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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apiacá</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiac%C3%A1" title="Apiacá – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Apiacá" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiak%C3%A1" title="Apiaká – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apiaká" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiac%C3%A1" title="Apiacá – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apiacá" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiak%C3%A1" title="Apiaká – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Apiaká" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8" title="আপিআকআস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আপিআকআস" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiak%C3%A1" title="Apiaká – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apiaká" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiac%C3%A1s" title="Apiacás – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apiacás" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Апиака (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Апиака (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiak%C3%A1" title="Apiaká – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Apiaká" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Апіака (народ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Апіака (народ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Apiac%C3%A1_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Apiacá (disambiguation)">Apiacá (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Apiacá</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indios_apiaka_no_rio_Arinos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Indios_apiaka_no_rio_Arinos.jpg/250px-Indios_apiaka_no_rio_Arinos.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Indios_apiaka_no_rio_Arinos.jpg/375px-Indios_apiaka_no_rio_Arinos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Indios_apiaka_no_rio_Arinos.jpg/500px-Indios_apiaka_no_rio_Arinos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1963" data-file-height="1292" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Apiacá people, painted by <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rcules_Florence" title="Hércules Florence">Hércules Florence</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">850 (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-intro_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bandeira_de_Mato_Grosso.svg/22px-Bandeira_de_Mato_Grosso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bandeira_de_Mato_Grosso.svg/33px-Bandeira_de_Mato_Grosso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bandeira_de_Mato_Grosso.svg/43px-Bandeira_de_Mato_Grosso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> and <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bandeira_do_Par%C3%A1.svg/23px-Bandeira_do_Par%C3%A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bandeira_do_Par%C3%A1.svg/35px-Bandeira_do_Par%C3%A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bandeira_do_Par%C3%A1.svg/45px-Bandeira_do_Par%C3%A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Apiak%C3%A1_language" title="Apiaká language">Apiaká</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a><sup id="cite_ref-ethno_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethno-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">traditional tribal religion<sup id="cite_ref-intro_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Apiacá</b>, or <b>Apiaká</b>, are an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of Brazil">indigenous people of Brazil</a>, who live in northern <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a>, near the border of <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ethno_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethno-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They speak an Apiacá language that is a subgroup part of the Tupi-Guarani languages, though many today speak Portuguese. Prior to the 19th century, the Apiacá were a warlike tribe with a heavily agricultural culture. Around the mid-19th century, their numbers began to decline. This decrease coincided with the contact of European settlers in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though thought to be extinct, their numbers, today, are increasing. In 2001, there were only 192 Apiaká.<sup id="cite_ref-ethno_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethno-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009, there are a thousand Apiaká people.<sup id="cite_ref-intro_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apiac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apiak%C3%A1_language" title="Apiaká language">Apiaká language</a> belongs to subgroup VI of the <a href="/wiki/Tupi-Guarani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupi-Guarani languages">Tupi-Guarani languages</a>. After coming into contact with the Neo-Brazilians, the Apiaca language changed with combined elements of the Lingua Geral, A Tupi-based trade jargon. Today, Portuguese or Munduruku are more widely spoken as opposed to the Apiaca language, though these people have always been known by the name "Apiaca."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today there are only four people aged over 50 who speak and understand the Apiaca language, one person speaks the language fully, another two possess less proficiency and the fourth has yet to be evaluated in close detail. Therefore, the language is at grave risk of becoming extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-Apiaka_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apiaka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the Apiaca speak Portuguese and those married to members of the Munduruku and Kaiabi tribes speak their spouse’s language fluently or have the ability to understand them fully. Although the Munduruku and Kaiabi languages and idioms are spoken on a day-to-day basis in the Apiaca villages, they are, however, limited to domestic spaces and informal conversations. The language used in formal conversations is Portuguese, due to contact with the Neo-Brazilians and Portuguese settlers. Although they cannot impose their own language on the co-resident Munduruku and Kaiabi people, due to such a small number of them who actually speak the Apiaca language, the Apiaca manage to impede the languages of these peoples from becoming the official languages in their villages. This allows Portuguese to function as an instrument of resistance employed by the Apiaca to prevent their cultural absorption by the Munduruku and Kaiabi tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Apiaka_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apiaka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the linguistic proximity, the Apiaká do not allow Kaiabi to be taught in their villages’ schools: this stems from historically bad relations with this tribe. However, due to the better relationship the Apiaca have with the Munduruku people, they permit Munduruku teachers to give lessons in their own language. For many years the Apiaca have been attempting to revive their language through the schools in their villages but have so far been unsuccessful. In recent years there has been an initiative to create a book known as the "Apiaca Word" in order to catalog the language.<sup id="cite_ref-Apiaka_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apiaka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apiac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They are also known as Apiacá or Apiake people.<sup id="cite_ref-ethno_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethno-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apiaká is said to have come from the Tupi word <i>apiapa</i> which means "people" or "man". Contrary to this origin, "the Apiaká leaders explain that their people's name refers to a wasp that when attacked travels long distances to exact revenge on the aggressor with an extremely painful sting."<sup id="cite_ref-Apiaka_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apiaka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the Apiacá people explains their beliefs in war and a warrior attitude.<sup id="cite_ref-Apiaka_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apiaka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apiac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1848, the Apiacá mainly were found between the left bank of the Arinos River and the right bank of the Juruena River. However, pressure from the Neo-Brazilians caused a large portion of the Apiacá tribe to migrate towards the São Manoel River. During the early late 1800s however, the Apiacá disappeared from São Manoel. In 1895, the remnants of 100 people of this tribe were found between Salto São Simão and São Florencio.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_of_South_American_Indians_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook_of_South_American_Indians-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, because of the growing recovery of the tribe, there are 7 villages that are located in the states of Mato Grosso and Pará. These 7 villages include: Mayrob, Figueirinha, Mairowy, Bom Futuro, Vista Alegre, Minhocuçu, and Pontal.<sup id="cite_ref-Apiaka_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apiaka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apiac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest records concerning the Apiacá date from 1791 to 1805, although it is possible that these Indians may have encountered Europeans as early as 1747.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 19th century, the Apiacá tribe consisted of nearly 16,000 people. In 1812, one settlement consisted of around 500 people of which half were warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_of_South_American_Indians_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook_of_South_American_Indians-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were once a large tribe until the <a href="/wiki/Rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber boom">rubber boom</a> took over Amazonia.<sup id="cite_ref-intro_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rubber boom also pushed and scattered the Apiacá away from their historical territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Apiaka_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apiaka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apiacá had a strong fighting culture. They often fought with their nearby competitors, such as the Tapanyuna tribe, located on the right side of the Arinos River. However, the Apiacá did not fight for materials, but instead to avenge past conflicts. With around 200 to 300 warriors, every year they would march to battle against another tribe. Apiacá would also practice cannibalism on their prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_of_South_American_Indians_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook_of_South_American_Indians-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the existence of the Apiacá, their numbers have declined dramatically. Because of the establishment of the "Collectoria estadol do Mato Grosso" in 1912, many were killed and 32 remained. They were killed in compensation for an attack they made at the collector’s office. In 1916 there was evidence of some black people having been assimilated into the tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_of_South_American_Indians_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook_of_South_American_Indians-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1957, two ethnologists, undertaking a study of indigenous groups in Brazil, mistakenly declared the Apiacá extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They posited a number of possible causes for this supposed extinction: disease epidemics, massacres stemming from resistance to colonization, warfare with neighboring native people, and assimilation into other indigenous groups. In fact, during this entire time the tribe was still very much alive, living amongst the <a href="/wiki/Kaiabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiabi people">Kaiabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munduruku_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Munduruku people">Munduruku peoples</a> but preserving many aspects of their own distinct culture.<sup id="cite_ref-intro_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_customs">Culture and customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apiac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture and customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest records of the Apiaca people suggest that they had large plots of cultivated fields, and grew a great array of crops. Crops harvested include sweet cassava (manioc), cara, yams, peanuts, sweet potatoes, maize, beans, lima beans, pumpkins, cotton, and as of 1848, watermelons. Planting and harvesting were typically communal activities, although typically performed by women. Although early sources do not make mention of any domestic animals, by the mid-19th century the Apiaca came to have pigs, dogs, chickens, ducks, and several other birds. They hunted peccaries, tapirs, and capybaras, and used baskets set at the bottom of weirs across the mouths of streams in order to catch fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Americas_1993_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas_1993-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apiaca settlements were formerly beside the river and typically consisted of a single, large house surrounded by a clearing. The huts were rectangular and covered with thatched roofs, and the walls were made of bark or palm. Inside the homes, cotton hammocks, made of either coarse fabric or net, were hung along the walls. Large bark canoes provided transportation across the waterways. Baskets, trays, sieves, and supports for various vessels were woven with strips of creeper, and ceramic pots, pans, and dishes were manufactured. Musical instruments were a part of their culture as well, as they had drums, rattles, and bamboo trumpets. Weapons and ornaments were the only forms of private property. Iron tools obtained from Europeans were of great value, although the Apiaca occasionally stole them from the Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-Americas_1993_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas_1993-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each Apiaca communal hut constituted a settlement and had at least one chief. The title of a chief was passed from father to son or, in the absence of an heir apparent, to the nearest relative. The chief was unique in that he was allowed as many as three wives, although typically his authority was exercised "unobtrusively". However, in times of war and in encounters with foreigners, the chief assumed great authority. This was evidenced by his distinctive ornaments, which included a large, white shell collar, a feather diadem, and a large belt of black beads and human teeth. After childbirth, a mother was confined for only one day, and children were raised in an atmosphere of love and affection. Boys were tattooed by women using thorns in a process completed at the age of 14. In this ritual, boys had a rectangle tattooed around their mouth, symbolizing that the boy could eat human flesh. Facial tattoos consisted of marks from each ear to the nose, chin, and mouth, while designs on the body displayed war and hunting accomplishments. Women were tattooed after marriage with a design consisting of a rectangle on the chin, with a band running to the ears. With the exception of the chief, the Apiaca were monogamous and married at the age of 14. Divorce was allowed, with custody of children going to the father in these cases. The dead were buried in shallow graves under their hammocks in the house, and their bones were exhumed after a year to be buried in the original grave.<sup id="cite_ref-Americas_1993_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas_1993-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Apiaca fought and warred regularly with their neighbors, who included the Nambicuara, the Parintintin, the Tapanyuna, and others, for the purpose of avenging former issues. War expeditions of 200 to 300 warriors were embarked upon after the harvest, but only in the event of the shamans predicting victory. Several villages might cooperate under the leadership of a chief in times of war, and cannibalism – the eating of prisoners and those killed in battle – was practiced with elaborate ceremonies as late as 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-Americas_1993_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas_1993-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apiac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Apiaca believed in a god who created the sky and earth and who showed his anger and displeasure in the form of thunder and lightning. Shamans were greatly respected and told the future through trances and speaking with the spirits. They treated the ill by blowing on the patient, sucking the afflicted part of the body, and washing the patient in a herbal bath.<sup id="cite_ref-Americas_1993_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas_1993-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apiac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-intro-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-intro_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-intro_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-intro_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-intro_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-intro_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/apiaka">"Apiaká: Introduction."</a> <i>Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil.</i> Retrieved 28 March 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethno-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethno_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethno_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethno_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethno_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=api">"Apiaká."</a> <i>Ethnologue.</i> 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOlson1991" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James (June 17, 1991). <i>The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary</i>. New York City, NY: Greenwood Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313263876" title="Special:BookSources/0313263876"><bdi>0313263876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indians+of+Central+and+South+America%3A+An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+NY&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1991-06-17&rft.isbn=0313263876&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApiac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dictionary of Indian Tribes of the Americas</i> (2 ed.). Newport Beach, California: American Indian Publishers Incorporated. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0937862282" title="Special:BookSources/0937862282"><bdi>0937862282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Indian+Tribes+of+the+Americas&rft.place=Newport+Beach%2C+California&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=American+Indian+Publishers+Incorporated&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0937862282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApiac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apiaka-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apiaka_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apiaka_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apiaka_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apiaka_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apiaka_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apiaka_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apiaka_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempesta" class="citation web cs1">Tempesta, Giovana Acácia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/apiaka/51">"Apiaka"</a>. <i>Povos Indigenas no Brasil</i>. Fany Pantaleoni Ricardo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Povos+Indigenas+no+Brasil&rft.atitle=Apiaka&rft.aulast=Tempesta&rft.aufirst=Giovana+Ac%C3%A1cia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.socioambiental.org%2Fen%2Fpovo%2Fapiaka%2F51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApiac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook_of_South_American_Indians-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_of_South_American_Indians_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_of_South_American_Indians_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_of_South_American_Indians_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_of_South_American_Indians_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Handbook of South American Indians</i> (3 ed.). United States Government Printing Office. 1948. pp. 312–320.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+South+American+Indians&rft.pages=312-320&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApiac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Indians of Brazil in the Twentieth Century</i>. Institute for Cross-Cultural Research. 1967. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indians+of+Brazil+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Institute+for+Cross-Cultural+Research&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApiac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Americas_1993-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Americas_1993_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Americas_1993_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Americas_1993_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Americas_1993_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Americas_1993_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dictionary of Indian Tribes of the Americas (2 ed.). Newport Beach, California: American Indian Publishers Incorporated. 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0937862282" title="Special:BookSources/0937862282">0937862282</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apiac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_North_Region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Indigenous peoples of the <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Brazil" title="North Region, Brazil">North Region</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apurin%C3%A3" title="Apurinã">Apurinã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash%C3%A1ninka" title="Asháninka">Asháninka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaxinaw%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaxinawá">Kaxinawá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulina_people" title="Kulina people">Kulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinere" title="Machinere">Machinere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaminaw%C3%A1" title="Yaminawá">Yaminawá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Amapá</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aparai_people" title="Aparai people">Aparai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Kalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karipuna_do_Amap%C3%A1" title="Karipuna do Amapá">Karipuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palikur" title="Palikur">Palikur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampi" title="Wayampi">Wayampi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amahuaca" title="Amahuaca">Amahuaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apurin%C3%A3" title="Apurinã">Apurinã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banaw%C3%A1" title="Banawá">Banawá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baniwa" title="Baniwa">Baniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasana" title="Barasana">Barasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_people" title="Bora people">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambeba" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambeba">Cambeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubeo_people" title="Cubeo people">Cubeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2w_people" title="Dâw people">Dâw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupda_people" title="Hupda people">Hupda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamamadi" title="Jamamadi">Jamamadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juma_people" title="Juma people">Juma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korubo" title="Korubo">Korubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulina_people" title="Kulina people">Kulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macuna" title="Macuna">Macuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maw%C3%A9_people" title="Mawé people">Mawé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matis" title="Matis">Matis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mats%C3%A9s" title="Matsés">Matsés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munduruku" title="Munduruku">Munduruku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_people" title="Mura people">Mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parintint%C3%ADn" title="Parintintín">Parintintín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3_people" title="Pirahã people">Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pira-tapuya" title="Pira-tapuya">Pira-tapuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siriano" title="Siriano">Siriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariana_people" title="Tariana people">Tariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temb%C3%A9" title="Tembé">Tembé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenharim" title="Tenharim">Tenharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna" title="Ticuna">Ticuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiriy%C3%B3_people" title="Tiriyó people">Tiriyó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucano_people" title="Tucano people">Tucano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turiw%C3%A1ra" title="Turiwára">Turiwára</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wai-wai_people" title="Wai-wai people">Wai-wai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampi" title="Wayampi">Wayampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayana" title="Wayana">Wayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Amazonian_Indians" title="White Amazonian Indians">White Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witoto_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Witoto people">Witoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami" title="Yanomami">Yanomami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuruah%C3%A3" title="Zuruahã">Zuruahã</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanay%C3%A9" title="Amanayé">Amanayé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamb%C3%A9_people" title="Anambé people">Anambé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparai_people" title="Aparai people">Aparai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apiacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arara_(Par%C3%A1)" title="Arara (Pará)">Arara</a> (Pará)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawet%C3%A9" title="Araweté">Araweté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikum" title="Atikum">Atikum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1" title="Karajá">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayapo" title="Kayapo">Kayapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%BB%B3ikat%C3%AAj%C3%AA_people" title="Kỳikatêjê people">Kỳikatêjê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munduruku" title="Munduruku">Munduruku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkat%C3%AAj%C3%AA_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkatêjê people">Parkatêjê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakan%C3%A3_people" title="Parakanã people">Parakanã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%AD_(Par%C3%A1)" title="Suruí (Pará)">Suruí (Pará)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temb%C3%A9" title="Tembé">Tembé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiriy%C3%B3_people" title="Tiriyó people">Tiriyó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turiw%C3%A1ra" title="Turiwára">Turiwára</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wai-wai_people" title="Wai-wai people">Wai-wai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampi" title="Wayampi">Wayampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayana" title="Wayana">Wayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%27%C3%A9" title="Zo'é">Zo'é</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_people" title="Aikanã people">Aikanã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu" title="Akuntsu">Akuntsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arara_(Rond%C3%B4nia)" title="Arara (Rondônia)">Arara</a> (Rondônia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinta_Larga" title="Cinta Larga">Cinta Larga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavi%C3%A3o_(Rond%C3%B4nia)" title="Gavião (Rondônia)">Gavião</a> (Rondônia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA" title="Kanoê">Kanoê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karitiana" title="Karitiana">Karitiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_people" title="Kwaza people">Kwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiter" title="Paiter">Paiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau" title="Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau">Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari%E2%80%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wari’">Wari’</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roraima" title="Roraima">Roraima</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akawaio_people" title="Akawaio people">Akawaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macushi" title="Macushi">Macushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patamona_people" title="Patamona people">Patamona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemon" title="Pemon">Pemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapishana" title="Wapishana">Wapishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami" title="Yanomami">Yanomami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%27kuana" title="Ye'kuana">Ye'kuana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tocantins" title="Tocantins">Tocantins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apinaj%C3%A9_people" title="Apinajé people">Apinajé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1" title="Karajá">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krah%C3%B4" title="Krahô">Krahô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9" title="Tapirapé">Tapirapé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xambio%C3%A1" title="Xambioá">Xambioá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerente" title="Xerente">Xerente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeast_Region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Indigenous peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast Region</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patax%C3%B3_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pataxó people">Pataxó</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiriri_people" title="Kiriri people">Kiriri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabajara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabajara people">Tabajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapeba_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeba people">Tapeba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aw%C3%A1-Guaj%C3%A1_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Awá-Guajá people">Awá-Guajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canela_people" title="Canela people">Canela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajajara" title="Guajajara">Guajajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'apor people">Ka'apor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krikati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krikati (page does not exist)">Krĩkatí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pykobj%C3%AA_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pykobjê people">Gavião-Pykobjê</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potiguara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Potiguara people">Potiguara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xukuru_people" title="Xukuru people">Xukuru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Central-West_Region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Indigenous peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Central-West_Region,_Brazil" title="Central-West Region, Brazil">Central-West Region</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Av%C3%A1-Canoeiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Avá-Canoeiro">Avá-Canoeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1" title="Karajá">Karajá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimor%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aimoré people">Aimoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiac%C3%A1_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Apiacá people">Apiacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aweti" title="Aweti">Aweti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakairi_people" title="Bakairi people">Bakairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororo" title="Bororo">Bororo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiquitano people">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinta_Larga_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinta Larga people">Cinta Larga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enawene_Nawe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enawene Nawe people">Enawene Nawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_people" title="Guató people">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikpeng_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikpeng people">Ikpeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiabi people">Kaiabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapalo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalapalo people">Kalapalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamayur%C3%A1_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamayurá people">Kamayurá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1" title="Karajá">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayapo" title="Kayapo">Kayapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuikuro_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuikuro people">Kuikuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matipu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Matipu people">Matipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Munduruku people">Munduruku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuku%C3%A1" title="Nahukuá">Nahukuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nambikwara people">Nambikwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiter_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Paiter people">Paiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panar%C3%A1_people" title="Panará people">Panará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresi_language" title="Paresi language">Paresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikbaktsa people">Rikbaktsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suy%C3%A1_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Suyá people">Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapay%C3%BAna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapayúna people">Tapayúna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapirapé people">Tapirapé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terena_people" title="Terena people">Terena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_people" title="Trumai people">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umutina" title="Umutina">Umutina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wauja_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wauja people">Wauja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavante_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Xavante people">Xavante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawalapiti" title="Yawalapiti">Yawalapiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yudj%C3%A1" title="Yudjá">Yudjá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zor%C3%B3" title="Zoró">Zoró</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamacoco" title="Chamacoco">Chamacoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani-Kaiow%C3%A1" title="Guarani-Kaiowá">Guarani-Kaiowá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_people" title="Guató people">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadiweu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadiweu people">Kadiweu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbay%C3%A1_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbayá people">Mbayá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ofayé people">Ofayé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terena_people" title="Terena people">Terena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_South_and_Southeast_Regions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Indigenous peoples of the <a href="/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Southeast Region, Brazil">Southeast Regions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupiniquim_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupiniquim people">Tupiniquim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimor%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aimoré people">Aimoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaxix%C3%B3" title="Kaxixó">Kaxixó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xakriab%C3%A1_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Xakriabá people">Xakriabá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xokleng" title="Xokleng">Xokleng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimor%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aimoré people">Aimoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaingang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaingang people">Kaingang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terena_people" title="Terena people">Terena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Widespread</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaingang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaingang people">Kaingang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2415009#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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