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<span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Activin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhibin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhibin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Inhibin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhibin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_females" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_females"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>In females</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_females-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_males" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_males"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>In males</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_males-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mechanism of action subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activin_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activin_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Activin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activin_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhibin_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhibin_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Inhibin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhibin_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activin_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activin_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Activin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activin_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhibin_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhibin_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Inhibin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhibin_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الأكتيفين والإنهيبين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأكتيفين والإنهيبين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivin_i_inhibin" title="Aktivin i inhibin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aktivin i inhibin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activina_e_inhibina" title="Activina e inhibina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Activina e inhibina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A1%ED%8B%B0%EB%B9%88%EA%B3%BC_%EC%9D%B8%ED%9E%88%EB%B9%88" title="액티빈과 인히빈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="액티빈과 인히빈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activin_na_inhibin" title="Activin na inhibin – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Activin na inhibin" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivin_dan_inhibin" title="Aktivin dan inhibin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aktivin dan inhibin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivin_dan_inhibin" title="Aktivin dan inhibin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aktivin dan inhibin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivin_i_inhibin" title="Aktivin i inhibin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Aktivin i inhibin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivin_i_inhibin" title="Aktivin i inhibin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aktivin i inhibin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activin_v%C3%A0_inhibin" title="Activin và inhibin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Activin và inhibin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E6%B4%BB%E7%B4%A0%E4%B8%8E%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="激活素与抑制素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="激活素与抑制素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q422284#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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FSH-production</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the agent that was referred to as 'inhibine' prior to its identification as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/INHA" title="INHA">inhibin, alpha</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/INHA" title="INHA">INHA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=3623&rn=1">3623</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:6065">6065</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/147380">147380</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_002191">NM_002191</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P05111">P05111</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_2_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 2 (human)">Chr. 2</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=2q33-qter">q33-qter</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P05111">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P05111">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/INHBA" title="INHBA">inhibin, beta A</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Peptide_hormones_-_2ARV.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Peptide_hormones_-_2ARV.png/220px-Peptide_hormones_-_2ARV.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Peptide_hormones_-_2ARV.png/330px-Peptide_hormones_-_2ARV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Peptide_hormones_-_2ARV.png/440px-Peptide_hormones_-_2ARV.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Activin dimer, from 2ARV.pdb</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/INHBA" title="INHBA">INHBA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Alt. symbols</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">activin A</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=3624&rn=1">3624</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:6066">6066</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/147290">147290</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_002192">NM_002192</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P08476">P08476</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_7_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 7 (human)">Chr. 7</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=7p">p15-p13</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P08476">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P08476">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/INHBB" title="INHBB">inhibin, beta B</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/INHBB" title="INHBB">INHBB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Alt. symbols</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">activin B</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=3625&rn=1">3625</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:6067">6067</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/147390">147390</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_002193">NM_002193</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P09529">P09529</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_2_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 2 (human)">Chr. 2</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=2">cen-q13</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P09529">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P09529">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/INHBC" title="INHBC">inhibin, beta C</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/INHBC" title="INHBC">INHBC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Alt. symbols</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">activin C</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=3626&rn=1">3626</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:6068">6068</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/601233">601233</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_005538">NM_005538</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P55103">P55103</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 12 (human)">Chr. 12</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=12q13">q13</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P55103">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P55103">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">inhibin, beta E</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">INHBE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Alt. symbols</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">activin E</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=83729&rn=1">83729</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:24029">24029</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/612031">612031</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_031479">NM_031479</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P58166">P58166</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 12 (human)">Chr. 12</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=12q13.2">q13.2</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P58166">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P58166">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Activin</b> and <b>inhibin</b> are two closely related <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiprotein_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprotein complex">complexes</a> that have almost directly opposite biological effects. Identified in 1986,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3012369_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3012369-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid3086749_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3086749-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> activin enhances <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</a> <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">secretion</a>, and participates in the regulation of the <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycle</a>. Many other functions have been found to be exerted by activin, including roles in cell proliferation, <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16636301_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16636301-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune response</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">wound repair</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15451577_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15451577-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine</a> function. Conversely, inhibin downregulates FSH synthesis and inhibits FSH secretion.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of inhibin was hypothesized as early as 1916; however, it was not demonstrated to exist until <a href="/wiki/Neena_Schwartz" title="Neena Schwartz">Neena Schwartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Channing" title="Cornelia Channing">Cornelia Channing</a>'s work in the mid-1970s, after which both proteins were molecularly characterized ten years later.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Activin is a <a href="/wiki/Protein_dimer" title="Protein dimer">dimer</a> composed of two identical or very similar beta subunits. Inhibin is also a dimer wherein the first component is a beta subunit similar or identical to the beta subunit in activin. However, in contrast to activin, the second component of the inhibin dimer is a more distantly-related alpha subunit.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3346366_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3346366-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15027884_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15027884-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activin, inhibin and a number of other structurally related proteins such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">anti-Müllerian hormone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">bone morphogenetic protein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">growth differentiation factor</a> belong to the <a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta_superfamily" title="Transforming growth factor beta superfamily">TGF-β protein superfamily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8299934_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8299934-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activin_and_inhibin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The activin and inhibin protein complexes are both dimeric in structure, and, in each complex, the two monomers are linked to one another by a single <a href="/wiki/Disulfide_bond#Disulfide_bonds_in_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfide bond">disulfide bond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3122219_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3122219-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, both complexes are derived from the same family of related genes and proteins but differ in their subunit composition.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3346366_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3346366-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below is a list of the most common inhibin and activin complexes and their subunit composition: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable" border="3" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" width="100">Class </th> <th rowspan="2" width="100">Activity </th> <th rowspan="2" width="100">Complex </th> <th colspan="3">Dimer subunits </th></tr> <tr> <th width="80">1 </th> <th width="80">2 </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Inhibin </td> <td rowspan="2">inhibits FSH secretion </td> <td>Inhibin A </td> <td><a href="/wiki/INHA" title="INHA">α</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/INHBA" title="INHBA">β<sub>A</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inhibin B </td> <td>α </td> <td><a href="/wiki/INHBB" title="INHBB">β<sub>B</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Activin </td> <td rowspan="3">stimulates FSH secretion </td> <td>Activin A </td> <td>β<sub>A</sub> </td> <td>β<sub>A</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Activin AB </td> <td>β<sub>A</sub> </td> <td>β<sub>B</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Activin B </td> <td>β<sub>B</sub> </td> <td>β<sub>B</sub> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Activin_inhibin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Activin_inhibin.png/330px-Activin_inhibin.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Activin_inhibin.png/495px-Activin_inhibin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Activin_inhibin.png/660px-Activin_inhibin.png 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram of the 1D structures of inhibin and activin. The black line between the monomers represents a disulfide bond.</figcaption></figure> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The alpha and beta subunits share approximately 25% <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)#Paralogy" title="Homology (biology)">sequence similarity</a>, whereas the similarity between beta subunits is approximately 65%.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8299934_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8299934-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mammals, four beta subunits have been described, called activin β<sub>A</sub>, activin β<sub>B</sub>, activin β<sub>C</sub> and activin β<sub>E</sub>. Activin β<sub>A</sub> and β<sub>B</sub> are identical to the two beta subunits of inhibin. A fifth subunit, activin β<sub>D</sub>, has been described in <i><a href="/wiki/African_clawed_frog" title="African clawed frog">Xenopus laevis</a></i>. Two activin β<sub>A</sub> subunits give rise to activin A, one β<sub>A</sub>, and one β<sub>B</sub> subunit gives rise to activin AB, and so on. Various, but not all theoretically possible, heterodimers have been described.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16973148_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16973148-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18350601_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18350601-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subunits are linked by a single covalent disulfide bond. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/INHBC" title="INHBC">β<sub>C</sub></a> subunit is able to form activin heterodimers with β<sub>A</sub> or β<sub>B</sub> subunits but is unable to dimerize with inhibin α.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11134153_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11134153-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activin_and_inhibin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activin">Activin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activin_and_inhibin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Activin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Activin is produced in the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a>, and other organs: </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_follicle" title="Ovarian follicle">ovarian follicle</a>, activin increases FSH binding and FSH-induced <a href="/wiki/Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity">aromatization</a>. It participates in <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgen</a> synthesis enhancing <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">LH</a> action in the <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testis</a>. In the male, activin enhances <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a>.</li> <li>Activin is strongly expressed in wounded <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, and overexpression of activin in <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">transgenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a> improves wound healing and enhances <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scar</a> formation. Its action in wound repair and skin <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">morphogenesis</a> is through stimulation of <a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte" title="Keratinocyte">keratinocytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stromal_cell" title="Stromal cell">stromal cells</a> in a dose-dependent manner.<sup id="cite_ref-Bamberger_Schärer_Antsiferova_Tychsen_2021_p._14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bamberger_Schärer_Antsiferova_Tychsen_2021_p.-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Activin also regulates the <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">morphogenesis</a> of branching organs such as the <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>. Activin A increased the expression level of <a href="/wiki/Type-I_collagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Type-I collagen">type-I collagen</a> suggesting that activin A acts as a potent activator of <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">fibroblasts</a>.</li> <li>Lack of activin during development results in neural developmental defects.</li> <li>Upregulation of Activin A drives pluripotent <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a> into a mesoendodermal fate, and thus provides a useful tool for stem cell <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organoid" title="Organoid">organoid</a> formation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25670788_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25670788-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhibin">Inhibin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activin_and_inhibin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inhibin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In both females and males, inhibin inhibits <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</a> production. Inhibin does not inhibit the secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15618291_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15618291-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the overall mechanism differs between the sexes: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_females">In females</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activin_and_inhibin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In females"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inhibin is produced in the <a href="/wiki/Gonads" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonads">gonads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corpus_luteum" title="Corpus luteum">corpus luteum</a> and other organs. </p><p>FSH stimulates the secretion of inhibin from the <a href="/wiki/Granulosa_cell" title="Granulosa cell">granulosa cells</a> of the ovarian follicles in the <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a>. In turn, inhibin suppresses FSH. </p> <ul><li><i>Inhibin B</i> reaches a peak in the early- to mid-<a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">follicular phase</a>, and a second peak at <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>.</li> <li><i>Inhibin A</i> reaches its peak in the mid-<a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">luteal phase</a>.</li></ul> <p>Inhibin secretion is diminished by <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</a>, and enhanced by <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor" title="Insulin-like growth factor">insulin-like growth factor</a>-1 (IGF-1). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_males">In males</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activin_and_inhibin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In males"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is secreted from the <a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cell" title="Sertoli cell">Sertoli cells</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in the <a href="/wiki/Seminiferous_tubules" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminiferous tubules">seminiferous tubules</a> inside the <a href="/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Androgens" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgens">Androgens</a> stimulate inhibin production; this <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> may also help to locally regulate <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activin_and_inhibin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activin_2">Activin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activin_and_inhibin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Activin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with other members of the superfamily, activins interact with two types of cell surface <a href="/wiki/Transmembrane_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmembrane receptor">transmembrane receptors</a> (Types I and II) which have intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Serine/threonine-specific_protein_kinase" title="Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase">serine/threonine kinase</a> activities in their cytoplasmic domains: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activin_type_1_receptors" title="Activin type 1 receptors">Activin type 1 receptors</a>: <a href="/wiki/ACVR1" title="ACVR1">ACVR1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ACVR1B" title="ACVR1B">ACVR1B</a>, <a href="/wiki/ACVR1C" title="ACVR1C">ACVR1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_type_2_receptors" title="Activin type 2 receptors">Activin type 2 receptors</a>: <a href="/wiki/ACVR2A" title="ACVR2A">ACVR2A</a>, <a href="/wiki/ACVR2B" title="ACVR2B">ACVR2B</a></li></ul> <p>Activin binds to the Type II receptor and initiates a cascade reaction that leads to the recruitment, phosphorylation, and activation of Type I activin receptor. This then interacts with and then phosphorylates <a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_2" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2">SMAD2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_3" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3">SMAD3</a>, two of the cytoplasmic <a href="/wiki/R-SMAD" title="R-SMAD">SMAD</a> proteins. </p><p>Smad3 then translocates to the nucleus and interacts with <a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_4" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4">SMAD4</a> through multimerization, resulting in their modulation as <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factor</a> complexes responsible for the expression of a large variety of genes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhibin_2">Inhibin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activin_and_inhibin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inhibin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to activin, much less is known about the mechanism of action of inhibin, but may involve competing with activin for binding to activin receptors and/or binding to inhibin-specific receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15027884_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15027884-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activin_and_inhibin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activin_3">Activin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activin_and_inhibin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Activin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Activin A is more plentiful in the <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a> of obese, compared to lean persons.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20530742_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20530742-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activin A promotes the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Adipocyte" title="Adipocyte">adipocyte</a> <a href="/wiki/Progenitor_cell" title="Progenitor cell">progenitor cells</a>, while inhibiting their <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiation</a> into adipocytes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20530742_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20530742-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activin A also increases inflammatory <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20530742_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20530742-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> in the gene for the activin receptor <a href="/wiki/ACVR1" title="ACVR1">ACVR1</a> results in <a href="/wiki/Fibrodysplasia_ossificans_progressiva" title="Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva">fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva</a>, a fatal disease that causes muscle and soft tissue to gradually be replaced by bone tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-ACVR1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACVR1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This condition is characterized by the formation of an extra skeleton that produces immobilization and eventually death by suffocation.<sup id="cite_ref-ACVR1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACVR1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mutation in ACVR1 causes activin A, which normally acts as an antagonist of the receptor and blocks <a href="/wiki/Osteogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteogenesis">osteogenesis</a> (bone growth), to behave as an agonist of the receptor and to induce hyperactive bone growth.<sup id="cite_ref-ACVR1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACVR1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 September 2015, <a href="/wiki/Regeneron_Pharmaceuticals" title="Regeneron Pharmaceuticals">Regeneron Pharmaceuticals</a> announced that they had developed an <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> for <a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">activin A</a> that effectively cures the disease in an <a href="/wiki/Animal_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal model">animal model</a> of the condition.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mutations in the ACVR1 gene have also been linked to cancer, especially <a href="/wiki/Glioma#diffuse_intrinsic_pontine_glioma" title="Glioma">diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma</a>(DIPG).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlCure_Brain_Cancer_-_News_-_Multiple_Breakthroughs_in_Childhood_Brain_Cancer_DIPG_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlCure_Brain_Cancer_-_News_-_Multiple_Breakthroughs_in_Childhood_Brain_Cancer_DIPG-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24705254_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24705254-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elevated Activin B levels with normal Activin A levels provided a possible <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarker</a> for <a href="/wiki/Myalgic_encephalomyelitis/chronic_fatigue_syndrome" title="Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome">myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Activin A is overexpressed in many <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>. It was shown to promote <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">tumorigenesis</a> by hampering the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive</a> <a href="/wiki/Cancer_immunology" title="Cancer immunology">anti-tumor immune response</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhibin_3">Inhibin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activin_and_inhibin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inhibin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quantification of inhibin A is part of the prenatal <a href="/wiki/Quad_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad screen">quad screen</a> that can be administered during pregnancy at a gestational age of 16–18 weeks. An elevated inhibin A (along with an increased <a href="/wiki/Beta-hCG" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-hCG">beta-hCG</a>, decreased <a href="/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein" title="Alpha-fetoprotein">AFP</a>, and a decreased <a href="/wiki/Estriol" title="Estriol">estriol</a>) is suggestive of the presence of a fetus with <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a screening test, abnormal quad screen test results need to be followed up with more definitive tests. </p><p>It also has been used as a marker for <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inhibin B may be used as a marker of <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a> function and <a href="/wiki/Male_infertility" title="Male infertility">male infertility</a>. The mean serum inhibin B level is significantly higher among fertile men (approximately 140 pg/mL) than in infertile men (approximately 80 pg/mL).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In men with <a href="/wiki/Azoospermia" title="Azoospermia">azoospermia</a>, a positive test for inhibin B slightly raises the chances for successfully achieving pregnancy through <a href="/wiki/Testicular_sperm_extraction" title="Testicular sperm extraction">testicular sperm extraction</a> (TESE), although the association is not very substantial, having a sensitivity of 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56–0.74) and a specificity of 0.83 (CI: 0.64–0.93) for prediction the presence of sperm in the testes in non-obstructive azoospermia.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20601364_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20601364-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activin_and_inhibin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid3012369-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3012369_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFValeRivierVaughanMcClintock1986" class="citation journal cs1">Vale W, Rivier J, Vaughan J, McClintock R, Corrigan A, Woo W, et al. 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"Inhibin as a diagnostic marker for ovarian cancer". <i>Cancer Letters</i>. <b>249</b> (1): 14–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.canlet.2006.12.017">10.1016/j.canlet.2006.12.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17320281">17320281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Letters&rft.atitle=Inhibin+as+a+diagnostic+marker+for+ovarian+cancer&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-7&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.canlet.2006.12.017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17320281&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Pruysers%2C+E&rft.au=Jobling%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivin+and+inhibin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsonPruysersBurgerJobling2004" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson DM, Pruysers E, Burger HG, Jobling T, McNeilage J, Healy D (October 2004). "Inhibins and ovarian cancer". <i>Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology</i>. <b>225</b> (1–2): 65–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mce.2004.02.014">10.1016/j.mce.2004.02.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15451569">15451569</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33801243">33801243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+and+Cellular+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Inhibins+and+ovarian+cancer&rft.volume=225&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=65-71&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33801243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15451569&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mce.2004.02.014&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Pruysers%2C+E&rft.au=Burger%2C+HG&rft.au=Jobling%2C+T&rft.au=McNeilage%2C+J&rft.au=Healy%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivin+and+inhibin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyersLambert-MesserlianSigman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Myers GM, Lambert-Messerlian GM, Sigman M (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2008.09.033">"Inhibin B reference data for fertile and infertile men in Northeast America"</a>. <i>Fertility and Sterility</i>. <b>92</b> (6): 1920–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2008.09.033">10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.033</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19006797">19006797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fertility+and+Sterility&rft.atitle=Inhibin+B+reference+data+for+fertile+and+infertile+men+in+Northeast+America&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1920-3&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2008.09.033&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19006797&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=GM&rft.au=Lambert-Messerlian%2C+GM&rft.au=Sigman%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.fertnstert.2008.09.033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivin+and+inhibin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20601364-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20601364_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToulisIliadouVenetisTsametis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Toulis KA, Iliadou PK, Venetis CA, Tsametis C, Tarlatzis BC, Papadimas I, et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdmq024">"Inhibin B and anti-Mullerian hormone as markers of persistent spermatogenesis in men with non-obstructive azoospermia: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies"</a>. <i>Human Reproduction Update</i>. <b>16</b> (6): 713–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdmq024">10.1093/humupd/dmq024</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20601364">20601364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Reproduction+Update&rft.atitle=Inhibin+B+and+anti-Mullerian+hormone+as+markers+of+persistent+spermatogenesis+in+men+with+non-obstructive+azoospermia%3A+a+meta-analysis+of+diagnostic+accuracy+studies&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=713-24&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdmq024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20601364&rft.aulast=Toulis&rft.aufirst=KA&rft.au=Iliadou%2C+PK&rft.au=Venetis%2C+CA&rft.au=Tsametis%2C+C&rft.au=Tarlatzis%2C+BC&rft.au=Papadimas%2C+I&rft.au=Goulis%2C+DG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fhumupd%252Fdmq024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivin+and+inhibin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activin_and_inhibin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Activin">Activin</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Inhibin">Inhibin</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruschKreidl2008" class="citation web cs1">Grusch M, Kreidl E (1 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scitopics.com/Activin_and_follistatin_in_liver_biology_and_hepatocellular_carcinoma.html">"Activin and follistatin in liver biology and hepatocellular carcinoma"</a>. <i>SciTopics</i>. Elsevier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209123618/http://www.scitopics.com/Activin_and_follistatin_in_liver_biology_and_hepatocellular_carcinoma.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SciTopics&rft.atitle=Activin+and+follistatin+in+liver+biology+and+hepatocellular+carcinoma&rft.date=2008-08-01&rft.aulast=Grusch&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Kreidl%2C+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scitopics.com%2FActivin_and_follistatin_in_liver_biology_and_hepatocellular_carcinoma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivin+and+inhibin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TGF_beta_signaling" title="Template talk:TGF beta signaling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TGF_beta_signaling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TGF beta signaling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_signaling:_TGFβ_signaling_pathway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a>: <a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_signaling_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ signaling pathway">TGFβ signaling pathway</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta_superfamily" title="Transforming growth factor beta superfamily">TGF beta superfamily of ligands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Ligand of <a href="/wiki/Activin_receptor" title="Activin receptor">ACVR</a> or <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_receptor" title="TGF beta receptor">TGFBR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGF beta family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">TGF-β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">TGF-β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">TGF-β3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Activin and inhibin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INHA" title="INHA">INHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INHBA" title="INHBA">INHBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INHBB" title="INHBB">INHBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INHBC" title="INHBC">INHBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Ligand of <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptor" title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor">BMPR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">Bone morphogenetic proteins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">BMP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_3" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 3">BMP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 4">BMP4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_5" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 5">BMP5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_6" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 6">BMP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_7" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 7">BMP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_8A" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 8A">BMP8a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_8b" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 8b">BMP8b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_10" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 10">BMP10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_15" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 15">BMP15</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">Growth differentiation factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">GDF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF2" title="GDF2">GDF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">GDF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">GDF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">GDF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">GDF7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin/GDF8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor-9" title="Growth differentiation factor-9">GDF9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF10" title="GDF10">GDF10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">GDF11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF15" title="GDF15">GDF15</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">Anti-müllerian hormone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta receptors">TGF beta receptors</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Activin_receptor" title="Activin receptor">Activin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptors">BMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF-beta_receptor_family" title="TGF-beta receptor family">family</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">TGFBR1:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activin_type_1_receptors" title="Activin type 1 receptors">Activin type 1 receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACVR1" title="ACVR1">ACVR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVR1B" title="ACVR1B">ACVR1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVR1C" title="ACVR1C">ACVR1C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVRL1" title="ACVRL1">ACVRL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptor,_type_1" title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1">BMPR1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMPR1A" title="BMPR1A">BMPR1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMPR1B" title="BMPR1B">BMPR1B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">TGFBR2:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activin_type_2_receptors" title="Activin type 2 receptors">Activin type 2 receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACVR2A" title="ACVR2A">ACVR2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVR2B" title="ACVR2B">ACVR2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone_receptor" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor">AMHR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMPR2" title="BMPR2">BMPR2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">TGFBR3:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betaglycan" class="mw-redirect" title="Betaglycan">betaglycan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">Transducers</a>/<a href="/wiki/SMAD_(protein)" title="SMAD (protein)">SMAD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-SMAD" title="R-SMAD">R-SMAD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_1" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1">SMAD1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_2" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2">SMAD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_3" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3">SMAD3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_5" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5">SMAD5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_9" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9">SMAD9</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-SMAD" title="I-SMAD">I-SMAD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_6" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6">SMAD6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_7" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7">SMAD7</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_4" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4">SMAD4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway#Ligand_agonists.2Fantagonists" title="TGF beta signaling pathway">Ligand inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(protein)" title="Cerberus (protein)">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordin" title="Chordin">Chordin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorin" title="Decorin">Decorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follistatin" title="Follistatin">Follistatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin_(protein)" title="Gremlin (protein)">Gremlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_TGF-beta_binding_protein" title="Latent TGF-beta binding protein">LTBP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(protein)" title="Noggin (protein)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(A)-specific_ribonuclease" title="Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease">PARN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombospondin_1" title="Thrombospondin 1">THBS1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Co-receptor" title="Co-receptor">Coreceptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAMBI" title="BAMBI">BAMBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripto" title="Cripto">Cripto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_FYVE_domain-containing_protein_9" title="Zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 9">SARA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protein,_glycoconjugate:_glycoproteins_and_glycopeptides" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glycoproteins" title="Template:Glycoproteins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glycoproteins" title="Template talk:Glycoproteins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glycoproteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glycoproteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protein,_glycoconjugate:_glycoproteins_and_glycopeptides" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycoconjugate" title="Glycoconjugate">glycoconjugate</a>: <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoproteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycopeptide" title="Glycopeptide">glycopeptides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Mucoprotein" title="Mucoprotein">Mucoproteins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Mucin" title="Mucin">Mucin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD43" title="CD43">CD43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD164" title="CD164">CD164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC1" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC1">MUC1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC2" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC2">MUC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC3A" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC3A">MUC3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC3B" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC3B">MUC3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC4" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC4">MUC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC5AC" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC5AC">MUC5AC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC5B" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC5B">MUC5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC6" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC6">MUC6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC7" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC7">MUC7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC8" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC8">MUC8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucin" title="Mucin">MUC12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC13" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC13">MUC13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC15" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC15">MUC15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CA-125" class="mw-redirect" title="CA-125">MUC16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC17" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC17">MUC17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC19" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC19">MUC19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC20" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC20">MUC20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haptoglobin" title="Haptoglobin">Haptoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_factor" title="Intrinsic factor">Intrinsic factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosomucoid" title="Orosomucoid">Orosomucoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptidoglycan" title="Peptidoglycan">Peptidoglycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytohaemagglutinin" title="Phytohaemagglutinin">Phytohaemagglutinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovomucin" title="Ovomucin">Ovomucin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Proteoglycan" title="Proteoglycan">Proteoglycans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">CS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dermatan_sulfate" title="Dermatan sulfate">DS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decorin" title="Decorin">Decorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biglycan" title="Biglycan">Biglycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versican" title="Versican">Versican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Heparan_sulfate" title="Heparan sulfate">HS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">CS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testican" title="Testican">Testican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlecan" title="Perlecan">Perlecan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">CS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate_proteoglycan" title="Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan">Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aggrecan" title="Aggrecan">Aggrecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocan" title="Neurocan">Neurocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevican" title="Brevican">Brevican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD44" title="CD44">CD44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSPG4" title="CSPG4">CSPG4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSPG5" title="CSPG5">CSPG5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet_factor_4" title="Platelet factor 4">Platelet factor 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMC3_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="SMC3 (gene)">Structural maintenance of chromosomes 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Keratan_sulfate" title="Keratan sulfate">KS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibromodulin" title="Fibromodulin">Fibromodulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumican" title="Lumican">Lumican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratocan" title="Keratocan">Keratocan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Heparan_sulfate" title="Heparan sulfate">HS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syndecan_1" title="Syndecan 1">Syndecan 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Activin and inhibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_disintegrin_and_metalloproteinase" class="mw-redirect" title="A disintegrin and metalloproteinase">ADAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_1-antichymotrypsin" title="Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin">Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_H" title="Apolipoprotein H">Apolipoprotein H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD70" title="CD70">CD70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asialoglycoprotein" title="Asialoglycoprotein">Asialoglycoprotein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avidin" title="Avidin">Avidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-cell_activating_factor" title="B-cell activating factor">B-cell activating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-1BB_ligand" class="mw-redirect" title="4-1BB ligand">4-1BB ligand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterylester_transfer_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholesterylester transfer protein">Cholesterylester transfer protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusterin" title="Clusterin">Clusterin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony-stimulating_factor" title="Colony-stimulating factor">Colony-stimulating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemopexin" title="Hemopexin">Hemopexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactoferrin" title="Lactoferrin">Lactoferrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_glycoproteins" title="Membrane glycoproteins">Membrane glycoproteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelin_protein_zero" title="Myelin protein zero">Myelin protein zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteonectin" title="Osteonectin">Osteonectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_C" title="Protein C">Protein C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_S" title="Protein S">Protein S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_amyloid_P_component" title="Serum amyloid P component">Serum amyloid P component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialoglycoprotein" title="Sialoglycoprotein">Sialoglycoprotein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD43" title="CD43">CD43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycophorin" title="Glycophorin">Glycophorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycophorin_C" title="Glycophorin C">Glycophorin C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoietin" title="Thrombopoietin">Thrombopoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroglobulin" title="Thyroglobulin">Thyroglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroxine-binding_proteins" title="Thyroxine-binding proteins">Thyroxine-binding proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcortin" title="Transcortin">Transcortin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">Tumor necrosis factor alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uteroglobin" title="Uteroglobin">Uteroglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitronectin" title="Vitronectin">Vitronectin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hormones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hormones" title="Template:Hormones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hormones" title="Template talk:Hormones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hormones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hormones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hormones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">Endocrine<br />glands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hypothalamic–pituitary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–<br />pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">TRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">CRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone%E2%80%93releasing_hormone" title="Growth hormone–releasing hormone">GHRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin (GHIH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_concentrating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanin concentrating hormone">MCH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">Posterior pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">Vasopressin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">Anterior pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">LH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">TSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">POMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-like_intermediate_peptide" title="Corticotropin-like intermediate peptide">CLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">Endorphins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipotropin" title="Lipotropin">Lipotropin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">GH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">Adrenal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">Androstenedione</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_medulla" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal medulla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">Adrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormones" title="Thyroid hormones">Thyroid hormones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triiodothyronine" title="Triiodothyronine">T<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroxine">T<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93thyroid_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis">Thyroid axis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">PTH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">Gonadal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inhibin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Activin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inhibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin" title="Relaxin">Relaxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin_surge-attenuating_factor" title="Gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor">GnSAF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">hCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen" title="Human placental lactogen">HPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">Glucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylin" title="Amylin">Amylin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide" title="Pancreatic polypeptide">Pancreatic polypeptide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">N,N-Dimethyltryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine">5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin" title="Thymosin">Thymosins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin_%CE%B11" title="Thymosin α1">Thymosin α1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_thymosin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta thymosin">Beta thymosins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymopoietin" title="Thymopoietin">Thymopoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymulin" title="Thymulin">Thymulin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">Gastrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">CCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide">GIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin" title="Motilin">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide">VIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroglucagon" title="Enteroglucagon">Enteroglucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptide_YY" title="Peptide YY">Peptide YY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1">GLP-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a>/other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor" title="Insulin-like growth factor">Insulin-like growth factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">IGF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2" title="Insulin-like growth factor 2">IGF-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Adipose tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">Leptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiponectin" title="Adiponectin">Adiponectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistin" title="Resistin">Resistin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeleton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">Renin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">EPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">Prostaglandin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natriuretic_peptide" title="Natriuretic peptide">Natriuretic peptide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">ANP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_natriuretic_peptide_32" title="Brain natriuretic peptide 32">BNP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TGFβ_receptor_superfamily_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template talk:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TGFβ_receptor_superfamily_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ receptor superfamily"><abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</abbr> receptor superfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_superfamily_receptor#Type_I" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ superfamily receptor">Type I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK1" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK1"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 1">ALK1</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor-like type 1">ACVRL1</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/BMP10" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP10">10</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cetermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cetermin (page does not exist)">Cetermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF2" title="GDF2">2 (BMP9)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ascrinvacumab" title="Ascrinvacumab">Ascrinvacumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-347 (page does not exist)">ML-347 (LDN-193719, VU0469381)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Dalantercept" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalantercept">Dalantercept</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Other inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disitertide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disitertide (page does not exist)">Disitertide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK2" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK2"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 2">ALK2</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor type 1A">ACVR1A</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH (MIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-1 (page does not exist)">DMH-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsomorphin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsomorphin (page does not exist)">Dorsomorphin (BML-275)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-347 (page does not exist)">ML-347 (LDN-193719, VU0469381)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK3" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK3"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 3">ALK3</abbr> (<abbr title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A">BMPR1A</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH (MIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsomorphin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsomorphin (page does not exist)">Dorsomorphin (BML-275)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK4" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK4"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 4">ALK4</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor type 1B">ACVR1B</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin (GDF8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_83-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A 83-01 (page does not exist)">A 83-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-431542" title="SB-431542">SB-431542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-505124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-505124 (page does not exist)">SB-505124</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK5" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK5"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 5">ALK5</abbr> (<abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor 1">TGFβR1</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF10" title="GDF10">10 (BMP3B)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Fresolimumab" title="Fresolimumab">Fresolimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerdelimumab" title="Lerdelimumab">Lerdelimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metelimumab" title="Metelimumab">Metelimumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_83-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A 83-01 (page does not exist)">A 83-01</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-4476&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-4476 (page does not exist)">D-4476</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-788388&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-788388 (page does not exist)">GW-788388</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-364947&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-364947 (page does not exist)">LY-364947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2109761" title="LY-2109761">LY-2109761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galunisertib" title="Galunisertib">Galunisertib (LY-2157299)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R-268712&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R-268712 (page does not exist)">R-268712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RepSox" title="RepSox">RepSox (E-616452, SJN-2511)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-431542" title="SB-431542">SB-431542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-505124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-505124 (page does not exist)">SB-505124</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-525334&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-525334 (page does not exist)">SB-525334</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SD-208&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SD-208 (page does not exist)">SD-208</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK6" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK6"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 6">ALK6</abbr> (<abbr title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B">BMPR1B</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP15" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP15">15 (GDF9B)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF9" class="mw-redirect" title="GDF9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF15" title="GDF15">15</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsomorphin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsomorphin (page does not exist)">Dorsomorphin (BML-275)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK7" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK7"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 7">ALK7</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor type 1C">ACVR1C</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_83-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A 83-01 (page does not exist)">A 83-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-431542" title="SB-431542">SB-431542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-505124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-505124 (page does not exist)">SB-505124</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_superfamily_receptor#Type_II" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ superfamily receptor">Type II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2R2" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβR2"><abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor 2">TGFβR2</abbr></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF10" title="GDF10">10 (BMP3B)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Fresolimumab" title="Fresolimumab">Fresolimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerdelimumab" title="Lerdelimumab">Lerdelimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metelimumab" title="Metelimumab">Metelimumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-364947&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-364947 (page does not exist)">LY-364947</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/BMPR2" title="BMPR2"><abbr title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2">BMPR2</abbr></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP10" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP10">10</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF2" title="GDF2">2 (BMP9)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ACVR2A" title="ACVR2A"><abbr title="Activin receptor type 2A">ACVR2A</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin receptor type 2">ACVR2</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP15" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP15">15 (GDF9B)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF9" class="mw-redirect" title="GDF9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF15" title="GDF15">15</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin (GDF8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sotatercept" title="Sotatercept">Sotatercept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ACVR2A" title="ACVR2A"><abbr title="Activin receptor type 2B">ACVR2B</abbr></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin (GDF8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_3" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 3">Osteogenin (BMP3, BMP3A)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramatercept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramatercept (page does not exist)">Ramatercept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/AMHR2" class="mw-redirect" title="AMHR2"><abbr title="Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type 2">AMHR2</abbr> (<abbr title="Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor">AMHR</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH (MIS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_superfamily_receptor#Type_III" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ superfamily receptor">Type III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TGFβR3_(β-glycan)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2R3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβR3"><abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor 3">TGFβR3</abbr> (β-glycan)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Ligands:</i> <a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Endogenous antagonists/inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/BAMBI" title="BAMBI">BAMBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(protein)" title="Cerberus (protein)">Cerberus (CER1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordin" title="Chordin">Chordin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAN_(protein)" class="mw-redirect" title="DAN (protein)">DAN (PARN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorin" title="Decorin">Decorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follistatin" title="Follistatin">Follistatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin_(protein)" title="Gremlin (protein)">Gremlin (Drm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTBP1_(gene)" title="LTBP1 (gene)">LTBP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(protein)" title="Noggin (protein)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_interacting_factor" title="Transforming growth interacting factor">TGIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombospondin_1" title="Thrombospondin 1">Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomoregulin_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomoregulin 1 (page does not exist)">Tomoregulin 1</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stamulumab" title="Stamulumab">Stamulumab</a> (against myostatin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRC105" class="mw-redirect" title="TRC105">TRC105</a> (against endoglin)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Endoglin" 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