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<span>Notable authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_Chhayavad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_Chhayavad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism of Chhayavad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_Chhayavad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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title="Chhayavaad">Chhayavaad</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Era of Neo-romanticism in Hindi literature</div> <p> <b>Chhayavad</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">छायावाद</span>) (approximated in English as "Romanticism", literally "Shaded") refers to the era of <a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Hindi literature</a>, particularly Hindi poetry, 1922–1938,<sup id="cite_ref-language_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was marked by an increase of romantic and humanist content. <i>Chhayavad</i> was marked by a renewed sense of the self and personal expression, visible in the writings of the time. It is known for its leaning towards themes of love and nature, as well as an individualistic reappropriation of the Indian tradition in a new form of mysticism, expressed through a subjective voice. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Period">Period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhayavad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chhayavad Yug dates from 1918 to 1937. It was preceded by <i><a href="/wiki/Bharatendu_Harishchandra" title="Bharatendu Harishchandra">Bharatendu</a> Yug</i> (1868–1900) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Prasad_Dwivedi" title="Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi">Dwivedi</a> Yug</i> (1900–1918) and was followed by the Contemporary Period from 1937 onward.<sup id="cite_ref-language_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chhayavad continued until the latter half of the 1930s, when the golden era of modern Hindi poetry was gradually replaced by social didacticism inspired by rising nationalist fervour. Some of the later poets of this era, like Dinkar, Mahadevi and Bachchan took nationalist and social critiquing within their poetry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_authors">Notable authors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhayavad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notable authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jaishankar_Prasad" title="Jaishankar Prasad">Jaishankar Prasad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suryakant_Tripathi_%27Nirala%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'">Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumitranandan_Pant" title="Sumitranandan Pant">Sumitranandan Pant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi_Varma" title="Mahadevi Varma">Mahadevi Varma</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are considered as the four pillars of the <i>Chhayavadi</i> school of Hindi literature. Other important figures of this literary movement were <a href="/wiki/Ramdhari_Singh_%27Dinkar%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'">Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harivansh_Rai_Bachchan" title="Harivansh Rai Bachchan">Harivansh Rai Bachchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makhanlal_Chaturvedi" title="Makhanlal Chaturvedi">Makhanlal Chaturvedi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandit_Narendra_Sharma" title="Pandit Narendra Sharma">Pandit Narendra Sharma</a>. </p><p>Harivansh Rai Bachchan became excessively critical of Chhayavad later in his career and was associated with other genres like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rahasyavaad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rahasyavaad (page does not exist)">Rahasyavaad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pragativaad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pragativaad (page does not exist)">Pragativaad</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haalaavaad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haalaavaad (page does not exist)">Haalaavaad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_works">Notable works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhayavad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jaishankar_Prasad" title="Jaishankar Prasad">Jaishankar Prasad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kamayani" title="Kamayani">Kamayani</a> (1936) is considered an important work of this school, followed by <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi_Varma" title="Mahadevi Varma">Mahadevi Varma</a>'s <i>Nihar</i> (Mist, 1930) and <a href="/wiki/Harivansh_Rai_Bachchan" title="Harivansh Rai Bachchan">Harivansh Rai Bachchan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Madhushala" title="Madhushala">Madhushala</a></i> (1935). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_Chhayavad">Criticism of Chhayavad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhayavad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism of Chhayavad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, Chhayavad was very well received by readers and critics alike. However, subsequent scholars have criticized Chhayavad for excessive use of decorative language, romanticism aloof from contemporary social and economic malaise, and setting stricter rules on meter and rhyme.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhayavad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-language-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-language_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-language_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languages.iloveindia.com/hindi.html">Hindi Language</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://charm.cs.uiuc.edu/~bhatele/hindi/devel.htm">Historical Development of Hindi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014011411/http://charm.cs.uiuc.edu/~bhatele/hindi/devel.htm">Archived</a> 14 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702143421/http://www.hindilanguage.org/hindi/literature.asp">"Chhayavaadi Movement"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindilanguage.org/hindi/literature.asp">the original</a> on 2 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chhayavaadi+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindilanguage.org%2Fhindi%2Fliterature.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhayavad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhayavad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sar.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/25/1/13">Romantic Poetry in the Era of Convention</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27150229_ITM">Chhayavad study in The Journal of the American Oriental Society, Jul 1, 2001</a></li> <li>1 Now available in Vani Prakashan, New Delhi</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Generation of '98">Generation of '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian poets">Georgian poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Group_(literature)" title="The Group (literature)">The Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Aesthetes" title="Harvard Aesthetes">Harvard Aesthetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginism" title="Imaginism">Imaginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informationist_poetry" title="Informationist poetry">Informationist poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0kinci_Yeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İkinci Yeni (page does not exist)">İkinci Yeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindyworobak_Movement" title="Jindyworobak Movement">Jindyworobaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_poets" title="Language poets">Language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinism" title="Marinism">Marinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_poetry" title="Martian poetry">Martian poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misty_Poets" title="Misty Poets">Misty Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Modernist poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Movement_(literature)" title="The Movement (literature)">The Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">Neotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American_Poetry_1945%E2%80%931960" title="The New American Poetry 1945–1960">New American Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apocalyptics" title="New Apocalyptics">New Apocalyptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Formalism" title="New Formalism">New Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)" title="New York School (art)">New York School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberiu" title="Oberiu">Oberiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivist poets">Objectivists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Others_(art_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Others (art group)">Others</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnassianism" title="Parnassianism">Parnassian poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Pl%C3%A9iade" title="La Pléiade">La Pléiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cieuses" title="Précieuses">Précieuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymers%27_Club" title="Rhymers' Club">Rhymers' Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Renaissance" title="San Francisco Renaissance">San Francisco Renaissance</a></li> <li><a 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