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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">囥起來</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-《世界人權宣言》" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#《世界人權宣言》"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>《世界人權宣言》</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-《世界人權宣言》-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约》" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约》"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约》</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约》-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-價值依據" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#價值依據"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>價值依據</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-價值依據-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关價值依據子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-價值依據-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-普世性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#普世性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>普世性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-普世性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-批評" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#批評"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>批評</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-批評-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主要内容" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要内容"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>主要内容</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-主要内容-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关主要内容子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-主要内容-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-基本内容" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本内容"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>基本内容</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基本内容-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-进阶内容" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#进阶内容"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>进阶内容</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-进阶内容-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-立法个内容" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#立法个内容"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>立法个内容</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-立法个内容-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-評判標准" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#評判標准"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>評判標准</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-評判標准-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关評判標准子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-評判標准-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-争议焦點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#争议焦點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>争议焦點</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-争议焦點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-爭議事件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#爭議事件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>爭議事件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-爭議事件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">人權</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。164种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164種閒話</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menseregte" title="Menseregte – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Menseregte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menschenrechte" title="Menschenrechte – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Menschenrechte" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreitos_humans" title="Dreitos humans – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dreitos humans" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मानवाधिकार – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मानवाधिकार" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حقوق الإنسان – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقوق الإنسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%99%DC%95%DC%A9%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%A2%DC%AB%DC%90" title="ܙܕܩܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܙܕܩܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85" title="حقوق بنادم – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حقوق بنادم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حقوق انسان – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حقوق انسان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_humanos" title="Derechos humanos – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Derechos humanos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_h%C3%BCquqlar%C4%B1" title="İnsan hüquqları – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsan hüquqları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اینسان حاقلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینسان حاقلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured articles"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%BE%D2%A1%D1%83%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кеше хоҡуҡтары – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кеше хоҡуҡтары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia" title="Hak asasi manusia – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hak asasi manusia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDmuogaus_teis%C4%97s" title="Žmuogaus teisės – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žmuogaus teisės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Правы чалавека – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Правы чалавека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Правы чалавека – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Правы чалавека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Права на човека – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Права на човека" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia" title="Hak asasi manusia – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hak asasi manusia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%EA%A9%BB" title="လိုꩻအခွင်ꩻရေꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="လိုꩻအခွင်ꩻရေꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মানবাধিকার – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানবাধিকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwirio%C3%B9_mab-den" title="Gwirioù mab-den – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwirioù mab-den" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudska_prava" title="Ljudska prava – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ljudska prava" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_Asasi_Jolma" title="Hak Asasi Jolma – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Hak Asasi Jolma" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8D" title="Хүнэй эрхэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүнэй эрхэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drets_humans" title="Drets humans – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Drets humans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cng-gu%C3%B2ng" title="Ìng-guòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ìng-guòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Адаман бакъонаш – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Адаман бакъонаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhanong_katungod" title="Tawhanong katungod – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tawhanong katungod" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A4" title="مافەکانی مرۆڤ – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مافەکانی مرۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidsk%C3%A1_pr%C3%A1va" title="Lidská práva – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lidská práva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawliau_dynol" title="Hawliau dynol – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hawliau dynol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneskerettighederne" title="Menneskerettighederne – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Menneskerettighederne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Human rights" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menschenrechte" title="Menschenrechte – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Menschenrechte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heq%C3%AA_merduman" title="Heqê merduman – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Heqê merduman" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_asasi_koulunan" title="Hak asasi koulunan – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Hak asasi koulunan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मानव अधिकार – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मानव अधिकार" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Human rights" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homaj_rajtoj" title="Homaj rajtoj – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homaj rajtoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_humanos" title="Derechos humanos – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derechos humanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inim%C3%B5igused" title="Inimõigused – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inimõigused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_eskubideak" title="Giza eskubideak – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giza eskubideak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechus_Umanus" title="Derechus Umanus – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Derechus Umanus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="حقوق بشر – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حقوق بشر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihmisoikeudet" title="Ihmisoikeudet – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihmisoikeudet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inemise%C3%B5igus%C3%B5q" title="Inemiseõigusõq – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Inemiseõigusõq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannar%C3%A6ttindi" title="Mannarættindi – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mannarættindi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_de_l%27homme" title="Droits de l'homme – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droits de l'homme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minskerjochten" title="Minskerjochten – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Minskerjochten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cearta_daonna" title="Cearta daonna – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cearta daonna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2raichean_daonna" title="Còraichean daonna – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Còraichean daonna" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereitos_humanos" title="Dereitos humanos – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dereitos humanos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyp%C3%B3ra_tekoiterape" title="Yvypóra tekoiterape – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvypóra tekoiterape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in_%C9%97an%27adam" title="Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaka_pono" title="Kanaka pono – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kanaka pono" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D" title="זכויות האדם – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זכויות האדם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मानवाधिकार – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानवाधिकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insaan_ke_adhikaar" title="Insaan ke adhikaar – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Insaan ke adhikaar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudska_prava" title="Ljudska prava – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ljudska prava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwa_moun" title="Dwa moun – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dwa moun" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emberi_jogok" title="Emberi jogok – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emberi jogok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մարդու իրավունքներ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդու իրավունքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derectos_human" title="Derectos human – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Derectos human" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured articles"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia" title="Hak asasi manusia – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak asasi manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikike_mmad%E1%BB%A5" title="Ikike mmadụ – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ikike mmadụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uum_pi%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7ani%C5%8Bat" title="Iñuum piḷḷaniŋat – 伊努皮克语" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Iñuum piḷḷaniŋat" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="伊努皮克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagiti_karbengan_ti_tao" title="Dagiti karbengan ti tao – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dagiti karbengan ti tao" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homala_yuri" title="Homala yuri – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Homala yuri" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannr%C3%A9ttindi" title="Mannréttindi – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mannréttindi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritti_umani" title="Diritti umani – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritti umani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A9" title="人権 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/remna_selcru" title="remna selcru – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="remna selcru" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_manungsa" title="Hak manungsa – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hak manungsa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ადამიანის უფლებები – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადამიანის უფლებები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izerfan_n_wemdan" title="Izerfan n wemdan – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Izerfan n wemdan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90y%CA%8A_wa%C9%96%C9%9B" title="Ɛyʊ waɖɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛyʊ waɖɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Адам құқықтары – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Адам құқықтары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F" title="សិទ្ធិមនុស្ស – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សិទ្ធិមនុស្ស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮಾನವ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳು – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾನವ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B6%8C" title="인권 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Адамны эркинликлери – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Адамны эркинликлери" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B2%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%97%D9%82" title="اِنسٲنی حقوٗق – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنسٲنی حقوٗق" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maf%C3%AAn_mirovan" title="Mafên mirovan – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mafên mirovan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Адам укуктары – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Адам укуктары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iura_humana" title="Iura humana – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iura humana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diretos_umana" title="Diretos umana – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Diretos umana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirit_uman" title="Dirit uman – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dirit uman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDmogaus_teis%C4%97s" title="Žmogaus teisės – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žmogaus teisės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilv%C4%93kties%C4%ABbas" title="Cilvēktiesības – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cilvēktiesības" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मानवाधिकार – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मानवाधिकार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zon%27_olombelona" title="Zon' olombelona – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zon' olombelona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Човекови права – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Човекови права" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="മനുഷ്യാവകാശം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനുഷ്യാവകാശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85" title="Хүний эрх – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүний эрх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मानवी हक्क – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मानवी हक्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D3%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93%D0%B6%D3%B9" title="Эдемӹн прававлӓжӹ – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Эдемӹн прававлӓжӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia" title="Hak asasi manusia – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hak asasi manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B7%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="လူ့အခွင့်အရေး – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူ့အခွင့်အရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ломанень прават – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ломанень прават" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minschenrechten" title="Minschenrechten – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Minschenrechten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menskenrechten" title="Menskenrechten – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Menskenrechten" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मानव अधिकार – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मानव अधिकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मनु अधिकार – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मनु अधिकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechten_van_de_mens" title="Rechten van de mens – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rechten van de mens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneskerettar" title="Menneskerettar – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Menneskerettar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneskerettigheter" title="Menneskerettigheter – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Menneskerettigheter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%90%DF%B0%DF%A6%DF%8A_%DF%96%DF%8F_%DF%9F%DF%8E%DF%AC" title="ߡߐ߰ߦߊ ߖߏ ߟߎ߬ – 西非书面文字" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߐ߰ߦߊ ߖߏ ߟߎ߬" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="西非书面文字" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalungelo_Wobuntu" title="Amalungelo Wobuntu – 南恩德贝勒语" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Amalungelo Wobuntu" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="南恩德贝勒语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiNdebele seSewula</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreches_de_l%27%C3%92me" title="Dreches de l'Òme – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dreches de l'Òme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirgoota_Dhala_Namaa" title="Mirgoota Dhala Namaa – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Mirgoota Dhala Namaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%B9" title="ମାନବାଧିକାରସମୂହ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାନବାଧିକାରସମୂହ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95" title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਹੱਕ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਹੱਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katul%C3%ADrang_pant%C3%A1u" title="Katulírang pantáu – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Katulírang pantáu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechonan_humano" title="Derechonan humano – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Derechonan humano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dro%C3%A9ts_d%27echl%27Onme" title="Droéts d'echl'Onme – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Droéts d'echl'Onme" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawa_cz%C5%82owieka" title="Prawa człowieka – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prawa człowieka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drit_%C3%ABd_l%27%C3%92m" title="Drit ëd l'Òm – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Drit ëd l'Òm" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82" title="انسانی حق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انسانی حق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AF%DA%93%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82" title="وگړنيز حقوق – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وگړنيز حقوق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direitos_humanos" title="Direitos humanos – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direitos humanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runa_hay%C3%B1i" title="Runa hayñi – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Runa hayñi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dretgs_umans" title="Dretgs umans – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Dretgs umans" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepturile_omului" title="Drepturile omului – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drepturile omului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Права человека – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Права человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Людьскы права – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Людьскы права" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D2%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Киһи бырааба – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киһи бырааба" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deretos_umanos" title="Deretos umanos – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Deretos umanos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dritti_umani" title="Dritti umani – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dritti umani" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_richts" title="Human richts – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Human richts" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82" title="انساني حق – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انساني حق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmmo%C5%A1vuoigatvuo%C4%91at" title="Olmmošvuoigatvuođat – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Olmmošvuoigatvuođat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudska_prava" title="Ljudska prava – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ljudska prava" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මානව අයිතිවාසිකම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Human rights" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDudsk%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1va" title="Ľudské práva – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľudské práva" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clovekove_pravice" title="Človekove pravice – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Človekove pravice" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuquuqda_dadka" title="Xuquuqda dadka – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xuquuqda dadka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AB_drejtat_e_njeriut" title="Të drejtat e njeriut – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Të drejtat e njeriut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%89%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Људска права – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Људска права" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusa" title="Hak asasi manusa – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hak asasi manusa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nskliga_r%C3%A4ttigheter" title="Mänskliga rättigheter – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mänskliga rättigheter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haki_za_binadamu" title="Haki za binadamu – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Haki za binadamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="மனித உரிமை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனித உரிமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మానవ హక్కులు – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మానవ హక్కులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D2%9B%D1%83%D2%9B%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ҳуқуқҳои инсон – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуқуқҳои инсон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="สิทธิมนุษยชน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิทธิมนุษยชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karapatang_pantao" title="Karapatang pantao – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karapatang pantao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_haklar%C4%B1" title="İnsan hakları – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan hakları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кеше хокуклары – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кеше хокуклары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Права людини – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Права людини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82" title="انسانی حقوق – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انسانی حقوق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inson_huquqlari" title="Inson huquqlari – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Inson huquqlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A2n_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Nhân quyền – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhân quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abondroets_des_djins" title="Abondroets des djins – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Abondroets des djins" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katungod_pantawo" title="Katungod pantawo – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katungod pantawo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ადამიერიშ ნებეფი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ადამიერიშ ნებეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%98" title="מענטשן רעכט – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מענטשן רעכט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%E1%BA%B9%CC%80t%E1%BB%8D%CC%81_%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%8Dn%C3%ACy%C3%A0n" title="Àwọn ẹ̀tọ́ ọmọnìyàn – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn ẹ̀tọ́ ọmọnìyàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83" title="人权 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人权" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="人權 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&printable=yes" title="箇页个打印版[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印版</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 别个项目里向 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_rights" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8458" title="链接到有关数据存储库项[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">囥起來</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自维基百科，自由个百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="wuu" dir="ltr"><p><b>人權</b>（<b>基本人權</b>、<b>自然權利</b>及<b>人类基本权利</b>）是指“個人或羣體因作爲<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人類</a>，而應享有个權利”<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>人權个交關價值以強化人个能動性並以普世（或曰普適）原則要求所有人應享有此天赋權利。人权要求“擔人当人”，是人个哲学。人权包括生命权、自由权、财产权、尊严权及追求幸福个权利。人权是最核心个自然权利，嘸沒人权，就嘸沒自由、平等、民主、宪政搭博爱。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">聯合國</a>通過个世界人權宣言確立了維護搭保障人權是普世基本道義原則。<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="社會">社會</a>是否保障人權个常成爲<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="宪法">憲法</a>、國際法及國際社會評判个重要規範性價值標准。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在保護人權个法律實踐丄，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="宪法">憲法</a>及國際法个界定也存在政治及學術爭議。<sup id="cite_ref-马呈元2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-马呈元2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-李鴻禧1985_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-李鴻禧1985-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-憲政體制與人權保障_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-憲政體制與人權保障-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg/250px-Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg/375px-Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg/500px-Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>世界上頂古老个人權宣言，居魯士文書。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/259px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/390px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/519px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3657" data-file-height="4636" /></a><figcaption>1789年8月26日通过个<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>《人權與公民權宣言》</figcaption></figure> <p>在古代社會，普世人權个概念還朆成熟，一個人衹會因爲佢身爲團體中个一份子而擁有權利<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。公元前6世紀个居魯士文書，當中居魯士大帝宣佈釋放脫所有巴比倫之囚中畀擄个<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="犹太人">猶太人</a>，使其可以重歸家園，此革命性之舉動是爲人類史上个第一部人權宣言。有關個人權利个思想，老快便傳播到美索弗達米亞鄰近个<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希臘</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">羅馬</a>。 </p> <ul><li>《大憲章》（英國，1215年）：國王自始受到法律个約束，貴族个權利得到保障。</li> <li>《權利請願書》（英國，1628年）：人民个權利及自由從此畀制定。</li> <li>《美國獨立宣言》（美國，1776年）：獨立宣言聲明了對於每個人對於生命、自由與追求幸福个權利。</li> <li>《人权搭公民权宣言》（法國，1789年）：自此以後，法律面前，公民一律平等。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="《世界人權宣言》"><span id=".E3.80.8A.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E4.BA.BA.E6.AC.8A.E5.AE.A3.E8.A8.80.E3.80.8B"></span>《世界人權宣言》</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：《世界人權宣言》"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_Human_Rights_Declaration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_Human_Rights_Declaration.jpg/250px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_Human_Rights_Declaration.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_Human_Rights_Declaration.jpg/375px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_Human_Rights_Declaration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_Human_Rights_Declaration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>羅斯褔夫人手持个《世界人权宣言》</figcaption></figure> <p>《世界人权宣言》由1948年12月10日第三届联合国大会通过，列出了三十條每個人儕應該享有个人權，是国际社会第一趟就人权作出个世界性宣言，对於指导搭促进全人类个人权事业发挥了极其重要个作用。1950年，联合国大会擔每年个12月10日定为“世界人权日”。《世界人权宣言》通过後20周年即1968年，也畀联合国定为“国际人权年”。 </p><p>《世界人权宣言》提出，“人人生而自由，在尊严搭权利上一律平等；人人儕有资格享受本《宣言》所载个一切权利搭自由，弗论其种族、肤色、性别、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">语言</a>、财产、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份等任何区别。”昰些权利搭自由可分为公民权利搭政治权利以及经济、社会搭文化权利两大类。其中，公民权利搭政治权利包括：生命权、人身权、弗受奴役搭酷刑权、人格权、法律面前人人平等权、无罪推定权、财产所有权、婚姻家庭权、思想良心搭宗教自由权、参政权搭选举权咾啥；经济、社会搭文化权利包括：工作权、同工同酬权、休息搭定期带薪休假权、组织搭参加工会权、受教育权、社会保障搭享受适当生活水准权、参加文化生活权咾啥。《世界人权宣言》同时规定，“人人对社会负有义务，因为衹有在社会中佢个個性纔可能得到自由搭仔充分个发展”。個人在享受权利个辰光，衹受法律所确定个限制。 </p><p>虽然存在着对《世界人权宣言》个代表性搭时代局限性个质疑，但其作为人类有史以来个一趟人权共同宣言，畀广泛认为是国际人权事业个总章程，以下个《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》搭《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约》是佢个两個重要补充搭仔细化。更加重要个嚜，昰两個公约擔《世界人权宣言》法律化，并构成了《国际人权宪章》，标志著全人类个人权事业进入了有法可依个新阶段。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》"><span id=".E3.80.8A.E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E.E3.80.81.E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E3.80.81.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E6.9D.83.E5.88.A9.E5.9B.BD.E9.99.85.E5.85.AC.E7.BA.A6.E3.80.8B"></span>《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约》於1966年12月16日第二十一届联合国大会该通过，并交由各成员国批准。該公约於1976年1月3日生效。《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约》是第一隻明确了经济、社会、文化权利个有法律约束力个国际条约，并第一次趟援引《世界人权宣言》，强调了经济、社会、文化权利与公民、政治权利个同等重要性搭弗可分割性，确立了民族自决个权利。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约》"><span id=".E3.80.8A.E5.85.AC.E6.B0.91.E6.9D.83.E5.88.A9.E6.90.AD.E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E6.9D.83.E5.88.A9.E5.9B.BD.E9.99.85.E5.85.AC.E7.BA.A6.E3.80.8B"></span>《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约》</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约》"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约》垃1966年12月16日第二十一届联合国大会通过，并交由各成员国批准。《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约》规定了公民個人所应享有个权利搭基本自由。主要包括：生命、自由搭人身安全个权利，弗得使为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6" title="奴隶制">奴隶</a>搭免於奴役个自由，免受酷刑个自由，法律人格权，司法补救权，弗受任意逮捕、拘役或放逐个自由，公正搭公开审讯权，无罪推定权，私生活、家庭、住房或通信弗受任意干涉个自由，迁徙自由，享有国籍个权利，婚姻家庭权，对天然财富搭资源个自由处置权，思想、良心搭宗教个自由，享有主张搭发表意见个自由，结社搭集会个自由，参政权。《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约》同时也明确了部分权利个有条件性或者绝对性。比方講，第四条允许缔约国在国家生存受到威胁并且正式宣布社会紧急状态个情况下頭，减少原本应承担个义务，但减少个程度必须是客观需要前提下个最低限度，而且弗得包括纯粹基於种族、肤色、性别、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">语言</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>或社会出身个理由个歧视。而生命权，人格权等在任何情况下儕弗得进行任何形式个限制。第二十八条规定，设立人权事务委员会，负责监督公约个实施。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="價值依據"><span id=".E5.83.B9.E5.80.BC.E4.BE.9D.E6.93.9A"></span>價值依據</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：價值依據"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buchenwald_corpse_trailer_ww2-181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Buchenwald_corpse_trailer_ww2-181.jpg/250px-Buchenwald_corpse_trailer_ww2-181.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Buchenwald_corpse_trailer_ww2-181.jpg/375px-Buchenwald_corpse_trailer_ww2-181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Buchenwald_corpse_trailer_ww2-181.jpg/500px-Buchenwald_corpse_trailer_ww2-181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>納粹“合法”个暴行</figcaption></figure> <p>在當今主流社會个憲政體制中，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="宪法">憲法</a>一般儕擔人權明細化搭法制化。但是<b>人權</b>作爲“人因其爲人而應享有个權利”，并弗是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="宪法">憲法</a>賦予个，憲法个作用僅僅是保障搭實現人權个一種手段。在歷史丄，也曾有用實證法否定人權个先例，譬如法西斯政權爲其種族滅絶提供合法个途徑。 </p><p>馬裏旦話歇：“人權个哲學基礎是自然法”。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>根據自然法个倫理學說，在某種意義丄，支配人類行爲个道德規範，起源於人類个自然本性或和諧个宇宙真理；而依照自然法个法學理論，法律準則个權威，至少部分來自針對伊排準則所具道德優勢个思量。 </p><p>西塞羅有曾話歇：“事質丄有一種真正个法律—即正確个理性—與自然相適應，佢適用於所有个人并且是永恒弗變个。……人類用立法來抵消佢个做法是弗正當个，限制佢个作用是任何時候都弗允許个，而要消滅佢咾是更加弗可能个……佢弗會在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">羅馬</a>立一項規則，而在雅典立另一項規則，也弗會今朝立一種，明朝立一種。有些會得是一種永恒弗變个法律，任何辰光任何民族儕必須遵守个法律。”<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="普世性"><span id=".E6.99.AE.E4.B8.96.E6.80.A7"></span>普世性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：普世性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人權个普世性在政治学搭法学个思考主要集中在<b>更高法律規則</b>（英语：<span class="lang-en" lang="en"><b>rule according to a higher law</b></span>）及其衍生开个一些其他概念。更高法律規則意为衹有当公平、道德搭公正昰排更高原则获得满足後，法律纔可以畀执行。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在法律实践丄，更高法律規則是通过<b>法治</b>（英语：<span class="lang-en" lang="en"><b>rule of law</b></span>）搭<b>法治国</b>（德語：<b>Rechtsstaat</b>）个概念体现出来。法治可分为狭义法治搭实质法治；狭义个（英语：<span class="lang-en" lang="en">formal</span>）法治认为法治本身并弗提供“公正”，但为人们提供一個寻求公正个法律框架搭程序；实质个（英语：<span class="lang-en" lang="en">substantive</span>）法治扩展了狭义个概念，包括某些与此相关个包括自由、人权搭民主在内个個人實質性權利。实质法治个昰個扩展则在法理上承认天賦人權，也为宪政国家个宪法最终包括了人权法案建立了法理依据。尽管在学术界狭义法治比实质法治获得更广泛个认可，但在各国个法律实践丄，宪政国家个宪法普遍包括了人权法案，因而实质法治得到事实上个广泛个确认。人权正是通过憲政搭法治畀认为是普世價值。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="批評"><span id=".E6.89.B9.E8.A9.95"></span>批評</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：批評"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>後殖民主義理論家對於人權概念个主要批評是，主張人權是一種文化个<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="帝國主義">帝國主義</a>。尤其人權个概念在根本上是源自於<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自由主义">自由主義</a>个觀點，雖然昰種概念在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7" title="西欧">西歐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="北美洲">北美洲</a>畀普遍接受，但在其他國家可能弗畀接受。批評者質疑伊排提倡人權个思想家譬如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="约翰·罗克">约翰·洛克</a>、密爾都是來自西方國家，同時昰些西方國家自身也儕做出帝國主義行徑。昰種論點還舉出<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>來證明文化个霸權主義。然而，一些人也對文化霸權个批評論點提出反對。如：人權概念本身也有部分起源於其他个文明搭宗教。人權在實踐上也會與帝國主義个行徑產生衝突，譬如人權也能畀轉換作爲民族自決个理論。 </p><p>另一種批評則認爲人權所主張个權利是具有階層性个，因爲各種弗同權利之間个關係會互相影響。舉例而言，要保障擔任公職等政治權利弗能弗先確立一定个文化搭社會條件，譬如適當个教育。而後者是否應該畀包括作爲第一種基本个權利嚜，仍是爭論个議題所在。 </p><p>還有一種則批評人權概念是根基於自行訂立个道德觀上。假使昰種道德觀衹是個人依據自家喜好而表達个要求，葛末人權就弗是客觀个道德原則。美國哲學家Richard Rorty便認爲人權衹是根基於人類感情个表達上，而非一種理性个實現（不過，根基於利益理論个基礎，佢仍然支持法律上个人權）。Alasdair MacIntyre：人權其實與古代人類對於「獨角獸搭女巫个信仰相同」<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。昰種批評與道德相對主義相近，佢宣稱道德是個人喜好、嘸沒客觀標準可衡量道德基準。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克思主義">馬克思主義</a>嚜反對西方人權觀中“絶對个”“先驗个”等唯心觀點，認爲人權弗是從來就是“天賦”个（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1" title="孙中山">孫中山</a>持類似觀點），而是生產力發展到一定階段个產物。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="卡爾·馬克思">馬克思</a>認爲西方文明中个“人權”是帶有階級烙印个“特權”。“衹要階級還嘸沒消滅，任何關於自由和平等个籠統議論儕是欺騙自家，或者是欺騙工人，欺騙全體受資本剥削个勞動者，無論如然講，儕是在維護<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="資產階級">資產階級</a>个利益。”<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>馬克思主義主張个“人權”，是建立在生產資料公有制上个“人權”，因爲衹有消滅脫生産資料个私有制纔有可能實現任何人之間真正平等，以及“人个解放”。北京日报於1979年3月22日发表《人权弗是无产阶级个口号》一文公开批评人权是资产阶级个概念，然而昰篇文章否定脫人权是<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="无产阶级">无产阶级</a>应当争取个东西，其实扭曲了<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克思主義">马克思主义</a>。 </p><p>對於人權个壓末一種批評則聚焦於「誰纔有責任監督人權」个問題丄。人權个概念起源於避免公民遭到國家侵害，也因此可能代表所有人儕有責任介入並保護受到侵害个其他人。因此在民族搭國籍个區隔丄，由於伊個強調了人們个弗同點而弗是相同點，可能畀人權運動視爲是對人權弗良个影響，因爲伊個否認脫人們天賦个相同權利。中国則主張國家主權纔是最重要个，因爲是國家最先立下了人權个條約保證。在對於國家干預搭使用暴力與某些个爭論議題上，爭論者个主張通常也儕與佢拉對於人權个看法差異有關，譬如擔人權看作是法律權利抑或是天賦權利、以及佢拉是屬於世界主義抑或民族主義个立場儕有得關聯。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="主要内容"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E5.86.85.E5.AE.B9"></span>主要内容</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：主要内容"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>國際社會對人權个内容搭分類存在著交關大个分歧，各種理論之間弗罷有得衝突也有重叠之處。所以本章節擔人權个各種元素從錯綜複雜个理論中提取出來分列如下。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基本内容"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E5.86.85.E5.AE.B9"></span>基本内容</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：基本内容"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>儘管對人權个具體認識與實踐互弗相同，但是對於一些人權个最基本个内容還是取得了一定个共識。 </p> <ul><li><b>生命權</b>。生命權是最基本，最重要个人權，如果無法充分保障人个生命權，葛末一切其他權利儕是空中樓閣。無端剥奪人个生命，或者肆意對人施加恐嚇、虐待搭折磨，就是用一種非人權个待人方式。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>任由昰種情况發生，個人權利就無從談起。所以一般各國个刑法儕擔侵害佢人生命權个罪行量刑最重。“生命權是一個人之所以畀當作人類夥伴所必須享有个權利。”<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>自由權</b>。自由，是人權个靈魂。因此，人身自由、通信自由、言論自由、結社自由、宗教信仰自由等儕是個人个基本權利。如果嘸沒充分个自由權，生命權也將失去意義。</li> <li><b>財產權</b>。財產權是生命權搭自由權个延伸。如果一個人要生存下去、要有能力選擇佢喜歡个方式生存下去，一定要有物質作爲支持，葛末，對自我勞動个所得進行排他性个佔有，就是生命權與自由權必弗可少个保障。“人能够工作，能够靠自家个勞動成果生活，並擔生活剩餘个錢存起來留畀子女或者自家个晚年，箇儕是人尊嚴个一部分。”<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>財產權看似是一種物權，但其實質爲人支配物，即支配自家正當所得个權利。</li> <li><b>尊嚴權</b>。尊嚴也是生命權搭自由權个合理延伸。假使一個人若無尊嚴，那麽佢个生命至多是一種無人格个形式。作爲一種基本个人權，尊嚴个價值早在古代就得到普遍个認同，如陶淵明，弗爲五斗米折腰等。尊嚴權主要要求人們在社會交往中互敬互愛，文明禮貌。如果一個人个尊嚴權畀否認，就意味者人們可以肆無忌憚个羞辱，威脅，騷擾，中傷佢，葛末顯然佢就失去脫“作爲人類”个資格，昰無疑是搭人權所弗容个。</li> <li><b>獲助權</b>。獲助權常莊搭“人道主義”聯系在一淘，出現於天災、人禍之後。由於種種弗可預知个災禍，人个生命權無時無刻受到威脅。在危難關頭得到夥伴个幫助，是生命權个必要保障。在現代社會中，突發性个災難有辰光會得造成交關大个危害，昰歇個體个獲助權就需要一個强大个組織，一般是政府个傾力幫助，昰個是<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>一項重要个公共服務職能。</li> <li><b>公正權</b>。人權个普適性必然个要求每一個人儕受到公平合理个對待，但現實生活當中，經濟權力、政治權力、種族、國籍等，儕會弗同程度擔人劃到弗同个等級，葛末人權就變成功有限个，有條件个，甚至成爲特權階級个奢侈品哉。而公正權是爲了擔人權平等个擴展到每一個人身丄。公正權弗罷是人權个一部分，更重要个是佢也是人權中其他部分个必要條件。</li> <li><b>受教權</b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="进阶内容"><span id=".E8.BF.9B.E9.98.B6.E5.86.85.E5.AE.B9"></span>进阶内容</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：进阶内容"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人权个基本内容仅仅一种最低限个保障，在现代文明社会中，昰個显然是远远弗够个。所以又出现了交關对人权个扩充。人权个进阶内容一般都是基本内容个融合、扩展、深化。但是由於经济发展个弗平衡性搭文明个多样性，对於以下个人权内容搭具体个实现方式还存在著弗同程度个分歧。 </p> <ul><li><b>发展权</b>。“发展权”最早是1970年联合国人权委员会委员卡巴•穆巴耶在一篇题为《作为一项人权个发展权》个演讲中畀提出來，并隔手受到了广大发展中国家个强烈支持。1979年，第三十四届联合国大会在第34/46号决议中确认，发展权是一项人权，平等发展个机会是各個国家个天赋权利，也是個人个天赋权利。1986年，联合国大会第41/128号决议通过了《发展权利宣言》，对发展权个主体、内涵、地位、保护方式搭实现途径等基本内容作了全面个阐释。1993年个《维也纳宣言搭行动纲领》再次重申发展权是一项弗可剥夺个人权，从而使发展权个概念更加全面、系统。发展权在坚持個人良好发展个同时，也强调了“集体人权”昰隻新生概念，也就是要求各国，各民族儕能平等、自由、友好个交流合作，均等个享受发展机会。发展权强烈个反映了发展中国家对发达国际制定个国际秩序个弗满以及对国际公平正义个诉求，甚至透出相当个<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>色彩，也就老自然个成为当今国际社会在人权方面个交锋重点。</li> <li><b>民族自决权</b>。追根溯源，民族自决权其实源於资产阶级革命时期个天赋人权说搭人民主权说。1776年个<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>《独立宣言》搭1789年个<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>《人权搭公民权宣言》是反映昰些思想个最具代表性个历史文献。二战之後，民族自决权在《联合国宪章》、《关於人民与民族个自决权个决议》、《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》、《国际法原则宣言》、《关於自然资源永久主权个宣言》、《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约》、《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》等一系列国际文件中多趟得到确认搭重申，并作为一项重要个集体人权获得了广泛个认可搭接受。民族自决权风靡一时是与资产阶级革命，以及二战以後大批受压迫个民族搭国家独立自主是密弗可分个。然而在国际形势大大改变个现在，民族自决权更加强调个是本民族国家自主选择自家个发展道路搭生活模式，而弗受外部干涉个一项集体人权。对於民族自决权是一种重要人权国际社会普遍嘸沒异议，但对於民族自决权个限度，民族自决权与最低人权标准个之间个矛盾咾啥，国际社会个斗争相当激烈。民族自决权畀普遍用於发展中国家反对发达国家“干涉”个重要理论依据。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="立法个内容"><span id=".E7.AB.8B.E6.B3.95.E4.B8.AA.E5.86.85.E5.AE.B9"></span>立法个内容</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：立法个内容"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>畀多數國家認同个人權立法内容包含如下： </p> <ul><li><b>安全个權利</b>：有關禁止犯罪行爲，如謀殺、屠殺、酷刑搭强奸。</li> <li><b>自由个權利</b>：有關自由个範疇，如：宗教搭信仰自由、集會、結社。</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>个權利</b>：有關人民个自由參政權，如抗議或入黨。</li> <li><b>訴訟个權利</b>：有關防止濫用法律制度，如監禁審訊、秘密審訊搭度懲罰。</li> <li><b>平等个權利</b>：有關公民个平等，在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">法律</a>之前人人平等。</li> <li><b>福利个權利</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="經濟">經濟</a>个權利）：有關提供教育搭免於遭受嚴重个貧窮搭飢餓。</li> <li><b>民族个權利</b>：有關羣體免受種族屠殺搭其建立民族國家之權利。</li></ul> <div class="mw-collapsible" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;"> <div style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #ccf; text-align: center;">重要人权文书一览表</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》（1948年12月9日签订於巴黎）；</li> <li>《世界人权宣言》（联合国大会1948年12月10日通过）；</li> <li>《日内瓦公约》（1949年8月12日，有關戰爭受難者、戰俘搭戰時平民个待遇）；</li> <li>《关於修正1926年9月25日在日内瓦签订个禁奴公约个议定书》（联合国大会1953年10月23日决议通过）；</li> <li>《儿童权利宣言》（联合国大会1959年11月20日通过）；</li> <li>《给予殖民地国家搭人民独立宣言》（联合国大会1960年12月14日通过）；</li> <li>《关於自然资源永久主权个决议》（联合国大会1962年12月14日决议通过）；</li> <li>《消除一切形式种族歧视宣言》（联合国大会1963年11月20日通过）；</li> <li>《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》（1966年3月签订於纽约）；</li> <li>《国际文化合作原则宣言》（联合国教科文组织大会第十四届会议1966年11月4日宣布）。</li> <li>《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》（联合国大会1966年12月16日通过）；</li> <li>《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约》（联合国大会1966年12月16日通过）；</li> <li>《公民权利搭政治权利国际公约任择议定书》（联合国大会1966年12月16日通过）；</li> <li>《消除对妇女歧视宣言》（联合国大会1967年11月7日决议通过）；</li> <li>《德黑兰宣言》（国际人权会议1968年5月13日通过）；</li> <li>《禁止并惩治种族隔离罪行国际公约》（联合国大会1973年11月30日通过）；</li> <li>《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》（联合国大会1979年12月18日通过）；</li> <li>《禁止酷刑搭其他残忍、弗人道或有辱人格个待遇或处罚公约》（联合国大会1984年12月10日决议通过）；</li> <li>《维也纳宣言搭行动纲领》（联合国第二次世界人权大会1993年6月通过）；</li> <li>《人民享有和平权利宣言》（联合国大会1984年11月12日决议核准）；</li> <li>《发展权利宣言》（联合国大会1986年12月4日决议通过）；</li> <li>《儿童权利公约》（联合国大会1989年11月20日通过）；</li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="評判標准"><span id=".E8.A9.95.E5.88.A4.E6.A8.99.E5.87.86"></span>評判標准</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：評判標准"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>西方國家一般强調个人權个普世价值，并利用佢拉在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="經濟">經濟</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>，文化，甚至<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="軍事">軍事</a>方面个優勢推行昰种普適性；而非西方國家搭發展中國家普遍强調个是對人權个保障必須建立在本國个國情（包括經濟基礎，國民素養，傳統文化等）之上，并且强烈个反對前者个普世价值觀點。 </p><p>儘管對於人權个具體内容搭保障人權个具體方式存在交關大个争議，但終歸需要一隻可以具體實在个判斷標准來促進全人類个福祉。 </p><p>在人類追尋一個統一个人權標准个道路丄，嘸沒人能够回避一個無奈个現實。由於歷史，地理等交關因素有排國家能花費大量个社會資源去呵護寵物搭家畜，但有个國家却爲給<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%BA" title="小人">兒童</a>提供最低限度个食物，醫藥搭<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育">教育</a>而挣扎。弗罷各國之間个經濟發展水平有得天壤之別，在文化傳統方面也往往是千差万别。昰些客觀个事實嚴重个阻礙了人類關於人權在現實層面个共識，而且歷史經驗表明，强制移栽个人權往往會出現“水土弗服”个症狀。 </p><p>爲了解决昰個難題，當代<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英國</a>思想家米爾恩提出了“作爲最低限度標准个人權”。核心内容主要有兩點，第一，由於社會發展个弗平衡性搭道德規範个多様性，得到某種共同體認可个權利，嘸沒足够个理由畀認爲也同様適用於其他共同體。第二，無論社會發展搭道德規範存在多少大个差异，一些最低限度个人權必須得到所有共同體个一致擁護。總結起來，人權標准是最低个，所以纔能成爲普遍个；因爲是普遍个，所以也只能是最低个。 </p><p>在全球化个時代，如然通過建設性个對話來溝通搭擴大人權方面个國際共識已成爲了當今國際社會主要議題之一。弗罷在西方文明个框架内思考人權，而且在與西方文明并駕齊驅个其他文明框架内省察人權，已形成一種“文明相容个人權觀”，是緩和并逐步化解矛盾衝突个一條必由之路。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>儘管以《維也納宣言和行動綱領》爲代表个一系列人權宣言儕肯定了人權个特殊性，指出實施人權原則必須考慮國家个特性搭地域特征以及弗同歷史、文化搭宗教背景。但是社會普遍認同人權仍應有最低限度標準，“貧窮弗能做爲國家恐怖搭酷刑个藉口。”<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>鑒於一系列複雜个原因，人權个評判標准存在，而且還將長期存在著分歧。但人類在促進人權个偉大事業中弗斷溝通，弗斷理解，弗斷磨合个過程，其本身也是一種人權个促進。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="争议焦點"><span id=".E4.BA.89.E8.AE.AE.E7.84.A6.E9.BB.9E"></span>争议焦點</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：争议焦點"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gay_pride-sf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gay_pride-sf.jpg/220px-Gay_pride-sf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gay_pride-sf.jpg/330px-Gay_pride-sf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gay_pride-sf.jpg/440px-Gay_pride-sf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>旧金山个同性恋自豪日</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>废除死刑：</li> <li>安乐死：</li> <li>堕胎：</li> <li>同性恋权利</li> <li>性別變更登記</li> <li>性交易</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="女权主义">女权主义</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="爭議事件"><span id=".E7.88.AD.E8.AD.B0.E4.BA.8B.E4.BB.B6"></span>爭議事件</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：爭議事件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" title="北京">北京</a>人權律師浦志強2015年12月22日，畀控煽動民族仇恨罪、尋釁滋事罪，畀吊銷執照<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美國</a>發表2015年各國人權報告，譴責香港銅鑼灣書店事件、打壓中國人權律師个行爲，另外也點名<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国">北韓</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016人權律師江天勇、四川人權運動成員陳雲飛，畀<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中國">中國</a>指控煽動顛覆國家政權罪，在聖誕節左右失蹤後至今仍無消息。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">2012 Encyclopædia Britannica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/275840/human-rights">human rights</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">戴維·米勒，韋農·波格丹諾，《<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/布萊克維爾政治學百科全書">布萊克維爾政治學百科全書</a>》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">2012 Encyclopædia Britannica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/618067/Universal-Declaration-of-Human-Rights-UDHR">Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-马呈元2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-马呈元2003_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">第164頁：「... 宪法是一国个最高法律。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-李鴻禧1985-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-李鴻禧1985_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">李鴻禧（1985）．<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4wMyAAAAMAAJ">憲法與人權</a>．李鴻禧．於20 December 2012参阅．</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E8%88%87%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%A6%A7&rft.pub=%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%A6%A7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4wMyAAAAMAAJ"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-憲政體制與人權保障-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-憲政體制與人權保障_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=cfULM5tNEL0C&pg=PA249">憲政體制與人權保障</a>．秀威資訊科技股份有限公司，249–．<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-986-7663-95-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-986-7663-95-5">ISBN 978-986-7663-95-5</a>．於20 December 2012参阅．</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94%E5%88%B6%E8%88%87%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C&rft.pub=%E7%A7%80%E5%A8%81%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft.pages=249%E2%80%93&rft.isbn=978-986-7663-95-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcfULM5tNEL0C%26pg%3DPA249"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yhritw.org/what-are-human-rights/">人權个背景 - 中華國際人權促進會</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">馬裏旦，《人搭國家》，劉山等譯，商務印書館，1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">薩拜因，《政治學説史》，商務印書館，1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">West's Encyclopedia of American Law (in 13 volumes), 2nd Ed., edited by Jeffrey Lehman and Shirelle Phelps. Publisher: Thomson Gale, 2004. <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787663674">ISBN 978-0-7876-6367-4</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacIntyre, Alasdair (1981):<i>After Virtue</i>, pp. 69-70, London, Duckworth</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">馬克思，《黑格爾法哲學批判》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">列寜，《論意大利社會黨黨内个鬥争》（</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">洛克，《政府論》，商務印書館，1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">米爾恩《人个權利與人个多様性——人權者哲學》，中國大百科全書出版社，P158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">弗萊納，《人權是什麽》，中國社會科學出版社，1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">大沼保昭，《人權、國家與文明》，三聯書店，王治安譯，2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">弗萊納，《人權是啥？》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/international/20160414/838747/">陸維權律師浦志強　律師執照遭吊銷</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/international/20160414/838389/">美人權報告　批陸打壓維權人士 | 即時新聞 | 20160414 | 蘋果日報</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/international/20161225/1020604/applesearch/%E3%80%90%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%80%91%E8%81%96%E8%AA%95%E7%AF%80%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E3%80%8C%E7%8B%A9%E7%8D%B5%E3%80%8D%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E4%BB%BD%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%A5%BD%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F%EF%BC%9F">聖誕節是中國「狩獵」人權份子个大好時機？</a></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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