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</a> <ul id="toc-Buffers_and_chain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Link_and_pin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Link_and_pin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Link and pin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Link_and_pin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balance_lever_coupling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balance_lever_coupling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Balance lever coupling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balance_lever_coupling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albert_coupler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albert_coupler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Albert coupler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albert_coupler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miller_hook_and_platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miller_hook_and_platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Miller hook and platform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miller_hook_and_platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norwegian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norwegian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Norwegian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norwegian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radial_couplers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radial_couplers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Radial couplers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Radial_couplers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Radial couplers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Radial_couplers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Johnston_coupler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johnston_coupler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Johnston coupler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johnston_coupler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bell-and-hook_coupler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bell-and-hook_coupler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bell-and-hook coupler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bell-and-hook_coupler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic_couplers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_couplers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Automatic couplers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Automatic_couplers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Automatic couplers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Automatic_couplers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buckeye/Janney/MCB/ARA/AAR/APTA_couplers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buckeye/Janney/MCB/ARA/AAR/APTA_couplers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Buckeye/Janney/MCB/ARA/AAR/APTA couplers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buckeye/Janney/MCB/ARA/AAR/APTA_couplers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes_since_1873" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_since_1873"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Changes since 1873</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_since_1873-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bazeley_coupler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bazeley_coupler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Bazeley coupler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bazeley_coupler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henricot_coupler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henricot_coupler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.3</span> <span>Henricot coupler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henricot_coupler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Willison/SA3_coupler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Willison/SA3_coupler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Willison/SA3 coupler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Willison/SA3_coupler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unicoupler/Intermat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicoupler/Intermat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Unicoupler/Intermat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicoupler/Intermat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C-AKv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C-AKv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>C-AKv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C-AKv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Z-AK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Z-AK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>Z-AK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Z-AK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unilink_coupler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unilink_coupler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.4</span> <span>Unilink coupler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unilink_coupler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic_Buffing_Contact_Coupler_(ABC_Coupler)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_Buffing_Contact_Coupler_(ABC_Coupler)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Automatic Buffing Contact Coupler (ABC Coupler)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_Buffing_Contact_Coupler_(ABC_Coupler)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stearns_and_Ward_coupler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stearns_and_Ward_coupler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Stearns and Ward coupler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stearns_and_Ward_coupler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-function_couplers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-function_couplers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Multi-function couplers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Multi-function_couplers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Multi-function couplers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Multi-function_couplers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Westinghouse_H2C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westinghouse_H2C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Westinghouse H2C</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westinghouse_H2C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WABCO_N-Type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WABCO_N-Type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>WABCO N-Type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WABCO_N-Type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomlinson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomlinson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Tomlinson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomlinson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scharfenberg_coupler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scharfenberg_coupler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Scharfenberg coupler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scharfenberg_coupler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dellner_coupler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dellner_coupler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Dellner coupler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dellner_coupler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wedglock_coupler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wedglock_coupler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Wedglock coupler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wedglock_coupler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GF_Coupler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GF_Coupler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>GF Coupler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GF_Coupler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-GFN_and_GFT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GFN_and_GFT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7.1</span> <span>GFN and GFT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GFN_and_GFT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GFV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GFV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7.2</span> <span>GFV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GFV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schwab_coupler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schwab_coupler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8</span> <span>Schwab coupler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schwab_coupler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shibata_coupler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shibata_coupler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.9</span> <span>Shibata coupler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shibata_coupler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_couplings_and_match_wagons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_couplings_and_match_wagons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Dual couplings and match wagons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dual_couplings_and_match_wagons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dual couplings and match wagons subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dual_couplings_and_match_wagons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dual_coupling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_coupling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Dual coupling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_coupling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sets_of_carriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sets_of_carriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sets of carriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sets_of_carriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brake_couplings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brake_couplings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Brake couplings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Brake_couplings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Brake couplings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Brake_couplings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electronically_controlled_brakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronically_controlled_brakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Electronically controlled brakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronically_controlled_brakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Draw_gear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draw_gear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Draw gear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draw_gear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model_railway_couplers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_railway_couplers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Model railway couplers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Model_railway_couplers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Model railway couplers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Model_railway_couplers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wooden_and_plastic_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wooden_and_plastic_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Wooden and plastic trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wooden_and_plastic_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Accidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Railway coupling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اقتران السكك الحديدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اقتران السكك الحديدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аўтасчэпка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўтасчэпка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C5%99%C3%A1hlo" title="Spřáhlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spřáhlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupplung_(Bahn)" title="Kupplung (Bahn) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kupplung (Bahn)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acople_(ferrocarril)" title="Acople (ferrocarril) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acople (ferrocarril)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuplilo" title="Kuplilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuplilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قلاب قطار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلاب قطار" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Coupling (disambiguation)">Coupling (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/98px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/130px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport" title="History of rail transport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_company" title="Rail transport company">Company types</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Infrastructure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_infrastructure_manager" title="Railway infrastructure manager">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Railway station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations" title="List of railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Railway track</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track#Maintenance" title="Railway track">Maintenance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Service and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">Bogie (truck)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Couplings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_rail_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail transport">Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">Multiple units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_train" title="Passenger train">Passenger train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">Railroad cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_undertaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway undertaking">Operating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Trains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">Urban rail transit</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trams" title="History of trams">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rapid_transit" title="History of rapid transit">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit" title="Automated guideway transit">Automated</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Miscellanea</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rail_accidents" title="Lists of rail accidents">Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railroad_attractions" title="Category:Railroad attractions">Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_by_country" title="Rail transport by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_companies" title="List of railway companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">List of high-speed trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest_train_services" title="Longest train services">Longest train services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">Modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_museums" title="List of railway museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_speed_record" title="Railway speed record">Railway speed record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">Terminology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Australian_railway_terms" title="Glossary of Australian railway terms">AU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_North_American_railway_terms" title="Glossary of North American railway terms">NA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_New_Zealand_railway_terms" title="Glossary of New Zealand railway terms">NZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_United_Kingdom_railway_terms" title="Glossary of United Kingdom railway terms">UK</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Train_topics" title="Template:Train topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Train_topics" title="Template talk:Train topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Train_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Train topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Pancras_railway_station_MMB_G3_395009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/St_Pancras_railway_station_MMB_G3_395009.jpg/250px-St_Pancras_railway_station_MMB_G3_395009.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/St_Pancras_railway_station_MMB_G3_395009.jpg/375px-St_Pancras_railway_station_MMB_G3_395009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/St_Pancras_railway_station_MMB_G3_395009.jpg/500px-St_Pancras_railway_station_MMB_G3_395009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3630" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scharfenberg_coupler" title="Scharfenberg coupler">Scharfenberg coupler</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_(train_operating_company)" title="Southeastern (train operating company)">Southeastern</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_395" title="British Rail Class 395">Class 395</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm/220px--Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="45" data-mwtitle="Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm/Scharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AScharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AScharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AScharfenberg_coupler_in_action_ICE_Leipzig-short.webm&lang=la&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="la" label="Latina ‪(la)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of <a href="/wiki/ICE_T" title="ICE T">ICE T</a> coupling at <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Hauptbahnhof" title="Leipzig Hauptbahnhof">Leipzig Hauptbahnhof</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>coupling</b> or <b>coupler</b> is a mechanism, typically located at each end of a <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rail vehicle</a>, that connects them together to form a train. The equipment that connects the couplers to the vehicles is the <b>draft gear</b> or <b>draw gear</b>, which must absorb the stresses of the coupling and the acceleration of the train. </p><p>Throughout the history of rail vehicles, a variety of coupler designs and types have been developed worldwide. Key design considerations include strength, reliability, easy and efficient handling, and operator safety. Automatic couplers engage automatically when the cars are pushed together. Modern versions not only provide a mechanical connection, but can also couple brake lines and data lines. </p><p>Different countries use different types of couplers. While North American railroads and China use <a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler" title="Janney coupler">Janney couplers</a>, railroads in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> use <a href="/wiki/SA3_coupler" title="SA3 coupler">SA3 couplers</a> and the European countries use <a href="/wiki/Scharfenberg_coupler" title="Scharfenberg coupler">Scharfenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffers_and_chain_coupler" title="Buffers and chain coupler">screw couplers</a>. Challenges and complications arise when coupling vehicles with different couplers. <a href="/wiki/Barrier_vehicle" title="Barrier vehicle">Barrier cars</a>, also called <i>match cars</i>, cars with <a href="/wiki/Dual_coupling" title="Dual coupling">dual couplers</a>, or adapters are used to accomplish this task. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compatible and similar couplings or couplers are frequently referred to using widely differing make, brand, or regional names, or nicknames, which can make describing standard or typical designs confusing. Dimensions and ratings noted in these articles are usually of nominal or typical components and systems, though standards and practices also vary widely with railway, region, and era. </p><p>Buff: when the consist (one or more cars coupled together) of cars is in compression; opposite of tension.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buffers_and_chain">Buffers and chain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Buffers and chain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buffers_and_chain_coupler" title="Buffers and chain coupler">Buffers and chain coupler</a></div> <p>The basic type of coupling on railways following the British tradition is the buffer and chain coupling. A large chain of three links connects hooks on the adjoining wagons. These couplings followed earlier <a href="/wiki/Plateway" title="Plateway">tramway</a> practice but were made more regular. <a href="/wiki/Buffer_(rail_transport)" title="Buffer (rail transport)">Buffers</a> on the frame of the wagon absorbed impact loads, as the train overran a slowing locomotive. </p><p>The simple chain could not be tensioned, and this loose coupling allowed a great deal of back and forth movement and bumping between cars, as well as jarring when trains started. While acceptable for mineral cars, this coupling made for an uncomfortable ride in passenger coaches, so the chain was improved by replacing the center link with a screw with a left-hand thread on one side and a right-hand thread on the other. In the center of the screw is the handle housing with a hinged ball handle attached. This <a href="/wiki/Turnbuckle" title="Turnbuckle">turnbuckle</a> style arrangement allows the vehicles to be pulled together by tightening the screw with the attached handle. Typically, the screw is tightened until there are two threads left next to the handle housing. A support is attached to the <a href="/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">trunnion</a> nut on the coupling link side to rest the handle of the screw to prevent loosening of the screw while the coupling is in use. The official name of this type of coupling is <i>screw coupling</i> or <i>UIC coupling</i> according to the <a href="/wiki/European_Standard" title="European Standard">European standard</a> EN 15566 <i>Draw gear and screw coupling</i>. </p><p>A simplified version of this, quicker to attach and detach, still used three links but with the centre link given a T-shaped slot. This could be turned lengthwise to lengthen it, allowing coupling, then turned vertically to the shorter slot position, holding the wagons more tightly together. </p><p>Higher speeds associated with fully-fitted freight<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made the screw-tensioned form a necessity. </p><p>The earliest '<a href="/wiki/Dumb_buffers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumb buffers">dumb buffers</a>' were fixed extensions of the wooden wagon frames, but later spring buffers were introduced. The first of these were stiff cushions of leather-covered horsehair, later steel springs and then hydraulic damping. </p><p>This coupling is still widespread in Western and Central Europe and in parts of Northern Africa, the Middle East and South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report20207_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report20207-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 263.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consett-tankwagon41_-_buffer_beam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three-link coupling on an antique tank wagon"><img alt="Three-link coupling on an antique tank wagon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Consett-tankwagon41_-_buffer_beam.jpg/395px-Consett-tankwagon41_-_buffer_beam.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Consett-tankwagon41_-_buffer_beam.jpg/592px-Consett-tankwagon41_-_buffer_beam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Consett-tankwagon41_-_buffer_beam.jpg/790px-Consett-tankwagon41_-_buffer_beam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three-link coupling on an antique tank wagon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 211.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 209.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eisenbahn_Schraubenkupplung_1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="UIC standard screw coupling, shown attached and tightened"><img alt="UIC standard screw coupling, shown attached and tightened" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Eisenbahn_Schraubenkupplung_1.jpeg/314px-Eisenbahn_Schraubenkupplung_1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Eisenbahn_Schraubenkupplung_1.jpeg/471px-Eisenbahn_Schraubenkupplung_1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Eisenbahn_Schraubenkupplung_1.jpeg/628px-Eisenbahn_Schraubenkupplung_1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="821" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">UIC standard screw coupling, shown attached and tightened</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Link_and_pin">Link and pin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Link and pin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Link_and_Pin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Link_and_Pin.jpg/220px-Link_and_Pin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Link_and_Pin.jpg/330px-Link_and_Pin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Link_and_Pin.jpg/440px-Link_and_Pin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A link-and-pin coupler</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG/220px-Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG/330px-Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG/440px-Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Transition era AAR knuckle coupler. The gap in the knuckle accommodates the link of a <a href="#Link_and_pin">link and pin coupler</a> and the vertical hole in the knuckle accommodates the pin.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:08-130_Esclusas_de_Miraflores_(23).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/08-130_Esclusas_de_Miraflores_%2823%29.jpg/220px-08-130_Esclusas_de_Miraflores_%2823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/08-130_Esclusas_de_Miraflores_%2823%29.jpg/330px-08-130_Esclusas_de_Miraflores_%2823%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/08-130_Esclusas_de_Miraflores_%2823%29.jpg/440px-08-130_Esclusas_de_Miraflores_%2823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Link and pin coupler combined with side buffers on a <a href="/wiki/Panama_canal_mule" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama canal mule">Panama canal mule</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The link-and-pin coupling was the original style of coupling used on North American railways. After most railroads converted to semi-automatic <a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler" title="Janney coupler">Janney couplers</a>, the link-and-pin survived on <a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">forest railways</a>. While simple in principle, the system suffered from a lack of standardisation regarding size and height of the links, and the size and height of the pockets. </p><p>The link-and-pin coupler consisted of a tube-like body that received an oblong link. During coupling, a rail worker had to stand between the cars as they came together and guide the link into the coupler pocket. Once the cars were joined, the employee inserted a pin into a hole a few inches from the end of the tube to hold the link in place. This procedure was exceptionally dangerous and many brakemen lost fingers or entire hands when they did not get them out of the way of the coupler pockets in time. Many more were killed as a result of being crushed between cars or dragged under cars that were coupled too quickly. Brakemen were issued with heavy clubs that could be used to hold the link in position, but many brakemen would not use the club, and risked injury. </p><p>The link-and-pin coupler proved unsatisfactory because: </p> <ul><li>It made a loose connection between the cars, with too much <a href="/wiki/Slack_action" title="Slack action">slack action</a>.</li> <li>There was no standard design, and train crews often spent hours trying to match pins and links while coupling cars.</li> <li>Crew members had to go between moving cars during coupling, and were frequently injured and sometimes killed.</li> <li>The links and pins were often pilfered due to their value as scrap metal, resulting in substantial replacement costs.</li> <li>When a car happened to be turned 180 degrees one would have to look for a link.</li> <li>Railroads progressively began to operate trains that were heavier than the link-and-pin system could cope with.</li></ul> <p>In Britain link-and-pin couplers were common on narrow gauge industrial and military railways, and eventually evolved into a form that could be reliably coupled when the train was stationary. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_locks#Mules" title="Panama Canal locks">Panama Canal mules</a>, the locomotives used to guide the ships through the locks of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, have link and pin couplers and side buffers. This design was chosen so that these normally solo operating locomotives could be coupled to another locomotive in the event of a breakdown. On straight track, the link and pin coupler is used. Since the vertical curve between the straight track sections and the ramp between the lock chambers has a very small radius, the difference in height would be too great for a link and pin coupler, so the locomotives must be pushed through these sections uncoupled by using the side buffers. They have an extra high buffer plate to prevent the buffers from buffer-locking in tight vertical curves. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Balance_lever_coupling">Balance lever coupling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Balance lever coupling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balance_lever_coupling" title="Balance lever coupling">Balance lever coupling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20060804S29_22Kupp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/20060804S29_22Kupp.jpg/220px-20060804S29_22Kupp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/20060804S29_22Kupp.jpg/330px-20060804S29_22Kupp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/20060804S29_22Kupp.jpg/440px-20060804S29_22Kupp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption>Balance lever coupling on narrow gauge coach in Switzerland</figcaption></figure> <p>The balance lever coupling, also central buffer coupling with two screw coupling, is a coupler commonly used on narrow gauge railroads with tight curves. By swapping the pulling and pushing devices, the standard screw coupling used on standard gauge railroads became a center buffer coupling with one screw coupling on each side of the buffer. The screw couplers are connected to a compensating lever that pivots on a vertical trunnion on the center buffer rod, allowing an even distribution of tractive forces between the two screw couplers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Albert_coupler">Albert coupler</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Albert coupler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strassenbahn_Albertkupplung.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Strassenbahn_Albertkupplung.jpeg/220px-Strassenbahn_Albertkupplung.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Strassenbahn_Albertkupplung.jpeg/330px-Strassenbahn_Albertkupplung.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Strassenbahn_Albertkupplung.jpeg/440px-Strassenbahn_Albertkupplung.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>Albert coupler on a European tram</figcaption></figure> <p>To avoid safety issues, Karl Albert, then director at the <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Krefeld" title="Trams in Krefeld">Krefeld Tramway</a>, developed the <b>Albert coupler</b> during 1921. The Albert coupler was created as a key and slot coupler with two pins. Vehicles to be coupled were pushed together, both couplings moving to the same side. One pin was inserted, then the vehicles were pulled to straighten the coupling and the other pin inserted. This operation required less exact shunting. Due to the single-piece design, only minimal slack was possible. The system became quite popular with tram systems and narrow gauge lines. </p><p>During the 1960s most cities replaced them with automatic couplers. But even in modern vehicles, Albert couplers get installed as emergency couplers for towing a faulty vehicle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miller_hook_and_platform">Miller hook and platform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Miller hook and platform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The link and pin was replaced in North American passenger car usage during the latter part of the 19th century by the assemblage known as the <a href="/wiki/Miller_platform" title="Miller platform">Miller platform</a>, which included a new coupler called the Miller hook.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Miller platform (and hook coupler) was used for several decades before being replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler" title="Janney coupler">Janney coupler</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norwegian">Norwegian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Norwegian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_coupling" title="Norwegian coupling">Norwegian coupling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:URCengines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/URCengines.jpg/220px-URCengines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/URCengines.jpg/330px-URCengines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/URCengines.jpg/440px-URCengines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Norwegian coupling in <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railways_Corporation" title="Uganda Railways Corporation">Uganda</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Norwegian coupler consists of a central buffer with a movable hook that drops into a slot in the central buffer.<sup id="cite_ref-nw_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nw-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may also be a U-shaped safety catch on the opposite buffer that is flipped over the top of the hook to secure it. The safety device may also be a chain with a ball-shaped weight at the end that is thrown over the hook to hold it in place.<sup id="cite_ref-nw_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nw-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On railways where the rolling stock always face the same direction, the mechanical hook can be on one end of the wagon only. Not all Norwegian couplers are compatible with one another as they vary in height and width, and may or may not be limited to one hook at a time. The traction force limit is typically 350 kN.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the Norwegian coupler is supplemented with auxiliary chains. </p><p>The Norwegian coupler is also known as the Lloyd coupler named after its British manufacturer F.H. Lloyd & Co. Ltd near <a href="/wiki/Wednesbury" title="Wednesbury">Wednesbury</a> or as the meat chopper coupler named after the shape of the movable hook. The Norwegian coupler allows sharper curves than the buffer and chain coupler, which is an advantage on <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railway">narrow gauge railways</a> where low speeds and reduced train loads allow a simpler system. The Norwegian coupler is found only on <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railway">narrow gauge railways</a> of <a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span>), <a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge"><span class="nowrap">1,000 mm</span></a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>) or less in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and its former colonies. For example, it is used on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Railway" title="Isle of Man Railway">Isle of Man Railway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Government_Railways" title="Western Australian Government Railways">Western Australian Government Railways</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Ffestiniog_Railway" title="Ffestiniog Railway">Ffestiniog Railway</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Lynton_and_Barnstaple_Railway" title="Lynton and Barnstaple Railway">Lynton and Barnstaple Railway</a>, and on the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Highland_Railway" title="Welsh Highland Railway">Welsh Highland Railway</a>, </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radial_couplers">Radial couplers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Radial couplers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two versions of radial coupler were used in South Africa. One, the Johnston coupler, commonly known as a bell link-and-pin coupler, was introduced in 1873 and is similar in operation to and compatible with <a href="#Link_and_pin">link-and-pin</a> couplers, but bell-shaped with a circular coupler face. The other, the bell-and-hook coupler, was introduced in 1902 and is similar to the <a href="#Norwegian">Norwegian coupler</a>, but also with a circular coupler face and with a coupler pocket which is open at the top of the coupler face to accommodate the drawhook.<sup id="cite_ref-Trokhandboek_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trokhandboek-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johnston_coupler">Johnston coupler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Johnston coupler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnston_link-and-pin_coupler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Johnston_link-and-pin_coupler.jpg/220px-Johnston_link-and-pin_coupler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Johnston_link-and-pin_coupler.jpg/330px-Johnston_link-and-pin_coupler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Johnston_link-and-pin_coupler.jpg/440px-Johnston_link-and-pin_coupler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Johnston link-and-pin coupler</figcaption></figure> <p>The Johnston coupler, commonly known as a bell link-and-pin coupler from its bell shape, was first introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> in 1873, following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Government_Railways" title="Cape Government Railways">Cape Government Railways</a> (CGR) in 1872 and the decision by the Cape government to expand the railways into the interior and to <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_conversion" title="Track gauge conversion">convert</a> the existing tracks from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></span> to <a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span>) Cape gauge. All new Cape gauge locomotives and rolling stock acquired from 1873 were equipped with these or similar couplers, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/CGR_0-4-0ST_1873" title="CGR 0-4-0ST 1873">CGR 0-4-0ST of 1873</a>, a construction locomotive named <i>Little Bess</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SAR_History_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAR_History-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holland_2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland_2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paxton-Bourne_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paxton-Bourne-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG/220px-Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG/330px-Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG/440px-Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Transition era AAR knuckle coupler. The gap in the knuckle accommodates the link of a <a href="#Johnston_coupler">Johnston coupler</a> and the vertical hole in the knuckle accommodates the pin.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Natal_Government_Railways" title="Natal Government Railways">Natal Government Railways</a> (NGR), established in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Colony of Natal</a> in 1875, followed suit and all locomotives and rolling stock acquired by that railway were equipped with Johnston couplers, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/NGR_Class_K_2-6-0T" title="NGR Class K 2-6-0T">NGR Class K 2-6-0T</a> in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-Holland_1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland_1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAR&H_May_1944_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAR&H_May_1944-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, in 1889, when the first locomotives were obtained by the newly established <a href="/wiki/Netherlands-South_African_Railway_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands-South African Railway Company">Netherlands-South African Railway Company</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic"><i>Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek</i></a>, they were fitted with Johnston couplers.<sup id="cite_ref-Holland_2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland_2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAR&H_Oct_1944_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAR&H_Oct_1944-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">2 ft</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">610 mm</span>) narrow gauge railways of the CGR, those of the NGR also made use of Johnston couplers. The first of these narrow gauge lines came into operation in 1906, when the first <a href="/wiki/NGR_Class_N_4-6-2T_1906" title="NGR Class N 4-6-2T 1906">NGR Class N 4-6-2T</a> locomotives entered service on the <a href="/wiki/Weenen" title="Weenen">Weenen</a> branch out of <a href="/wiki/Estcourt" title="Estcourt">Estcourt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paxton-Bourne_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paxton-Bourne-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAR&H_Sep_1944_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAR&H_Sep_1944-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coupling and uncoupling were done manually, which posed a high risk of serious injury or death to crew members, who had to go between moving vehicles to guide the link into the coupler pocket during coupling. Johnston couplers gradually began to be replaced on the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Railways">South African Railways</a> from 1927, but not on narrow gauge rolling stock. All new Cape gauge locomotives and rolling stock acquired from that year were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler" title="Janney coupler">AAR knuckle</a> couplers. Conversion of all older rolling stock was to take several years and both coupler types could still be seen on some vehicles into the late 1950s. During the transition period, knuckle couplers on many locomotives had a horizontal gap and a vertical hole in the knuckle itself to accommodate, respectively, a link and a pin, to enable it to couple to vehicles which were still equipped with the older Johnston couplers.<sup id="cite_ref-Holland_2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland_2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diagram-book_2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diagram-book_2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bell-and-hook_coupler">Bell-and-hook coupler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bell-and-hook coupler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell-and-hook_coupler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell-and-hook coupler"><img alt="Bell-and-hook coupler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Bell-and-hook_coupler.jpg" decoding="async" width="419" height="315" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="315" /></a></span> </p><p>The bell-and-hook coupling system was first introduced in the Cape of Good Hope in 1902, when two <a href="/wiki/CGR_Type_A_2-6-4T" title="CGR Type A 2-6-4T">CGR Type A 2-6-4T</a> locomotives were acquired as construction engines on the new <a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">2 ft</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">610 mm</span>) narrow gauge <a href="/wiki/Avontuur_Railway" title="Avontuur Railway">Avontuur Railway</a> which was being constructed out of <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Langkloof" title="Langkloof">Langkloof</a>. In South Africa, these couplers were used on only the narrow gauge lines in the Cape of Good Hope.<sup id="cite_ref-Trokhandboek_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trokhandboek-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paxton-Bourne_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paxton-Bourne-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAR&H_Apr_1944_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAR&H_Apr_1944-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dulez_150_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dulez_150-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coupler is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_coupling" title="Norwegian coupling">Norwegian coupler</a>. It is a radial coupler with a coupler pocket which is open at the top of the coupling face. Instead of a link and pins, it makes use of a drawhook which, upon coupling, slides over the drawhook pin in the coupler of the next vehicle in the train. To prevent the drawhook of the mating coupler from accidental uncoupling, the coupler bell is equipped with a drawhook guard, commonly known as a bridle, above the coupler pocket.<sup id="cite_ref-Trokhandboek_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trokhandboek-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usual practice was to have a drawhook fitted to only one of the mating couplers and train crews therefore carried spare drawhooks and drawhook pins on the locomotive. While automatic coupling is possible, this rarely happens and manual assistance is required during coupling. Uncoupling is done manually by lifting the drawhook by hand to release it. The coupler could be adapted to be compatible with the Johnston coupler by replacing the drawhook with a U-shaped adapter link, which was attached using the same drawhook pin.<sup id="cite_ref-Trokhandboek_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trokhandboek-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bell-and-hook couplers began to be replaced on the <a href="/wiki/Avontuur_Railway" title="Avontuur Railway">Avontuur Railway</a> upon the introduction of <a href="/wiki/South_African_Class_91-000" title="South African Class 91-000">Class 91-000</a> diesel-electric locomotives on the narrow gauge system in 1973. All new narrow gauge rolling stock acquired for that line from that year were equipped with <a href="/wiki/SA3_coupler" title="SA3 coupler">Willison couplers</a>. Older rolling stock were not converted and an adapter was used to enable coupling between the two types. The drawhook on the bell-and-hook coupler would be replaced with the adapter, which was attached using the same drawhook pin.<sup id="cite_ref-Trokhandboek_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trokhandboek-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell-and-hook_coupler_%26_Willison_adapter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell-and-hook coupler with Willison adapter"><img alt="Bell-and-hook coupler with Willison adapter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bell-and-hook_coupler_%26_Willison_adapter.jpg/231px-Bell-and-hook_coupler_%26_Willison_adapter.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Bell-and-hook_coupler_%26_Willison_adapter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="239" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bell-and-hook coupler with Willison adapter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Willison_adapter_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Willison coupler adapter for bell-and-hook couplers"><img alt="Willison coupler adapter for bell-and-hook couplers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Willison_adapter_b.jpg/197px-Willison_adapter_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Willison_adapter_b.jpg/295px-Willison_adapter_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Willison_adapter_b.jpg/393px-Willison_adapter_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Willison coupler adapter for bell-and-hook couplers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell-and-hook_coupler_%26_Johnston_adapter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell-and-hook coupler with Johnston coupler adapter link instead of a hook"><img alt="Bell-and-hook coupler with Johnston coupler adapter link instead of a hook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bell-and-hook_coupler_%26_Johnston_adapter.jpg/237px-Bell-and-hook_coupler_%26_Johnston_adapter.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bell-and-hook_coupler_%26_Johnston_adapter.jpg/355px-Bell-and-hook_coupler_%26_Johnston_adapter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bell-and-hook_coupler_%26_Johnston_adapter.jpg/474px-Bell-and-hook_coupler_%26_Johnston_adapter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bell-and-hook coupler with Johnston coupler adapter link instead of a hook</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automatic_couplers">Automatic couplers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Automatic couplers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of automatic train couplings, most of which are mutually incompatible. The level of automation varies and can be divided into categories: </p> <ul><li>mechanical coupling of vehicles only, requires manual connection of pneumatic and electrical lines;</li> <li>mechanical coupling of vehicles with automatic connection of pneumatic lines, requires manual connection of electrical lines;</li> <li>mechanical coupling of vehicles with automatic connection of pneumatic and electrical lines (but not data transmission lines);</li> <li>mechanical coupling of vehicles with automatic connection of pneumatic and electrical lines (including data transmission lines);</li> <li>mechanical coupling of vehicles with automatic connection of pneumatic and electrical lines (including data transmission lines) and automatic uncoupling capability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buckeye/Janney/MCB/ARA/AAR/APTA_couplers"><span id="Buckeye.2FJanney.2FMCB.2FARA.2FAAR.2FAPTA_couplers"></span>Buckeye/Janney/MCB/ARA/AAR/APTA couplers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Buckeye/Janney/MCB/ARA/AAR/APTA couplers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler" title="Janney coupler">Janney coupler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tightlock_coupling" title="Tightlock coupling">Tightlock coupling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syracuse-malleable_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Syracuse-malleable_1899.jpg/220px-Syracuse-malleable_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Syracuse-malleable_1899.jpg/330px-Syracuse-malleable_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Syracuse-malleable_1899.jpg/440px-Syracuse-malleable_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Malleable_Iron_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse Malleable Iron Works">Syracuse Malleable Iron Works</a> – 1894. The gap in the knuckle accommodates the link of a <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(railway)#Link_and_pin" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupling (railway)">link and pin coupler</a> and the vertical hole in the knuckle accommodates the pin. This design was used in the transition period.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Railroad_coupler.agr2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Railroad_coupler.agr2.jpg/220px-Railroad_coupler.agr2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Railroad_coupler.agr2.jpg/330px-Railroad_coupler.agr2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Railroad_coupler.agr2.jpg/440px-Railroad_coupler.agr2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Knuckle (AAR Type "E") couplers in use</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janney_coupler_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Janney_coupler_drawing.png/220px-Janney_coupler_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Janney_coupler_drawing.png/330px-Janney_coupler_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Janney_coupler_drawing.png/440px-Janney_coupler_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the top view of Janney's coupler design as published in his patent application in 1873</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern-321901-coupling-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Northern-321901-coupling-02.jpg/220px-Northern-321901-coupling-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Northern-321901-coupling-02.jpg/330px-Northern-321901-coupling-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Northern-321901-coupling-02.jpg/440px-Northern-321901-coupling-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/American_Public_Transportation_Association" title="American Public Transportation Association">APT</a> <a href="/wiki/Tightlock_coupling" title="Tightlock coupling">Type H Tightlock coupler</a> on <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_321" title="British Rail Class 321">British Rail Class 321</a>.<br />Lower electric connector is not typical in North America.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Janney coupler, later the Master Car Builders Association (MCB) coupler,<sup id="cite_ref-MCB_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Railroads" title="Association of American Railroads">Association of American Railroads</a> (AAR) coupler, is also commonly known as a <i>buckeye</i>, <i>knuckle</i>, or <i>Alliance</i> coupler. The AAR/APTA TypeE, TypeF, and TypeH couplers are all compatible Janney couplers, but used for different rail cars (general freight, tank cars, rotary hoppers, passenger, etc.). </p><p>The knuckle coupler or Janney coupler was invented by <a href="/wiki/Eli_H._Janney" title="Eli H. Janney">Eli H. Janney</a>, who received a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> in 1873 (<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US138405">U.S. patent 138,405</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known as a <i>buckeye coupler</i>, notably in the United Kingdom, where some rolling stock (mostly for passenger trains) is fitted with it. Janney was a dry goods clerk and former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate Army</a> officer from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>, who used his lunch hours to whittle from wood an alternative to the link and pin coupler. The term <i>buckeye</i> comes from the nickname of the US state of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, the "Buckeye State" and the Ohio Brass Company which originally marketed the coupling.<sup id="cite_ref-aec_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aec-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brass_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brass-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, satisfied that an automatic coupler could meet the demands of commercial railroad operations and, at the same time, be manipulated safely, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/US_Railroad_Safety_Appliance_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="US Railroad Safety Appliance Act">Safety Appliance Act</a>. Its success in promoting switchyard safety was stunning. Between 1877 and 1887, approximately 38% of all railworker accidents involved coupling. That percentage fell as the railroads began to replace link and pin couplers with automatic couplers. By 1902, only two years after the SAA's effective date, coupling accidents constituted only 4% of all employee accidents. Coupler-related accidents dropped from nearly 11,000 in 1892 to just over 2,000 in 1902, even though the number of railroad employees steadily increased during that decade. </p><p>When the Janney coupler was chosen to be the North American standard, there were 8,000 patented alternatives to choose from. Many AAR coupler designs exist to accommodate requirements of various car designs, but all are required to have certain dimensions in common which allow for one design to couple to any other.<sup id="cite_ref-AAR_MRSP:SIII_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAR_MRSP:SIII-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Janney coupler is used in the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Canada" title="Rail transport in Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mexico" title="Rail transport in Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Japan" title="Rail transport in Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Taiwan" title="Rail transport in Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Australia" title="Rail transport in Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_South_Africa" title="Rail transport in South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rail transport in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Portugal" title="Rail transport in Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the People's Republic of China">China</a> and many countries in Africa both standard gauge and narrow gauges. </p><p>The Janney coupler generally provides only mechanical coupling, only Type H adds automatic connections of pneumatic and electrical lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202030–31_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202030–31-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changes_since_1873">Changes since 1873</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Changes since 1873"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler#Changes_since_1873" title="Janney coupler">Janney coupler § Changes since 1873</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bazeley_coupler">Bazeley coupler</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bazeley coupler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler#Bazeley_Coupler" title="Janney coupler">Janney coupler § Bazeley coupler</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Henricot_coupler">Henricot coupler</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Henricot coupler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler#Henricot_coupler" title="Janney coupler">Janney coupler § Henricot coupler</a></div> <p>The Henricot coupler is a variation on the Janney coupler, introduced by Belgian engineer and entrepreneur <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Henricot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Henricot (page does not exist)">Émile Henricot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Henricot" class="extiw" title="fr:Émile Henricot">fr</a>]</span> of <a href="/wiki/Court-Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Court-Saint-Étienne">Court-Saint-Étienne</a>. It is used on certain EMUs of the <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Company_of_Belgium" title="National Railway Company of Belgium">National Railway Company of Belgium</a>, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Railways_Class_75&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belgian Railways Class 75 (page does not exist)">Class 75</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotrice_AM75" class="extiw" title="fr:Automotrice AM75">fr</a>]</span>). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Henricot couplers</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AM75_S%C3%A9rie_800_SNCB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henricot coupler on an SNCB Class 75 EMU with separate air brake and head-end power connections"><img alt="Henricot coupler on an SNCB Class 75 EMU with separate air brake and head-end power connections" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/AM75_S%C3%A9rie_800_SNCB.jpg/280px-AM75_S%C3%A9rie_800_SNCB.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/AM75_S%C3%A9rie_800_SNCB.jpg/420px-AM75_S%C3%A9rie_800_SNCB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/AM75_S%C3%A9rie_800_SNCB.jpg/560px-AM75_S%C3%A9rie_800_SNCB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4973" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Henricot coupler on an <a href="/wiki/NMBS/SNCB_class_75" class="mw-redirect" title="NMBS/SNCB class 75">SNCB Class 75</a> EMU with separate <a href="/wiki/Railway_air_brake" title="Railway air brake">air brake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head-end_power" title="Head-end power">head-end power</a> connections</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Attelage_Henricot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henricot coupler on a Belgian EMU"><img alt="Henricot coupler on a Belgian EMU" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Attelage_Henricot.jpg/300px-Attelage_Henricot.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Attelage_Henricot.jpg/451px-Attelage_Henricot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Attelage_Henricot.jpg/600px-Attelage_Henricot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Henricot coupler on a <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Railways_Classical_twin_EMUs" title="Belgian Railways Classical twin EMUs">Belgian EMU</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NMBS_837.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Henricot coupler"><img alt="Closeup of Henricot coupler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/NMBS_837.JPG/391px-NMBS_837.JPG" decoding="async" width="261" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/NMBS_837.JPG/587px-NMBS_837.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/NMBS_837.JPG/782px-NMBS_837.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Closeup of Henricot coupler</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Willison/SA3_coupler"><span id="Willison.2FSA3_coupler"></span>Willison/SA3 coupler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Willison/SA3 coupler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SA3_coupler" title="SA3 coupler">SA3 coupler</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scepka.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Scepka.GIF/220px-Scepka.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Scepka.GIF/330px-Scepka.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Scepka.GIF/440px-Scepka.GIF 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>The simplified scheme of the SA-3 automatic couplers.<br /><a href="/wiki/File:Sa3.gif" title="File:Sa3.gif">An animation of the SA-3 coupler</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Class_91-000_no._91-004_Willison_coupler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Class_91-000_no._91-004_Willison_coupler.jpg/220px-Class_91-000_no._91-004_Willison_coupler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Class_91-000_no._91-004_Willison_coupler.jpg/330px-Class_91-000_no._91-004_Willison_coupler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Class_91-000_no._91-004_Willison_coupler.jpg/440px-Class_91-000_no._91-004_Willison_coupler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Willison coupler on South African <a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">2 ft</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">610 mm</span>) narrow gauge</figcaption></figure> <p>The Willison coupler was developed in the US in 1916 to address issues present in the Janney coupling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202019_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian SA3 coupler works according to the same principles as the AAR coupler, but the two types are incompatible.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was introduced in the Soviet Union in 1932 based on a British patent and has since been used on the whole <a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">1,520 mm</span></a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">27</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>) network, including <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Finland" title="Rail transport in Finland">Finnish</a> locomotives have Unilink couplers that can couple to UIC couplers used in Finnish stock and SA3 couplers used in Russian stock. </p><p>It is also used on the <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></span> networks of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Iran" title="Rail transport in Iran">Iran</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Malmbanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Malmbanan">Malmbanan</a> in Sweden for ore trains. Some <a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">2 ft</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">610 mm</span>) gauge cane tramway vehicles in <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Queensland" title="Rail transport in Queensland">Queensland</a> have been fitted with miniature Willison couplers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was introduced on the <span class="nowrap">2 ft</span> (<span class="nowrap">610 mm</span>) narrow-gauge <a href="/wiki/Avontuur_Railway" title="Avontuur Railway">Avontuur Railway</a> of the South African Railways in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-Trokhandboek_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trokhandboek-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Russian trains are rarely longer than about 750 m (2,461 ft)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and rarely exceed a maximum tonnage of about 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a> (5,900 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>; 6,600 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The heaviest trains using these couplers are on <a href="/wiki/Malmbanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Malmbanan">Malmbanan</a> where they are up to 9,000 t (8,900 long tons; 9,900 short tons).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Maximum force the SA3 coupler can carry, both tensile and compressive, is about 2.5 MN (280 STf; 250 LTf).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202022_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202022-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The maximum allowed tractive effort for the SA-3 is 135 tf (1,320 kN; 133 LTf; 149 STf) (1.32 MN or 300,000 lbf) by Russian white papers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The proposed European automatic coupler is compatible with the Russian coupler but with automatic air, control and power connections.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Implementation is permanently delayed except for a few users. See <a href="#Unicoupler/Intermat">§ Unicoupler/Intermat</a>.</li> <li>The SA3 resembles a left-handed fist.</li></ul> <p>The SA3 coupler is one of the strongest couplers in the world – maximum tonnage of a train that uses this type of coupler is about 8000 t<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEState_of_the_Art_on_Automatic_Couplers201718_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState_of_the_Art_on_Automatic_Couplers201718-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – but provides only mechanical coupling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202030–31_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202030–31-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adding automatic electrical and pneumatic connectivity is a complex challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202020_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202020-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many variations and brand names for these couplers. </p><p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Construcciones_y_Auxiliar_de_Ferrocarriles" title="Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles">Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles</a></span></span> is working on an automatic coupler based on SA3, a possible replacement of the buffers and chain coupling on European railways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report20205_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report20205-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unicoupler/Intermat"><span id="Unicoupler.2FIntermat"></span>Unicoupler/Intermat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unicoupler/Intermat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ak.03_%C2%BBIntermat%C2%AB_und_%C2%BBUnicupler%C2%AB,_von_oben.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ak.03_%C2%BBIntermat%C2%AB_und_%C2%BBUnicupler%C2%AB%2C_von_oben.jpg/220px-Ak.03_%C2%BBIntermat%C2%AB_und_%C2%BBUnicupler%C2%AB%2C_von_oben.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ak.03_%C2%BBIntermat%C2%AB_und_%C2%BBUnicupler%C2%AB%2C_von_oben.jpg/330px-Ak.03_%C2%BBIntermat%C2%AB_und_%C2%BBUnicupler%C2%AB%2C_von_oben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ak.03_%C2%BBIntermat%C2%AB_und_%C2%BBUnicupler%C2%AB%2C_von_oben.jpg/440px-Ak.03_%C2%BBIntermat%C2%AB_und_%C2%BBUnicupler%C2%AB%2C_von_oben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3577" /></a><figcaption>Intermat and Unicoupler heads from above</figcaption></figure> <p>Unicoupler was developed by <a href="/wiki/Knorr-Bremse" title="Knorr-Bremse">Knorr</a> from West Germany in the 1970s, in parallel with a compatible counterpart, the Intermat coupler, by VEB Waggonbau Bautzen from East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Unicoupler/Intermat coupler can automatically couple two pneumatic lines and up to six electrical connections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202019_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This coupler is mechanically compatible with <a href="/wiki/SA3_coupler" title="SA3 coupler">SA-3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willison_coupler" class="mw-redirect" title="Willison coupler">Willison couplers</a> (but pneumatic and electrical connections must be done manually). The Unicoupler is also known as AK69e. </p><p>Maximum tonnage of a train that uses this type of coupler is about 6000 t.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEState_of_the_Art_on_Automatic_Couplers201718_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState_of_the_Art_on_Automatic_Couplers201718-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AK69e and Intermat adoption failure has been attributed to economic performance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEState_of_the_Art_on_Automatic_Couplers201719_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState_of_the_Art_on_Automatic_Couplers201719-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it has found limited use: it has been adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">Iranian Railways</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report20209_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report20209-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also used in Germany on trains transporting iron ore between Hamburg and Salzgitter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202011_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="C-AKv">C-AKv</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: C-AKv"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/C-AKv_coupler" title="C-AKv coupler">C-AKv coupler</a></div> <p>The C-AKv coupler (also called Transpact) is a newer compact Willison coupler developed by <a href="/wiki/Faiveley_Transport" title="Faiveley Transport">Faiveley Transport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mechanically compatible with the <a href="/wiki/SA3_coupler" title="SA3 coupler">SA3 coupler</a> (but pneumatic and electrical connections must be done manually), fully compatible with the Unicoupler and, if additional buffers are mounted, it can be coupled with the conventional European screw coupling as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEState_of_the_Art_on_Automatic_Couplers201726_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState_of_the_Art_on_Automatic_Couplers201726-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The C-AKv coupler can automatically couple two pneumatic lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEState_of_the_Art_on_Automatic_Couplers201719_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState_of_the_Art_on_Automatic_Couplers201719-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> its use is limited to trains transporting ore between Rotterdam and <a href="/wiki/Dillinger_H%C3%BCtte" title="Dillinger Hütte">Dillingen steelworks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> between Wählitz and Buna in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202011_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Z-AK">Z-AK</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Z-AK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Z-AK coupler is yet another Willison coupler developed by <a href="/wiki/Knorr_Bremse" class="mw-redirect" title="Knorr Bremse">Knorr Bremse</a>. It was designed in response to the obvious failure of the Unicoupler/Intermat. It is compatible with the buffers and screw coupling. It is one of only few automatic couplers that cannot carry tensile forces, railway vehicles using this type of coupler must be equipped with buffers as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEState_of_the_Art_on_Automatic_Couplers201719–20_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState_of_the_Art_on_Automatic_Couplers201719–20-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unilink_coupler">Unilink coupler</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Unilink coupler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Unilink coupler is a coupler which is used in <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CSI</a> border countries such as <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Finland" title="Rail transport in Finland">Finland</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ukraine" title="Rail transport in Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coupler is compatible with both <a href="/wiki/SA3_coupler" title="SA3 coupler">SA3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffers_and_chain_coupler" title="Buffers and chain coupler">screw coupling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an SA3 coupler with an additional horn for attaching the shackle of the screw coupler and with a screw coupler that is connected to the hook of wagons equipped with screw couplers. When the screw coupler is not in use, the coupler shackle rests in a holder on the left side of the coupler. Rolling stock equipped with Unilink couplers is also equipped with <a href="/wiki/Buffer_(rail_transport)" title="Buffer (rail transport)">side buffers</a>, which are required when using the screw coupler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202010_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202010-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finland uses passenger coaches equipped with screw couplers because they have the advantage over the SA3 coupler of providing a slack-free ride, as the screw couplers are always under tension and the side buffers do not separate in normal operation. Most Finish freight cars are also equipped with screw couplers. Only some heavy freight cars and Russian equipment are fitted with SA3 couplers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatic_Buffing_Contact_Coupler_(ABC_Coupler)"><span id="Automatic_Buffing_Contact_Coupler_.28ABC_Coupler.29"></span>Automatic Buffing Contact Coupler (ABC Coupler)<span class="anchor" id="Automatic_Buffing_Contact_Coupler"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Automatic Buffing Contact Coupler (ABC Coupler)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABC_coupler_on_a_Kalka-Shimla_train,_2011-12-26.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/ABC_coupler_on_a_Kalka-Shimla_train%2C_2011-12-26.JPG/220px-ABC_coupler_on_a_Kalka-Shimla_train%2C_2011-12-26.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/ABC_coupler_on_a_Kalka-Shimla_train%2C_2011-12-26.JPG/330px-ABC_coupler_on_a_Kalka-Shimla_train%2C_2011-12-26.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/ABC_coupler_on_a_Kalka-Shimla_train%2C_2011-12-26.JPG 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>ABC coupler on a <a href="/wiki/Kalka_Shimla_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalka Shimla Railway">Kalka–Shimla train</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Automatic Buffing Contact Coupler, better known as the ABC coupler, was invented by J.T. Jepson, patented in Great Britain in 1906<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and manufactured by the A.B.C. Coupler and Engineering Company Limited in a factory in <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>. </p><p>The coupling consists of a shackle that protrudes from a central buffer and falls into a hook in the opposite buffer when coupling contact is made. The non-engaged shackle of the opposite coupler rests on the engaged shackle, securing it against disengagement by its weight. To uncouple the ABC coupling, the upper shackle that is not engaged is lifted. This causes the tail lever attached to the shackle to lift the engaged shackle clear of the hook and release the coupling. </p><p>In 1912, an improved version of the coupling with a better locking mechanism was introduced, in which a spring-loaded locking bar blocked a disk serving as the hook. This disc hook was rotated into the locked position by the approaching shackle of the opposite coupling. To release the coupling, it was sufficient to release the locking bar by pulling on a chain or a handle, which released the rotation of the disk hook. </p><p>The coupler was mainly used on narrow gauge railways of the British colonies, like e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Bauchi_Light_Railway" title="Bauchi Light Railway">Bauchi Light Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Honduras" title="Rail transport in Honduras">Honduras</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalka-Shimla Railway">Kalka-Shimla Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stearns_and_Ward_coupler">Stearns and Ward coupler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Stearns and Ward coupler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stearns_and_Ward_coupler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Stearns_and_Ward_coupler.jpg/220px-Stearns_and_Ward_coupler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Stearns_and_Ward_coupler.jpg/330px-Stearns_and_Ward_coupler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Stearns_and_Ward_coupler.jpg/440px-Stearns_and_Ward_coupler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Stearns and Wards coupler on a car of the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Elevated_Railroad" title="Northwestern Elevated Railroad">Northwestern Elevated Railroad</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Stearns and Ward coupler, known as the Ward coupler in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, is named after its two American inventors, Robert B. Stearns and Frank D. Ward, who were jointly granted the patent <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US737673">US 737673</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=737673&rft.cc=US&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> "Car-coupling." in 1903. The coupler was specifically designed for use on <a href="/wiki/Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">elevated railways</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ward_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they were introduced in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> at the turn of the century. It was first used on the electric trains of the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Elevated_Railroad" title="Northwestern Elevated Railroad">Northwestern Elevated Railroad</a> in 1902. Three years later in 1905 it was introduced by Wards in the electrification of the <a href="/wiki/Circle_line_(London_Underground)" title="Circle line (London Underground)">Circle Line</a> of the <a href="/wiki/District_Railway" title="District Railway">District Railway</a>, which became the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>. The Ward coupler was the standard coupler on London Underground trains until 1936, when it was replaced by the Wedglock coupler, a multi-function coupler that also provided pneumatic and electrical connections.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cars must be pushed together to couple. The tongue of each coupler head enters the throat of the opposite coupler head, where the hook on the tongue turns a vertically mounted, spring-loaded coupling pin against the force of the spring. Once the hook passes the coupling pin, the spring force returns the coupling pin to its original position, holding the hook head in the coupling. When coupled, the coupler heads are free to move vertically, which should prevent a derailed car from dragging other cars with it in the event of a derailment on the elevated railway. Uncoupling is done by turning the coupling pin against the spring force with an actuating arm operated by a shunting pole or by a fixed rod with handles that can be reached from a position next to the train away from the <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multi-function_couplers">Multi-function couplers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Multi-function couplers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multi-function couplers (MFCs), or fully automatic couplers, make all connections between the rail vehicles (mechanical, air brake, and electrical) without human intervention, in contrast to autocouplers, or semi-automatic couplers, which just handle the mechanical aspects. The majority of trains fitted with these types of couplers are multiple units, especially those used in <a href="/wiki/Mass_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass transit">mass transit</a> operations. </p><p>There are a few designs of fully automatic couplers in use worldwide, including the <a href="/wiki/Scharfenberg_coupler" title="Scharfenberg coupler">Scharfenberg coupler</a>, various knuckle hybrids such as the Tightlock (used in the UK), the Wedglock coupling, <a href="/wiki/Dellner_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dellner coupling">Dellner couplings</a> (similar to Scharfenberg couplers in appearance), BSI coupling (Bergische Stahl Industrie, now <a href="/wiki/Faiveley_Transport" title="Faiveley Transport">Faiveley Transport</a>) and the Schaku-Tomlinson Tightlock coupling. </p><p>There are a number of other automatic train couplings similar to the Scharfenberg coupler, but not necessarily compatible with it. Older US transit operators continue to use these non-Janney electro-pneumatic coupler designs and have used them for decades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westinghouse_H2C">Westinghouse H2C</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Westinghouse H2C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Air_Brake_Company" title="Westinghouse Air Brake Company">Westinghouse</a> H2C coupler, whose predecessor the H2A was first used on the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT Standard">BMT Standards</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/R1_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R1 (New York City Subway car)">R1</a> through <a href="/wiki/R9_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R9 (New York City Subway car)">R9</a> classes, is currently used on the <a href="/wiki/R32_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R32 (New York City Subway car)">R32</a>, <a href="/wiki/R42_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R42 (New York City Subway car)">R42</a>, <a href="/wiki/R62_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R62 (New York City Subway car)">R62</a>, <a href="/wiki/R62A_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R62A (New York City Subway car)">R62A</a>, <a href="/wiki/R68_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R68 (New York City Subway car)">R68</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R68A_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R68A (New York City Subway car)">R68A</a> class subway cars of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>. The A ends of the cars typically have the Westinghouse coupler and the B ends use either a semi-permanent <a href="/wiki/Drawbar_(haulage)#Rail" title="Drawbar (haulage)">drawbar</a>, or a Westinghouse coupler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WABCO_N-Type">WABCO N-Type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: WABCO N-Type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SEPTA_budd-coupler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/SEPTA_budd-coupler.jpg/220px-SEPTA_budd-coupler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/SEPTA_budd-coupler.jpg/330px-SEPTA_budd-coupler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/SEPTA_budd-coupler.jpg/440px-SEPTA_budd-coupler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Air_Brake_Company" title="Westinghouse Air Brake Company">WABCO</a> Model N-2 on a <a href="/wiki/SEPTA" title="SEPTA">SEPTA</a> <a href="/wiki/Budd_Silverliner" title="Budd Silverliner">Silverliner II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The WABCO N-Type coupler was first developed for the prototype <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> <a href="/wiki/Transit_Expressway_Revenue_Line" title="Transit Expressway Revenue Line">Skybus</a> system with the initial model N-1 as applied only to the three Skybus cars. The updated model N-2 with a larger 4-inch (101.6 mm) gathering range was first applied to the new "Airporter" rapid transit cars on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Line (Cleveland)">Cleveland Rapid Transit</a> line. The model N-2 used lightweight draft gear slung below the center sill, to allow for the wide swings required to go around sharp curves. This made the N-2 unsuitable for main line railroad use so an updated version N-2-A was developed for that market. The first of these were fitted in 1968 to the <a href="/wiki/UAC_TurboTrain" title="UAC TurboTrain">UAC TurboTrain</a> with 228 electrical contacts and the <a href="/wiki/M1_(railcar)" class="mw-redirect" title="M1 (railcar)">Budd Metropolitan EMU</a> with 138 contacts. Starting in the 1970s the N-2-A was fitted to the entire <a href="/wiki/SEPTA" title="SEPTA">SEPTA</a> <a href="/wiki/Silverliner" title="Silverliner">Silverliner</a> family of MU's, the <a href="/wiki/NJ_Transit_Rail_Operations" title="NJ Transit Rail Operations">NJT</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrow_(railcar)" title="Arrow (railcar)">Arrow</a> series of MU's and the <a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North Railroad</a>/<a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a> M series of MU railcars. The N-2 was also used by the <a href="/wiki/PATCO_Speedline" title="PATCO Speedline">PATCO Speedline</a>, but was replaced due to issues with the electrical contacts. Later WABCO would create a new model N-3 for the <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Bay Area Rapid Transit">BART</a> system with a 6-by-4-inch (152.4 mm × 101.6 mm) gathering range which required a rectangular funnel. </p><p>The WABCO N-type is sometimes referred to as the <b>pin and cup coupler</b> or <b>spear coupler</b>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tomlinson">Tomlinson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tomlinson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYCS_H46-6006-Mott-Ave-coupler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/NYCS_H46-6006-Mott-Ave-coupler.jpg/220px-NYCS_H46-6006-Mott-Ave-coupler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/NYCS_H46-6006-Mott-Ave-coupler.jpg/330px-NYCS_H46-6006-Mott-Ave-coupler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/NYCS_H46-6006-Mott-Ave-coupler.jpg/440px-NYCS_H46-6006-Mott-Ave-coupler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Tomlinson coupler as applied to a New York City Subway <a href="/wiki/R46_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R46 (New York City Subway car)">R46</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TRT-301-Tomlinson-Coupler-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TRT-301-Tomlinson-Coupler-01.jpg/220px-TRT-301-Tomlinson-Coupler-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TRT-301-Tomlinson-Coupler-01.jpg/330px-TRT-301-Tomlinson-Coupler-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TRT-301-Tomlinson-Coupler-01.jpg/440px-TRT-301-Tomlinson-Coupler-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Tomlinson coupler as used on Eidan Subway (now Tokyo Metro) 300 series</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tomlinson coupler was developed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohio_Brass_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohio Brass Company (page does not exist)">Ohio Brass Company</a><sup id="cite_ref-aec_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aec-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brass_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brass-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for mass transit applications, but eventually found use in some mainline railroad vehicles as well. It consists of two squared metal hooks that engage with each other in a larger rectangular frame with air line connections above and below. Since the coupler's development the manufacturing arm of Ohio Brass was purchased by WABCO which now manufacturers the line along with the N-type. The Tomlinson coupler is the most widely used fully automatic heavy rail coupling in North America having been adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro" title="Washington Metro">Washington Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/PATCO_Speedline" title="PATCO Speedline">PATCO Speedline</a>, SEPTA <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_Line" title="Broad Street Line">Broad Street Subway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail" title="Los Angeles Metro Rail">Los Angeles Metro Rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Metro_SubwayLink" title="Baltimore Metro SubwayLink">Baltimore Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metrorail_(Miami-Dade_County)" title="Metrorail (Miami-Dade County)">Miami Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Atlanta_Rapid_Transit_Authority" title="Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority">MARTA Rail</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> for its <a href="/wiki/R44_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R44 (New York City Subway car)">R44</a>/<a href="/wiki/R46_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R46 (New York City Subway car)">R46</a> fleet and all modern classes starting with the <a href="/wiki/R142_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R142 (New York City Subway car)">R142</a>. For applications outside of rapid transit the coupler had to be significantly enlarged to meet the increased strength requirements first appearing in this capacity on the <a href="/wiki/Budd_Metroliner" title="Budd Metroliner">Budd Metroliner</a> and later on the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Central">Illinois Central</a> <a href="/wiki/Highliner" title="Highliner">Highliner</a> fleet. Its relative lack of strength is one reason the <a href="/wiki/WABCO_N-Type" class="mw-redirect" title="WABCO N-Type">N-Type</a> has been more successful in the mainline railroad arena. </p><p>Outside the United States, the Tomlinson coupler is used on <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro" title="Tokyo Metro">Tokyo Metro</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ginza_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginza Line">Ginza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marunouchi_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Marunouchi Line">Marunouchi Lines</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the heavy capacity <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Metro" title="Taipei Metro">Taipei Metro</a> lines.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scharfenberg_coupler">Scharfenberg coupler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Scharfenberg coupler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scharfenberg_coupler" title="Scharfenberg coupler">Scharfenberg coupler</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICECoupler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ICECoupler.jpg/220px-ICECoupler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ICECoupler.jpg/330px-ICECoupler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ICECoupler.jpg/440px-ICECoupler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scharfenberg_coupler" title="Scharfenberg coupler">Scharfenberg coupler</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern-333011-coupling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Northern-333011-coupling.jpg/220px-Northern-333011-coupling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Northern-333011-coupling.jpg/330px-Northern-333011-coupling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Northern-333011-coupling.jpg/440px-Northern-333011-coupling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Scharfenberg coupler<br />made by <a href="/wiki/Dellner" title="Dellner">Dellner</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Scharfenberg coupler<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Scharfenbergkupplung</i> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schaku</i></span>) is probably the most commonly used type of fully automatic coupling. Designed in 1903 by Karl Scharfenberg in Königsberg, Germany (today <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad, Russia</a>), it has gradually spread from transit trains to regular passenger service trains, although outside Europe its use is generally restricted to mass transit systems. The Schaku coupler is superior in many ways to many other automatic couplers because it makes the pneumatic and electrical connections automatically and is capable of automatic uncoupling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202026,_30–31_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202026,_30–31-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no standard for the placement of these electro-pneumatic connections. Some rail companies have them placed on the sides while others have them placed above the mechanical portion of the Schaku coupler. </p><p>Small air cylinders, acting on the rotating heads of the coupler, ensure the Schaku coupler engagement, making it unnecessary to use shock to get a good coupling. Joining portions of a passenger train can be done at very low speed (less than 2 mph or 3.2 km/h in the final approach), so that the passengers are not jostled about. Rail equipment manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier</a> offer the Schaku coupler as an option on their mass transit systems and their passenger cars and locomotives. In North America all the trains of the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Metro" title="Montreal Metro">Montreal Metro</a> are equipped with it, as are new light rail systems in <a href="/wiki/RTD_Bus_%26_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="RTD Bus & Rail">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Light_RailLink" title="Baltimore Light RailLink">Baltimore</a> and <a href="/wiki/NJ_Transit" title="NJ Transit">New Jersey</a>. It is also used on <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> vehicles in <a href="/wiki/TriMet" title="TriMet">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_(Minnesota)" title="Metro (Minnesota)">Minneapolis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SkyTrain_(Vancouver)" title="SkyTrain (Vancouver)">Vancouver Skytrain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Line_3_Scarborough" title="Line 3 Scarborough">Line 3 Scarborough</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. In New Zealand, it is found on the electric <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_AM_class_electric_multiple_unit" title="New Zealand AM class electric multiple unit">AM class</a> of <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>'s suburban rail network, and on the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_FP_class_electric_multiple_unit" title="New Zealand FP class electric multiple unit">Matangi</a> trains of <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>'s. It also equips all the dedicated rolling stock used for the shuttle services in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>. </p><p>Maximum tonnage under 1,000 t (1,100 short tons; 980 long tons). </p><p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Voith" title="Voith">Voith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dellner" title="Dellner">Dellner</a> are working on the <a href="/wiki/Digital_automatic_coupling" title="Digital automatic coupling">Digital automatic coupling</a> based on Schaku, a possible replacement of the buffers and chain coupling on European railways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report20205,_23_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report20205,_23-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dellner_coupler">Dellner coupler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Dellner coupler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dellner" title="Dellner">Dellner</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dellner_coupler_on_Virgin_Voyager_221136_at_Carlisle_2005-10-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dellner_coupler_on_Virgin_Voyager_221136_at_Carlisle_2005-10-08.jpg/220px-Dellner_coupler_on_Virgin_Voyager_221136_at_Carlisle_2005-10-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dellner_coupler_on_Virgin_Voyager_221136_at_Carlisle_2005-10-08.jpg/330px-Dellner_coupler_on_Virgin_Voyager_221136_at_Carlisle_2005-10-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dellner_coupler_on_Virgin_Voyager_221136_at_Carlisle_2005-10-08.jpg/440px-Dellner_coupler_on_Virgin_Voyager_221136_at_Carlisle_2005-10-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Dellner coupler on a <a href="/wiki/Virgin_CrossCountry" title="Virgin CrossCountry">Virgin CrossCountry</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_221" title="British Rail Class 221">Class 221</a> at <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_railway_station" title="Carlisle railway station">Carlisle</a> on 10 October 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>The Swedish-made Dellner coupling,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a proprietary version of the <a href="/wiki/Scharfenberg_coupler" title="Scharfenberg coupler">Scharfenberg coupler</a>, connecting vehicle, pneumatics and electronics at the same time. The patented energy absorption D-BOX technology allows coupling at speeds of up to 15 kilometres per hour (9 mph) with no structural damage, and up to 36 kilometres per hour (22 mph) with deformation but with the vehicles remaining on track. The patented D-REX system provides <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> high speed data connection at speeds of 100 Mbit/s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wedglock_coupler">Wedglock coupler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Wedglock coupler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedglock_coupler.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wedglock_coupler.JPG/220px-Wedglock_coupler.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Wedglock_coupler.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="172" /></a><figcaption>Wedglock coupler on a <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> train</figcaption></figure> <p>The Wedglock coupler is named for the pneumatic wedges that lock the moving parts of the coupler head in the engaged position. It is the standard automatic coupler used on <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> trains. The coupler was introduced in 1936<sup id="cite_ref-lul_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lul-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is manufactured by William Cook Rail<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Voith" title="Voith">Voith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The face of the coupler has a protruding, movable tongue which is inserted into the throat of the opposite coupler during coupling. Once these mechanical elements are fully engaged, their position is locked by wedges driven by a pneumatic cylinder. The pneumatic pots are located below the mechanical connection. They are simply pressed together and sealed by rubber elements. On either side of the mechanical connection are electrical contact blocks consisting of a series of butt contacts. When disconnected, the contacts are protected by the so called "Dutch oven" covers. The covers are mechanically actuated and swing open when the other coupling approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-lul_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lul-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coupling can be engaged and disengaged from the cab using the three-position coupling switch in the cab.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GF_Coupler">GF Coupler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: GF Coupler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appenzell_Railway_-_Coupling_(13723420714).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Appenzell_Railway_-_Coupling_%2813723420714%29.jpg/220px-Appenzell_Railway_-_Coupling_%2813723420714%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Appenzell_Railway_-_Coupling_%2813723420714%29.jpg/330px-Appenzell_Railway_-_Coupling_%2813723420714%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Appenzell_Railway_-_Coupling_%2813723420714%29.jpg/440px-Appenzell_Railway_-_Coupling_%2813723420714%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>GFN coupler on an EMU of the <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Railways" title="Appenzell Railways">Appenzell Railways</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J33_617_GF-Mittelpufferkupplung_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/J33_617_GF-Mittelpufferkupplung_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-J33_617_GF-Mittelpufferkupplung_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/J33_617_GF-Mittelpufferkupplung_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-J33_617_GF-Mittelpufferkupplung_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/J33_617_GF-Mittelpufferkupplung_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-J33_617_GF-Mittelpufferkupplung_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3293" data-file-height="2471" /></a><figcaption>GFV coupler produced by the <a href="/wiki/Schwab_Verkehrstechnik_AG" title="Schwab Verkehrstechnik AG">Schwab Verkehrstechnik AG</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The GF coupler, sometimes also written as +GF+ coupler, is a coupler manufacturend by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Fischer_(company)" title="Georg Fischer (company)">Georg Fischer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and was widely used on Swiss railways and on vehicles produced by the Swiss railway industry. It was first shown at the Swiss National Exhibition in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> in 1914. There were three variants available, the GFN type for interurban railways, the GFT type for trams and the GFV type for mass transit.<sup id="cite_ref-GF_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GF-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GFN_and_GFT">GFN and GFT</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: GFN and GFT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The GFN and GFT types are very similar. The only difference is that the GFT is designed for lower forces as expected in tram service. Both couplings consist of a rectangular buffer that doubles as a throat. A horizontal tongue with a hole protrudes from the inside of the throat into which the verticaly arranged locking pin hooks. To uncouple, the locking pin can be lifted with handles located behind the coupler. Optionally, the air and electrical lines can also be connected. Air connections are typically located above and/or below the mechanical coupling. The electrical contacts are located above the coupler and are protected from contamination by a hinged cover when uncoupled. </p><p>The first railways introducing the GFN type coupler where the Bern-Zollikofen-Bahn, now part of the <a href="/wiki/Regionalverkehr_Bern-Solothurn" title="Regionalverkehr Bern-Solothurn">Regionalverkehr Bern-Solothurn</a>, the Aarau–Schöftland-Bahn, now part of the <a href="/wiki/Wynental_and_Suhrental_Railway" title="Wynental and Suhrental Railway">Wynental and Suhrental Railway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Biel%E2%80%93T%C3%A4uffelen%E2%80%93Ins_railway_line" title="Biel–Täuffelen–Ins railway line">Biel–Täuffelen–Ins railway</a>. An other important railway using the GFN type coupler is the <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BCnig_railway_line" title="Brünig railway line">Brünig railway</a>. The lighter GFT type coupler was first used by the Strassenbahn Zürich–Oerlikon–Seebach<sup id="cite_ref-GF_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GF-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was later introduced to almost all tram services in Switzerland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GFV">GFV</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: GFV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The GFV differs significantly from the GFN and GFT. It is typically designed as a fully automatic multi-function coupler that can be disengaged at the push of a button in the cab. The design is more similar to a Scharfenberg coupler. The mechanical connection is made by a hemispherical element protruding from the coupling head, which is inserted and locked into a half-shell-shaped pocket on the opposite coupling head. The two air connections are located one above the other below the mechanical coupling next to the guide horn, and the electrical connections are located above the coupling as with the GFN and GFV types. The type was first introduced 1965 with the so called <a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RABDe_12/12" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RABDe 12/12">Gold Coast Express</a> used as the first mass transit trains in the Greater Zurich area. It is still widely used on <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_S-Bahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich S-Bahn">Zürich S-Bahn</a> equipment and in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Company_of_Belgium" title="National Railway Company of Belgium">SNCB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GF_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GF-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schwab_coupler">Schwab coupler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Schwab coupler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwab_koppeling_type_FK-15-10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Schwab_koppeling_type_FK-15-10.JPG/220px-Schwab_koppeling_type_FK-15-10.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Schwab_koppeling_type_FK-15-10.JPG/330px-Schwab_koppeling_type_FK-15-10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Schwab_koppeling_type_FK-15-10.JPG/440px-Schwab_koppeling_type_FK-15-10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Schwab coupler FK-15-10 on a <a href="/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT" title="Stadler FLIRT">Stadler FLIRT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways" title="Swiss Federal Railways">Swiss Federal Railways</a> (SBB)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Schwab coupler is an automatic coupler manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Schwab_Verkehrstechnik_AG" title="Schwab Verkehrstechnik AG">Schwab Verkehrstechnik AG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, the legal successor to the Railway Coupler Division of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Fischer_(company)" title="Georg Fischer (company)">Georg Fischer</a>. The coupler automatically makes the mechanical, pneumatic and electrical connections. The mechanical locks are located on either side of the pneumatic ports. The electrical connections are located below the pneumatic ports and are protected by a cover when disconnected. Several versions are available for different applications, which can only be coupled to each other and not to other couplings, except the FK-15-10 version which can be coupled to the Scharfenberg coupling type 10. A special feature of the Schwab coupler is the inclined coupler face, which causes the coupler heads to slide past each other during coupling, so that snow and ice are scraped off the coupler faces in winter. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202029_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202029-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Schwab couplers are used primarily in Switzerland in regional rail passenger transport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202026_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202026-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all vehicles fitted with Schwab couplers are manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Stadler_Rail" title="Stadler Rail">Stadler Rail</a>. The best known exception are the <a href="/wiki/SBB_RABDe_500" title="SBB RABDe 500">ICN</a> tilt trains operated by <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways" title="Swiss Federal Railways">Swiss Federal Railways</a> (SBB). </p><p>The following versions exist: </p> <ul><li>standard gauge mainline railroads: <ul><li>FK-15-12, which are used on <a href="/wiki/Stadler_KISS" title="Stadler KISS">Stadler KISS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stadler_GTW" title="Stadler GTW">Stadler GTW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT" title="Stadler FLIRT">Stadler FLIRT</a></li> <li>FK-15-10, which is compatible with the Scharfenberg type 10 coupler</li></ul></li> <li>metros and suburban railways: FK-9-6</li> <li>streetcars and narrow gauge railcars: FK-5.5-4 and FK-3-2.5</li></ul> <p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wabtec" title="Wabtec">Wabtec</a> is working on an <a href="/wiki/Digital_automatic_coupling" title="Digital automatic coupling">Digital automatic coupling</a> (DAC) based the Schwab coupler, a possible replacement of the screw couplers in the European rail freight service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report20205_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report20205-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coupler is able to handle tensile forces up to 1500 kN and compressive forces up to 2000 kN and is therefore one of the strongest couplers ever designed for European railways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202029_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202029-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shibata_coupler">Shibata coupler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Shibata coupler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shibata coupler is a variation of the Scharfenberg coupler which was developed by <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Government_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Government Railways">Japanese Government Railways</a> (JGR) engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamoru_Shibata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamoru Shibata (page does not exist)">Mamoru Shibata</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E7%94%B0%E8%A1%9B" class="extiw" title="ja:柴田衛">ja</a>]</span> in the 1930s for electric trains.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the standard coupler type for all passenger trains in Japan as well as on commuter and subway trains in South Korea. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> (bullet train) rolling stock utilize a variation of the Shibata coupler developed by <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Metal_Industries" title="Sumitomo Metal Industries">Sumitomo Metal Industries</a> in the 1960s which uses rotary tight-lock pins, and which coincidentally bears a closer resemblance to the <a href="/wiki/Scharfenberg_coupler" title="Scharfenberg coupler">Scharfenberg coupler</a> rather than the Shibata coupler.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Shibata couplers</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michaku.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shibata close contact ("Mitchaku") coupler"><img alt="Shibata close contact ("Mitchaku") coupler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Michaku.jpg/280px-Michaku.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Michaku.jpg/420px-Michaku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Michaku.jpg/560px-Michaku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shibata close contact ("Mitchaku") coupler</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E4-Shinkansen-Coupler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shibata rotary coupler on E4 Series Shinkansen"><img alt="Shibata rotary coupler on E4 Series Shinkansen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/E4-Shinkansen-Coupler.jpg/280px-E4-Shinkansen-Coupler.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/E4-Shinkansen-Coupler.jpg/420px-E4-Shinkansen-Coupler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/E4-Shinkansen-Coupler.jpg/560px-E4-Shinkansen-Coupler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shibata rotary coupler on <a href="/wiki/E4_Series_Shinkansen" title="E4 Series Shinkansen">E4 Series Shinkansen</a></div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dual_couplings_and_match_wagons">Dual couplings and match wagons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Dual couplings and match wagons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dual_coupling" title="Dual coupling">Dual coupling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barrier_vehicle" title="Barrier vehicle">barrier vehicle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CouplerAdapterPennStn.agr.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/CouplerAdapterPennStn.agr.JPG/220px-CouplerAdapterPennStn.agr.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/CouplerAdapterPennStn.agr.JPG/330px-CouplerAdapterPennStn.agr.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/CouplerAdapterPennStn.agr.JPG/440px-CouplerAdapterPennStn.agr.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Coupling adapter for use between <a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler" title="Janney coupler">Janney coupler</a> on a locomotive and <a href="/wiki/WABCO_N-Type" class="mw-redirect" title="WABCO N-Type">WABCO N-2 couplers</a> fitted to commuter rail multiple units at New York's <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Station (New York City)">Pennsylvania Station</a>. The adapter is seen from the bottom.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG/220px-Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG/330px-Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG/440px-Early_Janney-type_AAR_coupler.JPG 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Transition era AAR knuckle coupler. The gap in the knuckle accommodates the link of a <a href="#Johnston_coupler">Johnston coupler</a> or a <a href="#Link_and_pin">link and pin coupler</a> and the vertical hole in the knuckle accommodates the pin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sometimes a wagon with one coupling system needs to be coupled to wagons with another coupling type This may be needed when taking <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> rolling stock from its manufacturer to the city where it is to be used. There are two solutions: </p> <ul><li>use a <a href="/wiki/Barrier_vehicle" title="Barrier vehicle">barrier vehicle</a>(s) which has different couplings at either end.</li> <li>use a coupling adaptor.</li> <li>use a <a href="/wiki/Match_wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Match wagon">match wagon</a> which has the same dual coupling at both ends.</li></ul> <p>Only some kinds of couplings coexist on the end of a wagon at the same time, because amongst other reasons they need to be at the same height. For example, in the Australian state of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, engines had the AAR coupler, with buffers, and the chain mounted on a lug cast into the AAR coupler. </p><p>A <b><a href="/wiki/Barrier_vehicle" title="Barrier vehicle">barrier vehicle</a></b> / wagon in Britain and "<a href="/wiki/Barrier_vehicle" title="Barrier vehicle">transition car</a>" in North America) has different kinds of couplings at each end. If a pair of <a href="/wiki/Barrier_vehicle" title="Barrier vehicle">barrier vehicles</a> is used, a rake of wagons using coupling A can be inserted into a train otherwise using coupling B. </p><p>A coupling adaptor or compromise coupler might couple to an AAR coupling on a wagon, and present, for example, a meatchopper coupler or rapid transit coupler to the next wagon. Such an adaptor might weigh 100 kg (220 lb). An adapter piece allows a <a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler" title="Janney coupler">Janney coupler</a> mate with an <a href="/wiki/SA3_coupler" title="SA3 coupler">SA3 coupler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_coupling">Dual coupling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Dual coupling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dual_coupling" title="Dual coupling">Dual coupling</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sets_of_carriages">Sets of carriages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sets of carriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dual_coupling" title="Dual coupling">Dual coupling</a></div> <p>Automatic couplers like the Janney are safer in a collision because they help prevent the carriages telescoping. British Rail therefore decided to adopt a Janney variant for its passenger carriages, with the coupler able to swing out of the way for coupling to engines with the traditional buffer and chain system. </p><p>In New South Wales, sets of carriages were permanently coupled with a <a href="/wiki/Drawbar_(haulage)#Rail" title="Drawbar (haulage)">fixed bar</a>, since the carriages were disconnected only at the workshops. Freight cars are sometimes coupled in pairs or triplets, using bar couplings in between. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Articulated_car" title="Articulated car">Articulated</a> sets of carriages or wagons share the <a href="/wiki/Jacobs_bogie" title="Jacobs bogie">intermediate bogies</a>, and have no need for couplings in the intermediate positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brake_couplings">Brake couplings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Brake couplings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Railway_brake" title="Railway brake">Railway brake</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gladhand_connector" title="Gladhand connector">Couplings</a> are needed for any continuous braking systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronically_controlled_brakes">Electronically controlled brakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Electronically controlled brakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Electronically_controlled_pneumatic_brakes" title="Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes">Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes</a> (ECP) need a method of connecting electrically adjacent wagons, both for power and for command signals, and this can be done by plugs and sockets, or by very short range radio signals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Draw_gear">Draw gear</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Draw gear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A draw gear (also known as a draft gear) is the assembly behind the coupling at each end of the <a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">wagon</a> to take care of the <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physics)" title="Compression (physics)">compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tension_(physics)" title="Tension (physics)">tension</a> <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">forces</a> between the wagons of trains. Early draw gears were made of wood, which was gradually replaced by steel. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler" title="Janney coupler">Janney couplers</a> have the draft gear in a <a href="/wiki/Centersill" class="mw-redirect" title="Centersill">centersill</a> to absorb the pushing and pulling forces (<a href="/wiki/Slack_action" title="Slack action">slack action</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a draw gear behind <a href="/wiki/Tightlock_coupling" title="Tightlock coupling">tightlock couplers</a>, <a href="/wiki/SA3_coupler" title="SA3 coupler">SA3 couplers</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-AKv_coupler" title="C-AKv coupler">C-AKv couplers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scharfenberg_coupler" title="Scharfenberg coupler">Scharfenberg couplers</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Wedglock_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedglock coupling">multi-function couplers</a>. </p><p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/Buffers_and_chain_coupler" title="Buffers and chain coupler">buffers and chain couplers</a>, the draw gear behind the hooks, if any, will absorb the tension, while the <a href="/wiki/Buffer_(rail_transport)" title="Buffer (rail transport)">side buffers</a> will absorb the compression. </p><p>Some couplers may not have a draw gear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Model_railway_couplers">Model railway couplers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Model railway couplers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">Rail transport modelling</a></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Model_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Model railroad">model railroads</a> couplers vary according to scale, and have evolved over many years. Early model trains were coupled using various hook-and-loop arrangements, which were frequently asymmetrical, requiring all cars to be pointing in the same direction. In the larger scales, working scale or near-scale models of Janney couplers were quite common, but proved impractical in HO and smaller scales. </p><p>For many years, the "X2F" or "Horn-Hook" coupler was quite common in <a href="/wiki/HO_scale" title="HO scale">HO scale</a>, as it could be produced as a single piece of moulded plastic. Similarly, for many years, a "lift-hook" coupler known as the <i>Rapido</i> and developed by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_(models)" title="Arnold (models)">Arnold</a>, a German manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/N_scale" title="N scale">N-scale</a> model trains, was commonly used in that scale. </p><p>The chief competitor of both these couplers, more popular among serious modellers, was the Magne-Matic, a magnetically released knuckle coupler developed by Keith and Dale Edwards, and manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Kadee" title="Kadee">Kadee</a>, a company they started. While they closely resemble miniature Janney couplers, they are somewhat different mechanically, with the knuckle pivoting from the center of the coupler head, rather than from the side. A steel pin, designed to resemble an air brake hose, allows the couplers to be released magnetically; the design of the coupler head prevents this from happening unless the train is stopped or reversed with a mated pair of couplers directly over an uncoupling magnet. An earlier, mechanically tripped version of the design had a straight pin extending down from the knuckle itself, which engaged a diamond-shaped mechanical "ramp" between the rails, which had to be raised above rail height when uncoupling was desired. </p><p>Once the Kadee patents ran out, a number of other manufacturers began to manufacture similar (and compatible) magnetic knuckle couplers. </p><p>An exact-scale HO model of the AAR coupler has been designed and manufactured by Frank Sergent.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This design uses a tiny stainless steel ball to lock the knuckle closed. Uncoupling is achieved by holding a magnetic wand over the coupler pair to draw the balls out of the locking pockets. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/O_scale" title="O scale">O scale</a>, an exact-scale working miniature version of the "Alliance" coupler was manufactured from the 1980s by GAGO models in Australia. Since 2002 it has been marketed by the Waratah Model Railway Company.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European modellers tend to use scale hook and chain couplings. </p><p>In British 00 scale (similar to H0 scale) models the 'tension lock' coupler developed by <a href="/wiki/Tri-ang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tri-ang">Tri-ang</a> is standard. This is similar in operation to the meatchopper type of coupling. Remote uncoupling is possible by using a sprung ramp between the rails. The design of the hooks is such that the couplings will not uncouple when under tension (instead depressing the ramp). When the train is pushed over the ramp, it will lift the coupling hooks as the train passes over. By halting the train over the ramp, it is split at this point. While it works well, it is often seen as ugly and obtrusive<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (although smaller designs are available, these are not always fully compatible with other models) and many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> British modellers prefer to retrofit either Kadee types or working hook and chain couplings. </p><p>A recent development is an interchangeable coupling which plugs into a standardised socket, known as <a href="/wiki/Normen_Europ%C3%A4ischer_Modellbahnen" title="Normen Europäischer Modellbahnen">NEM 362</a> and which can be easily unplugged as required. This allows the modeller to easily standardise on whatever coupling is desired, without individual manufacturers needing to change their coupling type. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/7_mm_scale" title="7 mm scale">7 mm scale</a>, scale working <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_coupling" title="Norwegian coupling">Norwegian couplings</a> are now being manufactured by Zamzoodled<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the UK. </p><p>A comparison of coupler types was published in "An introduction to Couplers".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wooden_and_plastic_trains">Wooden and plastic trains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Wooden and plastic trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toy trains have a wide variety of incompatible couplers. for example, most wooden train companies like <a href="/wiki/Brio_(company)" title="Brio (company)">Brio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wooden_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Wooden Railway">Thomas Wooden Railway,</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whittle_Shortline" class="mw-redirect" title="Whittle Shortline">Whittle Shortline</a> use standard magnets for connecting different <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">trains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">freight cars</a> to each other. Other forms of connection feature white plastic hook and loop couplers, mainly used by the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Toy_train" title="Toy train">Toy Train</a> Company, <a href="/wiki/Plarail" title="Plarail">Plarail</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accidents">Accidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Accidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different kinds of coupling have different accident rates. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Murulla_rail_accident" title="Murulla rail accident">Murulla rail accident</a> of 1926 involved the breakage of a "drawhook" leading to a downhill runaway and then a collision. Drawhooks imply "<a href="/wiki/Buffers_and_chain_coupler" title="Buffers and chain coupler">buffers and chain couplers</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Oak_rail_accident" title="Round Oak rail accident">Round Oak rail accident</a> – 1858 – coupling broke and the rear of train rolled back.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye_Steel_Castings" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckeye Steel Castings">Buckeye Steel Castings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawbar_(haulage)#Rail" title="Drawbar (haulage)">Drawbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangway_connection" title="Gangway connection">Gangway connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_connectors_and_fasteners" title="Gender of connectors and fasteners">Gender of connectors and fasteners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_World_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's World Railways">Jane's World Railways</a>, lists the couplers used on every railway system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling_by_country" title="Railway coupling by country">Railway coupling by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling_conversion" title="Railway coupling conversion">Railway coupling conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_action" title="Slack action">Slack action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-point_hitch" title="Three-point hitch">Three-point hitch</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A train with continuous brakes on all wagons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the early 1920s, JGR's EMUs were using Janney couplers.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dellner+Couplers+-+Automatic+and+Semi-Permanent+Couplers&rft.pub=Railway+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway-technology.com%2Fcontractors%2Fbrakes%2Fdellner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lul-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lul_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lul_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trainweb.org/tubeprune/coupling.htm">"Coupling, Handing and UNDMs"</a>. <i>Tubeprune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tubeprune&rft.atitle=Coupling%2C+Handing+and+UNDMs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trainweb.org%2Ftubeprune%2Fcoupling.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.william-cook.co.uk/gb/product/coupler-systems-for-trains-and-metros">"Coupler systems for trains and metros"</a>. William Cook.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coupler+systems+for+trains+and+metros&rft.pub=William+Cook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.william-cook.co.uk%2Fgb%2Fproduct%2Fcoupler-systems-for-trains-and-metros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voith.com/corp-en/news-room/press-releases-44494.html">"Voith at Railtex 2013 More Sustainable Vehicle Components for Rail Transport"</a>. Voith.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voith+at+Railtex+2013+More+Sustainable+Vehicle+Components+for+Rail+Transport&rft.pub=Voith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoith.com%2Fcorp-en%2Fnews-room%2Fpress-releases-44494.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trainweb.org/districtdave/html/coupling___uncoupling.html">"Coupling & uncoupling"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coupling+%26+uncoupling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trainweb.org%2Fdistrictdave%2Fhtml%2Fcoupling___uncoupling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GF-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GF_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GF_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GF_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadörin" class="citation web cs1">Madörin, Dominik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wp.tram-bus-basel.ch/glossary/gf-kupplung/">"+GF+-Kupplung"</a>. <i>tram-bus-basel.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tram-bus-basel.ch&rft.atitle=%2BGF%2B-Kupplung&rft.aulast=Mad%C3%B6rin&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwp.tram-bus-basel.ch%2Fglossary%2Fgf-kupplung%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202029-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202029_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202029_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDAC_Report2020">DAC Report 2020</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202026-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDAC_Report202026_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDAC_Report2020">DAC Report 2020</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumidacrossing.org/Prototype/Couplers/">"Prototype Couplers"</a>. <i>Sumida Crossing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sumida+Crossing&rft.atitle=Prototype+Couplers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sumidacrossing.org%2FPrototype%2FCouplers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4102459">Adapter piece</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLxBarc0hWw"><i>How Does a Draft Gear Absorb Railcar Energy?</i></a>. <i>YouTube</i>. 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Does+a+Draft+Gear+Absorb+Railcar+Energy%3F&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DxLxBarc0hWw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead YouTube link tagged February 2022">dead YouTube link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020930023353/http://www.sergentengineering.com/">"Sergent Engineering Home Page"</a>. <i>Sergentengineering.com</i>. Archived from the original on September 30, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sergentengineering.com&rft.atitle=Sergent+Engineering+Home+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sergentengineering.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517005613/http://waratahmrc.com.au/">"ModelOKits – Product Information and Online Store"</a>. <i>Waratahmrc.com.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waratahmrc.com.au/">the original</a> on 2014-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Waratahmrc.com.au&rft.atitle=ModelOKits+%E2%80%93+Product+Information+and+Online+Store&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwaratahmrc.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328110523/http://www.zamzoodled.co.uk/">"Zamzoodled home page"</a>. <i>Zamzoodled.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zamzoodled.co.uk/">the original</a> on 2016-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zamzoodled.co.uk&rft.atitle=Zamzoodled+home+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zamzoodled.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Model Railways in Australia</i>, issue 3, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16315199">"MURULLA ACCIDENT"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. National Library of Australia. 23 October 1926. p. 16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=MURULLA+ACCIDENT.&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1926-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article16315199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enkol.pl/Archiwum:Wytyczne_obs%C5%82ugi_sprz%C4%99gu_UIC_OS%C5%BBD_(1979)"><i>Tymczasowe wytyczne obsługi sprzęgu samoczynnego typu UIC/OSŻD, radzieckiego – typu SA3 oraz sprzęgu mieszanego</i></a> [<i>Interim guidelines for operation of automatic coupler type UIC/OSJD, Soviet—SA3 and adapter</i>] (in Polish). Warsaw: Ministerstwo Komunikacji. 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tymczasowe+wytyczne+obs%C5%82ugi+sprz%C4%99gu+samoczynnego+typu+UIC%2FOS%C5%BBD%2C+radzieckiego+%E2%80%93+typu+SA3+oraz+sprz%C4%99gu+mieszanego&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Ministerstwo+Komunikacji&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenkol.pl%2FArchiwum%3AWytyczne_obs%25C5%2582ugi_sprz%25C4%2599gu_UIC_OS%25C5%25BBD_%281979%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFState_of_the_Art_on_Automatic_Couplers2017" class="citation techreport cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.shift2rail.org/download.aspx?id=f0bf85c0-81ab-4f82-9938-e89cde700eb7"><i>Development of Functional Requirements for Sustainable and Attractive European Rail Freight: D5.1 – State of the Art on Automatic Couplers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report). Shift2Rail. 3 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Development+of+Functional+Requirements+for+Sustainable+and+Attractive+European+Rail+Freight%3A+D5.1+%E2%80%93+State+of+the+Art+on+Automatic+Couplers&rft.pub=Shift2Rail&rft.date=2017-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.shift2rail.org%2Fdownload.aspx%3Fid%3Df0bf85c0-81ab-4f82-9938-e89cde700eb7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDAC_Report2020" class="citation techreport cs1">Prof. Dr. Markus Hecht, Markus; Mirko Leiste, M.Sc.; Saskia Discher, B.Sc., eds. (29 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Anlage/E/technical-report-dac-technology.pdf?__blob=publicationFile"><i>Development of a concept for the EU-wide migration to a digital automatic coupling system (DAC) for rail freight transportation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report). Berlin: Technische Universität Berlin for the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Development+of+a+concept+for+the+EU-wide+migration+to+a+digital+automatic+coupling+system+%28DAC%29+for+rail+freight+transportation&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Technische+Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin+for+the+Federal+Ministry+of+Transport+and+Digital+Infrastructure+%28BMVI%29&rft.date=2020-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmvi.de%2FSharedDocs%2FDE%2FAnlage%2FE%2Ftechnical-report-dac-technology.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/95-6.ZO.html">Norfolk & Western Railway Co. v. Hiles (95-6), 516 U.S. 400 (1996)</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> decision by Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bljannycoupler.htm">Eli Janney — The Janney Coupler</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20081106171853/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bljannycoupler.htm">Archived</a> 2008-11-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives (based on above case)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railway-technology.com/contractors/brakes/dellner/">Dellner Couplers AB — Automatic and Semi-Permanent Couplers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/vancouver/">Vancouver SkyTrain Light Rail Network, Canada</a> (these two for Dellner data)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205185702/http://jwr.janes.com/public/jwr/index.shtml">JANE'S WORLD RAILWAYS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926185507/http://www.wsr.org.uk/couplings.htm">How couplings work</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_H._White_Jr." title="John H. White Jr.">White, John H.</a> (1985) [1978]. <i>The American Railroad Passenger Car</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2743-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2743-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-2743-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Railroad+Passenger+Car&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-2743-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARailway+coupling" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_coupling&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTomlinson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Tomlinson, G. W. (1991). "Electrical Systems via Couplers". <i>Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit</i>. <b>205</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1243%2FPIME_PROC_1991_205_217_02">10.1243/PIME_PROC_1991_205_217_02</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111315979">111315979</a>.</cite><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coupling_systems_of_rail_vehicles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coupling systems of rail vehicles">Coupling systems of rail vehicles</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFAxel_SchelleKuno_Nell1978"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4102459">US patent 4102459</a>, Axel Schelle & Kuno Nell, "Adaptor device for coupling railway vehicles having different types of couplers", published 1978-07-25</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4102459&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Adaptor+device+for+coupling+railway+vehicles+having+different+types+of+couplers&rft.inventor=Axel+Schelle&rft.pubdate=1978-07-25"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>, Adapter between <a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler" title="Janney coupler">Janney coupler</a> and <a href="/wiki/SA3_coupler" title="SA3 coupler">SA3 coupler</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Railway_coupling44" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_coupling" title="Template:Railway coupling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Railway_coupling" title="Template talk:Railway coupling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Railway_coupling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Railway coupling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Railway_coupling44" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Railway coupling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling_by_country" title="Railway coupling by country">Railway coupling by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling_conversion" title="Railway coupling conversion">Railway coupling conversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffers_and_chain_coupler" title="Buffers and chain coupler">Buffers and chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler" title="Janney coupler">Janney / AAR coupler</a> <ul><li>Type F & H : <a href="/wiki/Tightlock_coupling" title="Tightlock coupling">Tightlock coupling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SA3_coupler" title="SA3 coupler">SA3 coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-AKv_coupler" title="C-AKv coupler">C-AKv coupler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Unicoupler/Intermat">Unicoupler/Intermat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scharfenberg_coupler" title="Scharfenberg coupler">Scharfenberg coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_coupling" title="Norwegian coupling">Norwegian coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_coupling" title="Dual coupling">Dual coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawbar_(haulage)#Rail" title="Drawbar (haulage)">Drawbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft gear">Draft gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Couplers" title="Category:Couplers">Couplers</a></li></ul> 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