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<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Systematic transliterations of Cyrillic to Latin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Systematic_transliterations_of_Cyrillic_to_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific_transliteration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_transliteration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Scientific transliteration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_transliteration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GOST" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GOST"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>GOST</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GOST-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-OST_8483" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OST_8483"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>OST 8483</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OST_8483-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GOST_16876-71_(1973)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GOST_16876-71_(1973)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>GOST 16876-71 (1973)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GOST_16876-71_(1973)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ST_SEV_1362_(1978)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ST_SEV_1362_(1978)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>ST SEV 1362 (1978)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ST_SEV_1362_(1978)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GOST_7.79-2000_(2002)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GOST_7.79-2000_(2002)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>GOST 7.79-2000 (2002)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GOST_7.79-2000_(2002)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GOST_52535.1-2006_(2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GOST_52535.1-2006_(2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>GOST 52535.1-2006 (2006)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GOST_52535.1-2006_(2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Street_and_road_signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street_and_road_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Street and road signs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street_and_road_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>ISO</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ISO/R_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISO/R_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>ISO/R 9</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISO/R_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISO_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISO_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>ISO 9</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISO_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_romanization_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_romanization_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>United Nations romanization system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_romanization_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Library_of_Congress_(ALA-LC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_of_Congress_(ALA-LC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Library of Congress (ALA-LC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_of_Congress_(ALA-LC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>British Standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BGN/PCGN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BGN/PCGN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>BGN/PCGN</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BGN/PCGN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transliteration_of_names_on_Russian_passports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transliteration_of_names_on_Russian_passports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Transliteration of names on Russian passports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transliteration_of_names_on_Russian_passports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transliteration_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transliteration_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Transliteration table</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transliteration_table-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transliteration table subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transliteration_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Table notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Latin script</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latin_script-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Latin script subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Latin_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_letter_names_in_Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_letter_names_in_Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Latin letter names in Russian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_letter_names_in_Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Romanization of Russian</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نسخ الروسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نسخ الروسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteraci%C3%B3_de_l%27alfabet_rus" title="Transliteració de l'alfabet rus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transliteració de l'alfabet rus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99epis_rusk%C3%A9_cyrilice_do_latinky" title="Přepis ruské cyrilice do latinky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přepis ruské cyrilice do latinky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizaci%C3%B3n_del_ruso" title="Romanización del ruso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Romanización del ruso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusieraren_transliterazioa" title="Errusieraren transliterazioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusieraren transliterazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation_du_russe" title="Romanisation du russe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Romanisation du russe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" title="러시아어 로마자 표기법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아어 로마자 표기법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisasi_bahasa_Rusia" title="Latinisasi bahasa Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Latinisasi bahasa Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievu_alfab%C4%93ta_transliter%C4%81cija" title="Krievu alfabēta transliterācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievu alfabēta transliterācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98%E6%B3%95" title="ロシア語のラテン文字表記法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア語のラテン文字表記法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_russo" title="Romanização do russo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Romanização do russo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliterarea_interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_a_limbii_ruse" title="Transliterarea internațională a limbii ruse – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Transliterarea internațională a limbii ruse" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Транслитерация русского алфавита латиницей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Транслитерация русского алфавита латиницей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizimi_i_rusishtes" title="Romanizimi i rusishtes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Romanizimi i rusishtes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepis_z_ruskej_cyriliky_do_latinky" title="Prepis z ruskej cyriliky do latinky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prepis z ruskej cyriliky do latinky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C4%8Drkovanje_ruske_cirilice" title="Prečrkovanje ruske cirilice – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prečrkovanje ruske cirilice" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_translitterointi" title="Venäjän translitterointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän translitterointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkribering_av_%C3%B6stslaviska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Transkribering av östslaviska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transkribering av östslaviska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisasyon_ng_Wikang_Ruso" title="Romanisasyon ng Wikang Ruso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Romanisasyon ng Wikang Ruso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%A7an%C4%B1n_romanizasyonu" title="Rusçanın romanizasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rusçanın romanizasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="روسی رومن سازی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روسی رومن سازی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuy%E1%BB%83n_t%E1%BB%B1_Latinh_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Nga" title="Chuyển tự Latinh tiếng Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chuyển tự Latinh tiếng Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteraedje_r%C3%BBsse" title="Transliteraedje rûsse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Transliteraedje rûsse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%8C%96" title="俄语罗马化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄语罗马化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Romanization of the Russian alphabet</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the romanization of Russian used on Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Romanization_of_Russian" title="Wikipedia:Romanization of Russian">Wikipedia:Romanization of Russian</a>.</div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> of Russian text from the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>), aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in a Latin alphabet, is also essential for computer users to input Russian text who either do not have a keyboard or word processor set up for inputting Cyrillic, or else are not capable of <a href="/wiki/Typing" title="Typing">typing</a> rapidly using a <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout#Russian" title="Keyboard layout">native Russian keyboard layout</a> (<a href="/wiki/JCUKEN" title="JCUKEN">JCUKEN</a>). In the latter case, they would type using a system of transliteration fitted for their <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layout</a>, such as for English <a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a> keyboards, and then use an automated tool to convert the text into Cyrillic.</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavel_Datsyuk_2016.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pavel_Datsyuk_2016.JPG/150px-Pavel_Datsyuk_2016.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pavel_Datsyuk_2016.JPG/225px-Pavel_Datsyuk_2016.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pavel_Datsyuk_2016.JPG/300px-Pavel_Datsyuk_2016.JPG 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Datsyuk" title="Pavel Datsyuk">Pavel Datsyuk</a> (Cyrillic: Павел Дацюк), a former NHL and international ice hockey player, wearing a sweater with Latin characters</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udaltsova_Street_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Udaltsova_Street_sign.jpg/220px-Udaltsova_Street_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Udaltsova_Street_sign.jpg/330px-Udaltsova_Street_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Udaltsova_Street_sign.jpg/440px-Udaltsova_Street_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>A street sign in Russia with the name of a street shown in Cyrillic and Latin characters</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematic_transliterations_of_Cyrillic_to_Latin">Systematic transliterations of Cyrillic to Latin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Systematic transliterations of Cyrillic to Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of distinct and competing standards for the romanization of <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian Cyrillic</a>, with none of them having received much popularity, and, in reality, transliteration is often carried out without any consistent standards.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_transliteration">Scientific transliteration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scientific transliteration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_transliteration_of_Cyrillic" title="Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic">Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic</a></div> <p>Scientific transliteration, also known as the <i>International Scholarly System</i>, is a system that has been used in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> since the 19th century. It is based on the <a href="/wiki/Czech_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech alphabet">Czech alphabet</a> and formed the basis of the GOST and ISO systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GOST">GOST</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: GOST"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OST_8483">OST 8483</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: OST 8483"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OST 8483 was the first Soviet standard on romanization of Russian, introduced on 16 October 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GOST_16876-71_(1973)"><span id="GOST_16876-71_.281973.29"></span>GOST 16876-71 (1973)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: GOST 16876-71 (1973)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GOST_16876-71" title="GOST 16876-71">GOST 16876-71</a></div> <p>Developed by the National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography at the <a href="/wiki/USSR_Council_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR Council of Ministers">USSR Council of Ministers</a>, GOST 16876-71 has been in service since 1973. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ST_SEV_1362_(1978)"><span id="ST_SEV_1362_.281978.29"></span>ST SEV 1362 (1978)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: ST SEV 1362 (1978)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This standard is an equivalent of GOST 16876-71 and was adopted as an official standard of the <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GOST_7.79-2000_(2002)"><span id="GOST_7.79-2000_.282002.29"></span>GOST 7.79-2000 (2002)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: GOST 7.79-2000 (2002)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GOST_7.79-2000" title="GOST 7.79-2000">GOST 7.79-2000</a></div> <p>GOST 7.79-2000 <i>System of Standards on Information, Librarianship, and Publishing–Rules for Transliteration of the Cyrillic Characters Using the Latin Alphabet</i> is an adoption of <a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9:1995</a>. It is the official standard of both <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GOST_52535.1-2006_(2006)"><span id="GOST_52535.1-2006_.282006.29"></span>GOST 52535.1-2006 (2006)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: GOST 52535.1-2006 (2006)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GOST 52535.1-2006 <i>Identification cards. Machine readable travel documents. Part 1. Machine readable passports</i> is an adoption of an <a href="/wiki/ICAO" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAO">ICAO</a> standard for travel documents. It was used in Russian passports for a short period during 2010–2013 (<a href="#2010–2013">see below</a>). The standard was substituted in 2013 by GOST R ISO/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> 7501-1-2013, which does not contain romanization, but directly refers to the <a href="/wiki/ICAO" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAO">ICAO</a> romanization (<a href="#After_2013">see below</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Street_and_road_signs">Street and road signs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Street and road signs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Names on street and road signs in the Soviet Union were romanized according to GOST 10807-78 (tables 17, 18), which was amended by newer Russian GOST R 52290-2004 (tables Г.4, Г.5), the romanizations in both the standards are practically identical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISO">ISO</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ISO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ISO/R_9"><span id="ISO.2FR_9"></span>ISO/R 9</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: ISO/R 9"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ISO/R 9, established in 1954 and updated in 1968, was the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific transliteration">scientific transliteration</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO). It covers Russian and seven other Slavic languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ISO_9">ISO 9</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: ISO 9"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ISO 9:1995 is the current transliteration standard from ISO. It is based on its predecessor ISO/R 9:1968, which it deprecates; for Russian, the two are the same except in the treatment of five modern letters. ISO 9:1995 is the first language-independent, univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by the use of diacritics) that faithfully represents the original and allows for reverse transliteration for Cyrillic text in any contemporary language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_romanization_system">United Nations romanization system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United Nations romanization system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/UNGEGN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNGEGN">UNGEGN</a>, a Working Group of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, in 1987 recommended a romanization system for geographical names, which was based on the 1983 version of <a href="/wiki/GOST_16876-71" title="GOST 16876-71">GOST 16876-71</a>. It may be found in some international cartographic products.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library_of_Congress_(ALA-LC)"><span id="Library_of_Congress_.28ALA-LC.29"></span>Library of Congress (ALA-LC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Library of Congress (ALA-LC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization_for_Russian" title="ALA-LC romanization for Russian">ALA-LC romanization for Russian</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> (ALA-LC) romanization tables for Slavic alphabets are used in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> libraries and in the British Library since 1975. </p><p>The formal, unambiguous version of the system for bibliographic cataloguing requires some diacritics, <a href="/wiki/Tie_(typography)" title="Tie (typography)">two-letter tie characters</a>, and prime marks. The standard is also often adapted as a "simplified" or "modified Library of Congress system" for use in text for a non-specialized audience, omitting the special characters and diacritics, simplifying endings, and modifying iotated initials.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Standard">British Standard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: British Standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>British Standard 2979:1958</i> is the main system of the Oxford University Press,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a variation was used by the British Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975. The <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization_for_Russian" title="ALA-LC romanization for Russian">Library of Congress system</a> (ALA-LC) is used for newer acquisitions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BGN/PCGN"><span id="BGN.2FPCGN"></span>BGN/PCGN</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: BGN/PCGN"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization_of_Russian" title="BGN/PCGN romanization of Russian">BGN/PCGN romanization of Russian</a></div><p>The BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for Anglophones to read and pronounce. In many publications, a simplified form of the system is used to render English versions of Russian names, typically converting <i>ë</i> to <i>yo</i>, simplifying <i>-iy</i> and <i>-yy</i> endings to <i>-y</i>, and omitting apostrophes for <i>ъ</i> and <i>ь</i>. It can be rendered using only the basic letters and punctuation found on English-language keyboards: no diacritics or unusual letters are required, although the <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> character (·) may be used to avoid ambiguity. </p><p>This particular standard is part of the <a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN romanization system</a> which was developed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">United States Board on Geographic Names</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committee_on_Geographical_Names_for_British_Official_Use" title="Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use">Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use</a>. The portion of the system pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> was adopted by BGN in 1944 and by PCGN in 1947. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transliteration_of_names_on_Russian_passports">Transliteration of names on Russian passports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transliteration of names on Russian passports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Soviet_passport" title="Soviet passport">Soviet international passports</a>, transliteration was based on French rules but without diacritics and so all names were transliterated in a <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_du_russe_en_fran%C3%A7ais" class="extiw" title="fr:Transcription du russe en français">French-style system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Order_No._310_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Order_No._310-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, with the introduction of new <a href="/wiki/Russian_passport" title="Russian passport">Russian passports</a>, a diacritic-free English-oriented system was established by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Order_No._310_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Order_No._310-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the system was also abandoned in 2010. </p><p>In 2006, GOST R 52535.1-2006 was adopted, which defines technical requirements and standards for Russian international passports and introduces its own system of transliteration. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Migration_Service" title="Federal Migration Service">Federal Migration Service</a> of Russia approved Order No. 26,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating that all personal names in the passports issued after 2010 must be transliterated using GOST R 52535.1-2006. Because of some differences between the new system and the old one, citizens who wanted to retain the old version of a name's transliteration, especially one that had been in the old pre-2010 passport, could apply to the local migration office before they acquired a new passport. The standard was abandoned in 2013. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="After_2013"></span> In 2013, Order No. 320<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Migration_Service" title="Federal Migration Service">Federal Migration Service</a> of Russia came into force. It states that all personal names in the passports must be transliterated by using the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ICAO_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICAO romanization (page does not exist)">system</a>, which is published in Doc 9303 "<i>Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 3</i>". The system differs from the GOST R 52535.1-2006 system in two things: <b>ц</b> is transliterated into <i>ts</i> (as in pre-2010 systems), <b>ъ</b> is transliterated into <i>ie</i> (a novelty). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transliteration_table">Transliteration table</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transliteration table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="text-align:center;border:1px solid silver;" summary="Table of Cyrillic Russian letters, and their Latin transliterations in seven transliteration systems." class="Unicode wikitable sortable"> <caption>Common systems for romanizing Russian </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top" style="background:silver;"> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Cyrillic </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%" title="Traditional Scientific Transliteration">Scholarly<br /> <p><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%" title="ISO Scientific Transliteration (1968);">ISO/R 9:1968 </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%" title="GOST 16876-71, table 1 (with diacritics), 1971; United Nations Geographic Names">GOST 16876-71(1);<br />UNGEGN (1987) </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%" title="GOST 16876-71, table 2 (diacritic-free), 1971">GOST 16876-71(2) </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%" title="ISO Scientific Transliteration (1995); GOST 7.79-2000, system A (with diacritics), 2002">ISO 9:1995; GOST 7.79-2000(A) </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%" title="GOST 7.79-2000, system B (with digraphs), 2002">GOST 7.79-2000(B) </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%" title="GOST R 52290-2004">Road<br />signs </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%" title="American Library Association – Library of Congress">ALA-LC </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%" title="British Standard 2979:1958">BS 2979:1958 </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%" title="United States Board on Geographic Names/Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use">BGN/PCGN </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%" title="Order of the MIA of the Russian Federation No. 310 (1997)">Passport (1997) </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%" title="Order of the FMS of the Russian Federation No. 26 (2010)">Passport (2010) <span class="anchor" id="2010–2013"></span> </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%" title="Order of the FMS of the Russian Federation No. 320 (2013), International Civil Aviation Organization">Passport (2013), ICAO </th></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>А</th> <th>а </th> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>Б</th> <th>б </th> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>В</th> <th>в </th> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>Г</th> <th>г </th> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>Д</th> <th>д </th> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr> <th>Е</th> <th>е </th> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e (ye)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e (ye)<sup id="cite_ref-BGNPCGN_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGNPCGN-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>e (ye)<sup id="cite_ref-ye_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ye-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>e</td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ё</th> <th>ё </th> <td>ë</td> <td>ë</td> <td>ë</td> <td>jo</td> <td>ë</td> <td>yo</td> <td>e (ye, yo)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ë</td> <td>ë<sup id="cite_ref-diacritic_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diacritic-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ë (yë)<sup id="cite_ref-BGNPCGN_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGNPCGN-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>e (ye)<sup id="cite_ref-ye_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ye-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>e</td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ж</th> <th>ж </th> <td>ž</td> <td>ž</td> <td>ž</td> <td>zh</td> <td>ž</td> <td>zh</td> <td>zh</td> <td>zh</td> <td>zh</td> <td>zh</td> <td>zh</td> <td>zh</td> <td>zh </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>З</th> <th>з </th> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>И</th> <th>и </th> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr> <th>Й</th> <th>й </th> <td>j</td> <td>j</td> <td>j</td> <td>j (jj)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>j</td> <td>j</td> <td>y</td> <td>ĭ</td> <td>ĭ<sup id="cite_ref-diacritic_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diacritic-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>y<sup id="cite_ref-dot_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dot-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>y<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>i</td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>К</th> <th>к </th> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>Л</th> <th>л </th> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>М</th> <th>м </th> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>Н</th> <th>н </th> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>О</th> <th>о </th> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>П</th> <th>п </th> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>Р</th> <th>р </th> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>С</th> <th>с </th> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s<sup id="cite_ref-t-s_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t-s-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>Т</th> <th>т </th> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t<sup id="cite_ref-t-s_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t-s-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>У</th> <th>у </th> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>Ф</th> <th>ф </th> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f </td></tr> <tr> <th>Х</th> <th>х </th> <td>x (ch)</td> <td>ch</td> <td>h</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>x</td> <td>kh</td> <td>kh</td> <td>kh</td> <td>kh</td> <td>kh</td> <td>kh</td> <td>kh </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ц</th> <th>ц </th> <td>c</td> <td>c</td> <td>c</td> <td>c</td> <td>c</td> <td>cz (c)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ts</td> <td>t͡s</td> <td>ts<sup id="cite_ref-t-s_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t-s-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ts<sup id="cite_ref-dot_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dot-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ts</td> <td>tc</td> <td>ts </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ч</th> <th>ч </th> <td>č</td> <td>č</td> <td>č</td> <td>ch</td> <td>č</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ш</th> <th>ш </th> <td>š</td> <td>š</td> <td>š</td> <td>sh</td> <td>š</td> <td>sh</td> <td>sh</td> <td>sh</td> <td>sh</td> <td>sh</td> <td>sh</td> <td>sh</td> <td>sh </td></tr> <tr> <th>Щ</th> <th>щ </th> <td>šč</td> <td>šč</td> <td>ŝ</td> <td>shh</td> <td>ŝ</td> <td>shh</td> <td>shch</td> <td>shch</td> <td>shch</td> <td>shch<sup id="cite_ref-dot_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dot-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>shch</td> <td>shch</td> <td>shch </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ъ</th> <th>ъ<sup id="cite_ref-all_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-all-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>ʺ</td> <td>ʺ</td> <td>ʺ</td> <td>ʺ</td> <td>ʺ</td> <td>ʺ</td> <td>ʼ</td> <td>ʺ<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ˮ (or loosely ")<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ˮ</td> <td>ʺ</td> <td>–</td> <td>ie </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th>Ы</th> <th>ы </th> <td>y</td> <td>y</td> <td>y</td> <td>y</td> <td>y</td> <td>y'</td> <td>y</td> <td>y</td> <td>ȳ (ui)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>y<sup id="cite_ref-dot_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dot-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>y</td> <td>y</td> <td>y </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ь</th> <th>ь<sup id="cite_ref-all_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-all-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>ʹ</td> <td>ʹ</td> <td>ʹ</td> <td>ʹ</td> <td>ʹ</td> <td>ʹ</td> <td>ʼ</td> <td>ʹ</td> <td>ʼ (or loosely ')</td> <td>ʼ</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Э</th> <th>э </th> <td>è</td> <td>è</td> <td>ė</td> <td>eh</td> <td>è</td> <td>e'</td> <td>e</td> <td>ė</td> <td>é<sup id="cite_ref-diacritic_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diacritic-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>e<sup id="cite_ref-dot_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dot-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ю</th> <th>ю </th> <td>ju</td> <td>ju</td> <td>ju</td> <td>ju</td> <td>û</td> <td>yu</td> <td>yu</td> <td>i͡u</td> <td>yu</td> <td>yu</td> <td>yu</td> <td>iu</td> <td>iu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Я</th> <th>я </th> <td>ja</td> <td>ja</td> <td>ja</td> <td>ja</td> <td>â</td> <td>ya</td> <td>ya</td> <td>i͡a</td> <td>ya</td> <td>ya</td> <td>ya</td> <td>ia</td> <td>ia </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="rowgroup" colspan="15" style="background:silver;">Pre-1918 letters </th></tr> <tr> <th>І</th> <th>і </th> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>–</td> <td>ì</td> <td>i (i')<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>–</td> <td>ī</td> <td>ī</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ѳ</th> <th>ѳ </th> <td>f (th)<sup id="cite_ref-Scholarly_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholarly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ḟ</td> <td>ḟ</td> <td>–</td> <td>f̀</td> <td>fh</td> <td>–</td> <td>ḟ</td> <td>ḟ</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ѣ</th> <th>ѣ </th> <td>ě</td> <td>ě</td> <td>ě</td> <td>–</td> <td>ě</td> <td>ye</td> <td>–</td> <td>i͡e</td> <td>ê</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ѵ</th> <th>ѵ </th> <td>i (ü)<sup id="cite_ref-Scholarly_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholarly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ẏ</td> <td>ẏ</td> <td>–</td> <td>ỳ</td> <td>yh</td> <td>–</td> <td>ẏ</td> <td>y̆</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="rowgroup" colspan="15" style="background:silver;">Pre-18th century letters </th></tr> <tr> <th>Є</th> <th>є </th> <td>ê (j)e<sup id="cite_ref-Scholarly_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholarly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>ē</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ѥ</th> <th>ѥ </th> <td>ẹ <sup id="cite_ref-Scholarly_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholarly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>i͡e</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ѕ</th> <th>ѕ </th> <td>dz (ʒ)<sup id="cite_ref-Scholarly_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholarly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>ẑ</td> <td>js</td> <td>–</td> <td>ż</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ꙋ</th> <th>ꙋ </th> <td>u</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>ū</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ѡ</th> <th>ѡ </th> <td>ô (o)<sup id="cite_ref-Scholarly_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholarly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>ō</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ѿ</th> <th>ѿ </th> <td>ôt (ot)<sup id="cite_ref-Scholarly_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholarly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>ō͡t</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ѫ</th> <th>ѫ </th> <td>ą (u)<sup id="cite_ref-Scholarly_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholarly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>ǎ</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>ą</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ѧ</th> <th>ѧ </th> <td>ę (ja)<sup id="cite_ref-Scholarly_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholarly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>ę</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ѭ</th> <th>ѭ </th> <td>ją (ju)<sup id="cite_ref-Scholarly_29-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholarly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>i͡ą</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ѩ</th> <th>ѩ </th> <td>ję (ja)<sup id="cite_ref-Scholarly_29-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholarly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>i͡ę</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ѯ</th> <th>ѯ </th> <td>x</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>k͡s</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ѱ</th> <th>ѱ </th> <td>ps</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>p͡s</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:silver;"> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Cyrillic </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%">Scholarly </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%">ISO/R 9:1968 </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%">GOST 1971(1);<br />UNGEGN (1987) </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%">GOST 1971(2) </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%">ISO9:1995; GOST 2002(A) </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%">GOST 2002(B) </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%">Road<br />signs </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%">ALA-LC </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%">BS 2979:1958 </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%">BGN/PCGN </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%">Passport (1997) </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%">Passport (2010) </th> <th scope="col" width="7.5%">Passport (2013), ICAO </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_notes">Table notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Table notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">е = <i>ye</i> initially, after vowels, and after ъ and ь.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGNPCGN-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BGNPCGN_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNPCGN_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> <i>ye</i> and <i>yë</i> are used to indicate <a href="/wiki/Iotation" title="Iotation">iotation</a> at the beginning of a word, after vowels, and after й, ъ or ь.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ye-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ye_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ye_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">ye after ь.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ё <dl><dd>= <i>ye</i> after consonants except ч, ш, щ, ж (<i>ch, sh, shch, zh</i>);</dd> <dd>= <i>e</i> after ч, ш, щ, ж (<i>ch, sh, shch, zh</i>);</dd> <dd>= <i>yo</i> initially, after vowels, and after ъ and ь.</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-diacritic-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diacritic_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diacritic_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diacritic_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diacritics may be omitted when back-transliteration is not required.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>jj</i> is accepted if reverse transliteration is needed</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dot-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dot_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dot_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dot_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dot_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dot_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">An optional <a href="/wiki/Middle_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle dot">middle dot</a> (·) may be used to signify: <ul><li>non-digraphs (тс = <i>t·s</i>, шч = <i>sh·ch</i>);</li> <li><i>y·</i> = й before а, у, ы, э (йа = <i>y·a</i>, йу = <i>y·u</i>, йы = <i>y·y</i>, йэ = <i>y·e</i>);</li> <li><i>y·</i> = ы before а, у, ы, э (ыа = <i>y·a</i>, ыу = <i>y·u</i>, ыы = <i>y·y</i>, ыэ = <i>y·e</i>);</li> <li><i>·y</i> = ы after vowels;</li> <li><i>·e</i> = э after consonants except й.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ий is either <i>iy</i> or <i>y</i>, and ый is either <i>y</i> or <i>yy</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-t-s-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t-s_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t-s_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t-s_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">тс is romanized <i>t-s</i> to distinguish it from ц = <i>ts</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is recommended to use <i>c</i> before <i>i, e, y, j</i>, but <i>cz</i> in all other cases.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-all-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-all_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-all_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Unicode recommends encoding the primes used for the soft and hard signs as <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+02B9</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ʹ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER PRIME</span> and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02BA</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ʺ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE PRIME</span>, and the apostrophes for the same as the <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter apostrophe">modifier letter apostrophes</a>, <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02BC</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ʼ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE</span> and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02EE</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ˮ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE APOSTROPHE</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Before the 2012 revision of the table, ъ was not romanized at the end of a word. Since that date, it is always romanized.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ъ is not romanized at the end of a word.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The British Library uses ы = <i>ui</i>, ый = <i>uy</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In GOST 7.79-2000 Cyrillic <i>і</i> in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> is always transliterated as Latin <i>i</i> as well as in Old Russian and Old Bulgarian texts where it is usually used before vowels. In the rare case that it falls before a consonant (for example, in the word міръ), it is transliterated with an apostrophe <i>i<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scholarly-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scholarly_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scholarly_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scholarly_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scholarly_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scholarly_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scholarly_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scholarly_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scholarly_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scholarly_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scholarly_29-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scholarly_29-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Some archaic letters are transcribed in different ways.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_script">Latin script</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Latin script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Latin_alphabet" title="Russian Latin alphabet">Russian Latin alphabet</a></div> <p>In a second sense, the <b>romanization</b> or <b>Latinization of Russian</b><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may also indicate the introduction of a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a> for writing the Russian language. Such an alphabet would not necessarily bind closely to the traditional Cyrillic orthography. The transition from Cyrillic to Latin has been proposed several times throughout history (especially during the Soviet era), but was never conducted on a large scale, except for informal romanizations in the computer era. </p><p>The most serious possibility of adoption of a Latin alphabet for the Russian language was discussed in 1929–30 during the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(USSR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation (USSR)">campaign of latinisation of the languages of the USSR</a>, when a special commission was created to propose a latinisation system for Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_letter_names_in_Russian">Latin letter names in Russian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Latin letter names in Russian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The letters of the Latin script are named in Russian as following (and are borrowed from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>):<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>A: <i>a</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">а</span></span>)</li> <li>B: <i>be</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">бэ</span></span>)</li> <li>C: <i>ce</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">цэ</span></span>)</li> <li>D: <i>de</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">дэ</span></span>)</li> <li>E: <i>je</i> or <i>e</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">е</span></span>) or (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">э</span></span>)</li> <li>F: <i>ef</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">эф</span></span>)</li> <li>G: <i>ge</i> or <i>že</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">гэ</span></span>) or (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">жэ</span></span>)</li> <li>H: <i>aš</i> or <i>ha</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">аш</span></span>) or (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ха</span></span>)</li> <li>I: <i>i</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">и</span></span>)</li> <li>J: <i>jot</i> or <i>ži</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">йот</span></span>) or (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">жи</span></span>)</li> <li>K: <i>ka</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ка</span></span>)</li> <li>L: <i>elʹ</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">эль</span></span>)</li> <li>M: <i>em</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">эм</span></span>)</li> <li>N: <i>en</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">эн</span></span>)</li> <li>O: <i>o</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">о</span></span>)</li> <li>P: <i>pe</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">пэ</span></span>)</li> <li>Q: <i>ku</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ку</span></span>)</li> <li>R: <i>er</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">эр</span></span>)</li> <li>S: <i>es</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">эс</span></span>)</li> <li>T: <i>te</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">тэ</span></span>)</li> <li>U: <i>u</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">у</span></span>)</li> <li>V: <i>ve</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">вэ</span></span>)</li> <li>W: <i>dublʹ-ve</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">дубль-вэ</span></span>)</li> <li>X: <i>iks</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">икс</span></span>)</li> <li>Y: <i>igrek</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">игрек</span></span>) or <i>ipsilon</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ипсилон</span></span>)</li> <li>Z: <i>zet</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">зет</span></span>)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_transliteration_of_Cyrillic" title="Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic">Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">Romanization of Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">Romanization of Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">Romanization of Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian" title="Romanization of Serbian">Romanization of Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Romanization of Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faux_Cyrillic" title="Faux Cyrillic">Faux Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Template:ru-IPA" class="extiw" title="wikt:Template:ru-IPA">Template:ru-IPA</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> template to automatically generate pronunciation for Russian words</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIvanov2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ivanov, Lyubomir (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318402098">"Streamlined Romanization of Russian Cyrillic"</a>. <i>Contrastive Linguistics</i>. <b>XLII</b> (2). Sofia: 66–73. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0204-8701">0204-8701</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303150302/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318402098_Streamlined_Romanization_of_Russian_Cyrillic">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>In general, the present practice of Russian transliteration would seem fairly messy, inconsistent, and subject to not infrequent change.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contrastive+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Streamlined+Romanization+of+Russian+Cyrillic&rft.volume=XLII&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=66-73&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=0204-8701&rft.aulast=Ivanov&rft.aufirst=Lyubomir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F318402098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinogradov1941" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vinogradov, N. V. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yc7NDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT44"><i>Karty i atlasy</i></a> (in Russian). Directmedia. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4475-6305-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-4475-6305-9"><bdi>978-5-4475-6305-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312124703/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yc7NDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT44">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karty+i+atlasy&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Directmedia&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=978-5-4475-6305-9&rft.aulast=Vinogradov&rft.aufirst=N.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYc7NDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZots2020" class="citation journal cs1">Zots, Ivan Vladimirovich (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919190758/https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202006.0095/v1">"Modern Romanization of Russian Toponyms per UN Technical Reference: Phonological and Orthographic Analysis"</a>. <i>Preprints</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20944%2Fpreprints202006.0095.v1">10.20944/preprints202006.0095.v1</a></span>. 2020060095. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202006.0095/v1">the original</a> on 19 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Preprints&rft.atitle=Modern+Romanization+of+Russian+Toponyms+per+UN+Technical+Reference%3A+Phonological+and+Orthographic+Analysis&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20944%2Fpreprints202006.0095.v1&rft.aulast=Zots&rft.aufirst=Ivan+Vladimirovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.preprints.org%2Fmanuscript%2F202006.0095%2Fv1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1967" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, J. Thomas (1967). <i>Transliteration of Modern Russian for English-Language Publications</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transliteration+of+Modern+Russian+for+English-Language+Publications&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=J.+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Guide to Style and Presentation of MSS</i> (Pamphlet). Slavonic and East European Review. c. 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Style+and+Presentation+of+MSS&rft.pub=Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddingham2014" class="citation book cs1">Waddingham, Anne (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=btb1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240"><i>New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957002-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957002-7"><bdi>978-0-19-957002-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312130558/https://books.google.com/books?id=btb1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Hart%27s+Rules%3A+The+Oxford+Style+Guide&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957002-7&rft.aulast=Waddingham&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbtb1AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/help/search-for-cyrillic-items">"Search for Cyrillic items in the catalogue"</a>. British Library. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712150035/https://www.bl.uk/help/search-for-cyrillic-items">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+for+Cyrillic+items+in+the+catalogue&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fhelp%2Fsearch-for-cyrillic-items&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Order_No._310-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Order_No._310_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Order_No._310_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Internal_Affairs" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/ipsdata/?docbody=&nd=102093506&rdk=2">"Order No. 310 (26 May 1997)"</a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613111928/http://pravo.gov.ru/ipsdata/?docbody=&nd=102093506&rdk=2">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+No.+310+%2826+May+1997%29&rft.au=Ministry+of+Internal+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo.gov.ru%2Fipsdata%2F%3Fdocbody%3D%26nd%3D102093506%26rdk%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Internal_Affairs2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> (22 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rg.ru/2004/01/22/pasport-doc.html">"Order No. 1047 (31 December 2003)"</a> (in Russian). No. 3386. <a href="/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta" title="Rossiyskaya Gazeta">Rossiyskaya Gazeta</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925234657/http://www.rg.ru/2004/01/22/pasport-doc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Order+No.+1047+%2831+December+2003%29&rft.issue=3386&rft.date=2004-01-22&rft.au=Ministry+of+Internal+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rg.ru%2F2004%2F01%2F22%2Fpasport-doc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Migratory_Service2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Migratory_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Migratory Service (Russia)">Federal Migratory Service</a> (5 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rg.ru/2010/03/05/pasport-dok.html">"Order No. 26 (3 February 2010)"</a> (in Russian). No. 5125. <a href="/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta" title="Rossiyskaya Gazeta">Rossiyskaya Gazeta</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312044857/https://rg.ru/2010/03/05/pasport-dok.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Order+No.+26+%283+February+2010%29&rft.issue=5125&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft.au=Federal+Migratory+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frg.ru%2F2010%2F03%2F05%2Fpasport-dok.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Migratory_Service2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Migratory_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Migratory Service (Russia)">Federal Migratory Service</a> (27 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rg.ru/2013/03/27/pasporta-dok.html">"Order No. 320 (15 October 2012)"</a> (in Russian). No. 6041. <a href="/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta" title="Rossiyskaya Gazeta">Rossiyskaya Gazeta</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312044523/https://rg.ru/2013/03/27/pasporta-dok.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Order+No.+320+%2815+October+2012%29&rft.issue=6041&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft.au=Federal+Migratory+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frg.ru%2F2013%2F03%2F27%2Fpasporta-dok.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunt2001" class="citation book cs1">Lunt, Horace Grey (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7BXJgfIo_fYC&pg=PA17"><i>Old Church Slavonic Grammar</i></a> (7 ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-016284-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-016284-9"><bdi>3-11-016284-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430200721/https://books.google.com/books?id=7BXJgfIo_fYC&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Church+Slavonic+Grammar&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pages=17-18&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-11-016284-9&rft.aulast=Lunt&rft.aufirst=Horace+Grey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7BXJgfIo_fYC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimberlake2004" class="citation book cs1">Timberlake, Alan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-VFNWqXxRoMC&pg=PA25"><i>A Reference Grammar of Russian</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521772921" title="Special:BookSources/9780521772921"><bdi>9780521772921</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428131412/https://books.google.com/books?id=-VFNWqXxRoMC&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reference+Grammar+of+Russian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521772921&rft.aulast=Timberlake&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-VFNWqXxRoMC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellisch1978" class="citation book cs1">Wellisch, Hans H. (1978). <i>The Conversion of Scripts, Its Nature, History, and Utilization</i>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471016209" title="Special:BookSources/0471016209"><bdi>0471016209</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conversion+of+Scripts%2C+Its+Nature%2C+History%2C+and+Utilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0471016209&rft.aulast=Wellisch&rft.aufirst=Hans+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1301421/print">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"О латинизации русского алфавита"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Russian). 18 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130830042640/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1301421/print">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22%D0%9E+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%22&rft.date=2010-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F1301421%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A42Jbep0sU">Russian names of Latin Letters</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040604071405/http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html">American Library Association & Library of Congress Romanization</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312041508/http://www.lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/russian.pdf">Russian</a> (2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/churchsl.pdf">Church Slavonic</a> (2011)</li></ul></li> <li>British Academy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t1pg1sg5p&view=1up&seq=5">Transliteration of Slavonic: Report of the Committee for the Transliteration into English of Words Belonging to Russian and Other Slavonic Languages.</a> Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. VIII (2017). 20 pp.</li> <li>Gerych, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/22477/1/EC56137.PDF">Transliteration of Cyrillic Alphabets.</a> Ottawa University, April 1965. 126 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://protect.gost.ru/document.aspx?control=7&id=130715">"GOST 7.79-2000. System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Rules of transliteration of Cyrillic script by Latin alphabet"</a> (in Russian). Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GOST+7.79-2000.+System+of+standards+on+information%2C+librarianship+and+publishing.+Rules+of+transliteration+of+Cyrillic+script+by+Latin+alphabet&rft.pub=Federal+Agency+on+Technical+Regulating+and+Metrology&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprotect.gost.ru%2Fdocument.aspx%3Fcontrol%3D7%26id%3D130715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://protect.gost.ru/v.aspx?control=8&id=121750&pageK=9EF2044A-C910-4729-B6F3-D777AF90441E">"GOST R 52290-2004. Traffic control devices. Traffic signs. General technical requirements"</a> (in Russian). Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology. 2006. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GOST+R+52290-2004.+Traffic+control+devices.+Traffic+signs.+General+technical+requirements&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Federal+Agency+on+Technical+Regulating+and+Metrology&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprotect.gost.ru%2Fv.aspx%3Fcontrol%3D8%26id%3D121750%26pageK%3D9EF2044A-C910-4729-B6F3-D777AF90441E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://protect.gost.ru/v.aspx?control=8&id=120830&pageK=FEBC4724-215A-4FD6-BEA9-8F7E37C5F7E1">"GOST R 52535.1-2006. Identification cards. Machine readable travel documents. Part 1. Machine readable passports"</a> (in Russian). Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology. 2007. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GOST+R+52535.1-2006.+Identification+cards.+Machine+readable+travel+documents.+Part+1.+Machine+readable+passports&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Federal+Agency+on+Technical+Regulating+and+Metrology&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprotect.gost.ru%2Fv.aspx%3Fcontrol%3D8%26id%3D120830%26pageK%3DFEBC4724-215A-4FD6-BEA9-8F7E37C5F7E1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142753/http://www.iihf.com/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/TranscriptionRUS.pdf">"IIHF Transcription of Russian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Ice Hockey Federation</i>. February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iihf.com/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/TranscriptionRUS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Ice+Hockey+Federation&rft.atitle=IIHF+Transcription+of+Russian&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iihf.com%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2FPDF%2FTranscriptionRUS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p3_cons_en.pdf"><i>Machine Readable Travel Documents, Doc 9303, Part 3</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (7th ed.). ICAO. 2015. pp. 33–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machine+Readable+Travel+Documents%2C+Doc+9303%2C+Part+3&rft.pages=33-34&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=ICAO&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2Fpublications%2FDocuments%2F9303_p3_cons_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2006" class="citation web cs1">Pedersen, Thomas T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Russian.pdf">"Summary of romanization systems for Russian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute of the Estonian Language.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+romanization+systems+for+Russian&rft.pub=Institute+of+the+Estonian+Language&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransliteration.eki.ee%2Fpdf%2FRussian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNGEGN_Working_Group_on_Romanization_Systems2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/UNGEGN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNGEGN">UNGEGN</a> Working Group on Romanization Systems (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_ru.pdf">"Russian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute of the Estonian Language.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian&rft.pub=Institute+of+the+Estonian+Language&rft.date=2016&rft.au=UNGEGN+Working+Group+on+Romanization+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fwgrs%2From1_ru.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Board_on_Geographic_Names_Foreign_Names_Committee_Staff1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">U.S. Board on Geographic Names</a> Foreign Names Committee Staff (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraries.ucsd.edu/bib/fed/USBGN_romanization.pdf"><i>Romanization Systems and Roman-Script Spelling Conventions</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 93–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanization+Systems+and+Roman-Script+Spelling+Conventions&rft.pages=93-94&rft.date=1994&rft.au=U.S.+Board+on+Geographic+Names+Foreign+Names+Committee+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibraries.ucsd.edu%2Fbib%2Ffed%2FUSBGN_romanization.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cesty.in/azb-en#azbuka_anglicka_latinka_cyrillic_latin_transliteration_lc">"ONLINE transliteration of the text from Cyrillic to Latin"</a>. <i>Cyrillic → Latin transliteration (LC)</i>. Cestovatelské stránky.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cyrillic+%E2%86%92+Latin+transliteration+%28LC%29&rft.atitle=ONLINE+transliteration+of+the+text+from+Cyrillic+to+Latin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cesty.in%2Fazb-en%23azbuka_anglicka_latinka_cyrillic_latin_transliteration_lc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/knab/p_mm_en.htm">"Foreign geographical names"</a>. <i>Place Names Database</i>. Institute of the Estonian Language.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Place+Names+Database&rft.atitle=Foreign+geographical+names&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fknab%2Fp_mm_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Russian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russki-mat.net/trans.htm">Comparative transliteration of Russian</a> into various European languages, Morse, Braille, Georgian and Arabic</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanization" title="Template:Romanization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanization" title="Template talk:Romanization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By publisher (for several languages)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_16876-71" title="GOST 16876-71">GOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization" title="Yale romanization">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By language or writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Uyghur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Bengali" title="Romanisation of Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Burmese" title="Romanization of Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">in Singapore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Cyrillic" title="Romanization of Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kyrgyz" title="Romanization of Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian" title="Romanization of Serbian">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer" title="Romanization of Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Lao" title="Romanization of Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Malayalam" title="Romanisation of Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Maldivian" title="Romanisation of Maldivian">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Telugu" title="Romanisation of Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Thai" title="Romanization of Thai">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&oldid=1256737433">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&oldid=1256737433</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanization_of_Cyrillic" title="Category:Romanization of Cyrillic">Romanization of Cyrillic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_language" 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