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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="YSBcuaZGwr8p2jz74G7BwWuf6m-oWp8v38yMBueb9c-4HSTM8vEPgcpp0C3D1KfsOYIL3IcU5YYeXFeD-g3xmg" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Criteria for Consciousness In Humans and Other Mammals" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2005/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Consciousness and Cognition" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="David B Edelman" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/72625905/Criteria_for_Consciousness_In_Humans_and_Other_Mammals" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Criteria for Consciousness In Humans and Other Mammals" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The standard behavioral index for human consciousness is the ability to report events with accuracy. While this method is routinely used for scientific and medical applications in humans, it is not easy to generalize to other species. Brain evidence" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/3833519/1401433/29574231/s200_david.edelman.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/72625905/Criteria_for_Consciousness_In_Humans_and_Other_Mammals" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Criteria for Consciousness In Humans and Other Mammals" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The standard behavioral index for human consciousness is the ability to report events with accuracy. While this method is routinely used for scientific and medical applications in humans, it is not easy to generalize to other species. Brain evidence" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://szn.academia.edu/DavidEdelman" /> <meta name="description" content="The standard behavioral index for human consciousness is the ability to report events with accuracy. While this method is routinely used for scientific and medical applications in humans, it is not easy to generalize to other species. Brain evidence" /> <title>(PDF) Criteria for Consciousness In Humans and Other Mammals</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/278800/Criteria_for_Consciousness_In_Humans_and_Other_Mammals" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '107520bac59918e2ceae62eaadd15bff3d1e7904'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740875551000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740875551000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"The standard behavioral index for human consciousness is the ability to report events with accuracy. While this method is routinely used for scientific and medical applications in humans, it is not easy to generalize to other species. Brain evidence may lend itself more easily to comparative testing. Human consciousness involves widespread, relatively fast low-amplitude interactions in the thalamocortical core of the brain, driven by current tasks and conditions. These features have also been found in other mammals, which suggests that consciousness is a major biological adaptation in mammals. We suggest more than a dozen additional properties of human consciousness that may be used to test comparative predictions. Such homologies are necessarily more remote in non-mammals, which do not share the thalamocortical complex. However, as we learn more we may be able to make \u0026amp;amp;quot;deeper\u0026amp;amp;quot; predictions that apply to some birds, reptiles, large-brained invertebrates, and perhaps other s...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"David B Edelman","url":"https://szn.academia.edu/DavidEdelman","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3833519/1401433/29574231/s200_david.edelman.jpeg","sameAs":[]}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-02-28","dateModified":"2022-02-28","datePublished":"2005-01-01","headline":"Criteria for Consciousness In Humans and Other Mammals","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83912318/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Ethology","Cognitive Science","Neuroethology","Behavior","Consciousness","Evolution","Animal Cognition","Neurophysiology","Neurobiology","Medicine","Comparative psychology","Mammals","Animal Consciousness","Humans","Cerebral Cortex","Animals","Criteria","Brain Physiology","Indexation","Medical Application"],"publication":"Consciousness and Cognition","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Elsevier"},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"szn"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83912318/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/72625905/Criteria_for_Consciousness_In_Humans_and_Other_Mammals"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: 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{"work":{"id":72625905,"created_at":"2022-02-28T14:55:21.922-08:00","from_world_paper_id":197134351,"updated_at":"2023-03-03T08:41:24.701-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"The standard behavioral index for human consciousness is the ability to report events with accuracy. While this method is routinely used for scientific and medical applications in humans, it is not easy to generalize to other species. Brain evidence may lend itself more easily to comparative testing. Human consciousness involves widespread, relatively fast low-amplitude interactions in the thalamocortical core of the brain, driven by current tasks and conditions. These features have also been found in other mammals, which suggests that consciousness is a major biological adaptation in mammals. We suggest more than a dozen additional properties of human consciousness that may be used to test comparative predictions. Such homologies are necessarily more remote in non-mammals, which do not share the thalamocortical complex. However, as we learn more we may be able to make \u0026quot;deeper\u0026quot; predictions that apply to some birds, reptiles, large-brained invertebrates, and perhaps other s...","publisher":"Elsevier","publication_date":"2005,,","publication_name":"Consciousness and Cognition"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Criteria for Consciousness In Humans and Other Mammals","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true,"seo_quality":null}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [3833519]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":83912318,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Criteria for Consciousness In Humans and Other Mammals”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/83912318/mini_magick20220411-28000-wa3gce.png?1649742692" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Criteria for Consciousness In Humans and Other Mammals</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3833519" href="https://szn.academia.edu/DavidEdelman"><img alt="Profile image of David B Edelman" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3833519/1401433/29574231/s65_david.edelman.jpeg" />David B Edelman</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2005, Consciousness and Cognition</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">21 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 72625905; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The standard behavioral index for human consciousness is the ability to report events with accuracy. While this method is routinely used for scientific and medical applications in humans, it is not easy to generalize to other species. Brain evidence may lend itself more easily to comparative testing. Human consciousness involves widespread, relatively fast low-amplitude interactions in the thalamocortical core of the brain, driven by current tasks and conditions. These features have also been found in other mammals, which suggests that consciousness is a major biological adaptation in mammals. We suggest more than a dozen additional properties of human consciousness that may be used to test comparative predictions. Such homologies are necessarily more remote in non-mammals, which do not share the thalamocortical complex. However, as we learn more we may be able to make &quot;deeper&quot; predictions that apply to some birds, reptiles, large-brained invertebrates, and perhaps other s...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><div class="primary-buttons "><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":83912318,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/72625905/Criteria_for_Consciousness_In_Humans_and_Other_Mammals"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span>See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":83912318,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/72625905/Criteria_for_Consciousness_In_Humans_and_Other_Mammals"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="72625905" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="83912318" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/72625905/Criteria_for_Consciousness_In_Humans_and_Other_Mammals" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="278806" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/278806/Identifying_Hallmarks_of_Consciousness_In_Non_Mammalian_Species">Identifying Hallmarks of Consciousness In Non-Mammalian Species</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="209925" href="https://mbscience.academia.edu/BernardBaars">Bernard Baars</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Consciousness and cognition, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Identifying Hallmarks of Consciousness In Non-Mammalian Species","attachmentId":1255172,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/278806/Identifying_Hallmarks_of_Consciousness_In_Non_Mammalian_Species","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/278806/Identifying_Hallmarks_of_Consciousness_In_Non_Mammalian_Species"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="108468104" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108468104/Animal_Consciousness_in_Comparison_to_Human_Consciousness">Animal Consciousness in Comparison to Human Consciousness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28636760" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EJablonka">Eva Jablonka</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Animal Consciousness in Comparison to Human Consciousness","attachmentId":106842491,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108468104/Animal_Consciousness_in_Comparison_to_Human_Consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108468104/Animal_Consciousness_in_Comparison_to_Human_Consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="2508889" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2508889/Cognitive_Neuroscience_and_Animal_Consciousness">Cognitive Neuroscience and Animal Consciousness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="314147" href="https://wisc.academia.edu/MatteoGrasso">Matteo Grasso</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Naturalism and Constructivism in Metaethics, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The problem of animal consciousness has profound implications on our concept of nature and of our place in the natural world. In philosophy of mind and cognitive neuroscience the problem of animal consciousness raises two main questions (Velmans, 2007): the distribution question (“are there conscious animals beside humans?”) and the phenomenological question (“what is it like to be a non-human animal?”). In order to answer these questions, many approaches take into account similarities and dissimilarities in animal and human behavior, e.g. the use of language or tools and mirror self-recognition (Allen and Bekoff, 2007), however behavioral arguments don’t seem to be conclusive (Baars, 2005). Cognitive neuroscience is providing comparative data on structural and functional similarities, respectively called “homologies” and “analogies”. Many experimental results suggest that the thalamocortical system is essential for consciousness (Edelman and Tononi, 2000; Tononi, 2008). The argument from homology states that the general structure of thalamocortical system remained the same in the last 100-200 million years, for it is neuroanatomically similar in all the present and past mammals and it didn’t change much during phylogeny (Allen and Bekoff, 2007). The argument from analogy states that the key functional processes correlated with consciousness in humans are still present in all other mammals and many other animals (Baars, 2005). These processes are information integration through effective cortical connectivity (Massimini et al., 2005; Rosanova et al., 2012) and elaboration of information at a global level (Dehaene and Changeux, 2011). On this basis, the Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness states that all mammals, birds, and many other animals (such as octopuses) possess the neurological substrates of consciousness (Low et al., 2012). Conscious experience is private (Chalmers, 1995; Nagel, 1974) therefore the answer to the phenomenological question may be impossible. Nevertheless, cognitive neuroscience may provide an answer to the distribution question, showing that conscious experience is not limited to humans since it is a major biological adaptation going back millions of years.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cognitive Neuroscience and Animal Consciousness","attachmentId":33496279,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2508889/Cognitive_Neuroscience_and_Animal_Consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2508889/Cognitive_Neuroscience_and_Animal_Consciousness"><span 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href="https://www.academia.edu/7662958/Consciousness_in_humans_and_non_human_animals_recent_advances_and_future_directions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="111817785" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/111817785/Symposium_Proposal_Animal_Consciousness_in_Comparison_to_Human_Consciousness">Symposium Proposal: Animal Consciousness in Comparison to Human Consciousness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="831197" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Evajablonka">Eva jablonka</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Symposium Proposal: Animal Consciousness in Comparison to Human Consciousness","attachmentId":109240609,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111817785/Symposium_Proposal_Animal_Consciousness_in_Comparison_to_Human_Consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/111817785/Symposium_Proposal_Animal_Consciousness_in_Comparison_to_Human_Consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="82326875" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82326875/Consciousness_and_the_Brain">Consciousness and the Brain</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="182190266" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RodolfoLlinas2">Rodolfo Llinas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The goal of this paper is to explore the basic assumption that largescale, temporal coincidence of specific and nonspecific thalamic activity generates the functional states that characterize human cognition.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Consciousness and the Brain","attachmentId":88071367,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82326875/Consciousness_and_the_Brain","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82326875/Consciousness_and_the_Brain"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="77087241" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77087241/The_neural_correlate_of_consciousness">The neural correlate of consciousness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="89687196" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MadsJensen2">Mads Jensen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">I will discuss one aspect of the role that neuroscience plays in the search for a theory of consciousness. Whether or not neuroscience can solve all the problems of consciousness singlehandedly, it undoubtedly has a major role to play. Recent years have seen striking progress in neurobiological research bearing on the problems of consciousness. The conceptual foundations of this sort of research, however, are only beginning to be laid. I will look at some of the things that are going on, from a philosopher's perspective, and will try to say something helpful about these foundations. We have all been hearing a lot about the "neural correlate of consciousness". This phrase is intended to refer to the neural system or systems primarily associated with conscious experience. The acronym of the day is "NCC". We all have an NCC inside our head, we just have to find out what it is. In recent years we have seen quite a few proposals about the identity of the NCC. One of the most famous proposals is Crick and Koch's suggestion concerning 40-hertz oscillations. That proposal has since faded away a little but there are all sorts of other suggestions out there. The picture is almost reminiscent of particle physics, where they have something like 236 particles and people talk about the "particle zoo". In studying consciousness, one might talk about the "neural correlate zoo". A brief list of suggestions that have been put forward includes: • 40-hertz oscillations in the cerebral cortex (Crick and Koch 1990). • Intralaminar nucleus in the thalamus (Bogen 1995). • Re-entrant loops in thalamocortical systems (Edelman 1989). • 40-hertz rhythmic activity in thalamocortical systems . • Nucleus reticularis (Taylor and Alavi 1995). This paper appears in Toward a Science of Consciousness II: The Second Tucson Discussions and Debates (S. Hameroff, A. Kaszniak, and A.Scott, eds), published with MIT Press in 1998. It is a transcript of my talk at the second Tucson conference in April 1996, lightly edited to include the contents of overheads and to exclude some diversions with a consciousness meter. A more in-depth argument for some of the claims in this paper can be found in Chapter 6 of my book The Conscious Mind .</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The neural correlate of consciousness","attachmentId":84574042,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77087241/The_neural_correlate_of_consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77087241/The_neural_correlate_of_consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="3677701" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3677701/Chapter_3_Animal_Consciousness_Elsevier_Encyclopedia_of_Consciousness">Chapter 3: Animal Consciousness, Elsevier Encyclopedia of Consciousness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3833519" href="https://szn.academia.edu/DavidEdelman">David B Edelman</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chapter 3: Animal Consciousness, Elsevier Encyclopedia of Consciousness","attachmentId":31366761,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3677701/Chapter_3_Animal_Consciousness_Elsevier_Encyclopedia_of_Consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3677701/Chapter_3_Animal_Consciousness_Elsevier_Encyclopedia_of_Consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="36268689" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36268689/Biology_of_Consciousness">Biology of Consciousness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="217054" href="https://nsi.academia.edu/BBaars">Bernard J Baars</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers in Psychology, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Dynamic Core and Global Workspace hypotheses were independently put forward to provide mechanistic and biologically plausible accounts of how brains generate conscious mental content. The Dynamic Core proposes that reentrant neural activity in the thalamocortical system gives rise to conscious experience. Global Workspace reconciles the limited capacity of momentary conscious content with the vast repertoire of long-term memory. In this paper we show the close relationship between the two hypotheses. This relationship allows for a strictly biological account of phenomenal experience and subjectivity that is consistent with mounting experimental evidence. We examine the constraints on causal analyses of consciousness and suggest that there is now sufficient evidence to consider the design and construction of a conscious artifact.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biology of Consciousness","attachmentId":56174007,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36268689/Biology_of_Consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36268689/Biology_of_Consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="2786950" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2786950/Neural_correlates_of_consciousness_in_humans">Neural correlates of consciousness in humans</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13239" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/GeraintRees">Geraint Rees</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The directness and vivid quality of conscious experience belies the complexity of the underlying neural mechanisms, which remain incompletely understood. Recent work has focused on identifying the brain structures and patterns of neural activity within the primate visual system that are correlated with the content of visual consciousness.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neural correlates of consciousness in humans","attachmentId":30739879,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2786950/Neural_correlates_of_consciousness_in_humans","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2786950/Neural_correlates_of_consciousness_in_humans"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":83912318,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":83912318,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_83912318" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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