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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mesosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stratosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Stratosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Troposphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Troposphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Troposphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Troposphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_layers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_layers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other layers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_layers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physical properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pressure_and_thickness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure_and_thickness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pressure and thickness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure_and_thickness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speed_of_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_of_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Speed of sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed_of_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Density_and_mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Density_and_mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Density and mass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Density_and_mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabulated_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabulated_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Tabulated properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabulated_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Optical properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Optical_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Optical properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Optical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scattering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scattering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Scattering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scattering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Absorption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Emission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refractive_index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refractive_index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Refractive index</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refractive_index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Circulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_Earth's_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_Earth's_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Evolution of Earth's atmosphere</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution_of_Earth's_atmosphere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution of Earth's atmosphere subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_Earth's_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earliest_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Earliest atmosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Second atmosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Third atmosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Air pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Atmosphere of Earth</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 130 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">130 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarde_se_atmosfeer" title="Aarde se atmosfeer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aarde se atmosfeer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdatmosph%C3%A4re" title="Erdatmosphäre – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Erdatmosphäre" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A8%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A2_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AD" title="ከባቢ አየር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ከባቢ አየር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eenn%C3%A2m_%C3%A1imukerdi" title="Eennâm áimukerdi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Eennâm áimukerdi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A" title="غلاف الأرض الجوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلاف الأرض الجوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2" title="পৃথিৱীৰ বায়ুমণ্ডল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৃথিৱীৰ বায়ুমণ্ডল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atm%C3%B3sfera_terrestre" title="Atmósfera terrestre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Atmósfera terrestre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="हवा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हवा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerin_atmosferi" title="Yerin atmosferi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yerin atmosferi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="یئرین آتموسفری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یئرین آتموسفری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2" title="পৃথিবীর বায়ুমণ্ডল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পৃথিবীর বায়ুমণ্ডল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-ki%C3%BB_%C3%AA_t%C4%81i-kh%C3%AC-khoan" title="Tē-kiû ê tāi-khì-khoan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-kiû ê tāi-khì-khoan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer" title="Atmosfer – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Atmosfer" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ер атмосфераһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ер атмосфераһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Атмасфера Зямлі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атмасфера Зямлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Атмасфэра Зямлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Атмасфэра Зямлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="वायुमंडल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वायुमंडल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера на Земята – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атмосфера на Земята" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zemljina atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosferenn" title="Atmosferenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Atmosferenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_terrestre" title="Atmosfera terrestre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Atmosfera terrestre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Çĕр атмосфери – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕр атмосфери" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A9ra_Zem%C4%9B" title="Atmosféra Země – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atmosféra Země" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosffer_y_Ddaear" title="Atmosffer y Ddaear – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Atmosffer y Ddaear" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordens_atmosf%C3%A6re" title="Jordens atmosfære – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jordens atmosfære" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdatmosph%C3%A4re" title="Erdatmosphäre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdatmosphäre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Atmosfäär – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Atmosfäär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ατμόσφαιρα της Γης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατμόσφαιρα της Γης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atm%C3%B3sfera_terrestre" title="Atmósfera terrestre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Atmósfera terrestre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera_atmosfero" title="Tera atmosfero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tera atmosfero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurraren_atmosfera" title="Lurraren atmosfera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurraren atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اتمسفر زمین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتمسفر زمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_terrestre" title="Atmosphère terrestre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atmosphère terrestre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampkring" title="Dampkring – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dampkring" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmaisf%C3%A9ar_an_Domhain" title="Atmaisféar an Domhain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Atmaisféar an Domhain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_terrestre" title="Atmosfera terrestre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Atmosfera terrestre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC_%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%B0%EA%B6%8C" title="지구 대기권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지구 대기권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sararin_Samaniya_na_Duniya" title="Sararin Samaniya na Duniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sararin Samaniya na Duniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Երկրի մթնոլորտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրի մթնոլորտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="पृथ्वी का वायुमण्डल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पृथ्वी का वायुमण्डल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zemljina atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter-atmosfero" title="Ter-atmosfero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ter-atmosfero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer_Bumi" title="Atmosfer Bumi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atmosfer Bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphera_terrestre" title="Atmosphera terrestre – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Atmosphera terrestre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umoyambulunga_Womhlaba" title="Umoyambulunga Womhlaba – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umoyambulunga Womhlaba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gufuhvolf" title="Gufuhvolf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gufuhvolf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_terrestre" title="Atmosfera terrestre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atmosfera terrestre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="אטמוספירת כדור הארץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אטמוספירת כדור הארץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swasana" title="Swasana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Swasana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B2" title="ಭೂಮಿಯ ವಾಯುಮಂಡಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೂಮಿಯ ವಾಯುಮಂಡಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="დედამიწის ატმოსფერო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დედამიწის ატმოსფერო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жер атмосферасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жер атмосферасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A8_Lat%C3%A8" title="Atmosfè Latè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Atmosfè Latè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жер атмосферасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жер атмосферасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81" title="ບັນຍາກາດຂອງໂລກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ບັນຍາກາດຂອງໂລກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%ABr" title="Aër – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aër" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemes_atmosf%C4%93ra" title="Zemes atmosfēra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zemes atmosfēra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A4r_vun_der_%C3%84erd" title="Atmosphär vun der Äerd – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Atmosphär vun der Äerd" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%97s_atmosfera" title="Žemės atmosfera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žemės atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_terr%C3%A8stra" title="Atmosfera terrèstra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Atmosfera terrèstra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Земјина атмосфера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Земјина атмосфера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soson-drivotry_ny_tany" title="Soson-drivotry ny tany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Soson-drivotry ny tany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൗമാന്തരീക്ഷം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൗമാന്തരീക്ഷം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="पृथ्वीचे वातावरण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पृथ्वीचे वातावरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_Bumi" title="Atmosfera Bumi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Atmosfera Bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дэлхийн агаар мандал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэлхийн агаар мандал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF" title="ကမ္ဘာ့လေထု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကမ္ဘာ့လေထု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardatmosfeer" title="Aardatmosfeer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardatmosfeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampkring" title="Dampkring – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Dampkring" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="पृथ्वीको वायुमण्डल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पृथ्वीको वायुमण्डल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%97" title="地球の大気 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地球の大気" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfeere" title="Atmosfeere – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Atmosfeere" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordens_atmosf%C3%A6re" title="Jordens atmosfære – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jordens atmosfære" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordatmosf%C3%A6ren" title="Jordatmosfæren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jordatmosfæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A8ra_terr%C3%A8stra" title="Atmosfèra terrèstra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Atmosfèra terrèstra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%B3" title="ପୃଥିବୀର ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୃଥିବୀର ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qilleensa_Marsaa" title="Qilleensa Marsaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qilleensa Marsaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਧਰਤੀ ਦਾ ਵਾਯੂਮੰਡਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਰਤੀ ਦਾ ਵਾਯੂਮੰਡਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ہوا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہوا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_di_mundu" title="Atmosfera di mundu – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Atmosfera di mundu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="د ځمکې اتموسپير – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ځمکې اتموسپير" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfier_a_Oert" title="Atmosfier a Oert – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Atmosfier a Oert" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%8B" title="ខ្យល់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ខ្យល់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_Ziemi" title="Atmosfera Ziemi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atmosfera Ziemi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_da_Terra" title="Atmosfera da Terra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atmosfera da Terra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Atmosfera Pământului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atmosfera Pământului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_da_la_terra" title="Atmosfera da la terra – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Atmosfera da la terra" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayra_pacha" title="Wayra pacha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wayra pacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Атмосфера Земли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атмосфера Земли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="पृथिव्याः वायुमण्डलम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पृथिव्याः वायुमण्डलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_o_Yird" title="Atmosphere o Yird – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Atmosphere o Yird" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84id-Atmosph%C3%A4re" title="Äid-Atmosphäre – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Äid-Atmosphäre" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_e_Tok%C3%ABs" title="Atmosfera e Tokës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Atmosfera e Tokës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="පෘථිවි වායුගෝලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෘථිවි වායුගෝලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atmosphere of Earth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ھوا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھوا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A9ra_Zeme" title="Atmosféra Zeme – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atmosféra Zeme" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozra%C4%8Dje" title="Ozračje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ozračje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="تەوشک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەوشک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zemljina atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zemljina atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiati" title="Wiati – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Wiati" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmakeh%C3%A4" title="Ilmakehä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilmakehä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordens_atmosf%C3%A4r" title="Jordens atmosfär – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jordens atmosfär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புவியின் வளிமண்டலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புவியின் வளிமண்டலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Атмосфера" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="భూమి వాతావరణం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భూమి వాతావరణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="บรรยากาศของโลก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บรรยากาศของโลก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Атмосфераи Замин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Атмосфераи Замин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_atmosferi" title="Dünya atmosferi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dünya atmosferi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Атмосфера" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Музъемлэн атмосфераез – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Музъемлэн атмосфераез" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Атмосфера Землі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атмосфера Землі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%82_%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7" title="زمینی کرۂ ہوا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زمینی کرۂ ہوا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_quy%E1%BB%83n_Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t" title="Khí quyển Trái Đất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khí quyển Trái Đất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95hkkund" title="Õhkkund – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Õhkkund" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfeer_(Eirde)" title="Atmosfeer (Eirde) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Atmosfeer (Eirde)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%B1%82" title="地球大气层 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地球大气层" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%93%27%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="ערד'ס אטמאספער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ערד'ס אטמאספער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oj%C3%BA%E1%BB%8D%CC%80run_ay%C3%A9" title="Ojúọ̀run ayé – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ojúọ̀run ayé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" title="地球大氣層 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地球大氣層" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewa" title="Hewa – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hewa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfe%C3%AAr" title="Atmosfeêr – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Atmosfeêr" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">Air</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Air" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Air_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Air (disambiguation)">Air (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Qualities of air" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">Air quality</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/330px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/500px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/960px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Blue light is scattered</a> more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, surrounding Earth in a visibly blue layer at the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, above the clouds of the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>, when seen from space on board the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> at an altitude of 335 km (208 mi) (the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> is visible as a crescent in the far background).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>atmosphere of Earth</b> is composed of a layer of <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> mixture that surrounds the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Planetary_surface" title="Planetary surface">planetary surface</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">lands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>), known collectively as <b>air</b>, with variable quantities of suspended <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Particulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate">particulates</a> (which create <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> features such as <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">hazes</a>), all retained by <a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Earth's gravity</a>. The atmosphere serves as a protective buffer between the Earth's surface and <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>, shields the surface from most <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroids</a> and ultraviolet <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">solar radiation</a>, keeps it warm and reduces <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" title="Diurnal temperature variation">diurnal temperature variation</a> (temperature extremes between <a href="/wiki/Daytime" title="Daytime">day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Night" title="Night">night</a>) through heat retention (<a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>), redistributes heat and moisture among different regions via <a href="/wiki/Air_current" title="Air current">air currents</a>, and provides the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> conditions allowing <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> to exist and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolve</a> on Earth. </p><p>By <a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">mole fraction</a> (i.e., by quantity of <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>), dry air contains 78.08% <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, 20.95% <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, 0.93% <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, 0.04% <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">carbon dioxide</a>, and small amounts of other <a href="/wiki/Trace_gas" title="Trace gas">trace gases</a> (see <a href="#Composition">Composition</a> below for more detail). Air also contains a variable amount of <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor#Water_vapor_in_Earth's_atmosphere" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. </p><p>Earth's early atmosphere consisted of <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accreted</a> gases from the <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">solar nebula</a>, but the atmosphere changed significantly over time, affected by many factors such as <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact events</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of life">evolution of life</a> (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Photoautotroph" title="Photoautotroph">photoautotrophs</a>). Recently, <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> activity has also <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment#Impacts_through_the_atmosphere" title="Human impact on the environment">contributed to atmospheric changes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic climate change">climate change</a> (mainly through <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a>-related <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acid_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid deposition">acid deposition</a>. </p><p>The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001180000000000000♠"></span>18</span></sup> kg,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three quarters of which is within about 11 km (6.8 mi; 36,000 ft) of the surface. The atmosphere becomes thinner with increasing altitude, with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>. The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a>, at 100 km (62 mi) or 1.57% of Earth's radius, is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space. Atmospheric effects become noticeable during <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric reentry</a> of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km (75 mi). Several <a href="#Stratification">layers</a> can be distinguished in the atmosphere based on characteristics such as temperature and composition, namely the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">mesosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a> (formally the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">exosphere</a>. Air composition, temperature and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> vary with <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a>. Air suitable for use in <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_plant" title="Terrestrial plant">terrestrial plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial animals</a> is found within the troposphere.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study of Earth's atmosphere and its processes is called <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">atmospheric science</a> (aerology), and includes multiple subfields, such as <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">atmospheric physics</a>. Early pioneers in the field include <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Teisserenc_de_Bort" title="Léon Teisserenc de Bort">Léon Teisserenc de Bort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Assmann" title="Richard Assmann">Richard Assmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of historic atmosphere is called <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">paleoclimatology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg/220px-Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="458" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg/330px-Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg/440px-Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Composition of Earth's atmosphere by molecular count, excluding water vapor. Lower pie represents trace gases that together compose about 0.0434% of the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Allens-2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allens-2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CO2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-methane_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methane-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The three major constituents of Earth's atmosphere are <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>. Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by mole fraction in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by mole fraction in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor).<sup id="cite_ref-WallaceHobbs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WallaceHobbs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among which are other <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>, principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Besides argon, other <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> are also present. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a>. Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a> in an unfiltered air sample, including <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a> of mineral and organic composition, <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spores" class="mw-redirect" title="Spores">spores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_spray" title="Sea spray">sea spray</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a>. Various industrial <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> (elemental or in compounds), <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> compounds and elemental <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> vapor. Sulfur compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (SO<sub>2</sub>) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Msis_atmospheric_composition_by_height.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Msis_atmospheric_composition_by_height.svg/339px-Msis_atmospheric_composition_by_height.svg.png" decoding="async" width="339" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Msis_atmospheric_composition_by_height.svg/509px-Msis_atmospheric_composition_by_height.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Msis_atmospheric_composition_by_height.svg/678px-Msis_atmospheric_composition_by_height.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The volume fraction of the main constituents of the Earth's atmosphere as a function of height, based on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukssdc.ac.uk/wdcc1/msise90.html">MSIS-E-90 atmospheric model</a>; the model only works above 85 km</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Major constituents of air<sup id="cite_ref-Allens-2002_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allens-2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Dry air </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Gas </th> <th colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal;"><b>Volume fraction</b><sup>(A)</sup> </th> <th colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal;"><b>Mass fraction</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width: 100px;">Name </th> <th style="width: 50px;">Formula </th> <th style="width: 100px; font-weight: normal;"><b>in <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">ppm</a></b><sup>(B)</sup> </th> <th style="width: 100px;">in <a href="/wiki/Percentage" title="Percentage">%</a> </th> <th style="width: 100px; font-weight: normal;"><b>in <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">ppm</a></b> </th> <th style="width: 100px;">in <a href="/wiki/Percentage" title="Percentage">%</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td>N<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>780,800 </td> <td>78.08 </td> <td>755,200 </td> <td>75.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td>O<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>209,500 </td> <td>20.95 </td> <td>231,400 </td> <td>23.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td> <td>Ar </td> <td>9,340 </td> <td>0.9340 </td> <td>12,900 </td> <td>1.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a><sup id="cite_ref-CO2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> </td> <td>412 </td> <td>0.0412 </td> <td>626 </td> <td>0.063 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td> <td>Ne </td> <td>18.2 </td> <td>0.00182 </td> <td>12.7 </td> <td>0.00127 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td> <td>He </td> <td>5.24 </td> <td>0.000524 </td> <td>0.724 </td> <td>0.0000724 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a><sup id="cite_ref-methane_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methane-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>CH<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>1.79 </td> <td>0.000179 </td> <td>0.99 </td> <td>0.000099 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td> <td>Kr </td> <td>1.14 </td> <td>0.000114 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td>0.00033 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">If air is not dry: </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Water vapor</a><sup>(D)</sup> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td>0–30,000<sup>(D)</sup> </td> <td>0–3%<sup>(E)</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6" style="font-size: 0.85em; padding: 5px 2px 5px 10px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;"> <p>The total ppm above adds up to more than 1 million (currently 83.43 above it) due to <a href="/wiki/Experimental_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental error">experimental error</a>.<br /> <b>Notes</b><br /> <sup>(A)</sup> In the atmosphere the pressure is low enough for the ideal gas laws to be correct within 1%. Therefore the mole fraction is very close to the <a href="/wiki/Volume_fraction" title="Volume fraction">volume fraction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup><br /> <sup>(B)</sup> ppm: <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> by molecular count<br /> <sup>(C)</sup> The concentration of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> has been <a href="/wiki/Keeling_Curve" title="Keeling Curve">increasing in recent decades</a>, as has that of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>.<br /> <sup>(D)</sup> Water vapor is about 0.25% <i>by mass</i> over full atmosphere<br /> <sup>(E)</sup> Water vapor varies significantly locally<sup id="cite_ref-WallaceHobbs_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WallaceHobbs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The average <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a> of dry air, which can be used to calculate densities or to convert between mole fraction and <a href="/wiki/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)" title="Mass fraction (chemistry)"> mass fraction</a>, is about 28.946<sup id="cite_ref-Möller2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Möller2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 28.964<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allens-2002_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allens-2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> g/mol. This is decreased when the air is humid. </p><p>The relative concentration of gases remains constant until about 10,000 m (33,000 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stratification">Stratification</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth%27s_atmosphere.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Earth%27s_atmosphere.svg/220px-Earth%27s_atmosphere.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Earth%27s_atmosphere.svg/330px-Earth%27s_atmosphere.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Earth%27s_atmosphere.svg/440px-Earth%27s_atmosphere.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Earth's atmosphere. Lower four layers of the atmosphere in three dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase. Layers drawn to scale, objects within the layers are not to scale. Aurorae shown at the bottom of the thermosphere can form at any altitude within this layer.</figcaption></figure> <p>In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the <a href="#Temperature">temperature</a> section). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile, or <a href="/wiki/Lapse_rate" title="Lapse rate">lapse rate</a>, is constant and measurable by means of instrumented <a href="/wiki/Weather_balloon" title="Weather balloon">balloon soundings</a>, the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. This <i>atmospheric stratification</i> divides the Earth's atmosphere into five main layers:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Exosphere: 700–10,000 km (435–6,214 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-UCAR-2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCAR-2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thermosphere: 80–700 km (50–435 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-thermosphere_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thermosphere-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mesosphere: 50–80 km (31–50 mi)</li> <li>Stratosphere: 12–50 km (7–31 mi)</li> <li>Troposphere: 0–12 km (0–7 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-tropopauseheight_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tropopauseheight-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exosphere">Exosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">Exosphere</a></div> <p>The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (though it is so tenuous that some scientists consider it to be part of interplanetary space rather than part of the atmosphere). It extends from the <a href="/wiki/Thermopause" title="Thermopause">thermopause</a> (also known as the "exobase") at the top of the <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a> to a poorly defined boundary with the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">interplanetary medium</a>. The altitude of the exobase varies from about 500 kilometres (310 mi; 1,600,000 ft) to about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) in times of higher incoming solar radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-UCAR_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCAR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The upper limit varies depending on the definition. Various authorities consider it to end at about 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about 190,000 kilometres (120,000 mi)—about halfway to the moon, where the influence of Earth's gravity is about the same as <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation pressure</a> from sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-UCAR_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCAR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Geocorona" title="Geocorona">geocorona</a> visible in the far ultraviolet (caused by neutral hydrogen) extends to at least 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-UCAR_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCAR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase. The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometres without colliding with one another. Thus, the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas, and the particles constantly <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_escape" title="Atmospheric escape">escape into space</a>. These free-moving particles follow <a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Trajectory" title="Trajectory">trajectories</a> and may migrate in and out of the <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> or the solar wind. Every second, the Earth loses about 3 kg of hydrogen, 50 g of helium, and much smaller amounts of other constituents.<sup id="cite_ref-Catling200922_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catling200922-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exosphere is too far above Earth for <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> phenomena to be possible. However, Earth's <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">auroras</a>—the aurora borealis (northern lights) and aurora australis (southern lights)—sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere. The exosphere contains many of the <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">artificial satellites</a> that <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> Earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermosphere">Thermosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">Thermosphere</a></div> <p>The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from the mesopause (which separates it from the mesosphere) at an altitude of about 80 km (50 mi; 260,000 ft) up to the <a href="/wiki/Thermopause" title="Thermopause">thermopause</a> at an altitude range of 500–1000 km (310–620 mi; 1,600,000–3,300,000 ft). The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity.<sup id="cite_ref-thermosphere_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thermosphere-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere, it is also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Exobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Exobase">exobase</a>. The lower part of the thermosphere, from 80 to 550 kilometres (50 to 342 mi) above Earth's surface, contains the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>. </p><p>The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height and can rise as high as 1500 °C (2700 °F), though the gas molecules are so far apart that its <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases" title="Kinetic theory of gases">temperature in the usual sense</a> is not very meaningful. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, for example) travels an average of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi; 3300 ft) between collisions with other molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy, it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact, because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin. </p><p>This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor. However, non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the <a href="/wiki/Aurora_borealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora borealis">aurora borealis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurora_australis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora australis">aurora australis</a> are occasionally seen in the thermosphere. The <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> orbits in this layer, between 350 and 420 km (220 and 260 mi). It is this layer where many of the satellites orbiting the Earth are present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesosphere">Mesosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">Mesosphere</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-46_Soyuz_TMA-17M_reentry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ISS-46_Soyuz_TMA-17M_reentry.jpg/330px-ISS-46_Soyuz_TMA-17M_reentry.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ISS-46_Soyuz_TMA-17M_reentry.jpg/500px-ISS-46_Soyuz_TMA-17M_reentry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ISS-46_Soyuz_TMA-17M_reentry.jpg/960px-ISS-46_Soyuz_TMA-17M_reentry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Afterglow" title="Afterglow">Afterglow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> (orange), the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a> (blue) and the mesosphere (dark) at which <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a> begins, leaving smoke trails, such as in this case of a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> reentry</figcaption></figure> <p>The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km (31 mi; 160,000 ft) to the mesopause at 80–85 km (50–53 mi; 260,000–280,000 ft) above sea level. </p><p>Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the <a href="/wiki/Mesopause" title="Mesopause">mesopause</a> that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere. It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around −85 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (−120 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>; 190 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just below the mesopause, the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can condense into polar-mesospheric <a href="/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud" title="Noctilucent cloud">noctilucent clouds</a> of ice particles. These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or similarly before sunrise. They are most readily visible when the Sun is around 4 to 16 degrees below the horizon. Lightning-induced discharges known as <a href="/wiki/Transient_luminous_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient luminous event">transient luminous events</a> (TLEs) occasionally form in the mesosphere above tropospheric <a href="/wiki/Thunderclouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderclouds">thunderclouds</a>. The mesosphere is also the layer where most <a href="/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor">meteors</a> burn up upon atmospheric entrance. It is too high above Earth to be accessible to jet-powered aircraft and balloons, and too low to permit orbital spacecraft. The mesosphere is mainly accessed by <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">sounding rockets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocket-powered_aircraft" title="Rocket-powered aircraft">rocket-powered aircraft</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stratosphere">Stratosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">Stratosphere</a></div> <p>The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a>. This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft) above Earth's surface to the <a href="/wiki/Stratopause" title="Stratopause">stratopause</a> at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 164,000 to 180,000 ft). </p><p>The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the <a href="/wiki/Pressure_at_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure at sea level">pressure at sea level</a>. It contains the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>, which is the part of Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas. The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a> (UV) from the Sun by the ozone layer, which restricts turbulence and mixing. Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-stratopause_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stratopause-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stratospheric temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions, so the stratosphere lacks the weather-producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere. Consequently, the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather. However, polar stratospheric or <a href="/wiki/Nacreous_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacreous cloud">nacreous clouds</a> are occasionally seen in the lower part of this layer of the atmosphere where the air is coldest. The stratosphere is the highest layer that can be accessed by <a href="/wiki/Jet-powered_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet-powered aircraft">jet-powered aircraft</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Troposphere">Troposphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">Troposphere</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-47_Islands_In_The_Sky,_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ISS-47_Islands_In_The_Sky%2C_Indonesia.jpg/330px-ISS-47_Islands_In_The_Sky%2C_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ISS-47_Islands_In_The_Sky%2C_Indonesia.jpg/500px-ISS-47_Islands_In_The_Sky%2C_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ISS-47_Islands_In_The_Sky%2C_Indonesia.jpg/960px-ISS-47_Islands_In_The_Sky%2C_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>A picture of Earth's troposphere, with different <a href="/wiki/Cloud_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud types">cloud types</a> at low and <a href="/wiki/High_altitude" class="mw-redirect" title="High altitude">high altitudes</a> casting shadows. Sunlight, filtered into a reddish hue by passing through much of the troposphere at sunset, is reflected off the ocean. The above-lying <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a> can be seen at the <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a> as a band of its characteristic glow of <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">blue scattered</a> sunlight.</figcaption></figure> <p>The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from Earth's surface to an average height of about 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft), although this <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> varies from about 9 km (5.6 mi; 30,000 ft) at the <a href="/wiki/Geographic_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic pole">geographic poles</a> to 17 km (11 mi; 56,000 ft) at the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tropopauseheight_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tropopauseheight-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is bounded above by the <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a>, a boundary marked in most places by a <a href="/wiki/Temperature_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature inversion">temperature inversion</a> (i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one), and in others by a zone that is <a href="/wiki/Isotherm_(contour_line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotherm (contour line)">isothermal</a> with height.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although variations do occur, the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface. Thus, the lowest part of the troposphere (i.e. Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere. This promotes vertical mixing (hence, the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος, <i>tropos</i>, meaning "turn"). The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> of Earth's atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The troposphere is denser than all its overlying layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed. Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km (3.5 mi; 18,000 ft) of the troposphere. </p><p>Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere, so it is the layer where most of Earth's weather takes place. It has basically all the weather-associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation, although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere. Most conventional <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a> activity takes place in the troposphere, and it is the only layer accessible by <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">propeller-driven aircraft</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_layers">Other layers</h3></div> <p>Within the five principal layers above, which are largely determined by temperature, several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> is contained within the stratosphere. In this layer <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million, which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–21.7 mi; 49,000–115,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in Earth's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. It is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">auroras</a>. During daytime hours, it stretches from 50 to 1,000 km (31 to 621 mi; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft) and includes the mesosphere, thermosphere, and parts of the exosphere. However, ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night, so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere. The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a>. It has practical importance because it influences, for example, radio propagation on Earth.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Homosphere" title="Homosphere">homosphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterosphere" title="Heterosphere">heterosphere</a> are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed. The surface-based homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lowest part of the thermosphere, where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the <i><a href="/wiki/Turbopause" title="Turbopause">turbopause</a></i> found at about 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the very <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">edge of space</a> itself as accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Federation_Aeronautique_Internationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation Aeronautique Internationale">FAI</a>, which places it about 20 km (12 mi; 66,000 ft) above the mesopause.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Above this altitude lies the heterosphere, which includes the exosphere and most of the thermosphere. Here, the chemical composition varies with altitude. This is because the <a href="/wiki/Mean_free_path" title="Mean free path">distance that particles can move without colliding with one another</a> is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing. This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight, with the heavier ones, such as oxygen and nitrogen, present only near the bottom of the heterosphere. The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest element.<sup id="cite_ref-thought_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thought-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundary_layer" title="Planetary boundary layer">planetary boundary layer</a> is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth's surface and is directly affected by it, mainly through <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulent diffusion</a>. During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well-mixed, whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing. The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres (330 ft) on clear, calm nights to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) or more during the afternoon in dry regions.</li></ul> <p>The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth's surface is 14 °C (57 °F; 287 K)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 15 °C (59 °F; 288 K),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depending on the reference.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_US_standard_atmosphere_1962.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Comparison_US_standard_atmosphere_1962.svg/250px-Comparison_US_standard_atmosphere_1962.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Comparison_US_standard_atmosphere_1962.svg/500px-Comparison_US_standard_atmosphere_1962.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the 1962 <a href="/wiki/US_Standard_Atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="US Standard Atmosphere">US Standard Atmosphere</a> graph of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_models#Geopotential_altitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric models">geometric altitude</a> against <a href="/wiki/Air_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Air density">air density</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> with approximate altitudes of various objects.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressure_and_thickness">Pressure and thickness</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">Atmospheric pressure</a></div> <p>The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">International Standard Atmosphere</a> as 101325 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascals</a> (760.00 <a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">Torr</a>; 14.6959 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a>; 760.00 <a href="/wiki/Millimetre_of_mercury" title="Millimetre of mercury">mmHg</a>). This is sometimes referred to as a unit of <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">standard atmospheres (atm)</a>. Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>18</sup> kg (1.13494<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>19</sup> lb),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 2.5% less than would be inferred from the average sea-level pressure and Earth's area of 51007.2 megahectares, this portion being displaced by Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with location and <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">weather</a>. </p><p>If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density equal to sea-level density (about 1.2 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) from sea level upwards, it would terminate abruptly at an altitude of 8.50 km (27,900 ft). </p><p>Air pressure actually decreases exponentially with altitude, for altitudes up to around 70 km (43 mi; 230,000 ft), dropping by half every 5.6 km (18,000 ft), or by a factor of 1/<a href="/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)" title="E (mathematical constant)">e</a> ≈ 0.368 every 7.64 km (25,100 ft), which is called the <a href="/wiki/Scale_height" title="Scale height">scale height</a>. However, the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer that takes gradients of temperature, molecular composition, solar radiation and gravity into account. At heights over 100 km, an atmosphere may no longer be well mixed. Then each chemical species has its own scale height. </p><p>In summary, the mass of Earth's atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>50% is below 5.6 km (18,000 ft),</li> <li>90% is below 16 km (52,000 ft),</li> <li>99.99997% is below 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a>. By international convention, this marks the beginning of space where human travelers are considered <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a>.</li></ul> <p>By comparison, the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> is at 8,848 m (29,029 ft); commercial <a href="/wiki/Airliners" class="mw-redirect" title="Airliners">airliners</a> typically cruise between 10 and 13 km (33,000 and 43,000 ft), where the lower density and temperature of the air improve fuel economy; <a href="/wiki/Weather_balloons" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather balloons">weather balloons</a> reach 30.4 km (100,000 ft) and above; and the highest <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> flight in 1963 reached 108.0 km (354,300 ft). </p><p>Even above the Kármán line, significant atmospheric effects such as <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">auroras</a> still occur. <a href="/wiki/Meteors" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteors">Meteors</a> begin to glow in this region, though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply. The various layers of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>, important to <a href="/wiki/HF_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="HF radio">HF radio</a> propagation, begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km. By comparison, the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> typically orbit at 350–400 km, within the <a href="/wiki/F-layer" class="mw-redirect" title="F-layer">F-layer</a> of the ionosphere, where they encounter enough <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric drag">atmospheric drag</a> to require reboosts every few months, otherwise <a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">orbital decay</a> will occur, resulting in a return to Earth. Depending on solar activity, satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700–800 km. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature">Temperature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_temperature" title="Atmospheric temperature">Atmospheric temperature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmospheric_Temperature_Trend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Atmospheric_Temperature_Trend.jpg/250px-Atmospheric_Temperature_Trend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Atmospheric_Temperature_Trend.jpg/330px-Atmospheric_Temperature_Trend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Atmospheric_Temperature_Trend.jpg/500px-Atmospheric_Temperature_Trend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Temperature trends in two thick layers of the atmosphere as measured between January 1979 and December 2005 by <a href="/wiki/Microwave_sounding_unit" title="Microwave sounding unit">microwave sounding units</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_microwave_sounding_unit" title="Advanced microwave sounding unit">advanced microwave sounding units</a> on <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> weather satellites. The instruments record microwaves emitted from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere. Source:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above. Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level, but variations in this trend begin above 11 km, where the temperature stabilizes over a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere. In the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, starting above about 20 km, the temperature increases with height, due to heating within the ozone layer caused by the capture of significant <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region. Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a> above 90 km. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speed_of_sound">Speed of sound</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a></div> <p>Because in an <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas" title="Ideal gas">ideal gas</a> of constant composition the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a> depends only on temperature and not on pressure or density, the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile (see illustration to the right), and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Density_and_mass">Density and mass</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmosphere_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Atmosphere_model.png/250px-Atmosphere_model.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Atmosphere_model.png/330px-Atmosphere_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Atmosphere_model.png/500px-Atmosphere_model.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Temperature and mass density against altitude from the <a href="/wiki/NRLMSISE-00" title="NRLMSISE-00">NRLMSISE-00</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">standard atmosphere</a> model (the eight dotted lines in each "decade" are at the eight cubes 8, 27, 64, ..., 729)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Density_of_air" title="Density of air">Density of air</a></div> <p>The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (1.2 g/L, 0.0012 g/cm<sup>3</sup>). Density is not measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature, pressure and humidity using the equation of state for air (a form of the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas_law" title="Ideal gas law">ideal gas law</a>). Atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases. This variation can be approximately modeled using the <a href="/wiki/Barometric_formula" title="Barometric formula">barometric formula</a>. More sophisticated models are used to predict the orbital decay of satellites. </p><p>The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion (5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001150000000000000♠"></span>15</span></sup>) <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> or 1/1,200,000 the mass of Earth. According to the American <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research" title="National Center for Atmospheric Research">National Center for Atmospheric Research</a>, "The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001180000000000000♠"></span>18</span></sup> kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001150000000000000♠"></span>15</span></sup> kg, depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate. The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001160000000000000♠"></span>16</span></sup> kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ±0.0003<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001180000000000000♠"></span>18</span></sup> kg." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tabulated_properties">Tabulated properties</h3></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Physical and thermal properties of air at atmospheric pressure<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 602">: 602 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Temperature<br />[<span class="nowrap">K</span>] </th> <th>Density<br />[<span class="nowrap">kg/m<sup>3</sup></span>] </th> <th>Specific<br />heat<br />[<span class="nowrap">J/(kg⋅°C)</span>] </th> <th>Dynamic<br />viscosity<br />[<span class="nowrap">kg/(m⋅s)</span>] </th> <th>Kinematic<br />viscosity<br />[<span class="nowrap">m<sup>2</sup>/s</span>] </th> <th>Thermal<br />conductivity<br />[<span class="nowrap">W/(m⋅°C)</span>] </th> <th>Thermal<br />diffusivity<br />[<span class="nowrap">m<sup>2</sup>/s</span>] </th> <th>Prandtl<br />number<br />[1] </th> <th>Bulk<br />modulus<br />[<span class="nowrap">K<sup>−1</sup></span>] </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠"></span>100</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000360100000000000♠"></span>3.601</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003102659999999999♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">026</span>.6</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994692000000000000♠"></span>6.92<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994191999999999999♠"></span>1.92<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996925000000000000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">925</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994249999999999999♠"></span>2.50<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999770000000000000♠"></span>0.77</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998100000000000000♠"></span>0.01</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002150000000000000♠"></span>150</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000236750000000000♠"></span>2.3675</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100990000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">009</span>.9</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995103000000000000♠"></span>1.03<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994434000000000000♠"></span>4.34<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998137350000000000♠"></span>0.013<span style="margin-left:.25em;">735</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994575000000000000♠"></span>5.75<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999753000000000000♠"></span>0.753</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997666700000000000♠"></span>0.006<span style="margin-left:.25em;">667</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002200000000000000♠"></span>200</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000176840000000000♠"></span>1.7684</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100610000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">006</span>.1</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995133000000000000♠"></span>1.33<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994749000000000000♠"></span>7.49<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998180900000000000♠"></span>0.018<span style="margin-left:.25em;">09</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995102000000000000♠"></span>1.02<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999738000000000000♠"></span>0.738</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997500000000000000♠"></span>0.005</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002250000000000000♠"></span>250</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000141280000000000♠"></span>1.4128</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100530000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">005</span>.3</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995160000000000000♠"></span>1.60<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995113000000000000♠"></span>1.13<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998222700000000000♠"></span>0.022<span style="margin-left:.25em;">27</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995157000000000000♠"></span>1.57<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999722000000000000♠"></span>0.722</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997400000000000000♠"></span>0.004</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002300000000000000♠"></span>300</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000117740000000000♠"></span>1.1774</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100570000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">005</span>.7</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995185000000000000♠"></span>1.85<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995157000000000000♠"></span>1.57<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998262400000000000♠"></span>0.026<span style="margin-left:.25em;">24</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995222000000000000♠"></span>2.22<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999708000000000000♠"></span>0.708</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997333300000000000♠"></span>0.003<span style="margin-left:.25em;">333</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002350000000000000♠"></span>350</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999998000000000000♠"></span>0.998</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100900000000000♠"></span>1009</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995208000000000000♠"></span>2.08<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995208000000000000♠"></span>2.08<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998300300000000000♠"></span>0.030<span style="margin-left:.25em;">03</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995298000000000000♠"></span>2.98<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999697000000000000♠"></span>0.697</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997285700000000000♠"></span>0.002<span style="margin-left:.25em;">857</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002400000000000000♠"></span>400</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999882600000000000♠"></span>0.8826</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003101400000000000♠"></span>1014</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995229000000000000♠"></span>2.29<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995259000000000000♠"></span>2.59<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998336500000000000♠"></span>0.033<span style="margin-left:.25em;">65</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995376000000000000♠"></span>3.76<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999689000000000000♠"></span>0.689</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997250000000000000♠"></span>0.0025</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002450000000000000♠"></span>450</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999783300000000000♠"></span>0.7833</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003102070000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">020</span>.7</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995248000000000000♠"></span>2.48<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995317000000000000♠"></span>3.17<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998370700000000000♠"></span>0.037<span style="margin-left:.25em;">07</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995422000000000000♠"></span>4.22<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999683000000000000♠"></span>0.683</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997222200000000000♠"></span>0.002<span style="margin-left:.25em;">222</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002500000000000000♠"></span>500</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999704800000000000♠"></span>0.7048</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003102950000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">029</span>.5</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995267000000000000♠"></span>2.67<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995379000000000000♠"></span>3.79<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998403800000000000♠"></span>0.040<span style="margin-left:.25em;">38</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995556000000000000♠"></span>5.56<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999680000000000000♠"></span>0.68</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997200000000000000♠"></span>0.002</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002550000000000000♠"></span>550</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999642300000000000♠"></span>0.6423</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003103920000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">039</span>.2</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995285000000000000♠"></span>2.85<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995443000000000000♠"></span>4.43<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998436000000000000♠"></span>0.0436</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995653000000000000♠"></span>6.53<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999680000000000000♠"></span>0.68</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997181800000000000♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">818</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002600000000000000♠"></span>600</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999587900000000000♠"></span>0.5879</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003105509999999999♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">055</span>.1</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995302000000000000♠"></span>3.02<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995513000000000000♠"></span>5.13<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998465900000000000♠"></span>0.046<span style="margin-left:.25em;">59</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995751000000000000♠"></span>7.51<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999680000000000000♠"></span>0.68</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997166700000000000♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">667</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002650000000000000♠"></span>650</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999543000000000000♠"></span>0.543</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003106350000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">063</span>.5</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995318000000000000♠"></span>3.18<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995585000000000000♠"></span>5.85<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998495300000000000♠"></span>0.049<span style="margin-left:.25em;">53</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995858000000000000♠"></span>8.58<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999682000000000000♠"></span>0.682</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997153800000000000♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">538</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002700000000000000♠"></span>700</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999503000000000000♠"></span>0.503</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003107520000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">075</span>.2</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995333000000000000♠"></span>3.33<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995663000000000000♠"></span>6.63<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998523000000000000♠"></span>0.0523</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995967000000000000♠"></span>9.67<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999684000000000000♠"></span>0.684</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997142900000000000♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">429</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002750000000000000♠"></span>750</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999470900000000000♠"></span>0.4709</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003108559999999999♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">085</span>.6</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995348000000000000♠"></span>3.48<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995739000000000000♠"></span>7.39<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998550900000000000♠"></span>0.055<span style="margin-left:.25em;">09</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996108000000000000♠"></span>1.08<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999686000000000000♠"></span>0.686</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997133300000000000♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">333</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002800000000000000♠"></span>800</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999440500000000000♠"></span>0.4405</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003109780000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">097</span>.8</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995363000000000000♠"></span>3.63<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995823000000000000♠"></span>8.23<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998577900000000000♠"></span>0.057<span style="margin-left:.25em;">79</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996120000000000000♠"></span>1.20<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999689000000000000♠"></span>0.689</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997125000000000000♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">25</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002850000000000000♠"></span>850</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999414900000000000♠"></span>0.4149</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003110950000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">109</span>.5</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995377000000000000♠"></span>3.77<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995908000000000000♠"></span>9.08<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998602800000000000♠"></span>0.060<span style="margin-left:.25em;">28</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996131000000000000♠"></span>1.31<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999692000000000000♠"></span>0.692</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997117600000000000♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">176</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002900000000000000♠"></span>900</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999392500000000000♠"></span>0.3925</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003112120000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">121</span>.2</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995390000000000000♠"></span>3.90<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995993000000000000♠"></span>9.93<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998627900000000000♠"></span>0.062<span style="margin-left:.25em;">79</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996143000000000000♠"></span>1.43<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999696000000000000♠"></span>0.696</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997111100000000000♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">111</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002950000000000000♠"></span>950</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999371600000000000♠"></span>0.3716</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003113209999999999♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">132</span>.1</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995402000000000000♠"></span>4.02<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996108000000000000♠"></span>1.08<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998652500000000000♠"></span>0.065<span style="margin-left:.25em;">25</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996155000000000000♠"></span>1.55<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999699000000000000♠"></span>0.699</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997105299999999999♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">053</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100000000000000♠"></span>1000</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999352400000000000♠"></span>0.3524</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003114170000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">141</span>.7</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995415000000000000♠"></span>4.15<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996118000000000000♠"></span>1.18<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998675300000000000♠"></span>0.067<span style="margin-left:.25em;">53</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996168000000000000♠"></span>1.68<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999702000000000000♠"></span>0.702</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997100000000000000♠"></span>0.001</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003110000000000000♠"></span>1100</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999320400000000000♠"></span>0.3204</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003116000000000000♠"></span>1160</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995444000000000000♠"></span>4.44<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996138999999999999♠"></span>1.39<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998732000000000000♠"></span>0.0732</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996197000000000000♠"></span>1.97<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999704000000000000♠"></span>0.704</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996909000000000000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">909</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003120000000000000♠"></span>1200</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999294700000000000♠"></span>0.2947</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003117900000000000♠"></span>1179</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995469000000000000♠"></span>4.69<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996159000000000000♠"></span>1.59<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998782000000000000♠"></span>0.0782</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996225000000000000♠"></span>2.25<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999707000000000000♠"></span>0.707</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996833000000000000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">833</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003130000000000000♠"></span>1300</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999270700000000000♠"></span>0.2707</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003119700000000000♠"></span>1197</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995493000000000000♠"></span>4.93<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996182000000000000♠"></span>1.82<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998837000000000000♠"></span>0.0837</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996258000000000000♠"></span>2.58<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999705000000000000♠"></span>0.705</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996769000000000000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">769</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003140000000000000♠"></span>1400</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999251500000000000♠"></span>0.2515</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003121400000000000♠"></span>1214</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995517000000000000♠"></span>5.17<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996206000000000000♠"></span>2.06<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998891000000000000♠"></span>0.0891</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996292000000000000♠"></span>2.92<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999705000000000000♠"></span>0.705</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996714000000000000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">714</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003150000000000000♠"></span>1500</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999235500000000000♠"></span>0.2355</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003123000000000000♠"></span>1230</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995540000000000000♠"></span>5.40<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996229000000000000♠"></span>2.29<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998946000000000000♠"></span>0.0946</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996326000000000000♠"></span>3.26<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999705000000000000♠"></span>0.705</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996667000000000000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">667</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003160000000000000♠"></span>1600</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999221100000000000♠"></span>0.2211</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003124800000000000♠"></span>1248</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995563000000000000♠"></span>5.63<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996255000000000000♠"></span>2.55<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999100000000000000♠"></span>0.1</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996361000000000000♠"></span>3.61<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999705000000000000♠"></span>0.705</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996625000000000000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">625</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003170000000000000♠"></span>1700</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999208200000000000♠"></span>0.2082</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003126700000000000♠"></span>1267</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995585000000000000♠"></span>5.85<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996281000000000000♠"></span>2.81<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999105000000000000♠"></span>0.105</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996398000000000000♠"></span>3.98<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999705000000000000♠"></span>0.705</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996588000000000000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">588</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003180000000000000♠"></span>1800</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999197000000000000♠"></span>0.197</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003128700000000000♠"></span>1287</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995607000000000000♠"></span>6.07<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996308000000000000♠"></span>3.08<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999111000000000000♠"></span>0.111</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996438000000000000♠"></span>4.38<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999704000000000000♠"></span>0.704</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996555999999999999♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">556</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003190000000000000♠"></span>1900</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999185800000000000♠"></span>0.1858</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003130900000000000♠"></span>1309</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995629000000000000♠"></span>6.29<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996339000000000000♠"></span>3.39<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999117000000000000♠"></span>0.117</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996481000000000000♠"></span>4.81<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999704000000000000♠"></span>0.704</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996526000000000000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">526</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003200000000000000♠"></span>2000</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999176200000000000♠"></span>0.1762</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003133800000000000♠"></span>1338</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995650000000000000♠"></span>6.50<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996369000000000000♠"></span>3.69<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999124000000000000♠"></span>0.124</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996526000000000000♠"></span>5.26<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999702000000000000♠"></span>0.702</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996500000000000000♠"></span>0.0005</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003210000000000000♠"></span>2100</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999168200000000000♠"></span>0.1682</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003137200000000000♠"></span>1372</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995672000000000000♠"></span>6.72<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996400000000000000♠"></span>4.00<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999131000000000000♠"></span>0.131</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996572000000000000♠"></span>5.72<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999700000000000000♠"></span>0.7</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996476000000000000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">476</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003220000000000000♠"></span>2200</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999160200000000000♠"></span>0.1602</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003141900000000000♠"></span>1419</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995693000000000000♠"></span>6.93<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996433000000000000♠"></span>4.33<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999139000000000000♠"></span>0.139</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996612000000000000♠"></span>6.12<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999707000000000000♠"></span>0.707</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996455000000000000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">455</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003230000000000000♠"></span>2300</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999153800000000000♠"></span>0.1538</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003148200000000000♠"></span>1482</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995714000000000000♠"></span>7.14<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996464000000000000♠"></span>4.64<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999149000000000000♠"></span>0.149</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996654000000000000♠"></span>6.54<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999710000000000000♠"></span>0.71</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996435000000000000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">435</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003240000000000000♠"></span>2400</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999145800000000000♠"></span>0.1458</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003157400000000000♠"></span>1574</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995735000000000000♠"></span>7.35<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996504000000000000♠"></span>5.04<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999161000000000000♠"></span>0.161</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996702000000000000♠"></span>7.02<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999718000000000000♠"></span>0.718</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996417000000000000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">417</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003250000000000000♠"></span>2500</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999139400000000000♠"></span>0.1394</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003168800000000000♠"></span>1688</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995757000000000000♠"></span>7.57<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996544000000000000♠"></span>5.44<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999175000000000000♠"></span>0.175</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996744000000000000♠"></span>7.44<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999730000000000000♠"></span>0.73</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996400000000000000♠"></span>0.0004</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optical_properties">Optical properties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></div> <p>Solar <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. Earth also emits radiation back into space, but at longer wavelengths that humans cannot see. Part of the incoming and emitted radiation is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2017, glints of light, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflected light</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ice_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice crystals">ice crystals</a> in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20170519_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170519-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GRL-201760515_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRL-201760515-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scattering">Scattering</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric scattering">Atmospheric scattering</a></div> <p>When light passes through Earth's atmosphere, <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> interact with it through <i>scattering</i>. If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called <i>direct radiation</i> and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. <i>Indirect radiation</i> is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an <a href="/wiki/Overcast" title="Overcast">overcast</a> day when you cannot see your shadow, there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a>, shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why sunsets are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal before reaching your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absorption">Absorption</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Openstax_Astronomy_EM_spectrum_and_atmosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Openstax_Astronomy_EM_spectrum_and_atmosphere.jpg/250px-Openstax_Astronomy_EM_spectrum_and_atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Openstax_Astronomy_EM_spectrum_and_atmosphere.jpg/330px-Openstax_Astronomy_EM_spectrum_and_atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Openstax_Astronomy_EM_spectrum_and_atmosphere.jpg/500px-Openstax_Astronomy_EM_spectrum_and_atmosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Transmittance" title="Transmittance">transmittance</a> (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of radiation. For example, O<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> absorb almost all radiation with wavelengths shorter than 300 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometres</a>. Water (H<sub>2</sub>O) absorbs at many wavelengths above 700 nm. When a molecule absorbs a photon, it increases the energy of the molecule. This heats the atmosphere, but the atmosphere also cools by emitting radiation, as discussed below. </p><p>The combined <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption spectra">absorption spectra</a> of the gases in the atmosphere leave "windows" of low <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opacity</a>, allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light. The <a href="/wiki/Optical_window" title="Optical window">optical window</a> runs from around 300 nm (<a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>-C) up into the range humans can see, the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> (commonly called light), at roughly 400–700 nm and continues to the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> to around 1100 nm. There are also <a href="/wiki/Infrared_window" title="Infrared window">infrared</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_window" title="Radio window">radio windows</a> that transmit some infrared and <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a> at longer wavelengths. For example, the radio window runs from about one centimetre to about eleven-metre waves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emission">Emission</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Emission_spectrum" title="Emission spectrum">Emission spectrum</a></div> <p><i>Emission</i> is the opposite of absorption, it is when an object emits radiation. Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their "<a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">black body</a>" emission curves, therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation, with shorter wavelengths. Colder objects emit less radiation, with longer wavelengths. For example, the Sun is approximately 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (5,730 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>; 10,340 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>), its radiation peaks near 500 nm, and is visible to the human eye. Earth is approximately 290 K (17 °C; 62 °F), so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm, and is much too long to be visible to humans. </p><p>Because of its temperature, the atmosphere emits infrared radiation. For example, on clear nights Earth's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights. This is because clouds (H<sub>2</sub>O) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> is directly related to this absorption and emission effect. Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation, but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum. Common examples of these are CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refractive_index">Refractive index</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SB_DouglasPreserve_SunAtmosphericEffects_2017_3_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/SB_DouglasPreserve_SunAtmosphericEffects_2017_3_cropped.jpg/250px-SB_DouglasPreserve_SunAtmosphericEffects_2017_3_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/SB_DouglasPreserve_SunAtmosphericEffects_2017_3_cropped.jpg/330px-SB_DouglasPreserve_SunAtmosphericEffects_2017_3_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/SB_DouglasPreserve_SunAtmosphericEffects_2017_3_cropped.jpg/500px-SB_DouglasPreserve_SunAtmosphericEffects_2017_3_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption>Distortive effect of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_refraction" title="Atmospheric refraction">atmospheric refraction</a> upon the shape of the sun at the horizon</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_refraction" title="Atmospheric refraction">Atmospheric refraction</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scintillation_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scintillation (astronomy)">Scintillation (astronomy)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> of air is close to, but just greater than, 1. Systematic variations in the refractive index can lead to the bending of light rays over long optical paths. One example is that, under some circumstances, observers on board ships can see other vessels just over the <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a> because light is refracted in the same direction as the <a href="/wiki/Curvature" title="Curvature">curvature</a> of Earth's surface. </p><p>The refractive index of air depends on temperature,<sup id="cite_ref-Edlén_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edlén-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving rise to refraction effects when the temperature gradient is large. An example of such effects is the <a href="/wiki/Mirage" title="Mirage">mirage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circulation">Circulation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AtmosphCirc2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/AtmosphCirc2.svg/250px-AtmosphCirc2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/AtmosphCirc2.svg/330px-AtmosphCirc2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/AtmosphCirc2.svg/500px-AtmosphCirc2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>An idealised view of three pairs of large circulation cells</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Atmospheric circulation</i> is the large-scale movement of air through the troposphere, and the means (with <a href="/wiki/Ocean_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean circulation">ocean circulation</a>) by which heat is distributed around Earth. The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined by Earth's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_Earth's_atmosphere"><span id="Evolution_of_Earth.27s_atmosphere"></span><span class="anchor" id="History_of_Earth's_atmosphere"></span><span class="anchor" id="Atmosphere_of_early_Earth"></span>Evolution of Earth's atmosphere</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_atmosphere"><span class="anchor" id="First_atmosphere"></span>Earliest atmosphere</h3></div> <p>The first atmosphere, during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Earth" title="Early Earth">Early Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean</a> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_eon" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic eon">eon</a>, consisted of gases in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula#Formation_of_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">solar nebula</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, and probably simple <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydrides</a> such as those now found in the <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>), notably <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. During this earliest era, the <a href="/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant impact hypothesis">Moon-forming collision</a> and numerous <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impacts</a> with large <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> heated the atmosphere, driving off the most volatile gases. The collision with <a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a>, in particular, melted and ejected large portions of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">Earth's mantle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">crust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outgass" class="mw-redirect" title="Outgass">outgassed</a> significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> which eventually cooled and condensed to contribute to ocean water at the end of the Hadean.<sup id="cite_ref-Zahnle_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahnle-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_atmosphere">Second atmosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Prebiotic atmosphere</a></div> <p>The increasing <a href="/wiki/Solidification" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidification">solidification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> at the end of the Hadean closed off most of the <a href="/wiki/Advection" title="Advection">advective</a> <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a> to the surface, causing the atmosphere to cool, which <a href="/wiki/Condense" class="mw-redirect" title="Condense">condensed</a> most of the water vapor out of the air <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitating</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Superocean" title="Superocean">superocean</a>. Further <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a> from <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>, supplemented by gases introduced by huge <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a>, created the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> atmosphere, which consisted largely of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas" title="Inert gas">inert gases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zahnle_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahnle-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major part of carbon dioxide emissions <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">dissolved</a> in water and reacted with metals such as <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> during <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">crustal rocks</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</a> that were deposited as <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a>. Water-related sediments have been found that date from as early as 3.8 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 3.4 billion years ago, nitrogen formed the major component of the then-stable "second atmosphere". The influence of the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of life">evolution of life</a> has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere because hints of <a href="/wiki/Earliest_life_forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Earliest life forms">earliest life forms</a> appeared as early as 3.5 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life, if the early Sun put out 30% lower solar radiance than today, is a puzzle known as the "<a href="/wiki/Faint_young_Sun_paradox" title="Faint young Sun paradox">faint young Sun paradox</a>". </p><p>The geological record however shows a continuous relatively warm surface during the complete early <a href="/wiki/Temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature record">temperature record</a> of Earth – with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago. In the late <a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean</a>, an oxygen-containing atmosphere began to develop, apparently due to a billion years of <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacterial</a> <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Oxygenation Event">Great Oxygenation Event</a>), which have been found as <a href="/wiki/Stromatolite" title="Stromatolite">stromatolite</a> <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> from 2.7 billion years ago. The early basic carbon isotopy (<a href="/wiki/Isotope_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotope ratio">isotope ratio</a> proportions) strongly suggests conditions similar to the current, and that the fundamental features of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> became established as early as 4 billion years ago. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)#Lake_and_ocean_sediments" title="Proxy (climate)">Ancient sediments</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> dating from between about 2.15 and 2.08 billion years ago provide a record of Earth's dynamic oxygenation evolution. These fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_atmosphere">Third atmosphere</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauerstoffgehalt-1000mj2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sauerstoffgehalt-1000mj2.png/220px-Sauerstoffgehalt-1000mj2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sauerstoffgehalt-1000mj2.png/330px-Sauerstoffgehalt-1000mj2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sauerstoffgehalt-1000mj2.png/440px-Sauerstoffgehalt-1000mj2.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1409" /></a><figcaption>Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">Geological history of oxygen</a></div> <p>The constant re-arrangement of <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> by <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> influences the long-term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> stores. Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Oxygenation Event">Great Oxygenation Event</a> and its appearance is indicated by the end of <a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">banded iron formations</a> (which signals the depletion of <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(chemistry)" title="Substrate (chemistry)">substrates</a> that can react with oxygen to produce <a href="/wiki/Ferric" title="Ferric">ferric</a> deposits) during the early <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> eon. </p><p>Before this time, any oxygen produced by cyanobacterial photosynthesis would be readily removed by the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing substances</a> on the Earth's surface, notably <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrous iron">ferrous iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane" title="Atmospheric methane">atmospheric methane</a>. Free oxygen molecules did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the rate of production of oxygen began to exceed the availability of reductant materials that removed oxygen. This point signifies a shift from a <a href="/wiki/Reducing_atmosphere" title="Reducing atmosphere">reducing atmosphere</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizing">oxidizing</a> atmosphere. O<sub>2</sub> showed major variations during the Proterozoic, including <a href="/wiki/Boring_Billion" title="Boring Billion">a billion-year period</a> of <a href="/wiki/Euxinia" title="Euxinia">euxinia</a>, until reaching a steady state of more than 15% by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of the more robust <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic">eukaryotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Photoautotroph" title="Photoautotroph">photoautotrophs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a>) injected further oxygenation into the air, especially after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">global glaciation</a>, which was followed by an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation" title="Evolutionary radiation">evolutionary radiation</a> event during the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic period">period</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Avalon_explosion" title="Avalon explosion">Avalon explosion</a>, where complex <a href="/wiki/Metazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoa">metazoan</a> life forms (including the earliest <a href="/wiki/Cnidarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidarian">cnidarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">placozoans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bilaterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilaterian">bilaterians</a>) first proliferated. The following time span from 539 million years ago to the present day is the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a> eon, during the earliest <a href="/wiki/Geologic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic period">period</a> of which, the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>, more <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">actively moving</a> metazoan life began to appear and rapidly diversify in another radiation event called the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">locomotive</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> was fuelled by the rising oxygen level. </p><p>The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years, reaching a peak of about 30% around 280 million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period, significantly higher than today's 21%. Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere: the <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">evolution of</a> <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and their increasing role in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">carbon fixation</a>, and the consumption of oxygen by rapidly diversifying <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">faunae</a> and also by plants for <a href="/wiki/Photorespiration" title="Photorespiration">photorespiration</a> and their own metabolic needs at night. Breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruptions</a> release sulfur into the atmosphere, which reacts and hence reduces oxygen in the atmosphere. However, volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide, which can fuel oxygenic photosynthesis by <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_plant" title="Terrestrial plant">terrestrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plants</a>. The cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not precisely understood. Periods with more oxygen in the atmosphere were often associated with more rapid development of animals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_pollution">Air pollution</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv/220px--Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="49" data-mwtitle="Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv/Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv/Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv/Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv/Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv/Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv/Watching_the_Earth_Breathe.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Animation shows the buildup of tropospheric CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> in the Northern Hemisphere with a maximum around May. The maximum in the vegetation cycle follows in the late summer. Following the peak in vegetation, the drawdown of atmospheric CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> due to photosynthesis is apparent, particularly over the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forests">boreal forests</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a></div> <p><em>Air pollution</em> is the introduction of airborne <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">particulate matter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">biological materials</a> that cause harm or discomfort to organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorization">motorization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> <a href="/wiki/Societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Societies">societies</a> have significantly increased the amount of airborne <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> in the Earth's atmosphere, causing noticeable problems such as <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution-related_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution-related diseases">pollution-related diseases</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">depletion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stratospheric" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratospheric">stratospheric</a> <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>, which shields the surface from harmful <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiations, is also caused by air pollution, chiefly from <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorofluorocarbons">chlorofluorocarbons</a> and other ozone-depleting substances. </p><p>Since 1750, human activity, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, has increased the concentrations of various <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>, most importantly carbon dioxide, methane and <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a>, coupled with <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">destruction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> via <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">land developments</a>, have caused an observed <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">rise in global temperatures</a>, with the global average surface temperatures being <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002274250000000000♠"></span>1.1 °C</span> higher in the 2011–2020 decade than they were in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has raised concerns of man-made <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, which can have significant <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">environmental impacts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacial_retreat" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial retreat">glacial retreat</a> (which threatens <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">water security</a>), increasing <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events and <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">ecological collapse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">mass dying of wildlife</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/SearchPhotos/photo.pl?mission=ISS013&roll=E&frame=54329">"Gateway to Astronaut Photos of Earth"</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gateway+to+Astronaut+Photos+of+Earth&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feol.jsc.nasa.gov%2FSearchPhotos%2Fphoto.pl%3Fmission%3DISS013%26roll%3DE%26frame%3D54329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtmosphere+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lide, David R. <i>Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1996: 14–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/general/what-is-earths-atmosphere/">"What Is... Earth's Atmosphere? - NASA"</a>. 2024-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is...+Earth%27s+Atmosphere%3F+-+NASA&rft.date=2024-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fgeneral%2Fwhat-is-earths-atmosphere%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtmosphere+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVázquez,_M.Hanslmeier,_A.2006" class="citation book cs1">Vázquez, M.; Hanslmeier, A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OlckxY7BA_0C&pg=PA17">"Historical Introduction"</a>. <i>Ultraviolet Radiation in the Solar System</i>. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 331. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ASSL..331.....V">2005ASSL..331.....V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-3730-9_1">10.1007/1-4020-3730-9_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3730-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3730-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-3730-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Introduction&rft.btitle=Ultraviolet+Radiation+in+the+Solar+System&rft.series=Astrophysics+and+Space+Science+Library&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-3730-9_1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005ASSL..331.....V&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3730-6&rft.au=V%C3%A1zquez%2C+M.&rft.au=Hanslmeier%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOlckxY7BA_0C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtmosphere+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allens-2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allens-2002_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allens-2002_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allens-2002_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless other wise noted, values from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCox2002" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Arthur N., ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4612-1186-0"><i>Allen’s Astrophysical Quantities</i></a>. 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Scotese, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotese.com/precamb_chart.htm">Back to Earth History : Summary Chart for the Precambrian</a>, Paleomar Project</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starting from <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pollution">[1]</a> Pollution – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Summary_for_Policymakers2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811205522/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf">"Summary for Policymakers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IPCC AR6 WG1</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_astronomy" title="Geodetic astronomy">Geodetic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity</a></li> <li><a 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title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_physics" title="Mineral physics">Mineral physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_imaging" title="Geophysical imaging">Tomography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Age of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth" title="Extremes on Earth">Extremes on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">Geologic record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">The Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Evolution of the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_solar_terrestrial_planets" title="Geology of solar terrestrial planets">Geology of solar terrestrial planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_of_Earth" title="Location of Earth">Location in the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Earth" title="Category:Earth">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Atmospheres200" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atmospheres" title="Template:Atmospheres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atmospheres" title="Template talk:Atmospheres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atmospheres200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmospheres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Sun</a></b></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The violent storms of Jupiter's atmosphere"><img alt="The violent storms of Jupiter's atmosphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/250px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/330px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mercury" title="Atmosphere of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venus</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earth</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Mars</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saturn#Atmosphere" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus" title="Atmosphere of Uranus">Uranus</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Neptune#Atmosphere" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Atmosphere" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Pluto" title="Atmosphere of Pluto">Pluto</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makemake#Atmosphere" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)#Surface_and_atmosphere" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Io" title="Atmosphere of Io">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Atmosphere" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Titan" title="Atmosphere of Titan">Titan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Triton" title="Atmosphere of Triton">Triton</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/GJ_1132_b#Atmosphere" title="GJ 1132 b">GJ 1132 b</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b#Stratosphere_and_upper_clouds" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kepler-7b#Cloud_mapping" title="Kepler-7b">Kepler-7b</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Prebiotic atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">Coma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">Extraterrestrial atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Stellar atmosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div>Atmospheres in boldface are significant atmospheres; atmospheres in italics are unconfirmed atmospheres.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elements_of_nature202" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nature" title="Template:Nature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nature" title="Template talk:Nature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_of_nature202" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atmosphere <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Earth)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">Wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin <span style="font-size: 85%;">(abiogenesis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nature" title="Category:Nature">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_resources210" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_resources" title="Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_resources" title="Template talk:Natural resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_resources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_resources210" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution / quality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards <span style="font-size: 85%;">(US)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act <span style="font-size: 85%;">(US)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestation (REDD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">peak gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">Agricultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_farmland" title="Peak farmland">peak farmland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">seascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewshed" title="Viewshed">viewshed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">phosphorus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict <span style="font-size: 85%;">(perpetuation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_war" title="Oil war">Oil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrostate" title="Petrostate">Petrostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3230#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata934" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3230#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata934" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3230#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4003397-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="zemská atmosféra"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114092&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/50ca8936-a170-4e5a-8950-3fdd0a6704f2">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=44601">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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