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class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zientzia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zientzia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teknologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teknologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Teknologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teknologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eskolastika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eskolastika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eskolastika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eskolastika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div 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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">XII. mendeko Pizkundea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 29 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="النهضة في القرن الثاني عشر – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النهضة في القرن الثاني عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81" title="দ্বাদশ শতাব্দীর রেনেসাঁ – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বাদশ শতাব্দীর রেনেসাঁ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaixement_del_segle_XII" title="Renaixement del segle XII – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Renaixement del segle XII" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolvte_%C3%A5rhundredes_ren%C3%A6ssance" title="Tolvte århundredes renæssance – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tolvte århundredes renæssance" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochmittelalterliche_%E2%80%9ERenaissance%E2%80%9C" title="Hochmittelalterliche „Renaissance“ – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hochmittelalterliche „Renaissance“" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Renaissance of the 12th century" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesanco_de_la_12-a_jarcento" title="Renesanco de la 12-a jarcento – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Renesanco de la 12-a jarcento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renacimiento_del_siglo_XII" title="Renacimiento del siglo XII – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Renacimiento del siglo XII" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="رنسانس سده دوازدهم – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنسانس سده دوازدهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1100-luvun_renessanssi" title="1100-luvun renessanssi – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1100-luvun renessanssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_du_XIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Renaissance du XIIe siècle – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Renaissance du XIIe siècle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renacemento_do_s%C3%A9culo_XII" title="Renacemento do século XII – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Renacemento do século XII" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-12" title="הרנסאנס של המאה ה-12 – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרנסאנס של המאה ה-12" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._sz%C3%A1zadi_renesz%C3%A1nsz" title="12. századi reneszánsz – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="12. századi reneszánsz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascentia_del_seculo_XII" title="Renascentia del seculo XII – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Renascentia del seculo XII" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinascimento_del_XII_secolo" title="Rinascimento del XII secolo – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rinascimento del XII secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="12世紀ルネサンス – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="12世紀ルネサンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascentia_litterarum_saeculi_12" title="Renascentia litterarum saeculi 12 – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Renascentia litterarum saeculi 12" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renase_de_la_sentenio_12" title="Renase de la sentenio 12 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Renase de la sentenio 12" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_van_de_twaalfde_eeuw" title="Renaissance van de twaalfde eeuw – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Renaissance van de twaalfde eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%90_%D8%B2%DB%90%DA%96%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%90_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%93%DB%8D_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="د دوولسمې زېږدیزې پېړۍ رسانس – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د دوولسمې زېږدیزې پېړۍ رسانس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascimento_do_s%C3%A9culo_XII" title="Renascimento do século XII – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Renascimento do século XII" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_XII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Возрождение XII века – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Возрождение XII века" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinascimentu_d%C3%BB_s%C3%A8culu_XII" title="Rinascimentu dû sèculu XII – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rinascimentu dû sèculu XII" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesansa_12._vijeka" title="Renesansa 12. vijeka – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Renesansa 12. vijeka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesansa_12._stoletja" title="Renesansa 12. stoletja – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Renesansa 12. stoletja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_XII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Відродження XII століття – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відродження XII століття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%B8%AA%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="12世纪个文艺复兴 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="12世纪个文艺复兴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/220px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/330px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/440px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Garapen teknologikoak arku gotikoaren erabilera ahalbidetuko du.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>XII. mendeko Pizkundea</b> <a href="/wiki/Erdi_Aro_Klasikoa" title="Erdi Aro Klasikoa">Tarteko Erdi Aroan</a> gizarte-, politika- eta ekonomia-aldaketa ugariko garaia izan zen, non <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> arlo intelektualean suspertu zen sustrai filosofiko eta zientifiko sendoekin. Aldaketa hauek guztiek geroagoko lorpenei, hala nola <a href="/wiki/XV._mendea" title="XV. mendea">XV. mendeko</a> <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italiako</a> <a href="/wiki/Pizkundea" title="Pizkundea">Pizkundeari</a> eta <a href="/wiki/XVII._mendea" title="XVII. mendea">XVII. mendeko</a> zientzia-garapenei, bidea zolatu zieten. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sal-erosketak">Sal-erosketak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XII._mendeko_Pizkundea&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sal-erosketak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XII._mendeko_Pizkundea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Sal-erosketak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Hansa" title="Hansa">Hansa</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iparraldeko_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Iparraldeko Europa">Iparraldeko Europan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hansa" title="Hansa">Hansako Liga</a> <a href="/wiki/XII._mendea" title="XII. mendea">XII. mendean</a> sortu zen, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> hiria <a href="/wiki/1158" title="1158">1158</a>-<a href="/wiki/1159" title="1159">1159</a> fundatu ostean. <a href="/wiki/Germaniako_Erromatar_Inperio_Santua" title="Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santua">Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santuko</a> hiri franko Hansako hiri bihurtu ziren, besteak beste <a href="/wiki/Hanburgo" title="Hanburgo">Hanburgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" class="mw-disambig" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>. Inperiotik at, Hansako hiriak, esate baterako, <a href="/wiki/Brujas" title="Brujas">Brugge</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig</a> ziren. Garai honetan ere, <a href="/wiki/Alemaniarren_ekialderako_hedapena" title="Alemaniarren ekialderako hedapena">alemaniarrek ekialderako hedapenari</a> ekin zioten, Inperioz haratago, <a href="/wiki/Prusia" title="Prusia">Prusia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> aldera. </p><p><a href="/wiki/XIII._mendea" title="XIII. mendea">XIII. mendearen</a> amaieran, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> izeneko esploratzaile <a href="/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia">veneziarra</a> <a href="/wiki/Zetaren_Bidea" title="Zetaren Bidea">Zetaren Bidea</a> <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txinaraino</a> egiteko lehen europarra izan zen. <i><a href="/wiki/Marko_Poloren_bidaiak" class="mw-redirect" title="Marko Poloren bidaiak">Il Milione</a></i> deituriko liburuan bidaiak idatzita utzi zituenean, mendebaldetarrek Ekialde Urrunaren gaineko informazio gehiago bereganatu zuten. Horren ostean, ekialdera misiolari kristau ugarik eta zenbait bidaiari gehiagok ere jarraitu zioten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zientzia">Zientzia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XII._mendeko_Pizkundea&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zientzia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XII._mendeko_Pizkundea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Zientzia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Goi_Erdi_Aroa" title="Goi Erdi Aroa">Aurreko Erdi Aroan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioaren_gainbehera" class="mw-redirect" title="Erromatar Inperioaren gainbehera">Erromatar Inperioaren Gainbeheraren</a> ondoren <a href="/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Europa" title="Mendebaldeko Europa">Mendebaldeko Europan</a> geratu ziren antzinako greziarren kopietan eta iruzkinetan oinarritzen ziren zientzia- eta filosofia-ikasketak. Europa gehienak lehengo ezagutza ahaztuta zeukan. Eszenatoki hau XII. mendeko Pizkundean aldatu zen. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamdar</a> munduarekiko hartu-eman ohikoagoak <a href="/wiki/Iberiar_penintsula" title="Iberiar penintsula">Iberiar Penintsulan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sizilia" title="Sizilia">Sizilian</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Gurutzadak" title="Gurutzadak">Gurutzaden</a> bitartez, nahiz <a href="/wiki/Bizantziar_Inperioa" title="Bizantziar Inperioa">Bizantziar Inperioarekiko</a> hartu-eman sendoagoak ere, filosofo greziar eta islamdarren lanak, batik bat <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euklides" title="Euklides">Euklides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaudio_Ptolomeo" title="Klaudio Ptolomeo">Ptolomeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plotino" title="Plotino">Plotino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geber" class="mw-redirect" title="Geber">Geber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Musa_al-Khwarizmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi">Al-Khwarizmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Razi">Rhazes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abulkasis" title="Abulkasis">Abulkasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen">Alhacen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicena" class="mw-redirect" title="Avicena">Avicena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avempace" class="mw-redirect" title="Avempace">Avempace</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>, aurkitzea eta itzultzea ahalbidetu zien europarrei. Ertaroko unibertsitateen garapenak testu horien hedape azkarra ekarri zuen, eta zientzia-taldeek behar zuten azpiegitura ezartzen hasi zen. </p><p>XIII. mendearen hasierako, <a href="/wiki/Antzinaroa" title="Antzinaroa">Antzinateko</a> idazle garrantzitsu ia guztien neurrizko latinezko itzulpen zehatzak bazeuden, zeinek unibertsitateen eta monasterioen bidez ideia zientifikoen hedapena eragin zuen. Orduko, testu haietan agertzen zen zientzia naturala handitzen hasi zen, besteak beste <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Handia" title="Alberto Handia">Alberto Handia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Joan_Duns_Eskoto" title="Joan Duns Eskoto">Duns Scoto</a> eskolastiko nabarmenei esker. Egungo metodo zientifikoaren aitzindariak ikus daitezke Grossetestek matematika azpimarratzean, natura ulertu ahal izateko bidea zelakoan, baita Baconen jokabide enpirikoan, batez ere <i>Opus Maius</i> delakoan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/XIV._mendea" title="XIV. mendea">XIV. mendeko</a> lehenengo erdian lan zientifiko garrantzitsu ugari egin zen, Aristotelesen zientzia-idazketen iruzkin eskolastikoen inguruan. <a href="/wiki/Izurri_Beltza" title="Izurri Beltza">Izurrite Beltzak</a> (XIV. mendearen erdialdean) ekarritako suntsipenak eta beste lazeria batzuek aurreko garaiko filosofia- eta zientzia-garapenari amaiera ekarri bazioten ere, bi mende geroago Europan <a href="/wiki/Iraultza_Zientifikoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraultza Zientifikoa">Iraultza Zientifikoa</a> hasi zen, zein <a href="/wiki/Behe_Erdi_Aroa" title="Behe Erdi Aroa">Behe Erdi Aroko</a> krisialdiak etendako zientzia garapenaren prozesuaren berpizkundetzat har daitekeen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teknologia">Teknologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XII._mendeko_Pizkundea&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Teknologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XII._mendeko_Pizkundea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Teknologia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Europan, XII. mendean, ekoizpen-bitartekoak eta hazkunde ekonomikoak jorratzeko moduaren berrikuntzen zein asmakizunen proportzioan aldaketa sakona gertatu zen. Mende batean baino gutxiagotan, mundu osoko giza historiako aurreko milurtekoan baino asmakizun garatu eta aplikatu gehiago egon ziren. Garai honetan, <a href="/wiki/Teknologia" title="Teknologia">teknologian</a>, aurrerapauso itzelak eman ziren, besteak beste <a href="/wiki/Inprimatzeko_makina" title="Inprimatzeko makina">inprenta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolbora" title="Bolbora">bolbora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betaurreko" title="Betaurreko">betaurrekoak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erlojua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erlojua (sortu gabe)">erlojuak</a>, astrolabioak eta itsasontzi askoz hobeak. Azken bi asmakizun horiek <a href="/wiki/Esplorazioen_Aroa" title="Esplorazioen Aroa">Esplorazioen Aroaren</a> lehendabiziko urratsak ekarri zituzten. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Crosby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Crosby (sortu gabe)">Alfred Crosby</a> historialariak teknologia-iraultza hau deskribatu zuen: </p> <ul><li>Haize-errota baten aurreneko erregistro idatzia <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshiren</a> dago, <a href="/wiki/Ingalaterra" title="Ingalaterra">Ingalaterran</a>, <a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185ean</a> datatuta.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italian</a> paper-ekoizpena <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a> inguruan hasi zen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goru" title="Goru">Gorua</a> Europara (ziurrenik <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indiatik</a>) XIII. mendean ekarri zuten.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iparrorratz" title="Iparrorratz">Iparrorratz</a> magnetikoa XII. mendearen amaieran iritsi zen Europara.</li> <li>Betaurrekoak Italian asmatu zituzten <a href="/wiki/1280ko_hamarkada" title="1280ko hamarkada">1280ko hamarkadan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabio" title="Astrolabio">Astrolabio</a> Europara Iberiar Penintsulako islamdiarren bidez heldu zen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Pisano" title="Leonardo Pisano">Leonardo de Pisak</a> <a href="/wiki/1202" title="1202">1202an</a> erabili zituen lehen aldiz Europan <a href="/wiki/Arabiar_zifrak" title="Arabiar zifrak">zenbaki arabiarrak</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eskolastika">Eskolastika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XII._mendeko_Pizkundea&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eskolastika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XII._mendeko_Pizkundea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Eskolastika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Eskolastika" title="Eskolastika">Eskolastika</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eskolastika" title="Eskolastika">Eskolastika</a> izenpean ikasteko modu berria XII. mendearen amaieran garatu zen, <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristotelesen</a> lanak berriro topatutakoan, baita berak eragindako Erdi Aroko filosofo <a href="/wiki/Judu" title="Judu">judu</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Musulman" title="Musulman">musulmanen</a> lanak, tartean <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicena" class="mw-redirect" title="Avicena">Avicena</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>, edota haiek guztiek eragindako filosofo kristauen lanak, tartean <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Handia" title="Alberto Handia">Alberto Handia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_(Toledo)" title="Buenaventura (Toledo)">Buenaventura</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Petri_Abelardo" title="Petri Abelardo">Abelardo</a>, ere. Eskolastika jorratzen zutenek <a href="/wiki/Enpirismo" title="Enpirismo">enpirismoan</a> eta, ikasketa sekular, arrazoi eta logikaren bitartez, <a href="/wiki/Erromatar_Eliza_Katolikoa" title="Erromatar Eliza Katolikoa">Eliza Katolikoaren</a> dotrina babestean sinesten zuten. Mistizismo kristauari, platon-agustindarren buru-dualismoari eta mundua berez gaiztoa zen ikuspegiari aurre egiten zieten. Eskolastiko nabarmenena <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Akinokoa" title="Tomas Akinokoa">Tomas Akinokoa</a> izan zen, platonismo eta agustinianismotik aristotelismorako mugimenduko burua. Eskolastikaren metodoak erabiliz, adimenaren filosofia garatu zuen. Adimena jaiotzean <i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">tabula rasa</a></i> (taula hutsik) zela idatzi zuen, formak eta ideiak <a href="/wiki/Jainko" class="mw-disambig" title="Jainko">Jainkoaren</a> txinpartaren bidez ezagutzeko gai zena. Beste eskolastiko nabarmenduak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roscelin (sortu gabe)">Roscelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petri_Abelardo" title="Petri Abelardo">Petri Abelardo</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Petri_Lombardo" class="mw-redirect" title="Petri Lombardo">Petri Lombardo</a> izan ziren. 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