background.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuil Baglamukhi di Gulariya, Nepal."><img alt="Kuil Baglamukhi di Gulariya, Nepal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Baglamukhi_temple_with_Gulariya_skyline_at_the_background.JPG/400px-Baglamukhi_temple_with_Gulariya_skyline_at_the_background.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Baglamukhi_temple_with_Gulariya_skyline_at_the_background.JPG/600px-Baglamukhi_temple_with_Gulariya_skyline_at_the_background.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Baglamukhi_temple_with_Gulariya_skyline_at_the_background.JPG/800px-Baglamukhi_temple_with_Gulariya_skyline_at_the_background.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Kuil Baglamukhi di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulariya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gulariya (halaman belum tersedia)">Gulariya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Balai_Basarah_Induk_Intan_Kaharingan_Muara_Teweh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Balai Basarah Induk Intan Kaharingan di Muara Teweh, Kalimantan Tengah."><img alt="Balai Basarah Induk Intan Kaharingan di Muara Teweh, Kalimantan Tengah." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Balai_Basarah_Induk_Intan_Kaharingan_Muara_Teweh.JPG/451px-Balai_Basarah_Induk_Intan_Kaharingan_Muara_Teweh.JPG" decoding="async" width="301" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Balai_Basarah_Induk_Intan_Kaharingan_Muara_Teweh.JPG/677px-Balai_Basarah_Induk_Intan_Kaharingan_Muara_Teweh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Balai_Basarah_Induk_Intan_Kaharingan_Muara_Teweh.JPG/903px-Balai_Basarah_Induk_Intan_Kaharingan_Muara_Teweh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Balai Basarah Induk Intan Kaharingan di <a href="/wiki/Muara_Teweh" title="Muara Teweh">Muara Teweh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Tengah" title="Kalimantan Tengah">Kalimantan Tengah</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hamm_Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal-Tempel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuil Sri Kamadachi Ampal di Hamm, Jerman."><img alt="Kuil Sri Kamadachi Ampal di Hamm, Jerman." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hamm_Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal-Tempel.jpg/401px-Hamm_Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal-Tempel.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hamm_Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal-Tempel.jpg/601px-Hamm_Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal-Tempel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hamm_Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal-Tempel.jpg/801px-Hamm_Sri_Kamadchi_Ampal-Tempel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Kuil Sri Kamadachi Ampal di <a href="/wiki/Hamm" title="Hamm">Hamm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simbolisme">Simbolisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=50" title="Sunting bagian: Simbolisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=50" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Simbolisme"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam agama Hindu ada aturan tentang simbolisme dan ikonografi untuk ditampilkan dalam karya seni, arsitektur, dan pustaka yang disakralkan. Makna simbol-simbol tersebut dicantumkan dalam kitab suci, mitologi, serta tradisi masyarakat. Suku kata <i><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">om</a></i> (yang melambangkan <i><a href="/wiki/Parabrahman" title="Parabrahman">Parabrahman</a></i>) dan <a href="/wiki/Swastika#Hinduisme" title="Swastika">swastika</a> (yang melambangkan keberuntungan) telah berkembang (dalam sejarahnya) sebagai lambang bagi agama Hindu, sedangkan petanda lainnya seperti <i><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">tilaka</a></i> memberi ciri mengenai aliran atau kepercayaan yang dianut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger19991041_425-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger19991041-425"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>403<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-426" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-426"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>404<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Umat Hindu juga menyangkutpautkan beberapa simbol—meliputi bunga <a href="/wiki/Teratai" title="Teratai">teratai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seroja" title="Seroja"><i>padma</i></a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Cakra" title="Cakra">cakra</a></i>, dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Veena (halaman belum tersedia)">veena</a></i>—dengan dewa-dewi tertentu.<sup id="cite_ref-427" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-427"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>405<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-428" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>406<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aum_Om_black.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="&quot;Om&quot; yang ditulis dalam aksara Dewanagari."><img alt="&quot;Om&quot; yang ditulis dalam aksara Dewanagari." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/291px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="194" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/436px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/582px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a>" yang ditulis dalam <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Dewanagari" title="Aksara Dewanagari">aksara Dewanagari</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hinduswastika.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swastika dalam agama Hindu."><img alt="Swastika dalam agama Hindu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hinduswastika.jpg/300px-Hinduswastika.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Hinduswastika.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a> dalam agama Hindu.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 105.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 103.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Trishula.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trisula, lambang Siwa dan pengikutnya."><img alt="Trisula, lambang Siwa dan pengikutnya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Trishula.svg/155px-Trishula.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Trishula.svg/233px-Trishula.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Trishula.svg/310px-Trishula.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Trisula" title="Trisula">Trisula</a>, lambang Siwa dan pengikutnya.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lotus_aum.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Padma atau teratai, simbol kemurnian dan ketidakterikatan."><img alt="Padma atau teratai, simbol kemurnian dan ketidakterikatan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lotus_aum.svg/300px-Lotus_aum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lotus_aum.svg/450px-Lotus_aum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lotus_aum.svg/600px-Lotus_aum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="317" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Seroja" title="Seroja"><i>Padma</i></a> atau <a href="/wiki/Teratai" title="Teratai">teratai</a>, simbol kemurnian dan ketidakterikatan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Konarka.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cakra, simbol darma yang tak terbatas."><img alt="Cakra, simbol darma yang tak terbatas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Konarka.svg/299px-Konarka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Konarka.svg/449px-Konarka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Konarka.svg/599px-Konarka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="513" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cakra" title="Cakra">Cakra</a>, simbol <a href="/wiki/Darma" title="Darma">darma</a> yang tak terbatas.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Shiv_lingam_Tripundra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lingga, simbol kesuburan."><img alt="Lingga, simbol kesuburan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shiv_lingam_Tripundra.jpg/321px-Shiv_lingam_Tripundra.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shiv_lingam_Tripundra.jpg/481px-Shiv_lingam_Tripundra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shiv_lingam_Tripundra.jpg/641px-Shiv_lingam_Tripundra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1871" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lingga" class="mw-disambig" title="Lingga">Lingga</a>, simbol kesuburan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bhaitika_krital_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seorang bocah Hindu Nepal dengan tilaka di dahinya."><img alt="Seorang bocah Hindu Nepal dengan tilaka di dahinya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bhaitika_krital_cropped.jpg/300px-Bhaitika_krital_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Bhaitika_krital_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seorang bocah Hindu <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> dengan <i><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">tilaka</a></i> di dahinya.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sharon_namaste_Guzman_280.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anjali-mudra (persatuan telapak tangan) dalam sikap namaskara."><img alt="Anjali-mudra (persatuan telapak tangan) dalam sikap namaskara." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sharon_namaste_Guzman_280.jpg/225px-Sharon_namaste_Guzman_280.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sharon_namaste_Guzman_280.jpg/338px-Sharon_namaste_Guzman_280.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sharon_namaste_Guzman_280.jpg/450px-Sharon_namaste_Guzman_280.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="3255" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudra">Anjali-mudra</a> (persatuan telapak tangan) dalam sikap <a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">namaskara</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keterangan">Keterangan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=51" title="Sunting bagian: Keterangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=51" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keterangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ada sejumlah pakar yang menilai "usia" Hinduisme di dunia. Hinduisme sebagai "<a href="/wiki/Kepercayaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepercayaan">kepercayaan</a> tertua" dinyatakan oleh: <ul><li>Fowler: "<i>probably the oldest religion in the world</i> (mungkin merupakan kepercayaan tertua di dunia)"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler19971_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler19971-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gellman &amp; Hartman: "<i>Hinduism, the world's oldest religion</i> (Hinduisme, kepercayaan tertua di dunia)"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stevens: "<i>Hinduism, the oldest religion in the world</i> (Hinduisme, kepercayaan tertua di dunia)"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens2001191_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens2001191-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sarma: "<i>The ‘oldest living religion’</i> (kepercayaan tertua yang masih bertahan)"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma1953_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1953-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Meriam-Webster &amp; Klostermaier: "The ‘oldest living major religion’ in the world (salah satu kepercayaan besar yang paling tua dan masih bertahan di dunia)"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2000751_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2000751-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier20071_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier20071-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Laderman: "<i>World's oldest living civilisation and religion</i> (kepercayaan dan peradaban tertua di dunia yang masih bertahan)"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaderman2003119_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaderman2003119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Turner: "<i>It is also recognized as the oldest major religion in the world</i> (Ia [Hindu] juga dipahami sebagai salah satu kepercayaan besar dunia yang tertua)"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1996-B359_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996-B359-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> Di sisi lain, Smart menyebut Hinduisme sebagai salah satu kepercayaan termuda: "<i>Hinduism could be seen to be much more recent, though with various ancient roots: in a sense it was formed in the late 19th Century and early 20th Century</i> (Hinduisme terlihat lebih segar seperti sekarang, kendati berasal dari sumber-sumber kuno: dalam pengertian bahwa ia dikukuhkan pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20)"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart19931_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart19931-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /> Bandingkan pula dengan: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ureligion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ureligion (halaman belum tersedia)">Ureligion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syamanisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Syamanisme">syamanisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animisme" title="Animisme">animisme</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pemujaan_leluhur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemujaan leluhur">pemujaan leluhur</a> sebagai bentuk-bentuk tradisi kepercayaan tertua di dunia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarnaisme">Sarnaisme</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanamahisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanamahisme (halaman belum tersedia)">sanamahisme</a>, agama tribal India yang berkaitan dengan migrasi manusia terawal ke <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitologi_Aborigin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitologi Aborigin (halaman belum tersedia)">Mitologi Aborigin</a>, salah satu agama tertua yang masih bertahan hingga kini.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindu juga dikenal dengan <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Hindū-dharma</span></i> atau <i>Vaidika-dharma</i> dalam beberapa bahasa India modern, seperti <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hindi" title="Bahasa Hindi">bahasa Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bengali" title="Bahasa Bengali">Bahasa Bengali</a>, dan beberapa turunan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indo-Arya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Indo-Arya">Bahasa Indo-Arya</a>, juga beberapa dialek <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Dravida" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Dravida">Bahasa Dravida</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil">Bahasa Tamil</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kannada" title="Bahasa Kannada">Bahasa Kannada</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kata <i>Sindhu</i> pertama kali disebutkan dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Regweda" title="Regweda">Regweda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teks asli dalam <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>: <i>The term has also more recently been used by Hindu leaders, reformers, and nationalists to refer to Hinduism as a unified world religion. Sanatana dharma has thus become a synonym for the “eternal” truth and teachings of Hinduism, the latter conceived of as not only transcendent of history and unchanging but also as indivisible and ultimately nonsectarian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Menurut King (2001), menekankan pengalaman sebagai pembenaran bagi pandangan global religius merupakan suatu gagasan yang dikembangkan pada masa modern, yang dimulai sejak abad ke-19, dan diperkenalkan kepada bangsa India oleh <a href="/wiki/Misionaris" title="Misionaris">misionaris</a> <a href="/wiki/Unitarianisme" title="Unitarianisme">Unitarianisme</a> dari barat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Istilah pengalaman religius juga ditulis oleh James (seperti dikutip Hori, 1999), dalam bukunya, <i>The Varieties of Religious Experience</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori199947_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori199947-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teks asli: <i>Starting from the Vedas, Hinduism has ended in embracing something from all religions, and in presenting phases suited to all minds. It is all tolerant, all-compliant, all-comprehensive, all-absorbing.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnonim1922153–157_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnonim1922153–157-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teks asli: <i>Unlike other religions in the World, the Hindu religion does not claim any one Prophet, it does not worship any one God, it does not believe in any one philosophic concept, it does not follow any one act of religious rites or performances; in fact, it does not satisfy the traditional features of a religion or creed. It is a way of life and nothing more</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teks asli: <i>As a counteraction to Islamic supremacy and as part of the continuing process of regionalization, two religious innovations developed in the Hindu religions: the formation of sects and a historicization which preceded later nationalism [...] [S]aints and sometimes and sometimes militant sect leaders, such as the Marathi poet Tukaram (1609-1649) and Ramdas (1608-1681), articulated ideas in which they glorified Hinduism and the past. The Brahmans also produced increasingly historicizing texts, especially eulogies and chronicles of sacred sites (Mahatmyas), or developed a reflexive passion for collecting and compiling extensive collections of quotations on various subjects</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Di samping konsep <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, agama Hindu mengenal ratusan dewa dan dewi secara <a href="/wiki/Harfiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Harfiah">harfiah</a>. Maka dari itu, agama Hindu [dapat disebut] <a href="/wiki/Politeisme" title="Politeisme">politeistis</a>. Akan tetapi, umat Hindu menganggap bahwa seluruh dewa-dewi tersebut merupakan <a href="/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara">awatara</a>, atau perwujudan dari Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels menyebut Flood 1996<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996-244"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sebagai acuan bagi periodisasi "Agama-agama Praweda".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200431,_348_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200431,_348-245"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smart membedakan "Brahmanisme" dengan agama Weda, karena "Brahmanisme" dihubungkan dengan Upanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart200352,_83-86_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart200352,_83-86-250"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bangsa Elamo-Dravida disebut dengan nama ini untuk membedakannya dengan <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Dravida" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Dravida">bangsa Dravida</a> masa kini yang menduduki India, yang didominasi oleh keturunan ras Australoid</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menurut Jones &amp; Ryan: "Beberapa praktik Hinduisme pastilah berasal dari zaman neolitik (<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 4000 SM). Sebagai contoh, pemujaan tumbuhan dan hewan tertentu karena dianggap suci, kemungkinan besar sudah ada sejak zaman kuno. Demikian pula pemujaan dewi-dewi, suatu bagian agama Hindu masa kini, mungkin merupakan fitur yang sudah ada sejak zaman neolitik."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006xvii_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006xvii-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tidak ada tahun pasti yang memungkinkan sebagai awal periode Weda. Witzel menyebutkan jangka waktu antara 1900 dan 1400&#160;SM.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel19953-4_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel19953-4-272"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Flood menyebutkan 1500&#160;SM.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199621_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199621-241"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menurut Michaels: "Mereka menyebut diri sebagai <i>arya</i> (secara harfiah berarti "ramah," dari kata <i>arya</i> dalam Weda, artinya "nyaman, murah hati") tetapi dalam <i>Regweda</i>, <i>arya</i> juga berarti batas budaya dan bahasa dan tidak hanya terbatas bagi ras."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200433_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200433-275"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Menurut T. Oberlies,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberlies1998158_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberlies1998158-286"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> jangka waktu 1700–1100 SM ditentukan berdasarkan bukti-bukti kumulatif.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brahman-Arya di sini adalah Brahmanisme dan kebudayaan bangsa Arya.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teks asli: <i>Jainism does not derive from Brahman-Aryan sources, but reflects the cosmology and anthropology of a much older pre-Aryan upper class of northeastern India - being rooted in the same subsoil of archaic metaphysical speculation as Yoga, Sankhya, and Buddhism, the other non-Vedic Indian systems</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teks asli: <i>The Brahmanists themselves seem to have encouraged this development to some extent as a means of meeting the challenge of the more heterodox movements. At the same time, among the indigenous religions, a common allegiance to the authority of the Veda provided a thin, but nonetheless significant, thread of unity amid their variety of gods and religiou practices</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teks asli: <i>Some incarnations of Vishnu such as Matsya, Kurma, Varaha and perhaps even Nrsimha helped to incorporate certain popular totem symbols and creation myths, specially those related to wild boar, which commonly permeate preliterate mythology, others such as Krsna and Balarama became instrumental in assimilating local cults and myths centering around two popular pastoral and agricultural gods</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menurut Venkataraman dan Deshpande: "Diskriminasi berdasarkan kasta masih ada di benyak wilayah India masa kini … Diskriminasi berdasarkan kasta pada dasarnya bertentangan dengan ajaran esensial kitab suci Hindu bahwa sifat-sifat ketuhanan terdapat dalam setiap makhluk."<sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survei mengenai kebiasaan makan di India berdasarkan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/WAIRDOCS/LEAD/X6170E/x6170e09.htm#TopOfPage">"pertumbuhan sektor peternakan dan unggas di India"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/highlights/2001/india.pdf">"pola konsumsi masyarakat India"</a>, dan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/amberwaves/February04/Features/ElephantJogs.htm">"reformasi pertanian di India"</a>. Hasil mengindikasikan bahwa orang India jarang memakan daging, dengan persentase kurang dari 30% penduduk mengonsumsi makanan non-vegetarian sesering mungkin, meskipun alasan di balik itu mungkin mengarah ke sikap ekonomis.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=52" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=52" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22254620">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> <ul> <li><span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aum_Om_red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/27px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/41px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/54px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hindu" title="Portal:Hindu">Portal Hindu </a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu_dan_Buddha_dari_A_-_Z" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Hindu dan Buddha dari A - Z">Agama Hindu dan Buddha dari A - Z</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=53" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan kaki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=53" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan kaki"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgis201062-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgis201062_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgis2010">Georgis 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler19971-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler19971_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1997">Fowler 1997</a>, hlm.&#160;1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman2011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman2011">Gellman 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens2001191-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens2001191_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevens2001">Stevens 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1953-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma1953_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarma1953">Sarma 1953</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2000751-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2000751_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster2000">Merriam-Webster 2000</a>, hlm.&#160;751.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier20071-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier20071_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2007">Klostermaier 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaderman2003119-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaderman2003119_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaderman2003">Laderman 2003</a>, hlm.&#160;119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996-B359-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1996-B359_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1996-B">Turner 1996-B</a>, hlm.&#160;359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart19931-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart19931_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmart1993">Smart 1993</a>, hlm.&#160;1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2001">Harvey 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnott19985-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnott19985_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnott19985_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnott1998">Knott 1998</a>, hlm.&#160;5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2002">King 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-hindu.aspx">"The Global Religious Landscape - Hinduism"</a>. <i>Laporan Jumlah dan Persebaran Agama-Agama Besar di Dunia pada 2010</i>. The Pew foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">31 Maret</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Laporan+Jumlah+dan+Persebaran+Agama-Agama+Besar+di+Dunia+pada+2010&amp;rft.atitle=The+Global+Religious+Landscape+-+Hinduism&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-hindu.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"India", <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, edisi kedua, 2100a.d. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10075.htm">"Rigveda"</a>. Sacred-Texts.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Rigveda&amp;rft.pub=Sacred-Texts.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Frigveda%2Frv10075.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar199377-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar199377_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar1993">Thapar 1993</a>, hlm.&#160;77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatts1884">Platts 1884</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO&#39;Conell1973340-344-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO&#39;Conell1973340-344_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO&#39;Conell1973">O'Conell 1973</a>, hlm.&#160;340-344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESweetman200413-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweetman200413_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweetman200413_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweetman200413_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSweetman2004">Sweetman 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999169-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999169_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999169_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1999">King 1999</a>, hlm.&#160;169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENussbaum2009-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENussbaum2009_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNussbaum2009">Nussbaum 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood20031-17-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood20031-17_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, hlm.&#160;1-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson20102-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson20102_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson20102_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson20102_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson2010">Nicholson 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen20061-36-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen20061-36_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a>, hlm.&#160;1-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999171-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999171_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1999">King 1999</a>, hlm.&#160;171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1995-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1995_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1995">Radhakrishnan 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2001-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsoll2001_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInsoll2001">Insoll 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-sanatana_dharma-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB-sanatana_dharma_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB-sanatana_dharma_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Editor Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/665848/sanatana-dharma">"Encyclopedia Britannica"</a>. Britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&amp;rft.pub=Britannica.com&amp;rft.au=Editor+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F665848%2Fsanatana-dharma&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;chapter=</code> akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#chapter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996256-261-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996256-261_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;256-261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996257-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996257_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996259-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996259_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996248-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996248_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996249-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996249_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996249_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2001">King 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori199947-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori199947_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHori1999">Hori 1999</a>, hlm.&#160;47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnonim1922153–157-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnonim1922153–157_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnonim1922">Anonim 1922</a>, hlm.&#160;153–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996-A275-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1996-A275_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1996-A">Turner 1996-A</a>, hlm.&#160;275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuzzi1991187–95-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuzzi1991187–95_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuzzi1991">Luzzi 1991</a>, hlm.&#160;187–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267-268-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267-268_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;267-268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weightman-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weightman_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeightman1998">Weightman 1998</a>, hlm.&#160;262–264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2009-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2009_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2009_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood2009">Flood 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_54-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2007">Hiltebeitel 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199616-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199616_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199616_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200750-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockard200750_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockard200750_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockard2007">Lockard 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201041-42-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201041-42_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2010">Samuel 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;41-42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200628-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200628_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200628_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2006">White 2006</a>, hlm.&#160;28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarayanan2009">Narayanan 2009</a>, hlm.&#160;11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20073-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20073_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2007">Hiltebeitel 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006xviii-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006xviii_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones 2006</a>, hlm.&#160;xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200752-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockard200752_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockard2007">Lockard 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETiwari2002v-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiwari2002v_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTiwari2002">Tiwari 2002</a>, hlm.&#160;v.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200121-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200121_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200121_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNath2001">Nath 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010193-228-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2010193-228_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2010">Samuel 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;193-228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju199231-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju199231_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaju1992">Raju 1992</a>, hlm.&#160;31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oslo-Mauryan-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oslo-Mauryan_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">"Mahadana". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/iakh/HIS2172/v09/undervisningsmateriale/HIS2172-Mauryan_Empire.pdf">"The Mauryan Empire"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. University of Oslo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mauryan+Empire&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Oslo&amp;rft.au=%22Mahadana%22&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uio.no%2Fstudier%2Femner%2Fhf%2Fiakh%2FHIS2172%2Fv09%2Fundervisningsmateriale%2FHIS2172-Mauryan_Empire.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010193-228,_339-353,_terutama_hlm.76-79_dan_199-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2010193-228,_339-353,_terutama_hlm.76-79_dan_199_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2010">Samuel 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;193-228, 339-353, terutama hlm.76-79 dan 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201077-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201077_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2010">Samuel 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENath2001-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath2001_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath2001_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath2001_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNath2001">Nath 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBHinbduism6-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBHinbduism6_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBHinbduism6_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger" class="citation">Doniger, Wendy, "Other Sources: The Process of 'Sanskritization<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266312/Hinduism/8975/Other-sources-the-process-of-Sanskritization"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Other+Sources%3A+The+Process+of+%E2%80%98Sanskritization%E2%80%99&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.aulast=Doniger&amp;rft.aufirst=Wendy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F266312%2FHinduism%2F8975%2FOther-sources-the-process-of-Sanskritization&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200131-34-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200131-34_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNath2001">Nath 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;31-34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996128,_129,_148-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996128,_129,_148_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;128, 129, 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200636-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich200636_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGombrich2006">Gombrich 2006</a>, hlm.&#160;36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999434-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999434_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoniger1999">Doniger 1999</a>, hlm.&#160;434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith196265-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith196265_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1962">Smith 1962</a>, hlm.&#160;65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass19911-22-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass19911-22_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalbfass1991">Halbfass 1991</a>, hlm.&#160;1-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier19941-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier19941_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier1994">Klostermaier 1994</a>, hlm.&#160;1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller1984-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoller1984_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoller1984">Koller 1984</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne20059-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborne20059_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsborne2005">Osborne 2005</a>, hlm.&#160;9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199614-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199614_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199614_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southgate-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Southgate_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthgate2005">Southgate 2005</a>, hlm.&#160;246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421_84-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeversluis200050-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeversluis200050_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeversluis2000">Beversluis 2000</a>, hlm.&#160;50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalbfass1991">Halbfass 1991</a>, hlm.&#160;15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199635-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199635_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/342355/Lingayat">"Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 9 Juli 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&amp;rft.date=2010-07-09&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F342355%2FLingayat&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;chapter=</code> akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#chapter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal dan tahun (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Tanggal_dan_tahun" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal dan tahun">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/top3mset/20287371">"www.worldcatlibraries.org"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Akilam: vacan̲a kāviyam)</span>. <i>Publisher: K Patchaimal, Cāmitōppu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Winona, MN: Saint Mary's Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-88489-725-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-88489-725-5">978-0-88489-725-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=World+Religions&amp;rft.place=Winona%2C+MN&amp;rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-88489-725-5&amp;rft.aulast=Brodd&amp;rft.aufirst=Jefferey&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldreligionsvo00unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahesh23-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahesh23_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramhans_Swami_Maheshwarananda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda (halaman belum tersedia)">Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda</a>, <i>The hidden power in humans</i>, Ibera Verlag, page 23., <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/3850521974" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-85052-197-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1996">Radhakrishnan 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropa_Publications_Staff200339-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropa_Publications_Staff200339_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEuropa_Publications_Staff2003">Europa Publications Staff 2003</a>, hlm.&#160;39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=58UZWWzqglMC"><i>Hindu spirituality - Volume 25 of Documenta Missionalia</i></a>, Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana, 1999, hlm.&#160;1, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-88-7652-818-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-88-7652-818-7">978-88-7652-818-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hindu+spirituality+-+Volume+25+of+Documenta+Missionalia&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.pub=Editrice+Pontificia+Universit%C3%A0+Gregoriana&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-88-7652-818-7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D58UZWWzqglMC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/hinduethics/euthanasia.shtml">"Hinduism - Euthanasia and Suicide"</a>. BBC. 25 Agustus 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hinduism+-+Euthanasia+and+Suicide&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft.date=2009-08-25&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fhinduism%2Fhinduethics%2Feuthanasia.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a>, (<span style="font-family:Tahoma, monospace; cursor: help; border-bottom:1px dotted;" title="Dikutip dari kitab Bhagawadgita.&#160;Bab&#160;XVI,&#160;sloka&#160;8-20.">XVI:8-20</span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinehart2004">Rinehart 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;19–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhaskarananda1994">Bhaskarananda 1994</a>, hlm.&#160;79–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNikhilananda1992">Nikhilananda 1992</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwami_Prabhupada198616-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwami_Prabhupada198616_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwami_Prabhupada1986">Swami Prabhupada 1986</a>, hlm.&#160;16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnk-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johnk_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoller1968315–319">Koller &amp; 1968 315–319</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan197392-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan197392_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan197392">Radhakrishnan &amp; 1973 92</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacy1975145–60-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacy1975145–60_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacy1975145–60">Macy &amp; 1975 145–60</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Roche, Lorin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420202605/http://www.lorinroche.com/Sanskrit-ar/glossary/love.html">"Love-Kama"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lorinroche.com/Sanskrit-ar/glossary/love.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2017-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Juli</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Love-Kama&amp;rft.aulast=Roche&amp;rft.aufirst=Lorin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lorinroche.com%2FSanskrit-ar%2Fglossary%2Flove.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishore2001152-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishore2001152_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKishore2001">Kishore 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bryant-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bryant_219-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bryant_219-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>, hlm.&#160;10–457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhaskaressentgeneral-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhaskaressentgeneral_220-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhaskaressentgeneral_220-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhaskarananda1994">Bhaskarananda 1994</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhaktivedanta1997">Bhaktivedanta 1997</a>, ch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bhagavadgitaasitis.com/11/54/en1">11.54</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhaktivedanta1997">Bhaktivedanta 1997</a>, ch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bhagavadgitaasitis.com/5/5/en1">5.5</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams1974">Monier-Williams 1974</a>, hlm.&#160;116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vivekI6-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vivekI6_224-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vivekI6_224-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVivekananda1987">Vivekananda 1987</a>, hlm.&#160;6–7 Vol I</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vivekIII118-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vivekIII118_225-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vivekIII118_225-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVivekananda1987">Vivekananda 1987</a>, hlm.&#160;118–120 Vol III</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSargeantChapple1984">Sargeant &amp; Chapple 1984</a>, hlm.&#160;3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nikhilupa3to8-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nikhilupa3to8_227-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nikhilupa3to8_227-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNikhilananda1990">Nikhilananda 1990</a>, hlm.&#160;3–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart200468-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart200468_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinehart2004">Rinehart 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood20084-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood20084_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood2008">Flood 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarshananda1989-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarshananda1989_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarshananda1989">Harshananda 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVivekananda1987">Vivekananda 1987</a>, hlm.&#160;374 Vol II</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shivananda-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shivananda_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlshq.org/religions/vedas.htm">"Swami Shivananda's Mission"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="Unicode">Sarvopaniṣado</span> gāvo,</i> etc. (<i>Gītā Māhātmya</i> 6). <i>Gītā Dhyānam</i>, dikutip dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhagavadgitaasitis.com/introduction/en">Kata Pengantar Bhagavad-gītā Menurut Aslinya</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301204524/http://www.bhagavadgitaasitis.com/introduction/en">Diarsipkan</a> 2014-03-01 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn1984435-459-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn1984435-459_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoburn1984">Coburn 1984</a>, hlm.&#160;435-459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Yasa, Putu Dana (2021-01-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/kt/article/view/10257">"Teologi Kepemimpinan Hindu: Kepemimpinan Berlandaskan Ketuhanan"</a>. <i>Khazanah Theologia</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 13–24. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15575%2Fkt.v3i1.10257">10.15575/kt.v3i1.10257</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2715-9701">2715-9701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Khazanah+Theologia&amp;rft.atitle=Teologi+Kepemimpinan+Hindu%3A+Kepemimpinan+Berlandaskan+Ketuhanan&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=13-24&amp;rft.date=2021-01-30&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15575%2Fkt.v3i1.10257&amp;rft.issn=2715-9701&amp;rft.aulast=Yasa&amp;rft.aufirst=Putu+Dana&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.uinsgd.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fkt%2Farticle%2Fview%2F10257&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhanna2007xvii-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhanna2007xvii_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhanna2007">Khanna 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra2004194-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra2004194_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMisra2004">Misra 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulke20047-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulke20047_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulke2004">Kulke 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199621-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199621_241-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199621_241-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart200352-53-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart200352-53_242-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart200352-53_242-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmart2003">Smart 2003</a>, hlm.&#160;52-53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200432-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200432_243-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200432_243-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996_244-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996_244-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200431,_348-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200431,_348_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;31, 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuesse2003-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuesse2003_247-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuesse2003">Muesse 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuesse2011-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuesse2011_248-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuesse2011_248-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuesse2011">Muesse 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuesse201116-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuesse201116_249-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuesse2011">Muesse 2011</a>, hlm.&#160;16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart200352,_83-86-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart200352,_83-86_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmart2003">Smart 2003</a>, hlm.&#160;52, 83-86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart200352-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart200352_252-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmart2003">Smart 2003</a>, hlm.&#160;52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200436-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200436_253-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200438-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200438_254-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200438_254-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuesse200314-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuesse200314_255-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuesse2003">Muesse 2003</a>, hlm.&#160;14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199621-22-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199621-22_256-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood199621-22">Flood &amp; 1996 21-22</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Phillips, Nicky (24 Juli 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/07/24/2635149.htm">"DNA Confirms Coastal Trek to Australia"</a>. ABC Science.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=DNA+Confirms+Coastal+Trek+to+Australia&amp;rft.pub=ABC+Science&amp;rft.date=2009-07-24&amp;rft.aulast=Phillips&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicky&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fscience%2Farticles%2F2009%2F07%2F24%2F2635149.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal dan tahun (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Tanggal_dan_tahun" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal dan tahun">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECavalli-Sforza1994241-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavalli-Sforza1994241_258-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCavalli-Sforza1994">Cavalli-Sforza 1994</a>, hlm.&#160;241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThani_Nayagam1963-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThani_Nayagam1963_259-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThani_Nayagam1963_259-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThani_Nayagam1963">Thani Nayagam 1963</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2004-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar2004_260-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar2004_260-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumar2004">Kumar 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199634-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199634_261-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199630-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199630_262-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199630_262-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2001-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2001_264-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2001_264-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMukherjee2001">Mukherjee 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECordaux2004-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordaux2004_265-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCordaux2004">Cordaux 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006xvii-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006xvii_266-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006xvii_266-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones 2006</a>, hlm.&#160;xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger201066-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger201066_268-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoniger2010">Doniger 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/india/tribal.html">"PHILTAR: Division of Religion and Philosophy"</a>. University of Cumbria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=PHILTAR%3A+Division+of+Religion+and+Philosophy&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Cumbria&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philtar.ac.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Findia%2Ftribal.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;chapter=</code> akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#chapter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossehl2002154-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPossehl2002154_270-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPossehl2002">Possehl 2002</a>, hlm.&#160;154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossehl2002141–156-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPossehl2002141–156_271-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPossehl2002">Possehl 2002</a>, hlm.&#160;141–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel19953-4-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel19953-4_272-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitzel1995">Witzel 1995</a>, hlm.&#160;3-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008185-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008185_274-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2008">Singh 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200433-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200433_275-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200433_275-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199630-35-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199630-35_277-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;30-35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20075-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20075_278-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2007">Hiltebeitel 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllchin1995-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllchin1995_279-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllchin1995">Allchin 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201053-56-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201053-56_280-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2010">Samuel 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;53-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20075-7-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20075-7_281-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2007">Hiltebeitel 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;5-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel1995-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel1995_282-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel1995_282-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel1995_282-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel1995_282-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitzel1995">Witzel 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201048-51,_61-93-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201048-51,_61-93_283-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2010">Samuel 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;48-51, 61-93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20078-10-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20078-10_284-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2007">Hiltebeitel 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;8-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodard2006-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodard2006_285-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodard2006">Woodard 2006</a>, hlm.&#160;242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberlies1998158-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberlies1998158_286-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOberlies1998">Oberlies 1998</a>, hlm.&#160;158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008195-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008195_288-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2008">Singh 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockington19847-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockington19847_289-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockington1984">Brockington 1984</a>, hlm.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2010_290-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2010_290-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2010_290-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2010">Samuel 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201041-48-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201041-48_291-0">^</a></b></span> 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeusner2009">Neusner 2009</a>, hlm.&#160;183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton20101324-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton20101324_296-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelton2010">Melton 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;1324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195657-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195657_297-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahadevan1956">Mahadevan 1956</a>, hlm.&#160;57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2012xxii–xxiii-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2012xxii–xxiii_298-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2012">Fowler 2012</a>, hlm.&#160;xxii–xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldrege2004215-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldrege2004215_299-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoldrege2004">Holdrege 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001350-351-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001350-351_300-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanikkar2001">Panikkar 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;350-351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay198242–45-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay198242–45_301-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay198242–45">Day &amp; 1982 42–45</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuchesne-Guillemin196346-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuchesne-Guillemin196346_302-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuchesne-Guillemin1963">Duchesne-Guillemin 1963</a>, hlm.&#160;46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008184-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008184_303-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2008">Singh 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasham198974-75-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasham198974-75_304-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasham1989">Basham 1989</a>, hlm.&#160;74-75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/651312/yaksha">"Encyclopedia Britannica"</a>. Britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&amp;rft.pub=Britannica.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F651312%2Fyaksha&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;chapter=</code> akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#chapter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199682-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199682_306-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusner2009184-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeusner2009184_307-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeusner2009">Neusner 2009</a>, hlm.&#160;184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1989217-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1989217_310-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1989">Zimmer 1989</a>, hlm.&#160;217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19947-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrangle19947_311-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrangle1994">Crangle 1994</a>, hlm.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood273-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flood273_312-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, hlm.&#160;273-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt199690-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPratt199690_313-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratt199690">Pratt &amp; 1996 90</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2009-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2009_314-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2009_314-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarson2009">Larson 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins2010-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins2010_315-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCousins2010">Cousins 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200713-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200713_316-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200713_316-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2007">Hiltebeitel 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmbree1988277-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmbree1988277_317-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmbree1988277_317-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmbree1988277_317-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmbree1988">Embree 1988</a>, hlm.&#160;277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2009185-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2009185_319-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2009185_319-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarson2009">Larson 2009</a>, hlm.&#160;185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200714-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200714_320-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2007">Hiltebeitel 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325110921/http://religionfacts.com/hinduism/texts/itihasas.htm">"Itihasa"</a>. Religion Facts. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/texts/itihasas.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 Oktober</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Itihasa&amp;rft.pub=Religion+Facts&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Fhinduism%2Ftexts%2Fitihasas.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200720-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200720_322-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200720_322-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200720_322-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2007">Hiltebeitel 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992211-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992211_323-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaju1992">Raju 1992</a>, hlm.&#160;211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-BG-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB-BG_324-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Basham, Arthur Llewellyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266312/Hinduism/59830/The-Bhagavadgita">"Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. Britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.pub=Britannica.com&amp;rft.aulast=Basham&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur+Llewellyn&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F266312%2FHinduism%2F59830%2FThe-Bhagavadgita&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;chapter=</code> akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#chapter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radhaxviii-xxi-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Radhaxviii-xxi_325-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1967">Radhakrishnan &amp; Moore 1967</a>, hlm.&#160;xviii–xxi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200440-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200440_326-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200440_326-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004687-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004687_327-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakamura2004">Nakamura 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;687.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2003325-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2003325_328-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2003325_328-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2003">Thapar 2003</a>, hlm.&#160;325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200119-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200119_329-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200119_329-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200119_329-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNath2001">Nath 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Embree-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Embree_330-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Embree_330-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmbree1988">Embree 1988</a>, hlm.&#160;342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996131-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996131_331-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma19805-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma19805_332-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1980">Sharma 1980</a>, hlm.&#160;5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya201165-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya201165_333-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharya2011">Bhattacharya 2011</a>, hlm.&#160;65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEmichaels200441-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEmichaels200441_334-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFmichaels2004">michaels 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200025-28-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200025-28_335-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2000">White 2000</a>, hlm.&#160;25-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442_336-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442_336-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442_336-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442_336-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInden199867-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInden199867_337-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInden1998">Inden 1998</a>, hlm.&#160;67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2003325,_487-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2003325,_487_338-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2003">Thapar 2003</a>, hlm.&#160;325, 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113_339-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, hlm.&#160;113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2003487-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2003487_340-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2003487_340-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2003">Thapar 2003</a>, hlm.&#160;487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200120-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200120_341-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200120_341-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200120_341-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNath2001">Nath 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200131-32-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200131-32_343-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNath2001">Nath 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;31-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200132-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200132_344-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNath2001">Nath 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200131-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200131_345-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNath2001">Nath 2001</a>, hlm.&#160;31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200412,_15-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt200412,_15_346-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolt2004">Holt 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;12, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-178-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-178_347-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaju1992">Raju 1992</a>, hlm.&#160;177-178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004680-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004680_348-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakamura2004">Nakamura 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;680.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999_349-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999_349-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1999">King 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-&#73;SBN_0-19-563921-9-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISBN_0-19-563921-9_350-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISBN_0-19-563921-9_350-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasham1999">Basham 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoel199338-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoel199338_351-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoel1993">Goel 1993</a>, hlm.&#160;38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1991112-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1991112_352-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1991">Sharma 1991</a>, hlm.&#160;112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/Aurang2.html">"Aurangzeb: Religious Policies"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&amp;rft.atitle=Shraddha&amp;rft.aulast=Banerjee&amp;rft.aufirst=Suresh+Chandra&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbanglapedia.search.com.bd%2FHT%2FS_0516.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier-Williams, <i>Religious Thought and Life in India</i> (New Delhi, edisi 1974)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radhakrishnan-393"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Radhakrishnan_393-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1929">Radhakrishnan 1929</a>, hlm.&#160;148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaimi1961206-394"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaimi1961206_394-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaimi1961">Taimi 1961</a>, hlm.&#160;206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/manu/manu10.htm">"The Laws of Manu"</a>. Sacred-Texts.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Laws+of+Manu&amp;rft.pub=Sacred-Texts.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fmanu%2Fmanu10.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;chapter=</code> akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#chapter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0039/__P4I.HTM">"Rigveda"</a>. Intratext.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Rigveda&amp;rft.pub=Intratext.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG0039%2F&#95;_P4I.HTM&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;chapter=</code> akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#chapter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-griffith-397"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-griffith_397-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-griffith_397-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-griffith_397-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-griffith_397-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-griffith_397-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-griffith_397-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffith2003">Griffith 2003</a>, hlm.&#160;56–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=q1KDTh3Vtn0C&amp;pg=PA32&amp;dq=animal+sacrifice+yajur&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=T0yfUru7MqfKsASZ9IDoDg&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=animal%20sacrifice%20yajur&amp;f=false">Ramanuj Prasad. Vedas A Way Of Life, p.32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keith-399"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-keith_399-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Berriedale Keith and Ralph T.H. Griffith. The Yajur Veda, iii.2.2 - iii.2.3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0Z19AAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT294&amp;dq=animal+sacrifice+yajur&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=T0yfUru7MqfKsASZ9IDoDg&amp;ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&amp;q=sacrifice%20&amp;f=false">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title="&#160;pranala nonaktif sejak Juni 2023">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bekkum199777-400"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bekkum199777_400-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Bekkum1997">van Bekkum 1997</a>, hlm.&#160;77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=HAHqvUGHO6cC&amp;pg=PA218&amp;lpg=PA218&amp;dq=white+goat+to+vayu&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=FtpFtuappT&amp;sig=rVBpciGqdYb-X9oRzg8NfrgCRh4&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=21CfUue_C63lsATwrYCQAQ&amp;ved=0CEEQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&amp;q=animals%20that%20are%20tied%20to%20stakes&amp;f=false">"The Texts of the White Yajurveda"</a>. hlm.&#160;212–223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Texts+of+the+White+Yajurveda&amp;rft.pages=212-223&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAHqvUGHO6cC%26pg%3DPA218%26lpg%3DPA218%26dq%3Dwhite%2Bgoat%2Bto%2Bvayu%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DFtpFtuappT%26sig%3DrVBpciGqdYb-X9oRzg8NfrgCRh4%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D21CfUue_C63lsATwrYCQAQ%26ved%3D0CEEQ6AEwBg%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Danimals%2520that%2520are%2520tied%2520to%2520stakes%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGowan_(ed.)201210-402"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGowan_(ed.)201210_402-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGowan_(ed.)2012">McGowan (ed.) 2012</a>, hlm.&#160;10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFox1999" class="citation">Fox, Michael Allen (1999), <i>Deep Vegetarianism</i>, Temple University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-56639-705-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-56639-705-7">1-56639-705-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Deep+Vegetarianism&amp;rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=1-56639-705-7&amp;rft.aulast=Fox&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+Allen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Food_habits_of_a_nation-404"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Food_habits_of_a_nation_404-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Yadav, Y. (14 Agustus 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061029115715/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/14/stories/2006081403771200.htm">"The Food Habits of a Nation"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/14/stories/2006081403771200.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2006-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&amp;rft.atitle=The+Food+Habits+of+a+Nation&amp;rft.date=2006-08-14&amp;rft.au=Yadav%2C+Y.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F08%2F14%2Fstories%2F2006081403771200.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasudha-406"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vasudha_406-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasudha_406-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarayanan2007">Narayanan 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosen-407"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_407-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosen2006">Rosen 2006</a>, hlm.&#160;188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203204356/http://www.hafsite.org/media/pr/nepal-sacrific">"Religious or Secular: Animal Slaughter a Shame"</a>. <i>The Hindu American foundation</i>. 2009. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hafsite.org/media/pr/nepal-sacrific">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 Juli</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hindu+American+foundation&amp;rft.atitle=Religious+or+Secular%3A+Animal+Slaughter+a+Shame&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hafsite.org%2Fmedia%2Fpr%2Fnepal-sacrific&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200483-409"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200483_409-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200483_409-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuller2004">Fuller 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold2007-410"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold2007_410-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold2007">Harold 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200712-411"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200712_411-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2007">Smith 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamphorst2008287-412"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamphorst2008287_412-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamphorst2008">Kamphorst 2008</a>, hlm.&#160;287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGouyon200551-413"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGouyon200551_413-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGouyon2005">Gouyon 2005</a>, hlm.&#160;51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1968257-414"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1968257_414-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1968">Walker 1968</a>, hlm.&#160;257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1988272-415"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman1988272_415-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichman1988">Richman 1988</a>, hlm.&#160;272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beef_without_borders-416"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beef_without_borders_416-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Krishnakumar, R. (30 Agustus–12 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070601194713/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2018/stories/20030912004703100.htm">"Beef without borders"</a>. <i>Frontline</i>. Narasimhan Ram. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2018/stories/20030912004703100.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">7 Oktober</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontline&amp;rft.atitle=Beef+without+borders&amp;rft.chron=30+Agustus%E2%80%9312+September+2003&amp;rft.aulast=Krishnakumar&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Ffline%2Ffl2018%2Fstories%2F20030912004703100.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.iskcon.org/culture/food/">"Culture: Food"</a>. ISKCON.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Culture%3A+Food&amp;rft.pub=ISKCON&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.iskcon.org%2Fculture%2Ffood%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001159-418"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001159_418-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001159">Williams &amp; 2001 159</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhaskaranandaessential112-419"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhaskaranandaessential112_419-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhaskaranandaessential112_419-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhaskarananda1994">Bhaskarananda 1994</a>, hlm.&#160;112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, hlm.&#160;316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Hindu_Temple_1946-421"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Hindu_Temple_1946_421-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Kramrisch&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stella Kramrisch (halaman belum tersedia)">Kramrisch, Stella</a> (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.59356"><i>The Hindu Temple</i></a>. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple&amp;rft.place=Calcutta&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&amp;rft.date=1946&amp;rft.aulast=Kramrisch&amp;rft.aufirst=Stella&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.59356&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhaskarananda1994157-422"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhaskarananda1994157_422-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhaskarananda1994">Bhaskarananda 1994</a>, hlm.&#160;157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhaskarananda1994137-423"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhaskarananda1994137_423-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhaskarananda1994">Bhaskarananda 1994</a>, hlm.&#160;137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJha2007-424"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJha2007_424-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJha2007">Jha 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger19991041-425"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger19991041_425-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoniger1999">Doniger 1999</a>, hlm.&#160;1041.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A David Napier (1987), Masks, Transformation, and Paradox, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0520045330" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0520045330">978-0520045330</a>, hlm. 186-187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TA Gopinath Rao (1998), Elements of Hindu iconography, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-8120808782" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-8120808782">978-8120808782</a>, hlm. 1–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JN Banerjea, The Development Of Hindu Iconography, Kessinger, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1417950089" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1417950089">978-1417950089</a>, hlm. 247–248, 472–508</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=54" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=54" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAgarwal1998" class="citation">Agarwal, Satya P. (1998), <i>The Social Role of the Gītā: How and Why</i>, New Delhi: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motilal_Banarsidass&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Motilal Banarsidass (halaman belum tersedia)">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-1524-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-81-208-1524-7">978-81-208-1524-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/68037824">68037824</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Social+Role+of+the+G%C4%ABt%C4%81%3A+How+and+Why&amp;rft.place=New+Delhi&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68037824&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-208-1524-7&amp;rft.aulast=Agarwal&amp;rft.aufirst=Satya+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAlbertson2009" class="citation">Albertson, Todd (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=ipTZBagrIu0C&amp;pg=PA71"><i>The Gods of Business: The Intersection of Faith and the Marketplace</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-615-13800-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-615-13800-8">978-0-615-13800-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+Business%3A+The+Intersection+of+Faith+and+the+Marketplace&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-615-13800-8&amp;rft.aulast=Albertson&amp;rft.aufirst=Todd&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DipTZBagrIu0C%26pg%3DPA71&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title="&#160;pranala nonaktif sejak Maret 2023">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAllchinErdosy1995" class="citation">Allchin, Frank Raymond; 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Wilkins, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7817-9037-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7817-9037-6">978-0-7817-9037-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Transcultural+concepts+in+nursing+care&amp;rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7817-9037-6&amp;rft.aulast=Andrews&amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret&amp;rft.au=Boyle%2C+Joyceen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrdEnV1HWrvgC%26pg%3DPA386&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAnonim1922" class="citation">Anonim (1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.id/books/about/Eminent_Orientalists.html?id=7yQv_AkyG_wC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Eminent Orientalists: Indian, European, American (AES reprint)</i></a> (edisi ke-cetak ulang), New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/8120606973" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/8120606973">8120606973</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Eminent+Orientalists%3A+Indian%2C+European%2C+American+%28AES+reprint%29&amp;rft.place=New+Delhi&amp;rft.edition=cetak+ulang&amp;rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&amp;rft.date=1922&amp;rft.isbn=8120606973&amp;rft.au=Anonim&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FEminent_Orientalists.html%3Fid%3D7yQv_AkyG_wC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFApte1997" class="citation">Apte, Vaman S. (1997), <i>The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary</i> (edisi ke-baru), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/81-208-0300-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/81-208-0300-0">81-208-0300-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+English-Sanskrit+Dictionary&amp;rft.place=Delhi&amp;rft.edition=baru&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidas&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=81-208-0300-0&amp;rft.aulast=Apte&amp;rft.aufirst=Vaman+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBadlani2008" class="citation">Badlani, Hiro (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=8NrQhyxH-GgC"><i>Hinduism: Path of the Ancient Wisdom</i></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IUniverse&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="IUniverse (halaman belum tersedia)">iUniverse</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-595-70183-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-595-70183-4">978-0-595-70183-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+Path+of+the+Ancient+Wisdom&amp;rft.pub=iUniverse&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-595-70183-4&amp;rft.aulast=Badlani&amp;rft.aufirst=Hiro&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D8NrQhyxH-GgC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBanerji1992" class="citation">Banerji, S. 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(1992), <i>Tantra in Bengal</i> (edisi ke-Second Revised and Enlarged), Delhi: Manohar, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/81-85425-63-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/81-85425-63-9">81-85425-63-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tantra+in+Bengal&amp;rft.place=Delhi&amp;rft.edition=Second+Revised+and+Enlarged&amp;rft.pub=Manohar&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=81-85425-63-9&amp;rft.aulast=Banerji&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBasham1989" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Llewellyn_Basham&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Llewellyn Basham (halaman belum tersedia)">Basham, Arthur Llewellyn</a> (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=2aqgTYlhLikC&amp;dq=history+of+hinduism&amp;hl=nl&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism</i></a>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+Classical+Hinduism&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.aulast=Basham&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur+Llewellyn&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2aqgTYlhLikC%26dq%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bhinduism%26hl%3Dnl%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBasham1999" class="citation">Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1999), <i>A Cultural History of India</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-563921-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-563921-9">0-19-563921-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+India&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-563921-9&amp;rft.aulast=Basham&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur+Llewellyn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBeversluis2000" class="citation">Beversluis, Joel (2000), <i>Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality (Sourcebook of the World's Religions, 3rd ed)</i>, Novato, Calif: New World Library, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-57731-121-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-57731-121-3">1-57731-121-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sourcebook+of+the+World%27s+Religions%3A+An+Interfaith+Guide+to+Religion+and+Spirituality+%28Sourcebook+of+the+World%27s+Religions%2C+3rd+ed%29&amp;rft.place=Novato%2C+Calif&amp;rft.pub=New+World+Library&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=1-57731-121-3&amp;rft.aulast=Beversluis&amp;rft.aufirst=Joel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBhaktivedanta1997" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" class="mw-redirect" title="A. 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Francis</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Classical+Samkhya+and+Yoga%3A+An+Indian+Metaphysics+of+Experience&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Burley&amp;rft.aufirst=Mikel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCarmodyCarmody1996" class="citation">Carmody, Denise Lardner; Carmody, John (1996), <i>Serene Compassion</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Serene+Compassion&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.aulast=Carmody&amp;rft.aufirst=Denise+Lardner&amp;rft.au=Carmody%2C+John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCavalli-SforzaMenozziPiazza1994" class="citation">Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; 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E. 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(1996), <i>Theravada Buddhism. A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo</i>, London and New York: Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Theravada+Buddhism.+A+Social+History+from+Ancient+Benares+to+Modern+Colombo&amp;rft.place=London+and+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.aulast=Gombrich&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGomez2013" class="citation">Gomez, Luis O. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA42"><i>Buddhism in India. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+India.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.aulast=Gomez&amp;rft.aufirst=Luis+O.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fyzAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGouyonYayasan_Bumi_Kita2005" class="citation">Gouyon, Anne; Yayasan Bumi Kita (30 September 2005), "The Hiden Life of Bali", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookshop.blackwell.co.uk/jsp/welcome.jsp?action=search&amp;type=isbn&amp;term=9793780002"><i>The Natural Guide to Bali: Enjoy Nature, Meet the People, Make a Difference</i></a>, Equinox Publishing (Asia) Pte. Ltd., <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/979-3780-00-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/979-3780-00-2">979-3780-00-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Agustus</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Hiden+Life+of+Bali&amp;rft.btitle=The+Natural+Guide+to+Bali%3A+Enjoy+Nature%2C+Meet+the+People%2C+Make+a+Difference&amp;rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing+%28Asia%29+Pte.+Ltd.&amp;rft.date=2005-09-30&amp;rft.isbn=979-3780-00-2&amp;rft.aulast=Gouyon&amp;rft.aufirst=Anne&amp;rft.au=Yayasan+Bumi+Kita&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookshop.blackwell.co.uk%2Fjsp%2Fwelcome.jsp%3Faction%3Dsearch%26type%3Disbn%26term%3D9793780002&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2003" class="citation">Griffith, Ralph Thomas Hotchkin (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=BtpcpsZEiYMC&amp;pg=PA56&amp;dq=animal+sacrifice+veda&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=31afUu34AbPUsATP8oC4DQ&amp;ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=animal%20sacrifice%20veda&amp;f=false"><i>The Vedas: With Illustrative Extracts</i></a>, Book Tree, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1585092231" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1585092231">1585092231</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Vedas%3A+With+Illustrative+Extracts&amp;rft.pub=Book+Tree&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=1585092231&amp;rft.aulast=Griffith&amp;rft.aufirst=Ralph+Thomas+Hotchkin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBtpcpsZEiYMC%26pg%3DPA56%26dq%3Danimal%2Bsacrifice%2Bveda%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D31afUu34AbPUsATP8oC4DQ%26ved%3D0CC0Q6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Danimal%2520sacrifice%2520veda%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGrowse1996" class="citation">Growse, Frederic Salmon (1996), <i>Mathura - A District Memoir</i> (edisi ke-Reprint), Asian Educational Services</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mathura+-+A+District+Memoir&amp;rft.edition=Reprint&amp;rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.aulast=Growse&amp;rft.aufirst=Frederic+Salmon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHackerHalbfass1995" class="citation">Hacker, Paul; Halbfass, Wilhelm (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=k91ZnWPTwXoC&amp;pg=PA264"><i>Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedānta</i></a>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7914-2581-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7914-2581-7">978-0-7914-2581-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Philology+and+Confrontation%3A+Paul+Hacker+on+Traditional+and+Modern+Ved%C4%81nta&amp;rft.pub=SUNY+Press&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2581-7&amp;rft.aulast=Hacker&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.au=Halbfass%2C+Wilhelm&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk91ZnWPTwXoC%26pg%3DPA264&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHalbfass1991" class="citation">Halbfass, Wilhelm (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=-5fImMZMqNIC&amp;hl=nl&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Tradition and Reflection</i></a>, SUNY Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Reflection&amp;rft.pub=SUNY+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.aulast=Halbfass&amp;rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5fImMZMqNIC%26hl%3Dnl%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHalbfass2007" class="citation">Halbfass, Wilhelm (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=tv-4tyO9u_QC"><i>Research and reflection: Responses to my respondents / iii. 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Digital printing 2007</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22.+Digital+printing+2007&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&amp;rft.aufirst=Alf&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fyzAAAAQBAJ%26hl%3Dnl%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg2001" class="citation">Hoiberg, Dale (2001), <i>Students' Britannica India</i>, Popular Prakashan, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-85229-760-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-85229-760-2">0-85229-760-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India&amp;rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0-85229-760-2&amp;rft.aulast=Hoiberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Dale&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHolt2004" class="citation">Holt, John (2004), <i>The Buddhist Visnu</i>, Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Visnu&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Holt&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHopfeWoodward2008" class="citation">Hopfe, Lewis M.; Woodward, Mark R. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=BVbiMBDVrdEC&amp;pg=PA79"><i>Religions of the World</i></a>, Pearson Education</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World&amp;rft.pub=Pearson+Education&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Hopfe&amp;rft.aufirst=Lewis+M.&amp;rft.au=Woodward%2C+Mark+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVbiMBDVrdEC%26pg%3DPA79&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHori1994" class="citation">Hori, Victor Sogen (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025091951/http://www.essenes.net/pdf/Teaching%2520and%2520Learning%2520in%2520the%2520Rinzai%2520Zen%2520Monastery%2520.pdf"><i>Teaching and Learning in the Zen Rinzai Monastery. In: Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol.20, No. 1, (Winter, 1994), 5-35</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essenes.net/pdf/Teaching%20and%20Learning%20in%20the%20Rinzai%20Zen%20Monastery%20.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2019-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-03-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Teaching+and+Learning+in+the+Zen+Rinzai+Monastery.+In%3A+Journal+of+Japanese+Studies%2C+Vol.20%2C+No.+1%2C+%28Winter%2C+1994%29%2C+5-35&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.aulast=Hori&amp;rft.aufirst=Victor+Sogen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essenes.net%2Fpdf%2FTeaching%2520and%2520Learning%2520in%2520the%2520Rinzai%2520Zen%2520Monastery%2520.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFInsoll2001" class="citation">Insoll, Timothy (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=QNxnYjYRuOMC&amp;pg=PA35"><i>Archaeology and World Religion</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-22155-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-22155-9">978-0-415-22155-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+World+Religion&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-22155-9&amp;rft.aulast=Insoll&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DQNxnYjYRuOMC%26pg%3DPA35&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFInden1998" class="citation">Inden, Ronald (1998), <i>Ritual, Authority, And Cycle Time in Hindu Kingship. 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Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Imagining+India&amp;rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.aulast=Inden&amp;rft.aufirst=Ronald+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJha2007" class="citation">Jha, Preeti (26 Desember 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Guinness-comes-to-east-Delhi-Akshardham-worlds-largest-Hindu-temple/254631/"><i>Guinness Comes to East Delhi: Akshardham World’s Largest Hindu Temple</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">ExpressIndia.com</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071228055300/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Guinness-comes-to-east-Delhi-Akshardham-worlds-largest-Hindu-temple/254631/">diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 Januari</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Guinness+Comes+to+East+Delhi%3A+Akshardham+World%E2%80%99s+Largest+Hindu+Temple&amp;rft.pub=ExpressIndia.com&amp;rft.date=2007-12-26&amp;rft.aulast=Jha&amp;rft.aufirst=Preeti&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expressindia.com%2Flatest-news%2FGuinness-comes-to-east-Delhi-Akshardham-worlds-largest-Hindu-temple%2F254631%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal dan tahun (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Tanggal_dan_tahun" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal dan tahun">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation">Johnson, W.J. 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border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;year=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKing2002" class="citation">King, Richard (2002), <i>Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East"</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+Religion%3A+Post-Colonial+Theory%2C+India+and+%22The+Mystic+East%22&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=King&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKishore2001" class="citation">Kishore, B. R. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.in/books?id=t3WzDipk9xwC&amp;pg=PA40&amp;dq=Hinduism+Moksha&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7jRWT67TF4nNrQfflcCyBw&amp;ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&amp;q=%22Liberation%20or%20Moksha%22&amp;f=false"><i>Hinduism</i></a>, Diamond Pocket Books Ltd., <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9788128800825" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9788128800825">9788128800825</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hinduism&amp;rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books+Ltd.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=9788128800825&amp;rft.aulast=Kishore&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt3WzDipk9xwC%26pg%3DPA40%26dq%3DHinduism%2BMoksha%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D7jRWT67TF4nNrQfflcCyBw%26ved%3D0CDQQ6AEwAA%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3D%2522Liberation%2520or%2520Moksha%2522%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier1994" class="citation">Klostermaier, Klaus K. 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(1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/CCR/article/download/13469/13403">"The Dravidian Contribution To The Development Of Indian Civilization: A Call For A Reassesment"</a>, <i>Comparative Civilizations Review. 23:40-74</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Comparative+Civilizations+Review.+23%3A40-74&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dravidian+Contribution+To+The+Development+Of+Indian+Civilization%3A+A+Call+For+A+Reassesment&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.aulast=Sjoberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Andree+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.lib.byu.edu%2Fspc%2Findex.php%2FCCR%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F13469%2F13403&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSmart1993" class="citation">Smart, Ninian (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231922/http://www.basr.ac.uk/diskus/diskus1-6/SMART.txt">"THE FORMATION RATHER THAN THE ORIGIN OF A TRADITION"</a>, <i>DISKUS Vol 1 No.1 (1993) p.1</i>, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basr.ac.uk/diskus/diskus1-6/SMART.txt">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-03-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=DISKUS+Vol+1+No.1+%281993%29+p.1&amp;rft.atitle=THE+FORMATION+RATHER+THAN+THE+ORIGIN+OF+A+TRADITION&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.aulast=Smart&amp;rft.aufirst=Ninian&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.basr.ac.uk%2Fdiskus%2Fdiskus1-6%2FSMART.txt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSmart2003" class="citation">Smart, Ninian (2003), <i>Godsdiensten van de wereld (The World's religions)</i>, Kampen: Uitgeverij Kok</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Godsdiensten+van+de+wereld+%28The+World%27s+religions%29&amp;rft.place=Kampen&amp;rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Kok&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.aulast=Smart&amp;rft.aufirst=Ninian&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSmelserLipset2005" class="citation">Smelser, N.; Lipset, S., ed. (2005), <i>Social Structure and Mobility in Economic Development</i>, Aldine Transaction, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-202-30799-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-202-30799-9">0-202-30799-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Social+Structure+and+Mobility+in+Economic+Development&amp;rft.pub=Aldine+Transaction&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=0-202-30799-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSmith1962" class="citation">Smith, W.C. (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=-5fImMZMqNIC&amp;hl=nl&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>The Meaning and End of Religion</i></a>, San Francisco: Harper and Row</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Meaning+and+End+of+Religion&amp;rft.place=San+Francisco&amp;rft.pub=Harper+and+Row&amp;rft.date=1962&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=W.C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5fImMZMqNIC%26hl%3Dnl%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSmith1991" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huston_Smith&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Huston Smith (halaman belum tersedia)">Smith, Huston</a> (1991), <i>The World's Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions</i>, San Francisco: 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Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-06-067440-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-06-067440-7">0-06-067440-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Hinduism%3A+The+Stations+of+Life&amp;rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+World%27s+Religions&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&amp;rft.pub=HarperCollins&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=0-06-067440-7&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Huston&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSmithBurr2007" class="citation">Smith, David Whitten; Burr, Elizabeth Geraldine (28 Desember 2007), "One", <i>Understanding World Religions: A Road Map for Justice and Peace</i>, Rowman &amp; Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7425-5055-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7425-5055-9">0-7425-5055-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=One&amp;rft.btitle=Understanding+World+Religions%3A+A+Road+Map+for+Justice+and+Peace&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&amp;rft.date=2007-12-28&amp;rft.isbn=0-7425-5055-9&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=David+Whitten&amp;rft.au=Burr%2C+Elizabeth+Geraldine&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal dan tahun (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Tanggal_dan_tahun" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal dan tahun">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSouthgate2005" class="citation">Southgate, Christopher (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.in/books?id=2euuM3YOh6YC&amp;pg=PA246&amp;dq=panentheism+hinduism&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=u1fmT5OyKsuJrAfy6KX_CA&amp;ved=0CFYQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&amp;q=panentheism%20hinduism&amp;f=false"><i>God, Humanity, and the Cosmos</i></a>, Bloomsburry Academic, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0567030164" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0567030164">0567030164</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=God%2C+Humanity%2C+and+the+Cosmos&amp;rft.pub=Bloomsburry+Academic&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=0567030164&amp;rft.aulast=Southgate&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2euuM3YOh6YC%26pg%3DPA246%26dq%3Dpanentheism%2Bhinduism%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3Du1fmT5OyKsuJrAfy6KX_CA%26ved%3D0CFYQ6AEwBg%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dpanentheism%2520hinduism%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSri_Aurobindo2000" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=gZ6zz981EQoC&amp;pg=PA517"><i>Essays On The Gita</i></a>, Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publishing, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-81-7058-613-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-81-7058-613-5">978-81-7058-613-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essays+On+The+Gita&amp;rft.pub=Sri+Aurobindo+Ashram+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-7058-613-5&amp;rft.au=Sri+Aurobindo&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgZ6zz981EQoC%26pg%3DPA517&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStein2010" class="citation">Stein, Burton (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140114070555/http://www.investigacioneshistoricaseuroasiaticas-ihea.com/files/HISTORYINDIA-BurtonStein.pdf"><i>A History of India, Second Edition</i></a> <span 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href="/w/index.php?title=I._K._Taimni&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="I. 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(1963, Vol. 10), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=cNUgAAAAMAAJ"><i>Tamil Culture</i></a>, Academy of Tamil Culture<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tamil+Culture&amp;rft.pub=Academy+of+Tamil+Culture&amp;rft.aulast=Thani+Nayagam&amp;rft.aufirst=Xavier+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcNUgAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal dan tahun (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Tanggal_dan_tahun" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal dan tahun">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFThapar1993" class="citation">Thapar, Romula (1993), <i>Interpreting Early India</i>, Delhi: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Interpreting+Early+India&amp;rft.place=Delhi&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.aulast=Thapar&amp;rft.aufirst=Romula&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFThapar2003" class="citation">Thapar, Romula (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC&amp;dq=%22puranic+hinduism%22+-wikipedia&amp;hl=nl&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300</i></a>, Penguin Books India</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+Early+India%3A+From+the+Origins+to+AD+1300&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.aulast=Thapar&amp;rft.aufirst=Romula&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgyiqZKDlSBMC%26dq%3D%2522puranic%2Bhinduism%2522%2B-wikipedia%26hl%3Dnl%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTichnerMcClean1994" class="citation">Tichner, Jozef; McClean, George (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=kO8-980xGk8C&amp;pg=PA32&amp;dq=hiranyagarba&amp;ei=gCnrSaGyLZLQMu3AmaQB"><i>The Philosophy of Person: Solidarity and Cultural Creativity</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Person%3A+Solidarity+and+Cultural+Creativity&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.aulast=Tichner&amp;rft.aufirst=Jozef&amp;rft.au=McClean%2C+George&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkO8-980xGk8C%26pg%3DPA32%26dq%3Dhiranyagarba%26ei%3DgCnrSaGyLZLQMu3AmaQB&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTiwari2002" class="citation">Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002), <i>Tribal Roots Of Hinduism</i>, Sarup &amp; Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tribal+Roots+Of+Hinduism&amp;rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=Tiwari&amp;rft.aufirst=Shiv+Kumar&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFToropovBuckles2011" class="citation">Toropov, Brandon; Buckles, Luke (2011), <i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions</i>, Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+World+Religions&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.aulast=Toropov&amp;rft.aufirst=Brandon&amp;rft.au=Buckles%2C+Luke&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTurner1996a" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryan_S._Turner_(sociologist)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryan S. Turner (sociologist) (halaman belum tersedia)">Turner, Bryan S.</a> (1996a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=YDwRcguxbGwC&amp;dq=Essays+on+the+Sociology+of+Fate&amp;hl=nl&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>For Weber: Essays on the Sociology of Fate</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=For+Weber%3A+Essays+on+the+Sociology+of+Fate&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.aulast=Turner&amp;rft.aufirst=Bryan+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYDwRcguxbGwC%26dq%3DEssays%2Bon%2Bthe%2BSociology%2Bof%2BFate%26hl%3Dnl%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTurner1996b" class="citation">Turner, Jeffrey S. (1996b), <i>Encyclopedia of relationships across the lifespan</i>, Greenwood Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+relationships+across+the+lifespan&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.aulast=Turner&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFvan_BekkumHoubenSluiterVersteegh1997" class="citation">van Bekkum, Wout Jac.; Houben, Jan; Sluiter, Ineke; Versteegh, Kees (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=uU9IAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA77&amp;dq=white+goat+vayu&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=GFGfUrW8AsbesATL7YGoAg&amp;ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=white%20goat%20vayu&amp;f=false"><i>The Emergence of Semantics in Four Linguistic Traditions: Hebrew, Sanskrit, Greek, Arabic</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Semantics+in+Four+Linguistic+Traditions%3A+Hebrew%2C+Sanskrit%2C+Greek%2C+Arabic&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.aulast=van+Bekkum&amp;rft.aufirst=Wout+Jac.&amp;rft.au=Houben%2C+Jan&amp;rft.au=Sluiter%2C+Ineke&amp;rft.au=Versteegh%2C+Kees&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuU9IAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA77%26dq%3Dwhite%2Bgoat%2Bvayu%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DGFGfUrW8AsbesATL7YGoAg%26ved%3D0CDQQ6AEwAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dwhite%2520goat%2520vayu%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVasu1919" class="citation">Vasu, Srisa Chandra (1919), <i>The Catechism Of Hindu Dharma</i>, New York: Kessinger Publishing, LLC</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Catechism+Of+Hindu+Dharma&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing%2C+LLC&amp;rft.date=1919&amp;rft.aulast=Vasu&amp;rft.aufirst=Srisa+Chandra&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVivekananda1987" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda, Swami</a> (1987), <i>Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda</i>, Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/81-85301-75-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/81-85301-75-1">81-85301-75-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Complete+Works+of+Swami+Vivekananda&amp;rft.place=Calcutta&amp;rft.pub=Advaita+Ashrama&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=81-85301-75-1&amp;rft.aulast=Vivekananda&amp;rft.aufirst=Swami&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWalker1968" class="citation">Walker, Benjamin (1968), <i>The Hindu world: an encyclopedic survey of Hinduism</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hindu+world%3A+an+encyclopedic+survey+of+Hinduism&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.aulast=Walker&amp;rft.aufirst=Benjamin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWerbnerNye2003" class="citation">Werbner, P.; 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(18 Agustus 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=EB4fB0inNYEC&amp;pg=FA242"><i>Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult</i></a>, University of Illinois Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-252-09295-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-252-09295-4">978-0-252-09295-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Indo-European+Sacred+Space%3A+Vedic+and+Roman+Cult&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&amp;rft.date=2006-08-18&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-252-09295-4&amp;rft.aulast=Woodard&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEB4fB0inNYEC%26pg%3DFA242&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal dan tahun (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Tanggal_dan_tahun" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal dan tahun">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWorthington1982" class="citation">Worthington, Vivian (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=5aI9AAAAIAAJ"><i>A History of Yoga</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Yoga&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.aulast=Worthington&amp;rft.aufirst=Vivian&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5aI9AAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1951" class="citation">Zimmer, Heinrich (1951), <i>Philosophies of India</i>, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Philosophies+of+India&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1951&amp;rft.aulast=Zimmer&amp;rft.aufirst=Heinrich&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAgama+Hindu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=55" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=55" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Awatara" title="Awatara">Awatara</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atman" title="Atman">Atman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosa (halaman belum tersedia)">Kosa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karma_dalam_agama_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karma dalam agama Hindu (halaman belum tersedia)">Karma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moksa" title="Moksa">Moksa</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_(ilusi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maya (ilusi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Maya</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istadewata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Istadewata (halaman belum tersedia)">Istadewata</a> • <a href="/wiki/Murti" class="mw-redirect" title="Murti">Murti</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Punarbhawa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Punarbhawa (halaman belum tersedia)">Reinkarnasi (Punarbhawa)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatwa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatwa (halaman belum tersedia)">Tatwa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turiya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Turiya (halaman belum tersedia)">Turiya</a>&#160;• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tradisi_Guru-Shisya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tradisi Guru-Shisya (halaman belum tersedia)">Guru</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%;background-color: #FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Hindu" title="Filsafat Hindu">Filosofi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Darshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana">Darshana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waisiseka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Waisiseka (halaman belum tersedia)">Waisiseka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wedanta" title="Wedanta">Wedanta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Yoga" title="Bhakti Yoga">Bhakti Yoga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jnana_Yoga" title="Jnana Yoga">Jnana Yoga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karma_Yoga" title="Karma Yoga">Karma Yoga</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%;background-color: #FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Shankara</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shri_Madhvacharya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shri Madhvacharya (halaman belum tersedia)">Madhvacharya</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna_Paramahamsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (halaman belum tersedia)">Ramakrishna</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarada_Devi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarada Devi (halaman belum tersedia)">Sarada Devi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a>&#160;• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swami_Sivananda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Swami 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href="/w/index.php?title=Peperangan_dalam_mitologi_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peperangan dalam mitologi Hindu (halaman belum tersedia)">Peperangan dalam mitologi Hindu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kosmologi_Hindu" title="Kosmologi Hindu">Kosmologi Hindu</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%;background-color: #FFC569;">Ritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aarti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aarti (halaman belum tersedia)">Aarti</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhajan (halaman belum tersedia)">Bhajan</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diksa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diksa (halaman belum tersedia)">Diksa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Homa" title="Homa">Homa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mantra" 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title="Kaliyuga">Kaliyuga</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%;background-color: #FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Warna_(Hindu)" title="Warna (Hindu)">Caturwarna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ksatriya" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ksatriya">Ksatriya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Waisya" title="Waisya">Waisya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sudra" title="Sudra">Sudra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%;background-color: #FFC569;">Aliran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Waisnawa" title="Waisnawa">Waisnawa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Saiwa" 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title="Anggayuh Panglereming Nafsu">Anggayuh Panglereming Nafsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arat_Sabulungan" title="Arat Sabulungan">Arat Sabulungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babolin" title="Babolin">Babolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babukung" title="Babukung">Babukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha%27i_di_Indonesia" title="Baha&#39;i di Indonesia">Baha'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basorah" title="Basorah">Basorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Indonesia" title="Buddhisme di Indonesia">Buddha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhayana">Buddhayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikuanisme" title="Ikuanisme">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridharma" title="Tridharma">Tridharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Shoshu" title="Nichiren Shoshu">Nichiren Shoshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Budi_Daya" title="Organisasi Budi Daya">Budi Daya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budi_Rahayu" title="Budi Rahayu">Budi 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belum tersedia)">Habonaron Do Bona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_Sejati&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak Sejati (halaman belum tersedia)">Hak Sejati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangudi_Bawono_Tata_Lahir_Satin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hangudi Bawono Tata Lahir Satin (halaman belum tersedia)">Hangudi Bawono Tata Lahir Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangudi_Lakuning_Urip&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hangudi Lakuning Urip (halaman belum tersedia)">Hangudi Lakuning Urip</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardo_Pusoro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardo Pusoro (halaman belum tersedia)">Hardo Pusoro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidup_Betul&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidup Betul (halaman belum tersedia)">Hidup Betul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu_di_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Hindu di 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title="Abangan modern">modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyyah_di_Indonesia" title="Ahmadiyyah di Indonesia">Ahmadiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Nusantara" title="Islam Nusantara">Islam Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembaga_Dakwah_Islam_Indonesia" title="Lembaga Dakwah Islam Indonesia">LDII</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernisme_(Islam_di_Indonesia)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modernisme (Islam di Indonesia) (halaman belum tersedia)">Modernis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qiyadah_Al-Islamiyah" title="Al-Qiyadah Al-Islamiyah">Al-Qiyadah Al-Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salafiyah_di_Indonesia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Salafiyah di Indonesia (halaman belum tersedia)">Salafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Syiah_di_Indonesia" title="Islam Syiah di Indonesia">Syiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Tradisionalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam Tradisionalis">Tradisionalis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahidiyah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wahidiyah (halaman belum tersedia)">Wahidiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetu_Telu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetu Telu">Wetu Telu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induk_Wargo_Kawruh_Utomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Induk Wargo Kawruh Utomo">IWKU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainisme_di_Indonesia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jainisme di Indonesia (halaman belum tersedia)">Jainisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawa_Domas" title="Jawa Domas">Jawa Domas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingi_Tiu" title="Jingi Tiu">Jingi Tiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejawen" title="Kejawen">Kejawen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konfusianisme_di_Indonesia" title="Konfusianisme di Indonesia">Khonghucu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koda_Kirin" title="Koda Kirin">Koda Kirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekristenan_di_Indonesia" title="Kekristenan di Indonesia">Kristen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_di_Indonesia" title="Gereja Katolik di Indonesia">Katolik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gereja_Yesus_Kristus_dari_Orang-orang_Suci_Zaman_Akhir_di_Indonesia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gereja Yesus Kristus dari Orang-orang Suci Zaman Akhir di Indonesia (halaman belum tersedia)">Mormonisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Indonesia" title="Gereja Ortodoks Indonesia">Ortodoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestanisme_di_Indonesia" title="Protestanisme di Indonesia">Protestan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saksi-Saksi_Yehuwa_di_Indonesia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa di Indonesia (halaman belum tersedia)">Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lera_Wulan_Dewa_Tanah_Ekan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lera Wulan Dewa Tanah Ekan (halaman belum tersedia)">Lera Wulan Dewa Tanah Ekan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malesung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Malesung (halaman belum tersedia)">Malesung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shang_Sheng_Mu#Kultus" title="Tian Shang Sheng Mu">Mazuisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Tua" title="Islam Tua">Masade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naurus" title="Naurus">Naurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Parmalim">Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelebegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelebegu">Pelebegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pepandyo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pepandyo (halaman belum tersedia)">Pepandyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjalanan_(aliran_kepercayaan)" title="Perjalanan (aliran kepercayaan)">Perjalanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purwoduksino" title="Purwoduksino">Purwoduksino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rila&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rila (halaman belum tersedia)">Rila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunitas_Eden" title="Komunitas Eden">Salamullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedulur_Sikep" title="Sedulur Sikep">Sedulur Sikep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhisme_di_Indonesia" title="Sikhisme di Indonesia">Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirnagalih" title="Sirnagalih">Sirnagalih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumarah" title="Sumarah">Sumarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madraisme" title="Madraisme">Madraisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoisme_di_Indonesia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Taoisme di Indonesia (halaman belum tersedia)">Taoisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonaas_Walian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonaas Walian">Tonaas Walian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradisi_Wor" title="Tradisi Wor">Wor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahudi_di_Indonesia" title="Yahudi di Indonesia">Yahudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireligiusitas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ateisme_di_Indonesia" title="Ateisme di Indonesia">Ateisme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sejarah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Indonesia" title="Mitologi Indonesia">Mitologi Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Dewa-Dewi_Indonesia" title="Daftar Dewa-Dewi Indonesia">Daftar Dewa-Dewi Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisasi_Asia_Tenggara" title="Indianisasi Asia Tenggara">Indianisasi Asia Tenggara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyebaran_agama_Buddha_di_sepanjang_Jalur_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyebaran agama Buddha di sepanjang Jalur Sutra">Penyebaran agama Buddha di sepanjang Jalur Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhisme_Esoteris_Indonesia" title="Buddhisme Esoteris Indonesia">Buddhisme Esoteris Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyebaran_Islam_di_Nusantara" title="Penyebaran Islam di Nusantara">Penyebaran Islam di Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembantaian_Banyuwangi_1998" title="Pembantaian Banyuwangi 1998">Pembantaian Banyuwangi 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerusuhan_Poso" title="Kerusuhan Poso">Kerusuhan Poso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konflik_sektarian_Maluku" title="Konflik sektarian Maluku">Konflik sektarian Maluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insiden_Monas" title="Insiden Monas">Insiden Monas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kajian agama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agama_asli_Nusantara" title="Agama asli Nusantara">Agama asli Nusantara</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Daftar_organisasi_penghayat_kepercayaan_Indonesia" title="Daftar organisasi penghayat kepercayaan Indonesia">aliran kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_impor" title="Agama impor">Agama impor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hukum dan hak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hukum_penistaan_agama_di_Indonesia" title="Hukum penistaan agama di Indonesia">Hukum penistaan agama</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Langit_Makin_Mendung" title="Langit Makin Mendung">Langit Makin Mendung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontroversi_angket_Majalah_Monitor" title="Kontroversi angket Majalah Monitor">Kontroversi angket Majalah Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksi_2_Desember" title="Aksi 2 Desember">Aksi 2 Desember</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_beragama_di_Indonesia" title="Kebebasan beragama di Indonesia">Kebebasan beragama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gerakan_reformasi_Hindu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Gerakan_reformasi_Hindu" title="Templat:Gerakan reformasi Hindu"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Gerakan_reformasi_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Gerakan reformasi Hindu (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Gerakan_reformasi_Hindu&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gerakan_reformasi_Hindu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Gerakan reformasi Hindu</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Dharm" class="extiw" title="en:Adi Dharm">Adi Dharm</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brahmoisme" title="Brahmoisme">Brahmoisme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadharan_Brahmo_Samaj" class="extiw" title="en:Sadharan Brahmo Samaj">Sadharan Brahmo Samaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Marga" class="extiw" title="en:Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" class="extiw" title="en:Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Ashram Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" class="extiw" title="en:Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Institut Himalaya Ilmu Yoga dan Filsafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyarakat_Internasional_Kesadaran_Kresna" title="Masyarakat Internasional Kesadaran Kresna">Masyarakat Internasional Kesadaran Kresna</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" class="extiw" title="en:Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Transcendental Meditation movement">Meditasi Transcendental</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" class="extiw" title="en:Chinmaya Mission">Misi Chinmaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahima_Dharma" title="Mahima Dharma">Mahima Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misi_Ramakrishna" title="Misi Ramakrishna">Misi Ramakrishna</a></li> <li>Misi Shri Ram Chandra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba#Gerakan_Organisasi" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Organisasi Sathya Sai</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" class="extiw" title="en:Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a> / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" class="extiw" title="en:Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Life_Society" class="extiw" title="en:Divine Life Society">Perhimpunan Kehidupan Ilahi</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prarthana_Samaj" class="extiw" title="en:Prarthana Samaj">Prarthana Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" class="extiw" title="en:Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Asrama Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadhyay_Parivar" title="Swadhyay Parivar">Swadhyay Parivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaminarayan Sampraday">Swaminarayan Sampraday</a> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochasanwasi_Akshar_Purushottam_Swaminarayan_Sanstha" class="extiw" title="en:Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha">BAPS</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Swaminarayan_Satsang_Mandal" class="extiw" title="en:International Swaminarayan Satsang Mandal">ISSM</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Swaminarayan_Satsang_Organisation" class="extiw" title="en:International Swaminarayan Satsang Organisation">ISSO</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narnarayan_Dev_Yuvak_Mandal" class="extiw" title="en:Narnarayan Dev Yuvak Mandal">NNDYM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman_Foundation" class="extiw" title="en:Hanuman Foundation">Yayasan Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isha_Foundation" class="extiw" title="en:Isha Foundation">Yayasan Isya</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Topik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasta" title="Kasta">Kasta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penganiayaan_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penganiayaan Hindu (halaman belum tersedia)">Penganiayaan Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuddhi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuddhi (halaman belum tersedia)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanita_dalam_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanita dalam Hindu (halaman belum tersedia)">Wanita dalam Hindu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a> dan <br /> penulis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_Amritanandamayi" class="extiw" title="en:Mata Amritanandamayi">Amritanandamayi</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" class="extiw" title="en:Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumuka_Navalar" class="extiw" title="en:Arumuka Navalar">Arumuka Navalar</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" class="extiw" title="en:Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Athavale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" class="extiw" title="en:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" class="extiw" title="en:Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" class="extiw" title="en:Sri Chinmoy">Chinmoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Debendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_Mata" class="extiw" title="en:Daya Mata">Daya Mata</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidakhan_Babaji" class="extiw" title="en:Haidakhan Babaji">Haidakhan Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimha_Chintaman_Kelkar" class="extiw" title="en:Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar">Kelkar, N. C.</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada_Lekhraj" class="extiw" title="en:Dada Lekhraj">Lekhraj</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" class="extiw" title="en:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirra_Alfassa" class="extiw" title="en:Mirra Alfassa">Mirra Alfassa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" class="extiw" title="en:Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rammohan_Ray" title="Rammohan Ray">Rammohan Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(pemimpin_spiritual)" title="Ravi Shankar (pemimpin spiritual)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" class="extiw" title="en:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudari_Nivedita" class="extiw" title="ms:Saudari Nivedita">Saudari Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshub_Chandra_Sen" class="extiw" title="en:Keshub Chandra Sen">Sen, K. C.</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" class="extiw" title="en:Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Ram_Goel" title="Sita Ram Goel">Sita Ram Goel</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" class="extiw" title="en:Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhu_T._L._Vaswani" class="extiw" title="en:Sadhu T. L. Vaswani">Vaswani</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vipulananda" class="extiw" title="en:Swami Vipulananda">Vipulananda</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" class="extiw" title="en:Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mahatma_(Mohandas_Karamchand)_Gandhi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Templat:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Mahatma_Gandhi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Mahatma Gandhi (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Mahatma_Gandhi&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mahatma_(Mohandas_Karamchand)_Gandhi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma (Mohandas Karamchand) Gandhi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Keluarga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Harilal_Gandhi" title="Harilal Gandhi">Harilal</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi" title="Manilal Gandhi">Manilal</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi" title="Ramdas Gandhi">Ramdas</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi" title="Devdas Gandhi">Devdas</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Samaldas_Gandhi" title="Samaldas Gandhi">Samaldas</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Arun_Manilal_Gandhi" title="Arun Manilal Gandhi">Arun</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Rajmohan</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Tushar_Gandhi" title="Tushar Gandhi">Tushar</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Gopalkrishna_Gandhi" title="Gopalkrishna Gandhi">Gopalkrishna</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Pengaruh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">Ashram</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a></i>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Pembangkangan_sipil" title="Pembangkangan sipil">Pembangkangan sipil</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Puasa" title="Puasa">Puasa</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agama Hindu</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme">Jainisme</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Allah_ada_di_dalam_Dirimu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan Allah ada di dalam Dirimu (halaman belum tersedia)">Kerajaan Allah ada di dalam Dirimu</a></i>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Masque_of_Anarchy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Masque of Anarchy (halaman belum tersedia)">The Masque of Anarchy</a></i>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Pasifisme" title="Pasifisme">Pasifisme</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Kotbah_di_Bukit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotbah di Bukit">Kotbah di Bukit</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shrimad_Rajchandra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shrimad Rajchandra (halaman belum tersedia)">Shrimad Rajchandra</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unto_This_Last&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Unto This Last (halaman belum tersedia)">Unto This Last</a></i>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">Vegetarian</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Hidup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gerakan hak-hak sipil di Afrika Selatan</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli Satyagraha</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Champaran_dan_Kheda_Satyagraha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Champaran dan Kheda Satyagraha (halaman belum tersedia)">Champaran dan Kheda Satyagraha</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_non-kooperasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan non-kooperasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Non-kooperasi</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chauri_Chaura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chauri Chaura (halaman belum tersedia)">Chauri Chaura</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purna_Swaraj&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Purna Swaraj (halaman belum tersedia)">Purna Swaraj</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_Satyagraha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Salt Satyagraha (halaman belum tersedia)">Salt Satyagraha</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaikom_Satyagraha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaikom Satyagraha (halaman belum tersedia)">Vaikom Satyagraha</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poona_Pact&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Poona Pact (halaman belum tersedia)">Poona Pact</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_Quit_India&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan Quit India (halaman belum tersedia)">Quit India</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Pembunuhan_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Pembunuhan Mahatma Gandhi">Pembunuhan</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Filsafat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gandhisme" title="Gandhisme">Gandhisme</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Gandhi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Gandhi (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekonomi</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvodaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarvodaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Sarvodaya</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth (halaman belum tersedia)">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a></i>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_Swadeshi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan Swadeshi (halaman belum tersedia)">Swadeshi</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Asosiasi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Freer_Andrews" title="Charles Freer Andrews">C. F. Andrews</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narhari_Parikh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Narhari Parikh (halaman belum tersedia)">Narhari Parikh</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravi_Shankar_Vyas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ravi Shankar Vyas (halaman belum tersedia)">Ravi Shankar Vyas</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohanlal_Pandya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohanlal Pandya (halaman belum tersedia)">Mohanlal Pandya</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahadev_Desai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahadev Desai (halaman belum tersedia)">Mahadev Desai</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbas_Tyabji&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbas Tyabji (halaman belum tersedia)">Abbas Tyabji</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dada_Dharmadhikari&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dada Dharmadhikari (halaman belum tersedia)">Dada Dharmadhikari</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._C._Kumarappa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="J. C. Kumarappa (halaman belum tersedia)">J. C. Kumarappa</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kallenbach&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Kallenbach (halaman belum tersedia)">Hermann Kallenbach</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Warisan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Vidyapith&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gujarat Vidyapith (halaman belum tersedia)">Gujarat Vidyapith</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi_Kashi_Vidyapeeth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth (halaman belum tersedia)">Kashi Vidyapeeth</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumah_Sakit_Peringatan_Mahatma_Gandhi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumah Sakit Peringatan Mahatma Gandhi (halaman belum tersedia)">Rumah Sakit Peringatan</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Jamia_Millia_Islamia" title="Jamia Millia Islamia">Jamia Millia Islamia</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadiah_Perdamaian_Gandhi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadiah Perdamaian Gandhi (halaman belum tersedia)">Hadiah Perdamaian Gandhi</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Daftar_penggambaran_artistik_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Daftar penggambaran artistik Mahatma Gandhi">Penggambaran artistik</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gandhigiri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gandhigiri (halaman belum tersedia)">Gandhigiri</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tujuh_Kesalahan_Besar_Dunia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tujuh Kesalahan Besar Dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Tujuh Kesalahan Besar Dunia</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Terpengaruh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King, Jr.">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. 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<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span>&#160;<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mohandas_K._Gandhi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mohandas K. Gandhi"><b>Commons</b></a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span>&#160;<b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Wikiquote</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9089#identifiers&amp;#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9089#identifiers&amp;#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9089#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" 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style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939162g">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939162g">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=13370">Ukraina</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85060932">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000277304&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563238">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph114661&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&amp;doc_number=003180103&amp;local_base=nlx10">Israel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013174">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/46610780">Microsoft Academic</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637286">National Archives (US)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hinduizm">Encyclopedia of Islam</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐cfns9 Cached time: 20241124094536 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 3.148 seconds Real time usage: 3.627 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 26158/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 791589/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 23458/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 16/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 353782/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.527/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5595955/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: 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