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id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat,_diversidade_e_distribuição" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat,_diversidade_e_distribuição"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span><i>Habitat</i>, diversidade e distribuição</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat,_diversidade_e_distribuição-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomia_e_fisiologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomia_e_fisiologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anatomia e fisiologia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomia_e_fisiologia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Anatomia e fisiologia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomia_e_fisiologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Voo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penas,_plumagem_e_escamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penas,_plumagem_e_escamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Penas, plumagem e escamas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penas,_plumagem_e_escamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visão_e_audição" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visão_e_audição"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Visão e audição</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visão_e_audição-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_respiratório_e_olfato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_respiratório_e_olfato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Sistema respiratório e olfato</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_respiratório_e_olfato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_ósseo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_ósseo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sistema ósseo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_ósseo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_digestivo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_digestivo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Sistema digestivo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_digestivo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistemas_reprodutor_e_urogenital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistemas_reprodutor_e_urogenital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Sistemas reprodutor e urogenital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistemas_reprodutor_e_urogenital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_circulatório" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_circulatório"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Sistema circulatório</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_circulatório-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defesa_e_combate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defesa_e_combate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Defesa e combate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defesa_e_combate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comportamento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comportamento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comportamento</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comportamento-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Comportamento</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comportamento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alimentação" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alimentação"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Alimentação</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alimentação-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuidados_com_as_penas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuidados_com_as_penas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cuidados com as penas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuidados_com_as_penas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migração" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migração"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Migração</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migração-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comunicação" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comunicação"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Comunicação</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comunicação-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comportamento_de_grupo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comportamento_de_grupo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Comportamento de grupo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comportamento_de_grupo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repouso_e_empoleiramento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repouso_e_empoleiramento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Repouso e empoleiramento</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repouso_e_empoleiramento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reprodução" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reprodução"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Reprodução</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reprodução-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acasalamento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acasalamento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Acasalamento</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acasalamento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territórios,_nidificação_e_incubação" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territórios,_nidificação_e_incubação"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2</span> <span>Territórios, nidificação e incubação</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territórios,_nidificação_e_incubação-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuidados_parentais_e_crias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuidados_parentais_e_crias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.3</span> <span>Cuidados parentais e crias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuidados_parentais_e_crias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasitismo_de_ninhada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasitismo_de_ninhada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.4</span> <span>Parasitismo de ninhada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasitismo_de_ninhada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relação_com_o_ser_humano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relação_com_o_ser_humano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relação com o ser humano</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relação_com_o_ser_humano-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Relação com o ser humano</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relação_com_o_ser_humano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Importância_económica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importância_económica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Importância económica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importância_económica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religião,_folclore_e_cultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religião,_folclore_e_cultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Religião, folclore e cultura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religião,_folclore_e_cultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservação" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservação"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Conservação</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservação-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolução_e_classificação" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolução_e_classificação"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Evolução e classificação</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolução_e_classificação-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Evolução e classificação</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolução_e_classificação-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dinossauros_e_a_origem_das_aves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dinossauros_e_a_origem_das_aves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Dinossauros e a origem das aves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dinossauros_e_a_origem_das_aves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolução_inicial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolução_inicial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Evolução inicial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolução_inicial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversificação_inicial_dos_ancestrais_das_aves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversificação_inicial_dos_ancestrais_das_aves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Diversificação inicial dos ancestrais das aves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversificação_inicial_dos_ancestrais_das_aves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversificação_das_aves_modernas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversificação_das_aves_modernas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Diversificação das aves modernas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversificação_das_aves_modernas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classificação_das_ordens_das_aves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificação_das_ordens_das_aves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Classificação das ordens das aves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classificação_das_ordens_das_aves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ver_também" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ver_também"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ver também</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ver_também-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aves</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 238 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-238" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">238 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cic%C3%A9m" title="Cicém — achém" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Cicém" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="achém" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Бзыу — adigue" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бзыу" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adigue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C3%ABl" title="Voël — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Voël" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6gel" title="Vögel — alemão suíço" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vögel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemão suíço" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%8D%8D" title="ወፍ — amárico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amárico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves — aragonês" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugol" title="Fugol — inglês antigo" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fugol" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="inglês antigo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="पक्षी — angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पक्षी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="طائر — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طائر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܛܝܪܐ — aramaico" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܝܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="طير — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طير" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="طير — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="চৰাই — assamês" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চৰাই" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirecic" title="Pirecic — atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Pirecic" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D3%80" title="ХӀинчӀ — avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ХӀинчӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zveri_(Aves)" title="Zveri (Aves) — Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Zveri (Aves)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamach%27i" title="Jamach'i — aimará" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jamach'i" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimará" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C5%9F" title="Quş — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4" title="قوش — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҡоштар — bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡоштар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedis" title="Kedis — balinês" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kedis" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegl" title="Vegl — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vegl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauk%C5%A1t%C4%93" title="Paukštē — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Paukštē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamgam" title="Gamgam — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gamgam" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memanuk" title="Memanuk — West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Memanuk" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Птушкі — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Птушкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Птушкі — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Птушкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Птици — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Птици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%88" title="चिरई — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चिरई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijin" title="Pijin — bislamá" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Pijin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislamá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung — Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Burung" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF" title="পাখি — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাখি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8D" title="བྱ། — tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྱ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evn" title="Evn — bretão" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Evn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptice" title="Ptice — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ptice" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Шубуун — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шубуун" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocells" title="Ocells — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ocells" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%93u" title="Cēu — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cēu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88" title="Олхазарш — checheno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Олхазарш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="checheno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langgam" title="Langgam — cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Langgam" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AF%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%86" title="ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ — cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%27kese" title="Ve'kese — cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ve'kese" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%84" title="مەل — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt%C3%A1ci" title="Ptáci — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ptáci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt%C3%B4ch%C3%AB" title="Ptôchë — kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ptôchë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%95%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Вĕçенкайăк — chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вĕçенкайăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aderyn" title="Aderyn — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aderyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo recomendado"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugle" title="Fugle — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fugle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noo%C5%8Ba" title="Nooŋa — Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nooŋa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6gel" title="Vögel — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vögel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1ri%C3%A7%C4%B1ki" title="Mıriçıki — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mıriçıki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pta%C5%A1ki" title="Ptaški — baixo sorábio" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ptaški" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="baixo sorábio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombolog" title="Tombolog — Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Tombolog" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xewo" title="Xewo — ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Xewo" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AC" title="Πτηνά — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πτηνά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bird" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdoj" title="Birdoj — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Birdoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnud" title="Linnud — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linnud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegazti" title="Hegazti — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegazti" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1xaru" title="Páxaru — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Páxaru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="پرنده — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnut" title="Linnut — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Linnut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirk" title="Tsirk — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsirk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumanu_vuka" title="Manumanu vuka — fijiano" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Manumanu vuka" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuglur" title="Fuglur — feroês" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fuglur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiseau" title="Oiseau — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oiseau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us%C3%A9l" title="Usél — Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Usél" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="lista destacada"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6gler" title="Fögler — frísio setentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fögler" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frísio setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BBgels" title="Fûgels — frísico ocidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fûgels" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frísico ocidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%80%E4%BB%94" title="雀仔 — gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="雀仔" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zozo" title="Zozo — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zozo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eun" title="Eun — gaélico escocês" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eun" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyra" title="Guyra — guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Guyra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%80" title="પક્ષી — guzerate" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પક્ષી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guzerate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushag" title="Ushag — manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ushag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuntsu" title="Tsuntsu — haúça" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tsuntsu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haúça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A2u" title="Tiâu — hacá" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tiâu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hacá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA" title="עופות — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עופות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="पक्षी — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पक्षी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirriya" title="Chirriya — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chirriya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptice" title="Ptice — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ptice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptaki" title="Ptaki — alto sorábio" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ptaki" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="alto sorábio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwazo" title="Zwazo — haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zwazo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madarak" title="Madarak — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Madarak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%BC%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թռչուններ — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թռչուններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ave" title="Ave — interlíngua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ave" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlíngua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung — iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Burung" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Burung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avie" title="Avie — interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Avie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C5%8Bmiaq" title="Tiŋmiaq — inupiaque" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tiŋmiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billit" title="Billit — ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Billit" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Оалхазараш — inguche" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Оалхазараш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucelo" title="Ucelo — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ucelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugl" title="Fugl — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fugl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E9%A1%9E" title="鳥類 — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鳥類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod" title="Bod — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bod" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lo_cipni" title="lo cipni — lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lo cipni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuk" title="Manuk — javanês" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Manuk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ფრინველები — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრინველები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qus" title="Qus — kara-kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qus" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="kara-kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylal" title="Aylal — kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aylal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Къуалэбзухэр — cabardiano" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къуалэбзухэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="cabardiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suma%C9%A3" title="Sumaɣ — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sumaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Құстар — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құстар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B8" title="បក្សី — khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បក្សី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಕ್ಷಿ — canarim" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಕ್ಷಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%88" title="새 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="새" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Кайез — komi-permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кайез" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جاناوار — caxemira" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جاناوار" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="caxemira" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinde" title="Balinde — curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Balinde" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edhen" title="Edhen — córnico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Edhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88" title="Куш — quirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Куш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="quirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vullen" title="Vullen — luxemburguês" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vullen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Лелуххи — Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Лелуххи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BA%D3%80" title="НуькӀ — lezghiano" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="НуькӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avia" title="Avia — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Avia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veugel" title="Veugel — limburguês" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Veugel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves — Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicel" title="Vicel — Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Vicel" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%C9%9Bk%C9%9B" title="Ndɛkɛ — lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ndɛkɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%81" title="ສັດປີກ — laosiano" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສັດປີກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauk%C5%A1%C4%8Diai" title="Paukščiai — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paukščiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putni" title="Putni — Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Putni" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putni" title="Putni — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Putni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Нармоттне — mocsa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Нармоттне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mocsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorona" title="Vorona — malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vorona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кайык — Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кайык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buruang" title="Buruang — minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Buruang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Птици — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Птици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF" title="പക്ഷി — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പക്ഷി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%83" title="Шувуу — mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шувуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯎꯆꯦꯛ — manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯎꯆꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="पक्षी — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पक्षी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кек — Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кек" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Burung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%A7asfur" title="Għasfur — maltês" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Għasfur" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ငှက် — birmanês" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငှက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Нармунть — erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Нармунть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="مرغ — mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مرغ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auciello" title="Auciello — napolitano" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Auciello" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagels" title="Vagels — baixo-alemão" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vagels" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo-alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voegel" title="Voegel — baixo-saxão" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Voegel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baixo-saxão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="चरा — nepalês" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="झंगः — newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="झंगः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogels" title="Vogels — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vogels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuglar" title="Fuglar — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fuglar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugler" title="Fugler — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fugler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oua%C3%AEs%C3%A9" title="Ouaîsé — Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ouaîsé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%ADdii" title="Tsídii — navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsídii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aus%C3%A8l" title="Ausèl — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ausèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnut" title="Linnut — Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Linnut" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allaattiiwan" title="Allaattiiwan — oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Allaattiiwan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%80" title="ପକ୍ଷୀ — oriá" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପକ୍ଷୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Мæргътæ — ossético" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мæргътæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossético" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੰਛੀ — panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੰਛੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayup" title="Ayup — pampango" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ayup" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oizo" title="Oizo — Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Oizo" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voggel" title="Voggel — Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Voggel" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berd" title="Berd — Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Berd" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptaki" title="Ptaki — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ptaki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osej" title="Osej — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Osej" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="پنچھی — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنچھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%87" title="مرغه — pastó" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مرغه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisqu" title="Pisqu — quíchua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pisqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quíchua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utschels" title="Utschels — romanche" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Utschels" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas%C4%83re" title="Pasăre — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pasăre" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C4%BEiu" title="Puľiu — aromeno" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Puľiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Птицы — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Птицы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Птахы — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Птахы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%83" title="पक्षिणः — sânscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पक्षिणः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sânscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Көтөрдөр — sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Көтөрдөр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱪᱮᱬᱮ — santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱮᱬᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves — sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceddu" title="Aceddu — siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aceddu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird — scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bird" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="پکي — sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پکي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loddi" title="Loddi — sami do norte" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Loddi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami do norte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptica" title="Ptica — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ptica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%E1%B8%8Di%E1%B8%8D" title="Agḍiḍ — tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Agḍiḍ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="ၼူၵ်ႉ — shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၼူၵ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D" title="කුරුල්ලෝ — cingalês" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කුරුල්ලෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bird" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vt%C3%A1ky" title="Vtáky — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vtáky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pti%C4%8Di" title="Ptiči — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ptiči" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodeh" title="Lodeh — inari sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Lodeh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="inari sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiri" title="Shiri — shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shiri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimbir" title="Shimbir — somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shimbir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zogu" title="Zogu — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zogu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Птице — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Птице" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinyoni" title="Tinyoni — suázi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Tinyoni" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="suázi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuugele" title="Fuugele — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Fuugele" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuk" title="Manuk — sundanês" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Manuk" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A5glar" title="Fåglar — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fåglar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndege_(mnyama)" title="Ndege (mnyama) — suaíli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ndege (mnyama)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaíli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt%C5%8Fki" title="Ptŏki — Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ptŏki" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/paayam" title="paayam — Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="paayam" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="பறவை — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பறவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qbhniq" title="qbhniq — Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qbhniq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಕ್ಕಿ — Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪಕ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A8%E1%A5%90" title="ᥘᥨᥐ — Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥘᥨᥐ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF" title="పక్షి — telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పక్షి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Паранда — tajique" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Паранда" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81" title="สัตว์ปีก — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์ปีก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C5%9F" title="Guş — turcomano" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Guş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcomano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibon" title="Ibon — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ibon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9F" title="Kuş — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кошлар — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кошлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viyuni" title="Viyuni — tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Viyuni" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnomaa" title="Nnomaa — twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nnomaa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Тылобурдо — udmurte" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Тылобурдо" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%87%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قۇشلار — uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قۇشلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Птахи — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Птахи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%81" title="پرندہ — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پرندہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qushlar" title="Qushlar — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qushlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves — Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindud" title="Lindud — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lindud" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chim" title="Chim — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veugel" title="Veugel — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Veugel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6ds" title="Böds — volapuque" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Böds" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oujhea" title="Oujhea — valão" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Oujhea" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamsi" title="Tamsi — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tamsi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%9F" title="鸟 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鸟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Шовуд — kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Шовуд" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="მაფურინჯეეფი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაფურინჯეეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9C" title="פויגל — iídiche" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פויגל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="iídiche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8y%E1%BA%B9" title="Ẹyẹ — ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹyẹ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duzroeg" title="Duzroeg — zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Duzroeg" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veugels" title="Veugels — Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Veugels" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%9F" title="鸟 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鸟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%A5" title="鳥 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鳥" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%A1u" title="Chiáu — min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiáu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%80" title="雀 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5113#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aves" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Aves" rel="discussion" title="Discussão sobre o conteúdo da página [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mudar a variante da língua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">português</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistas"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aves"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta página [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar código-fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=history" title="Edições anteriores desta página. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver histórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramentas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mais opções" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Operações </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aves"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta página [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar código-fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=history"><span>Ver histórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Geral </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_afluentes/Aves" title="Lista de todas as páginas que contêm hiperligações para esta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páginas afluentes</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_relacionadas/Aves" rel="nofollow" title="Mudanças recentes nas páginas para as quais esta contém hiperligações [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Alterações relacionadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Carregar_ficheiro" title="Carregar ficheiros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Carregar ficheiro</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_especiais" title="Lista de páginas especiais [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páginas especiais</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&oldid=68836344" title="Hiperligação permanente para esta revisão desta página"><span>Hiperligação permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=info" title="Mais informações sobre esta página"><span>Informações da página</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Aves&id=68836344&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informação sobre como citar esta página"><span>Citar esta página</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAves"><span>Obter URL encurtado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAves"><span>Descarregar código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Livro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Aves"><span>Criar um livro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Aves&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descarregar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&printable=yes" title="Versão para impressão desta página [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versão para impressão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Noutros projetos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aves" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aves" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5113" title="Hiperligação para o elemento do repositório de dados [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspeto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspeto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Artigos_destacados" title="Este é um artigo destacado. Clique aqui para mais informações."><img alt="Este é um artigo destacado. Clique aqui para mais informações." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cscr-featured1.svg/20px-Cscr-featured1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cscr-featured1.svg/30px-Cscr-featured1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cscr-featured1.svg/40px-Cscr-featured1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/20px-Disambig_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/30px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/40px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b>Nota:</b> Para outros significados, veja <a href="/wiki/Ave_(desambigua%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ave (desambiguação)">Ave (desambiguação)</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Aves_(desambigua%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aves (desambiguação)">Aves (desambiguação)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Aves<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Intervalo temporal: <br /><a href="/wiki/Cret%C3%A1ceo_Superior" title="Cretáceo Superior">Cretáceo Superior</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holoceno" title="Holoceno">presente</a>, 72–0 Ma<sup id="cite_ref-Field2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field2020-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DePietriWilaru_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DePietriWilaru-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:200px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:191.43076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:; background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9-Cambriano" title="Pré-Cambriano">PreЄ</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:33.538461538462px; width:17.107692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mbrico" class="mw-redirect" title="Câmbrico">Є</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:50.646153846154px; width:12.8px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordov%C3%ADcico" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordovícico">O</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:63.446153846154px; width:7.5692307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Sil%C3%BArico" class="mw-redirect" title="Silúrico">S</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:71.015384615385px; width:18.553846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Dev%C3%B3nico" class="mw-redirect" title="Devónico">D</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:89.569230769231px; width:18.461538461538px;"><a href="/wiki/Carb%C3%B3nico" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbónico">C</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:108.03076923077px; width:14.378461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rmico" class="mw-redirect" title="Pérmico">P</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:122.40923076923px; width:15.652307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Tri%C3%A1ssico" title="Triássico">T</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:138.06153846154px; width:17.323076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Jur%C3%A1ssico" title="Jurássico">J</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:155.38461538462px; width:24.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Cret%C3%A1cico" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretácico">K</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:179.69230769231px; width:13.221538461538px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleog%C3%A9nico" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleogénico"><small>Pg</small></a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:192.91384615385px; width:6.2923076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Neog%C3%A9nico" class="mw-redirect" title="Neogénico"><small>N</small></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:199px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:200px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:164.46153846154px; width:35.538461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:177.84615384615px; width:22.153846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:178.84615384615px; width:20.153846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div></div> </div> Possível origem do <a href="/wiki/Cret%C3%A1cico_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretácico Inferior">Cretácico Inferior</a> ou do começo do Cretácico Superior com base no <a href="/wiki/Rel%C3%B3gio_molecular" title="Relógio molecular">relógio molecular</a><sup id="cite_ref-Yonezawa2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yonezawa2017-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kuhl2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuhl2020-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crouch2022_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crouch2022-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><div class="center"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bird_Diversity_2013.png/300px-Bird_Diversity_2013.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bird_Diversity_2013.png/450px-Bird_Diversity_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bird_Diversity_2013.png/600px-Bird_Diversity_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1392" usemap="#ImageMap_d60ec310578f147c" resource="/wiki/Ficheiro:Bird_Diversity_2013.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_d60ec310578f147c"><area href="/wiki/Turaco-de-crista-vermelha" shape="rect" coords="0,0,100,70" alt="Turaco-de-crista-vermelha" title="Turaco-de-crista-vermelha" /><area href="/wiki/Pipargo-gigante" shape="rect" coords="0,70,100,141" alt="Pipargo-gigante" title="Pipargo-gigante" /><area href="/wiki/Columba_livia" shape="rect" coords="0,209,100,141" alt="Columba livia" title="Columba livia" /><area href="/wiki/Casuar-do-sul" shape="rect" coords="0,279,100,210" alt="Casuar-do-sul" title="Casuar-do-sul" /><area href="/wiki/Pinguim-gentoo" shape="rect" coords="0,348,100,279" alt="Pinguim-gentoo" title="Pinguim-gentoo" /><area href="/wiki/Minla_strigula" shape="rect" coords="0,418,100,348" alt="Minla strigula" title="Minla strigula" /><area href="/wiki/Bico-de-sapato" shape="rect" coords="200,0,100,70" alt="Bico-de-sapato" title="Bico-de-sapato" /><area href="/wiki/Grou-coroado-cinzento" shape="rect" coords="200,70,100,141" alt="Grou-coroado-cinzento" title="Grou-coroado-cinzento" /><area href="/wiki/Calypte_anna" shape="rect" coords="200,209,100,141" alt="Calypte anna" title="Calypte anna" /><area href="/wiki/Trichoglossus" shape="rect" coords="200,279,100,210" alt="Trichoglossus" title="Trichoglossus" /><area href="/wiki/Gar%C3%A7a-real-europeia" shape="rect" coords="200,348,100,279" alt="Garça-real-europeia" title="Garça-real-europeia" /><area href="/wiki/Bufo-real" shape="rect" coords="200,418,100,348" alt="Bufo-real" title="Bufo-real" /><area href="/wiki/Rabo-de-palha-de-bico-laranja" shape="rect" coords="300,0,200,70" alt="Rabo-de-palha-de-bico-laranja" title="Rabo-de-palha-de-bico-laranja" /><area href="/wiki/Pav%C3%A3o-azul" shape="rect" coords="300,70,200,141" alt="Pavão-azul" title="Pavão-azul" /><area href="/wiki/Fradinho" shape="rect" coords="300,209,200,141" alt="Fradinho" title="Fradinho" /><area href="/wiki/Flamingo-americano" shape="rect" coords="300,279,200,210" alt="Flamingo-americano" title="Flamingo-americano" /><area href="/wiki/Patola-de-p%C3%A9s-azuis" shape="rect" coords="300,348,200,279" alt="Patola-de-pés-azuis" title="Patola-de-pés-azuis" /><area href="/wiki/Tucano-de-peito-amarelo" shape="rect" coords="300,418,200,348" alt="Tucano-de-peito-amarelo" title="Tucano-de-peito-amarelo" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Diversidade das aves </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomia" title="Taxonomia">Classificação científica</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Taxonomia/Aves" title="e"><img alt="e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domínio: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reino: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Filo: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cordados" title="Cordados">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superclasse: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetr%C3%A1podes" title="Tetrápodes">Tetrapoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clado</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clado</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota">Amniota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clado</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clado</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clado</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ornithurae" title="Ornithurae">Ornithurae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Classe: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aves</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10.%C2%AA_edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Systema_Naturae" title="10.ª edição de Systema Naturae">1758</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Clado" title="Clado">Clados</a> existentes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Struthioniformes" title="Struthioniformes">Struthionimorphae</a> (avestruz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notopalaeognathae" title="Notopalaeognathae">Notopalaeognathae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neognathae" class="mw-redirect" title="Neognathae">Neognathae</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangalloanserae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangalloanserae (página não existe)">Pangalloanserae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Sinon%C3%ADmia_(taxonomia)" title="Sinonímia (taxonomia)">Sinónimos</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Neornithes <small><a href="/wiki/Hans_Friedrich_Gadow" title="Hans Friedrich Gadow">Gadow</a>, 1883</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Aves</b> são uma <a href="/wiki/Classe_(biologia)" title="Classe (biologia)">classe</a> de seres vivos <a href="/wiki/Vertebrado" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrado">vertebrados</a> <a href="/wiki/Endotermia" title="Endotermia">endotérmicos</a> caracterizada pela presença de <a href="/wiki/Pena" title="Pena">penas</a>, um <a href="/wiki/Bico" title="Bico">bico</a> sem <a href="/wiki/Dente" title="Dente">dentes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oviparidade" title="Oviparidade">oviparidade</a> de <a href="/wiki/Casca_do_ovo" title="Casca do ovo">casca rígida</a>, elevado <a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">metabolismo</a>, um <a href="/wiki/Cora%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Coração">coração</a> com quatro câmaras e um <a href="/wiki/Osso_pneum%C3%A1tico" title="Osso pneumático">esqueleto pneumático</a> resistente e leve. As aves estão presentes em todas as regiões do mundo e variam significativamente de tamanho, desde os 5 cm do <a href="/wiki/Mellisuga_helenae" title="Mellisuga helenae">colibri</a> até aos 2,75 m da <a href="/wiki/Avestruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestruz">avestruz</a>. São a <a href="/wiki/Classe_(biologia)" title="Classe (biologia)">classe</a> de <a href="/wiki/Tetr%C3%A1podes" title="Tetrápodes">tetrápodes</a> com o maior número de espécies vivas, aproximadamente dez mil, das quais mais de metade são <a href="/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes">passeriformes</a>. As aves apresentam <a href="/wiki/Asa" title="Asa">asas</a>, que são mais ou menos desenvolvidas dependendo da espécie. Os únicos grupos conhecidos sem asas são as <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moas</a> e as <a href="/wiki/Aepyornithidae" title="Aepyornithidae">aves-elefante</a>, ambos extintos. As asas, que evoluíram a partir dos membros anteriores, oferecem às aves a capacidade de voar, embora a <a href="/wiki/Especia%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Especiação">especiação</a> tenha produzido <a href="/wiki/Aves_n%C3%A3o_voadoras" title="Aves não voadoras">aves não voadoras</a>, como as <a href="/wiki/Struthioniformes" title="Struthioniformes">avestruzes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinguim" title="Pinguim">pinguins</a> e diversas aves <a href="/wiki/Endemismo" title="Endemismo">endémicas</a> insulares. Os sistemas <a href="/wiki/Sistema_digestivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema digestivo">digestivo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sistema_respirat%C3%B3rio" title="Sistema respiratório">respiratório</a> das aves estão adaptados ao voo. Algumas espécies de aves que habitam em <a href="/wiki/Ecossistema_aqu%C3%A1tico" title="Ecossistema aquático">ecossistemas aquáticos</a>, como os pinguins e a <a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">família dos patos</a>, desenvolveram a capacidade de nadar. </p><p>Algumas aves, especialmente os <a href="/wiki/Corvidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvidae">corvos</a> e os <a href="/wiki/Psittaciforme" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittaciforme">papagaios</a>, estão entre os <a href="/wiki/Intelig%C3%AAncia_animal" title="Inteligência animal">animais mais inteligentes</a> do planeta. Algumas espécies <a href="/wiki/Uso_de_ferramentas_por_animais" title="Uso de ferramentas por animais">constroem e usam ferramentas</a> e passam o conhecimento entre gerações. Muitas espécies realizam <a href="/wiki/Migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_aves" title="Migração de aves">migrações</a> ao longo de grandes distâncias. A maioria das aves são <a href="/wiki/Animal_social" title="Animal social">animais sociais</a> que comunicam entre si com sinais visuais, <a href="/wiki/Vocaliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_aves" title="Vocalização das aves">chamamentos e cantos</a>, e realizam atividades comunitárias como procriação e caça cooperativa, voo em <a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">bando</a> e grupos de defesa contra <a href="/wiki/Predador" class="mw-redirect" title="Predador">predadores</a>. A grande maioria das espécies de aves são <a href="/wiki/Monogamia" title="Monogamia">monogâmicas</a>, geralmente durante uma época de acasalamento e por vezes durante vários anos, mas raramente durante toda a vida. Outras espécies são <a href="/wiki/Poliginia" title="Poliginia">polígamas</a> ou, mais raramente, <a href="/wiki/Poliandria" title="Poliandria">poliândricas</a>. As aves reproduzem-se através de <a href="/wiki/Ovo" title="Ovo">ovos</a>, que são fertilizados por <a href="/wiki/Reprodu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_sexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Reprodução sexual">reprodução sexual</a> e geralmente colocados num <a href="/wiki/Nidifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Nidificação">ninho</a> onde são <a href="/wiki/Incuba%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(ovo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incubação (ovo)">incubados</a> pelos progenitores. A maior parte das aves apresenta um período prolongado de cuidados parentais após a incubação. Algumas aves, como as <a href="/wiki/Galinha" title="Galinha">galinhas</a>, põem ovos mesmo que não sejam fertilizados, embora esses ovos não produzam descendência. </p><p>As aves, e em particular os <a href="/wiki/Fringil%C3%ADdeos_de_Darwin" title="Fringilídeos de Darwin">fringilídeos de Darwin</a>, tiveram um papel importante no desenvolvimento da <a href="/wiki/Teoria_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoria da evolução">teoria da evolução</a> por <a href="/wiki/Sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o_natural" title="Seleção natural">seleção natural</a> de <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>. O <a href="/wiki/Registo_f%C3%B3ssil" class="mw-redirect" title="Registo fóssil">registo fóssil</a> indica que as aves são os últimos sobreviventes dos <a href="/wiki/Dinossauro" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinossauro">dinossauros</a>, tendo evoluído a partir de <a href="/wiki/Dinossauros_emplumados" title="Dinossauros emplumados">dinossauros emplumados</a> dentro do grupo <a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%B3poda" class="mw-redirect" title="Terópoda">terópode</a> dos <a href="/wiki/Saur%C3%ADsquios" class="mw-redirect" title="Saurísquios">saurísquios</a>. As primeiras aves apareceram durante o período <a href="/wiki/Cret%C3%A1cico" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretácico">cretácico</a>, há cerca de 100 milhões de anos,<sup id="cite_ref-brown2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2011-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> e estima-se que o último <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_comum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral comum">ancestral comum</a> tenha vivido há 95 milhões de anos.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> As evidências de <a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADN</a> indicam que as aves se desenvolveram extensivamente durante a <a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Cret%C3%A1ceo-Paleogeno" title="Extinção do Cretáceo-Paleogeno">extinção do Cretáceo-Paleogeno</a> que matou os dinossauros não avianos. As aves na <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_do_Sul" title="América do Sul">América do Sul</a> sobreviveram a este evento, tendo depois migrado para as várias partes do mundo através de várias passagens terrestres, ao mesmo tempo que se diversificavam em espécies durante os períodos de arrefecimento global.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas aves primitivas dentro do grupo <i><a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">Avialae</a></i> datam do período <a href="/wiki/Jur%C3%A1ssico" title="Jurássico">Jurássico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-divergence_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divergence-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Muitos destes ancestrais das aves, como o <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i>, não tinham plena capacidade de voo e muitos apresentavam ainda características primitivas como <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%ADbula" title="Mandíbula">mandíbula</a> em vez de bico e cauda vertebrada.<sup id="cite_ref-divergence_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divergence-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alonso_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alonso-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muitas espécies de aves têm importância económica. As aves domesticadas (<a href="/wiki/Aves_de_capoeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves de capoeira">de capoeira</a>) e não domesticadas (de caça) são fontes importantes de <a href="/wiki/Ovo_(alimento)" title="Ovo (alimento)">ovos</a>, carne e penas. As aves canoras e os papagaios são <a href="/wiki/Animais_de_estima%C3%A7%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Animais de estimação">animais de estimação</a> populares. O <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> é usado como <a href="/wiki/Fertilizante" title="Fertilizante">fertilizante</a>. As aves são um elemento de destaque na cultura. No entanto, desde o <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XVII</span> que cerca de 120 a 130 espécies foram extintas devido à ação humana e várias centenas foram extintas nos séculos anteriores. Atualmente existem 1 375 espécies de aves <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A9cie_amea%C3%A7ada" title="Espécie ameaçada">ameaçadas</a> de <a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Extinção">extinção</a>, embora haja esforços no sentido de as <a href="/wiki/Conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_natureza" title="Conservação da natureza">conservar</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Observa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_aves" title="Observação de aves">observação de aves</a> é uma atividade importante no setor do <a href="/wiki/Ecoturismo" title="Ecoturismo">ecoturismo</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat,_diversidade_e_distribuição"><span id="Habitat.2C_diversidade_e_distribui.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span><i>Habitat</i>, diversidade e distribuição</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Habitat, diversidade e distribuição" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Habitat, diversidade e distribuição"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Erithacus_rubecula_with_cocked_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Erithacus_rubecula_with_cocked_head.jpg/220px-Erithacus_rubecula_with_cocked_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Erithacus_rubecula_with_cocked_head.jpg/330px-Erithacus_rubecula_with_cocked_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Erithacus_rubecula_with_cocked_head.jpg/440px-Erithacus_rubecula_with_cocked_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2574" data-file-height="2059" /></a><figcaption>O <a href="/wiki/Pisco-de-peito-ruivo" title="Pisco-de-peito-ruivo">pisco-de-peito-ruivo</a> vive em todo o continente europeu, desde a fria <a href="/wiki/Escandin%C3%A1via" title="Escandinávia">Escandinávia</a> até aos desertos do <a href="/wiki/Norte_de_%C3%81frica" title="Norte de África">norte de África</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A capacidade de voar proporcionou às aves uma diversificação extraordinária, pelo que hoje em dia vivem e reproduzem-se em praticamente todos os <i><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a></i> terrestres e em todos os sete continentes.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> O <a href="/wiki/Pagodroma_nivea" title="Pagodroma nivea">petrel-das-neves</a> nidifica em colónias que já foram observadas a distâncias de 440 km do litoral da <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtida" title="Antártida">Antártida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> A maior <a href="/wiki/Biodiversidade" title="Biodiversidade">biodiversidade</a> de aves tem lugar nas <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B3picos" class="mw-redirect" title="Trópicos">regiões tropicais</a>. Anteriormente, pensava-se que esta maior diversidade era o resultado de uma maior velocidade de <a href="/wiki/Especia%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Especiação">especiação</a> nos trópicos. No entanto, estudos mais recentes verificaram que a especiação é superior nas <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> mais elevadas, embora a velocidade de <a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Extinção">extinção</a> seja também superior à dos trópicos.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Várias famílias de aves evoluíram para se adaptar à vida nos oceanos. Algumas espécies de <a href="/wiki/Ave_oce%C3%A2nica" title="Ave oceânica">aves marinhas</a> regressam à costa apenas para nidificar<sup id="cite_ref-Burger_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burger-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> e alguns <a href="/wiki/Pinguim" title="Pinguim">pinguins</a> são capazes de mergulhar até 300 metros de profundidade.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regra geral, o número de espécies que se reproduz em determinada área é diretamente proporcional ao tamanho dessa área e à diversidade de <i>habitats</i> disponíveis. O número total de espécies está também relacionado com factores como a posição dessa área em relação às rotas de migração e ao número de espécies que aí passam o inverno. Na <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> a oeste dos <a href="/wiki/Montes_Urais" title="Montes Urais">montes Urais</a>, incluindo grande parte da <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a>, vivem cerca de 540 espécies de aves. Na <a href="/wiki/%C3%81sia" title="Ásia">Ásia</a> vivem 2 700 espécies, o que corresponde a 25% da avifauna mundial, e só na <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia">Rússia</a> vivem cerca de 700. Em <a href="/wiki/%C3%81frica" title="África">África</a> vivem cerca de 2 300 espécies. Em todo o <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica" title="América">continente americano</a> vivem cerca de 4 400 espécies, embora em alguns países da América Central e do Sul haja mais de mil espécies. A <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> é a região com maior número de espécies em relação ao tamanho, com cerca de 800 conhecidas numa área de apenas 51 000 km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muitas espécies de aves estabeleceram o seu território nas regiões em que foram <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A9cie_introduzida" title="Espécie introduzida">introduzidas</a> pelo ser humano. A introdução de algumas espécies foi deliberada, como por exemplo o <a href="/wiki/Fais%C3%A3o-comum" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisão-comum">faisão-comum</a>, que foi introduzido em todo o mundo como ave de caça.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Outras introduções foram acidentais, como o <a href="/wiki/Periquito-monge" class="mw-redirect" title="Periquito-monge">periquito-monge</a>, que atualmente está presente em várias cidades norte-americanas como consequência de fugas de cativeiro.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas espécies, como a <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%A7a-boieira" class="mw-redirect" title="Garça-boieira">garça-boieira</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> o <a href="/wiki/Gavi%C3%A3o-carrapateiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavião-carrapateiro">gavião-carrapateiro</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> e a <a href="/wiki/Galah" title="Galah">cacatua-galah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> expandiram-se muito para além do seu território inicial de forma natural, à medida que a <a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a> foi criando novos <i>habitats</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomia_e_fisiologia">Anatomia e fisiologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Anatomia e fisiologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Anatomia e fisiologia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Birdmorphology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Birdmorphology.svg/220px-Birdmorphology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Birdmorphology.svg/330px-Birdmorphology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Birdmorphology.svg/440px-Birdmorphology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Topografia de uma ave: 1 <a href="/wiki/Bico" title="Bico">Bico</a>, 2 Coroa, 3 <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dris" title="Íris">Íris</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/Pupila" title="Pupila">Pupila</a>, 5 Manto, 6 Pequenas coberturas, 7 Escapulares, 8 Grandes coberturas, 9 Terciárias, 10 <a href="/wiki/Urop%C3%ADgio" title="Uropígio">Uropígio</a>, 11 Primárias, 12 <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">Cloaca</a>, 13 Coxa, 14 <a href="/wiki/Tornozelo" title="Tornozelo">Articulação tíbiotársica</a>, 15 <a href="/wiki/Tarso_(p%C3%A9)" title="Tarso (pé)">Tarso</a>, 16 Pata, 17 <a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADbia" title="Tíbia">Tíbia</a>, 18 Ventre, 19 Flancos, 20 Peito, 21 Garganta, 22 Papada, 23 <a href="/wiki/Lista_supraciliar" title="Lista supraciliar">Lista supraciliar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Em comparação com outros <a href="/wiki/Vertebrado" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrado">vertebrados</a>, as aves apresentam um corpo com diversas adaptações invulgares e únicas que lhes permitem voar, mesmo que sejam apenas estruturas vestigiais ou que sejam usadas para deslocação terrestre ou aquática. Embora haja várias particularidades ósseas e anatómicas exclusivas das aves, a presença de penas é a mais proeminente e distintiva característica das aves. As aves possuem também um órgão único entre os animais, a <a href="/wiki/Siringe" title="Siringe">siringe</a>, que lhes permite produzir os <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Comunicação">cantos e chamamentos</a>. A pele das aves é praticamente ausente de quaisquer <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A2ndula" title="Glândula">glândulas</a>, à exceção da <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A2ndula_uropigial" title="Glândula uropigial">glândula uropigial</a> que produz um óleo que protege e impermeabiliza as penas.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As aves são <a href="/wiki/Homeotermia" title="Homeotermia">animais endotérmicos</a> que mantêm uma temperatura de aproximadamente 41 °C, podendo ser ligeiramente inferior durante as horas de sono e ligeiramente superior durante os períodos de atividade intensa. As penas e, em algumas espécies, a gordura subcutânea, oferecem isolamento térmico. Como não possuem <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A2ndula_sudor%C3%ADpara" title="Glândula sudorípara">glândulas sudoríparas</a>, o excesso de calor é dissipado pela respiração rápida que, em algumas espécies, pode chegar às 300 respirações por minuto. Algumas espécies são capazes de <a href="/wiki/Hiberna%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Hibernação">hibernar</a> temporariamente.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nas aves voadoras de maior dimensão, os ossos são permeados por cavidades de ar e o sistema respiratório é constituído por sacos de ar, o que contribui para diminuir o seu peso. O <a href="/wiki/Albatroz" title="Albatroz">albatroz</a> é a ave voadora com maior envergadura de asas, que pode atingir os 3,5 metros, enquanto o <a href="/wiki/Cisne-trombeteiro" title="Cisne-trombeteiro">cisne-trombeteiro</a> pode atingir os 17 kg de peso. A ave mais pequena é o <a href="/wiki/Mellisuga_helenae" title="Mellisuga helenae">colibri-cubano</a>, que pode medir 5–6 cm de comprimento e pesar apenas 3 gramas. Quando as aves perdem a capacidade de voar deixam de estar limitadas pelo peso, como é o caso da <a href="/wiki/Avestruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestruz">avestruz</a>, que pode atingir os 2,75 metros de altura e pesar 150 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voo">Voo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Voo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Voo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Voo_das_aves" title="Voo das aves">Voo das aves</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Restless_flycatcher04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Restless_flycatcher04.jpg/220px-Restless_flycatcher04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Restless_flycatcher04.jpg/330px-Restless_flycatcher04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Restless_flycatcher04.jpg/440px-Restless_flycatcher04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Movimento descendente das asas de uma <i><a href="/wiki/Myiagra_inquieta" title="Myiagra inquieta">Myiagra inquieta</a>.</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A maior parte das aves tem a <a href="/wiki/Voo_das_aves" title="Voo das aves">capacidade de voar</a>, o que as distingue de praticamente todas as outras classes de vertebrados. O voo é a principal forma de deslocação para a maioria das espécies de aves e é usado para a reprodução, alimentação e fuga de predadores.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> No entanto, cerca de 60 espécies vivas de aves são incapazes de voar, assim como muitas das aves extintas.<sup id="cite_ref-Roots2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roots2006-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> A incapacidade de voo ocorre muitas vezes em ilhas isoladas, provavelmente devido aos recursos limitados e à ausência de predadores terrestres.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Embora incapazes de voar ou de percorrer grandes distâncias, algumas aves usam a mesma musculatura e movimentos para nadar na água, como é o caso dos <a href="/wiki/Pinguim" title="Pinguim">pinguins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcidae" title="Alcidae">tordas</a> ou os <a href="/wiki/Melro-d%27%C3%A1gua" title="Melro-d'água">melros-d'água</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As aves possuem diversas adaptações evolutivas destinadas ao voo, entre as quais ossos pneumáticos e leves, dois grandes músculos de voo (os peitorais – que correspondem a 15% do peso da ave – e o supracoracoide) e um membro anterior modificado (a <a href="/wiki/Asa" title="Asa">asa</a>) que atua simultaneamente como <a href="/wiki/Aerof%C3%B3lio" title="Aerofólio">aerofólio</a> (que sustenta a ave no ar) e como elemento de impulso. Muitas aves alternam entre o voo impulsionado pelo bater de asas e o <a href="/wiki/Voo_%C3%A0_vela" title="Voo à vela">voo planado</a> e usam a cauda para direcionar o voo.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> A asa é bastante flexível, podendo ser alongada ou recolhida por flexão, as penas das bordas podem ser abertas ou fechadas e o ângulo das asas pode ser ajustado, quer em conjunto, quer individualmente.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:FlightSilhouettes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/FlightSilhouettes.svg/220px-FlightSilhouettes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/FlightSilhouettes.svg/330px-FlightSilhouettes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/FlightSilhouettes.svg/440px-FlightSilhouettes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>O tamanho e a forma das asas estão relacionados com o tipo de voo dessa espécie.</figcaption></figure> <p>O tamanho e forma da asa geralmente está relacionado com o tipo de voo dessa espécie. Por exemplo, os albatrozes, as <a href="/wiki/Gaivota" title="Gaivota">gaivotas</a> e outras <a href="/wiki/Aves_marinhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves marinhas">aves marinhas</a> apresentam asas compridas e estreitas que tiram partido do <a href="/wiki/Vento" title="Vento">vento</a> sobre o oceano para planar, enquanto que as aves de rapina têm asas amplas para tirar partido das correntes de ar ascendentes e descendentes de montanha. As aves de asa curta, como os <a href="/wiki/Galin%C3%A1ceo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galináceo">galináceos</a>, fazem apenas voos curtos. As asas pontiagudas dos <a href="/wiki/Pato" title="Pato">patos</a> permitem-lhes percorrer rapidamente grandes distâncias. As <a href="/wiki/Andorinha" title="Andorinha">andorinhas</a> e os <a href="/wiki/Estorninho" class="mw-redirect" title="Estorninho">estorninhos</a> têm asas compridas e pontiagudas que lhes permitem fazer acrobacias aéreas durante horas seguidas. Enquanto algumas aves de grande dimensão, como os <a href="/wiki/Abutre" title="Abutre">abutres</a>, planam ao longo de horas e só ocasionalmente batem as asas, outras aves, como os colibris, batem as asas várias vezes por segundo.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A velocidade de voo varia imenso entre as espécies. As aves mais pequenas, como os <a href="/wiki/Passeridae" title="Passeridae">pardais</a> ou as <a href="/wiki/Troglodytidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Troglodytidae">carriças</a>, voam entre 15-30 <a href="/wiki/Km/h" class="mw-redirect" title="Km/h">km/h</a>. As aves de pequena a média dimensão, como os <a href="/wiki/Turdidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Turdidae">tordos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabo-de-quilha" title="Rabo-de-quilha">rabos-de-quilha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sturnidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sturnidae">estorninhos</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Andorinh%C3%A3o" title="Andorinhão">andorinhões</a>, e as aves de grande envergadura de asa, como os <a href="/wiki/Pelicano" title="Pelicano">pelicanos</a> e as gaivotas, voam entre 30 e 60 km/h. As aves mais rápidas, como os <a href="/wiki/Falc%C3%A3o" title="Falcão">falcões</a>, patos, gansos e pombos voam entre 60 a 100 km/h. A ave que atinge maior velocidade é o <a href="/wiki/Falc%C3%A3o-peregrino" title="Falcão-peregrino">falcão-peregrino</a>, que é capaz de realizar voos a pique que atingem os 320 km/h.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muitas aves com pés pequenos, como os <a href="/wiki/Andorinh%C3%A3o" title="Andorinhão">andorinhões</a>, colibris ou <a href="/wiki/Calau" title="Calau">calaus</a>, raramente caminham e usam as patas apenas para se empoleirarem, enquanto outras apresentam patas mais robustas e realizam grande parte dos movimentos a pé, como as <a href="/wiki/Rallidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rallidae">galinhas de água</a>. Os <a href="/wiki/Papagaio" class="mw-redirect" title="Papagaio">papagaios</a> caminham frequentemente ao longo dos ramos, enquanto espécies como os <a href="/wiki/Melro" class="mw-redirect" title="Melro">melros</a> saltitam no terreno. Muitas espécies usam as asas para se deslocar debaixo de água, como é o caso dos <a href="/wiki/Pinguim" title="Pinguim">pinguins</a>, embora algumas só nadem à superfície. Algumas aves, como as <a href="/wiki/Mob%C3%AAlha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobêlha">mobêlhas</a>, estão tão adaptadas à vida no mar que só vão a terra nidificar. Muitas aves, como o <a href="/wiki/Pato-real" title="Pato-real">pato-real</a>, são capazes de levantar voo diretamente a partir da superfície da água, embora outras necessitem de fazer uma pequena corrida para ganhar impulso, como os <a href="/wiki/Podicipedidae" title="Podicipedidae">mergulhões</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penas,_plumagem_e_escamas"><span id="Penas.2C_plumagem_e_escamas"></span>Penas, plumagem e escamas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Penas, plumagem e escamas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Penas, plumagem e escamas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigos principais: <a href="/wiki/Pena" title="Pena">Pena</a> e <a href="/wiki/Penas_de_voo" class="mw-redirect" title="Penas de voo">Penas de voo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Lamprotornis_hildebrandti_-Tanzania-8-2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lamprotornis_hildebrandti_-Tanzania-8-2c.jpg/220px-Lamprotornis_hildebrandti_-Tanzania-8-2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lamprotornis_hildebrandti_-Tanzania-8-2c.jpg/330px-Lamprotornis_hildebrandti_-Tanzania-8-2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lamprotornis_hildebrandti_-Tanzania-8-2c.jpg/440px-Lamprotornis_hildebrandti_-Tanzania-8-2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2574" data-file-height="3285" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Estorninho-de-hildebrandt" title="Estorninho-de-hildebrandt">Estorninho-de-hildebrandt</a> adulto com penas iridescentes. A plumagem das aves muda regularmente e pode apresentar cores significativamente diferentes conforme a idade, sexo e altura do ano.</figcaption></figure> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Pena" title="Pena">penas</a> são uma característica proeminente e única das aves.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>nota 1<span>]</span></a></sup> As penas permitem às aves voar, fornecem isolamento que facilita a <a href="/wiki/Termorregula%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Termorregulação">regulação térmica</a> e são usadas como forma de exibicionismo, <a href="/wiki/Camuflagem" title="Camuflagem">camuflagem</a> e comunicação.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Existem vários tipos de penas, cada um com finalidades específicas. As penas são desenvolvimentos <a href="/wiki/Epiderme_(pele)" title="Epiderme (pele)">epidérmicos</a> ligados à pele e crescem apenas em regiões específicas da pele denominadas pterilas. O padrão de distribuição da implantação das penas em tratos denomina-se pterilose. Aptérios são zonas desprovidas de penas. A distribuição e aparência do conjunto das penas no corpo é denominada <a href="/wiki/Plumagem" title="Plumagem">plumagem</a> e é uma das principais características que permitem identificar a espécie de ave. A plumagem pode variar significativamente dentro da própria espécie de acordo com a idade, <a href="/wiki/Estatuto_social" title="Estatuto social">estatuto social</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> e <a href="/wiki/Dimorfismo_sexual" title="Dimorfismo sexual">sexo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> A cor das penas tem origem em <a href="/wiki/Pigmento" title="Pigmento">pigmentos</a> ou na estrutura. Os castanhos e os pretos são causados por <a href="/wiki/Melanina" title="Melanina">melaninas</a> sintetizadas pela ave e depositados em grânulos, enquanto os amarelos, laranjas e vermelhos são causados por <a href="/wiki/Carotenoide" title="Carotenoide">carotenoides</a> com origem na dieta e difundidos pela pele e penas. As cores azuis são estruturais e têm origem numa camada fina e porosa de <a href="/wiki/Queratina" title="Queratina">queratina</a>. Os verdes resultam do acréscimo de pigmento amarelo ao azul estrutural. As cores iridescentes têm origem na estrutura laminada das bárbulas e são realçadas pelos depósitos de melanina.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A plumagem das aves <a href="/wiki/Ecdise" title="Ecdise">muda regularmente</a>. Geralmente a muda é anual, embora em algumas espécies se observem duas mudas, uma antes da época de reprodução e outra depois, podendo ocorrer variações entre espécies e entre indivíduos da mesma espécie.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> As maiores aves de rapina podem mudar de plumagem apenas uma vez em vários anos. As características da muda variam entre espécies. Em passeriformes, as <a href="/wiki/Penas_de_voo" class="mw-redirect" title="Penas de voo">penas de voo</a> são substituídas uma de cada vez, sendo as primárias da face inferior substituídas primeiro. Após a substituição da quinta ou sexta primária, começam a cair as terciárias exteriores, seguidas pelas secundárias e pelas outras penas. As grandes coberturas primárias são substituídas ao mesmo tempo das primárias que cobrem. Este processo denomina-se muda centrífuga.<sup id="cite_ref-pettingill_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pettingill-30"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> Por outro lado, um pequeno número de espécies, entre as quais os patos e os gansos, perdem todas as penas de voo de uma única vez, ficando temporariamente incapazes de voar.<sup id="cite_ref-debeeretal_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debeeretal-31"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> Regra geral, a muda das penas da cauda segue o mesmo padrão da das asas, do interior para o exterior.<sup id="cite_ref-pettingill_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pettingill-30"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> No entanto, nos <i><a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a></i> verifica-se muda centrípeta (de fora para o centro),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> enquanto que na cauda dos <a href="/wiki/Pica-pau" title="Pica-pau">pica-paus</a> e das <a href="/wiki/Certhiidae" title="Certhiidae">trepadeiras</a> a muda começa no segundo par mais interior e acaba no par central de penas, de modo a que a ave possa continuar a trepar.<sup id="cite_ref-pettingill_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pettingill-30"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As escamas das aves encontram-se principalmente nos dedos e no <a href="/wiki/Metatarso" title="Metatarso">metatarso</a>, embora em algumas aves estejam presentes acima do tornozelo. À semelhança dos bicos, garras e espigões, são constituídas por <a href="/wiki/Queratina" title="Queratina">queratina</a>. A maior parte das escamas não se sobrepõe de forma significativa, exceto nos casos do <a href="/wiki/Guarda-rios" title="Guarda-rios">guarda-rios</a> e do <a href="/wiki/Pica-pau" title="Pica-pau">pica-pau</a>. Pensa-se que as escamas das aves sejam <a href="/wiki/Homologia_(biologia)" title="Homologia (biologia)">homólogas</a> às dos répteis e dos mamíferos.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bico">Bico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Bico" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Bico"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Bico" title="Bico">Bico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Bicos_de_aves_horizontal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bicos_de_aves_horizontal.jpg/220px-Bicos_de_aves_horizontal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bicos_de_aves_horizontal.jpg/330px-Bicos_de_aves_horizontal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bicos_de_aves_horizontal.jpg/440px-Bicos_de_aves_horizontal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3447" /></a><figcaption>Adaptação do bico a diversas formas de alimentação.</figcaption></figure> <p>Embora o tamanho e a forma do <a href="/wiki/Bico" title="Bico">bico</a> das aves varie significativamente de espécie para espécie, a sua estrutura é idêntica. Todos os bicos são constituídos por duas <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%ADbula" title="Mandíbula">mandíbulas</a>, superior e inferior. A mandíbula superior está apoiada num osso denominado intermaxilar, cujas ligações permitem que a mandíbula seja flexível e se mova para cima e para baixo. A mandíbula inferior está apoiada num osso denominado osso maxilar inferior.<sup id="cite_ref-Proctor66_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proctor66-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A superfície exterior do bico é constituída por uma camada fina de <a href="/wiki/Queratina" title="Queratina">queratina</a>, denominada ranfoteca.<sup id="cite_ref-Proctor66_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proctor66-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> Entre a ranfoteca e as camadas mais profundas da <a href="/wiki/Derme" title="Derme">derme</a> existe uma camada <a href="/wiki/Vascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular">vascularizada</a> ligada diretamente aos ossos do bico.<sup id="cite_ref-Samour296_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samour296-36"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> A ranfoteca forma-se nas células na base de cada mandíbula<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> e cresce continuamente na maior parte das aves, enquanto em algumas espécies muda de cor conforme a estação.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As bordas cortantes do bico são denominadas <i>tomia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> Na maior parte das espécies, as bordas variam entre arredondadas e ligeiramente afiadas, embora algumas espécies tenham desenvolvido modificações estruturais que lhes permitem manusear melhor a sua fonte de alimentação.<sup id="cite_ref-Stettenheim_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stettenheim-40"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> Por exemplo, as aves granívoras têm bordas serrilhadas que lhes permitem quebrar a casca de sementes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> A maior parte dos <a href="/wiki/Falc%C3%A3o" title="Falcão">falcões</a> e alguns papagaios omnívoros apresentam uma projeção na mandíbula superior, de modo a atingir mortalmente as vértebras das presas ou a dilacerar insetos.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas espécies que se alimentam de peixe, como os <a href="/wiki/Mergus" title="Mergus">mergansos</a>, têm bicos serrilhados que mantêm preso o peixe escorregadio.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Cerca de 30 famílias de aves insetívoras apresentam cerdas muito curtas em toda a mandíbula que aumentam a fricção e lhes permitem segurar insetos de carapaça dura.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visão_e_audição"><span id="Vis.C3.A3o_e_audi.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Visão e audição</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Visão e audição" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Visão e audição"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Vis%C3%A3o_das_aves" title="Visão das aves">Visão das aves</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Bird_blink-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bird_blink-edit.jpg/300px-Bird_blink-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bird_blink-edit.jpg/450px-Bird_blink-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bird_blink-edit.jpg/600px-Bird_blink-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Olho de um <a href="/wiki/Vanellus_miles" title="Vanellus miles">abibe</a> a ser coberto pela <a href="/wiki/Membrana_nictitante" title="Membrana nictitante">membrana nictitante</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Vis%C3%A3o" title="Visão">visão</a> das aves é geralmente bastante desenvolvida. As aves marinhas apresentam lentes flexíveis, o que lhes permite ver claramente tanto no ar como dentro de água.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas espécies têm dupla <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3vea" title="Fóvea">fóvea</a>. As aves são <a href="/wiki/Tetracromatismo" title="Tetracromatismo">tetracromáticas</a>, possuindo <a href="/wiki/Cone_(c%C3%A9lula)" title="Cone (célula)">cones</a> não só sensíveis à luz <a href="/wiki/RGB" title="RGB">verde, vermelha e azul</a> como também à luz <a href="/wiki/Ultravioleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultravioleta">ultravioleta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> Muitas aves exibem padrões de plumagem refletora ultravioleta que são invisíveis ao olho humano. Algumas aves cujos sexos aparentam ser iguais apresentam, na realidade, padrões diferenciados. Os machos do <a href="/wiki/Chapim-azul" title="Chapim-azul">chapim-azul</a>, por exemplo, têm uma coroa refletora ultravioleta que é exposta durante a corte ao levantar as penas da nuca.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> A luz ultravioleta é também usada na procura de comida. Alguns <a href="/wiki/Falc%C3%A3o" title="Falcão">falcões</a> procuram presas através da deteção dos rastos de urina dos <a href="/wiki/Roedor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roedor">roedores</a>, que refletem a luz ultravioleta.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1lpebra" title="Pálpebra">pálpebras</a> das aves não são usadas para pestanejar. Em vez disso, o olho é lubrificado por uma terceira pálpebra que se desloca horizontalmente, denominada <a href="/wiki/Membrana_nictitante" title="Membrana nictitante">membrana nictitante</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> Esta membrana também cobre o olho e funciona como uma <a href="/wiki/Lente_de_contacto" title="Lente de contacto">lente de contacto</a> em muitas aves marinhas.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> das aves tem um sistema irrigatório próprio denominado <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cten_ocular" title="Pécten ocular">pécten ocular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> A maior parte das aves não consegue mover os olhos, embora haja exceções, como o <a href="/wiki/Corvo-marinho-de-faces-brancas" title="Corvo-marinho-de-faces-brancas">corvo-marinho-de-faces-brancas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> As aves com olhos nas partes laterais da cabeça têm um grande campo visual, enquanto que as aves com olhos na parte da frente da cabeça têm <a href="/wiki/Vis%C3%A3o_binocular" title="Visão binocular">visão binocular</a> e são capazes de <a href="/wiki/Percep%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_profundidade" title="Percepção de profundidade">estimar a profundidade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O alcance auditivo das aves é limitado.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> O <a href="/wiki/Ouvido" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouvido">ouvido</a> não apresenta <a href="/wiki/Pavilh%C3%A3o_auditivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavilhão auditivo">pavilhão auditivo</a> externo, embora o orifício seja revestido por penas. Em algumas <a href="/wiki/Strigiformes" title="Strigiformes">aves de rapina</a>, como as <a href="/wiki/Asio_(g%C3%AAnero)" title="Asio (gênero)">corujas, mochos</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Bubo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubo">bufos</a>, estas penas formam tufos que se assemelham a orelhas. O <a href="/wiki/Ouvido_interno" title="Ouvido interno">ouvido interno</a> apresenta uma <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3clea" title="Cóclea">cóclea</a>, mas não em espiral como nos mamíferos.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistema_respiratório_e_olfato"><span id="Sistema_respirat.C3.B3rio_e_olfato"></span>Sistema respiratório e olfato</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar secção: Sistema respiratório e olfato" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Sistema respiratório e olfato"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Ver também: <a href="/wiki/Sacos_a%C3%A9reos" title="Sacos aéreos">Sacos aéreos</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Sistema_respirat%C3%B3rio_das_aves.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sistema_respirat%C3%B3rio_das_aves.svg/220px-Sistema_respirat%C3%B3rio_das_aves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sistema_respirat%C3%B3rio_das_aves.svg/330px-Sistema_respirat%C3%B3rio_das_aves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sistema_respirat%C3%B3rio_das_aves.svg/440px-Sistema_respirat%C3%B3rio_das_aves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>O sistema respiratório das aves é bastante complexo e responde às exigências do elevado <a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">metabolismo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As aves têm um dos mais complexos e eficientes <a href="/wiki/Sistema_respirat%C3%B3rio" title="Sistema respiratório">sistemas respiratórios</a> de todos os animais.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Devido ao elevado <a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">ritmo metabólico</a> exigido pelo voo, necessitam de um fornecimento constante de grande quantidade de <a href="/wiki/Oxig%C3%A9nio" title="Oxigénio">oxigénio</a>. Embora possuam <a href="/wiki/Pulm%C3%B5es" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmões">pulmões</a>, a ventilação é assegurada em grande parte por <a href="/wiki/Sacos_a%C3%A9reos" title="Sacos aéreos">sacos aéreos</a> ligados aos pulmões, que correspondem a 15% do volume do corpo.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> Embora as paredes dos sacos aéreos não façam <a href="/wiki/Hematose" title="Hematose">trocas gasosas</a>, têm a função de atuar como foles para fazer circular o ar pelo sistema respiratório.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> No momento da inalação, apenas 25% do ar inalado vai diretamente para os pulmões; os restantes 75% atravessam os pulmões e passam diretamente para um saco de ar posterior que se estende a partir dos pulmões e está ligado às cavidades de ar nos ossos, as quais preenche com ar. Quando a ave expira, o ar usado sai dos pulmões e o ar fresco do saco de ar posterior é forçado a passar para os pulmões. Desta forma, os pulmões são constantemente fornecidos de ar fresco, quer durante a inalação quer durante a expiração.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os sons das aves são produzidos na <a href="/wiki/Siringe" title="Siringe">siringe</a>, uma câmara muscular constituída por várias <a href="/wiki/Membrana_timp%C3%A2nica" title="Membrana timpânica">membranas timpânicas</a> que diverge da extremidade inferior da <a href="/wiki/Traqueia" title="Traqueia">traqueia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Suthers_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suthers-55"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> Em algumas espécies, a traqueia é alongada, o que aumenta o volume das vocalizações e a perceção do tamanho da ave.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitch_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitch-56"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A maior parte das aves tem <a href="/wiki/Olfato" title="Olfato">olfato</a> pouco apurado, embora os <a href="/wiki/Apteryx_australis" title="Apteryx australis">quivis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sales2005_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sales2005-57"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> os <a href="/wiki/Cathartidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathartidae">abutres do Novo Mundo</a><sup id="cite_ref-Avian_Sense_of_Smell_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avian_Sense_of_Smell-58"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> e os <a href="/wiki/Procelariformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Procelariformes">procelariformes</a> sejam exceções notáveis.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> A maior parte das aves apresenta duas <a href="/wiki/Narina" title="Narina">narinas</a> externas situadas no bico, geralmente com forma circular, oval ou em corte e ligadas à <a href="/wiki/Cavidade_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavidade nasal">cavidade nasal</a> no interior do crânio. As espécies da ordem dos procelariformes, como os albatrozes, apresentam narinas encerradas em dois tubos na mandíbula superior. No entanto, outras espécies, como os <a href="/wiki/Sula_(g%C3%A9nero)" title="Sula (género)">gansos-patola</a>, não têm narinas externas e respiram pela boca. Embora na maior parte das aves as narinas estejam descobertas, em algumas espécies encontram-se cobertas por penas, como nos corvos e nos pica-paus.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistema_ósseo"><span id="Sistema_.C3.B3sseo"></span>Sistema ósseo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar secção: Sistema ósseo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Sistema ósseo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O sistema ósseo das aves é constituído por <a href="/wiki/Osso" title="Osso">ossos</a> extremamente leves com cavidades de ar ligadas ao <a href="/wiki/Sistema_respirat%C3%B3rio" title="Sistema respiratório">sistema respiratório</a> (ossos pneumáticos).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> Nos adultos, os ossos do <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A2nio" title="Crânio">crânio</a> estão fundidos entre si e não apresentam <a href="/wiki/Sutura_(articula%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Sutura (articulação)">suturas cranianas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/%C3%93rbita_(anatomia)" title="Órbita (anatomia)">órbitas</a> são de grande dimensão e separadas por um <a href="/wiki/Septo_nasal" title="Septo nasal">septo nasal</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Coluna_vertebral" title="Coluna vertebral">coluna vertebral</a> divide-se nas vértebras cervicais, torácicas, lombares e caudais. As <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9rtebra" title="Vértebra">vértebras</a> cervicais (do pescoço), cujo número varia significativamente entre espécies, são particularmente flexíveis. No entanto, o movimento nas <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9rtebra_tor%C3%A1cica" title="Vértebra torácica">vértebras torácicas</a> é limitado e completamente ausente nas vértebras posteriores.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> As últimas vértebras encontram-se fundidas com a <a href="/wiki/Pelve" title="Pelve">pelve</a>, formando o <a href="/wiki/Sinsacro" title="Sinsacro">sinsacro</a>. As costelas são achatadas. O <a href="/wiki/Esterno" title="Esterno">esterno</a> apresenta uma <a href="/wiki/Quilha_(aves)" title="Quilha (aves)">quilha</a> que sustenta os músculos peitorais envolvidos no voo, embora esteja ausente das aves não voadoras. Os membros anteriores encontram-se modificados na forma de asas.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistema_digestivo">Sistema digestivo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editar secção: Sistema digestivo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Sistema digestivo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Common_Blackbird.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Common_Blackbird.jpg/220px-Common_Blackbird.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Common_Blackbird.jpg/330px-Common_Blackbird.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Common_Blackbird.jpg/440px-Common_Blackbird.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3105" data-file-height="2070" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Melro-preto" title="Melro-preto">Melro-preto</a> a capturar uma minhoca. A digestão das aves é bastante rápida, de modo a não interferir com o voo. Uma vez que não têm dentes, as presas são engolidas inteiras.</figcaption></figure> <p>O <a href="/wiki/Sistema_digestivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema digestivo">sistema digestivo</a> das aves é constituído por um <a href="/wiki/Papo" title="Papo">papo</a>, onde é armazenado o conteúdo digestivo, e uma <a href="/wiki/Moela" title="Moela">moela</a> que contém pedras, que as aves engolem para moer os alimentos como forma de compensar a falta de dentes.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> A maior parte das aves apresenta uma digestão bastante rápida, de modo a não interferir com o voo.<sup id="cite_ref-Attenborough_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attenborough-66"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas aves migratórias adaptaram-se de modo a usar <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína">proteínas</a> de várias partes do corpo como fonte de energia adicional durante a migração.<sup id="cite_ref-Battley_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battley-67"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> Muitas aves regurgitam <a href="/wiki/Plumada" title="Plumada">egregófitos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Balgooyen_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balgooyen-68"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Embora a maior parte das aves necessite de água, as características do seu <a href="#Sistema_excretor">sistema excretor</a> e a ausência de <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A2ndula_sudor%C3%ADpara" title="Glândula sudorípara">glândulas sudoríparas</a> fazem com que a quantidade necessária seja reduzida.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas aves do deserto conseguem satisfazer a necessidade de água exclusivamente a partir da água contida nos alimentos e são tolerantes ao aumento da temperatura corporal, o que lhes permite evitar despender vapor de água em arrefecimento.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> As aves marinhas estão adaptadas para beber água salgada do mar, possuindo <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A2ndula_de_sal" title="Glândula de sal">glândulas de sal</a> na cabeça que eliminam o excesso de sal através das <a href="/wiki/Narina" title="Narina">narinas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A maior parte das aves não consegue realizar <a href="/wiki/Movimento_perist%C3%A1ltico" title="Movimento peristáltico">movimento de sucção</a> da água, pelo que recolhe a água no bico e inclina a cabeça de modo a permitir que a água escorra pela garganta. No entanto, algumas espécies, principalmente de regiões áridas, conseguem beber água sem necessidade de inclinar a cabeça, como é o caso das famílias dos <a href="/wiki/Columbidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbidae">pombos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estrildidae" title="Estrildidae">estrilídeos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coliiformes" title="Coliiformes">coliiformes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turnicidae" title="Turnicidae">toirões</a> e <a href="/wiki/Abetarda" title="Abetarda">abetardas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas aves do deserto dependem da presença de fontes de água, como os <a href="/wiki/Corti%C3%A7ol" title="Cortiçol">cortiçois</a>, que se agregam à volta de poços de água durante o dia.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas espécies levam água às crias humedecendo as penas, enquanto outras a transportam no <a href="/wiki/Papo" title="Papo">papo</a> ou a regurgitam juntamente com a comida. As famílias dos pombos, dos flamingos e dos pinguins produzem para as crias um líquido nutritivo denominado <a href="/wiki/Leite_de_papo" title="Leite de papo">leite de papo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistemas_reprodutor_e_urogenital">Sistemas reprodutor e urogenital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editar secção: Sistemas reprodutor e urogenital" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Sistemas reprodutor e urogenital"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Falnau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Falnau.jpg/220px-Falnau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Falnau.jpg/330px-Falnau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Falnau.jpg/440px-Falnau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption>Durante a <a href="#Acasalamento">época de acasalamento</a>, o sistema reprodutor das aves sofre diversas alterações.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tal como os <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9pteis" title="Répteis">répteis</a>, as aves são seres <a href="/wiki/Excre%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_nitrog%C3%AAnio" title="Excreção de nitrogênio">uricotélicos</a>; isto é, os seus <a href="/wiki/Rim" title="Rim">rins</a> filtram os resíduos <a href="/wiki/Nitrog%C3%A9nio" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogénio">nitrogenados</a> da corrente sanguínea e excretam-nos na forma de <a href="/wiki/%C3%81cido_%C3%BArico" title="Ácido úrico">ácido úrico</a> (em vez de <a href="/wiki/Ureia" title="Ureia">ureia</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Amon%C3%ADaco" title="Amoníaco">amoníaco</a>) ao longo dos <a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%A9ter" class="mw-redirect" title="Uréter">uréteres</a> até ao intestino. As aves não têm <a href="/wiki/Bexiga" title="Bexiga">bexiga</a> nem <a href="/wiki/Uretra" title="Uretra">uretra</a> exterior, pelo que (à exceção das avestruzes) o ácido úrico é expelido em conjunto com as fezes em dejetos semissólidos.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coprodeum_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coprodeum-77"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> No entanto, algumas aves, como o colibri, podem ser <a href="/wiki/Amoniot%C3%A9licos" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoniotélicos">amoniotélicos</a>, excretando a maior parte dos resíduos nitrogenados na forma de <a href="/wiki/Amon%C3%ADaco" title="Amoníaco">amoníaco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> Também excretam <a href="/wiki/Creatina" title="Creatina">creatina</a>, em vez de <a href="/wiki/Creatinina" title="Creatinina">creatinina</a> como os <a href="/wiki/Mam%C3%ADfero" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamífero">mamíferos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Este material é expulso através da <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>, em conjunto com os dejetos intestinais.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> A cloaca é um orifício com diversas finalidades. Não só é por aí que são expulsos os dejetos, como a maior parte das aves acasalam juntando as cloacas e é também por aí que as fêmeas depositam os ovos.<sup id="cite_ref-Balgooyen_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balgooyen-68"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os machos possuem dois <a href="/wiki/Test%C3%ADculo" title="Testículo">testículos</a> internos que durante a época de acasalamento aumentam de tamanho centenas de vezes para produzir <a href="/wiki/Esperma" title="Esperma">esperma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup> As fêmeas da maior parte das famílias possuem um único <a href="/wiki/Ov%C3%A1rio" title="Ovário">ovário</a> funcional (o esquerdo), ligado a um <a href="/wiki/Oviduto" title="Oviduto">oviduto</a>, embora as de algumas espécies tenham dois ovários funcionais.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> Os machos dos <a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a> (à exceção dos <a href="/wiki/Apteryx" class="mw-redirect" title="Apteryx">quivis</a>), dos <a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a> (à exceção dos <a href="/wiki/Anhimidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhimidae">Anhimidae</a>) e, de forma rudimentar, dos <a href="/wiki/Galliformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> (mas totalmente desenvolvido nos <a href="/wiki/Cracidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracidae">Cracidae</a>) possuem um <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9nis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pénis">pénis</a>, o qual não se observa nas <a href="/wiki/Neoaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> Pensa-se que o comprimento esteja relacionado com a <a href="/wiki/Competi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_esperm%C3%A1tica" title="Competição espermática">competição espermática</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> Fora do momento da cópula, encontra-se oculto no interior do <a href="/wiki/Proctodeu" title="Proctodeu">proctodeu</a>, um compartimento no interior da cloaca. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistema_circulatório"><span id="Sistema_circulat.C3.B3rio"></span>Sistema circulatório</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Editar secção: Sistema circulatório" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Sistema circulatório"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O sistema circulatório das aves é impulsionado por um coração miogénico de quatro câmaras protegido por um <a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%A1rdio" title="Pericárdio">pericárdio</a> fibroso. O pericárdio encontra-se preenchido com fluido seroso que o lubrifica.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittow_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittow-86"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> O coração em si está dividido em duas metades, direita e esquerda, cada uma constituída por uma <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%ADcula" title="Aurícula">aurícula</a> e um <a href="/wiki/Ventr%C3%ADculo" title="Ventrículo">ventrículo</a>. As aurículas e ventrículos de cada lado estão separados entre si por <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1lvula_card%C3%ADaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Válvula cardíaca">válvulas cardíacas</a> que impedem que o sangue passe de uma câmara para a outra durante a contração. Sendo miogénico, o ritmo cardíaco é mantido pelas células marca-passo do <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3_sinusal" title="Nó sinusal">nó sinusal</a> situado na aurícula direita. O coração das aves também apresenta arcos musculares, constituídos por camadas espessas de músculo. De forma semelhante ao coração dos mamíferos, o coração das aves é constituído pelas camadas do <a href="/wiki/Endoc%C3%A1rdio" title="Endocárdio">endocárdio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mioc%C3%A1rdio" title="Miocárdio">miocárdio</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%A1rdio" title="Pericárdio">pericárdio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittow_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittow-86"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> As paredes auriculares tendem a ser mais delgadas do que as paredes ventriculares, devido à intensa contração ventricular usada para bombear sangue oxigenado pelo corpo. Em comparação com a massa corporal, o coração das aves é geralmente maior do que o dos mamíferos. Esta adaptação permite que seja bombeada maior quantidade de sangue de modo a responder às necessidades <a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">metabólicas</a> associadas ao voo.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoagstrom_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoagstrom-87"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> As principais artérias que transportam o sangue do coração têm origem no <a href="/wiki/Arco_a%C3%B3rtico" title="Arco aórtico">arco aórtico</a> direito, ao contrário dos mamíferos, em que é o arco aórtico esquerdo que forma esta parte da <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Veia_cava_inferior" title="Veia cava inferior">veia cava inferior</a> recebe o sangue dos membros através do <a href="/wiki/Sistema_venoso_portal" title="Sistema venoso portal">sistema venoso portal</a>. Também ao contrário dos mamíferos, os <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%B3bulos_vermelhos" class="mw-redirect" title="Glóbulos vermelhos">glóbulos vermelhos</a> das aves mantêm o seu <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_celular" title="Núcleo celular">núcleo celular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As aves têm um sistema bastante eficiente de distribuição de oxigénio pelo corpo, uma vez que têm uma superfície de trocas gasosas dez vezes maior do que os mamíferos. Isto faz com que as aves tenham nos <a href="/wiki/Vasos_capilares" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasos capilares">vasos capilares</a> mais sangue por unidade de volume dos pulmões do que um mamífero.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoagstrom_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoagstrom-87"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Art%C3%A9ria" title="Artéria">artérias</a> das aves são constituídas por músculos elásticos e espessos para resistir à pressão da forte constrição ventricular, que se tornam mais rígidos à medida que se encontram mais afastados do coração. O sangue passa pelas artérias, que sofrem <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstri%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Vasoconstrição">vasoconstrição</a>, em direção às <a href="/wiki/Arter%C3%ADola" title="Arteríola">arteríolas</a>, que distribuem o oxigénio e os <a href="/wiki/Nutriente" title="Nutriente">nutrientes</a> a todos os tecidos do corpo. À medida que as arteríolas se encontram mais afastadas do coração e próximas dos órgãos e dos tecidos, são cada vez mais ramificadas de modo a aumentar a área de superfície e diminuir a intensidade da corrente sanguínea. A partir das arteríolas, o sangue desloca-se para os <a href="/wiki/Vasos_capilares" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasos capilares">vasos capilares</a> onde ocorre a troca de oxigénio pelos resíduos de dióxido de carbono. Após a troca gasosa, o sangue desoxigenado passa pelas <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9nula" title="Vénula">vénulas</a> e é transportado pelas <a href="/wiki/Veia" title="Veia">veias</a> de volta ao coração. Ao contrário das artérias, as veias são finas e rígidas, uma vez que não necessitam de resistir a pressões elevadas.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-89"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defesa_e_combate">Defesa e combate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Editar secção: Defesa e combate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Defesa e combate"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Stavenn_Eurypiga_helias_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Stavenn_Eurypiga_helias_00.jpg/220px-Stavenn_Eurypiga_helias_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Stavenn_Eurypiga_helias_00.jpg/330px-Stavenn_Eurypiga_helias_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Stavenn_Eurypiga_helias_00.jpg/440px-Stavenn_Eurypiga_helias_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>A plumagem do <a href="/wiki/Eurypyga_helias" title="Eurypyga helias">pavão-do-pará</a> imita um grande predador.</figcaption></figure> <p>Algumas espécies são capazes de usar defesas químicas contra predadores. Alguns <a href="/wiki/Procellariiformes" title="Procellariiformes">Procellariiformes</a> projetam um <a href="/wiki/%C3%93leo_estomacal" title="Óleo estomacal">óleo estomacal</a> desagradável contra agressores,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> enquanto algumas espécies de <a href="/wiki/Pitohui" title="Pitohui">pitohuis</a> da <a href="/wiki/Nova_Guin%C3%A9" title="Nova Guiné">Nova Guiné</a> têm a pele e penas revestidas por uma poderosa <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxina" title="Neurotoxina">neurotoxina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> A plumagem de algumas espécies envia sinais intimidatórios a potenciais predadores, como o <a href="/wiki/Eurypyga_helias" title="Eurypyga helias">pavão-do-pará</a>, cujas penas criam a ilusão de um grande predador de modo a afugentar falcões e proteger as crias.<sup id="cite_ref-Unnamed-xX2H-1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unnamed-xX2H-1-92"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ocasionalmente, os combates entre espécies resultam em ferimentos ou morte.<sup id="cite_ref-long_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long-93"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> Os <a href="/wiki/Anhimidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhimidae">anhimídeos</a>, algumas <a href="/wiki/Jacanidae" title="Jacanidae">jaçanãs</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Pato-ferr%C3%A3o" title="Pato-ferrão">pato-ferrão</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Pato-das-torrentes" title="Pato-das-torrentes">pato-das-torrentes</a> e nove espécies de <a href="/wiki/Vanellus" title="Vanellus">abibes</a> apresentam um espigão afiado na asa que usam como arma. Os <a href="/wiki/Tachyeres" title="Tachyeres">patos-vapor</a>, os <a href="/wiki/Anserinae" title="Anserinae">cisnes e gansos</a>, as pombas do ártico, os <a href="/wiki/Crax" title="Crax">motum</a> e os <a href="/wiki/Burhinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Burhinidae">alcaravões</a> apresentam uma protuberância óssea na <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lula" title="Álula">álula</a> para esmurrar os oponentes.<sup id="cite_ref-long_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long-93"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas jaçanãs apresentam um <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_(osso)" title="Rádio (osso)">rádio</a> expandido em forma de lâmina. O extinto <a href="/wiki/Xenicibis_xympithecus" title="Xenicibis xympithecus">ibis jamaicano</a> apresentava um membro anterior alongado que provavelmente funcionava em combate de forma semelhante a um malho. Outras aves, como os <a href="/wiki/Cisne-branco" title="Cisne-branco">cisnes</a>, são capazes de morder ao defender os ovos ou as crias.<sup id="cite_ref-long_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long-93"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comportamento">Comportamento</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Editar secção: Comportamento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Comportamento"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A maior parte das aves é <a href="/wiki/Diurnalidade" title="Diurnalidade">diurna</a>, embora algumas aves sejam <a href="/wiki/Noct%C3%ADvago" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctívago">noctívagas</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular" title="Crepuscular">crepusculares</a>, como as corujas, e muitas <a href="/wiki/Ave_lim%C3%ADcola" title="Ave limícola">aves limícolas</a> se alimentem de acordo com as <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9" title="Maré">marés</a>, seja de dia ou de noite.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> A socialização entre indivíduos varia imenso de espécie para espécie. Muitas aves de rapina são solitárias, enquanto outras espécies são vincadamente gregárias, atingindo comunidades de milhares de indivíduos. Durante a época de reprodução, muitas espécies defendem um território. Muitos comportamentos das aves são universais e ocorrem invariavelmente em praticamente todas as espécies de aves, como é o caso dos cuidados com as penas, os movimentos de distensão das pernas, asas ou caudas, os banhos de água e poeira, ou o movimento que sacode o corpo.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alimentação"><span id="Alimenta.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Alimentação</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Editar secção: Alimentação" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=14" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Alimentação"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Alcedo_atthis_eating_a_tadpole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alcedo_atthis_eating_a_tadpole.jpg/220px-Alcedo_atthis_eating_a_tadpole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alcedo_atthis_eating_a_tadpole.jpg/330px-Alcedo_atthis_eating_a_tadpole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alcedo_atthis_eating_a_tadpole.jpg/440px-Alcedo_atthis_eating_a_tadpole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3769" data-file-height="2513" /></a><figcaption>Algumas espécies, como o <a href="/wiki/Guarda-rios" title="Guarda-rios">guarda-rios</a>, pescam os seus próprios alimentos.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Long-billed_Curlew_eating_sand_crab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Long-billed_Curlew_eating_sand_crab.jpg/220px-Long-billed_Curlew_eating_sand_crab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Long-billed_Curlew_eating_sand_crab.jpg/330px-Long-billed_Curlew_eating_sand_crab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Long-billed_Curlew_eating_sand_crab.jpg/440px-Long-billed_Curlew_eating_sand_crab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3337" data-file-height="2225" /></a><figcaption>As <a href="/wiki/Aves_lim%C3%ADcolas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves limícolas">aves limícolas</a>, como os <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%A7arico" title="Maçarico">maçaricos</a>, vasculham a areia à procura de comida.</figcaption></figure> <p>As dietas das aves são bastante variadas, podendo incluir <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9ctar" title="Néctar">néctar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruta" title="Fruta">fruta</a>s, <a href="/wiki/Planta" class="mw-redirect" title="Planta">plantas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semente" title="Semente">sementes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carni%C3%A7a" title="Carniça">carcaças</a> e vários animais de menor dimensão, incluindo outras aves.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Uma vez que as aves não têm dentes, o seu <a href="/wiki/Sistema_digestivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema digestivo">sistema digestivo</a> encontra-se adaptado de modo a processar alimentos engolidos inteiros sem <a href="/wiki/Mastiga%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Mastigação">mastigar</a>. As aves que usam várias estratégias para adquirir comida ou se alimentam de vários alimentos são denominadas generalistas. As que dedicam tempo e esforço na procura de alimentos específicos são denominadas especialistas.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> As estratégias de alimentação variam de espécie para espécie. Muitas aves simplesmente recolhem insetos, invertebrados, fruta ou sementes. Algumas caçam, surpreendendo insetos com ataques súbitos a partir de ramos de árvores.<sup id="cite_ref-lwa001_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwa001-95"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As aves que se <a href="/wiki/Nectar%C3%ADvoro" title="Nectarívoro">alimentam do néctar</a> das flores, como os <a href="/wiki/Beija-flor" title="Beija-flor">beija-flores</a>, apresentam línguas longas e especialmente adaptadas para a recolha do néctar e, em muitos casos, os próprios bicos foram se adaptando de forma a encaixar em determinadas flores – fenómeno denominado <a href="/wiki/Coevolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Coevolução">coevolução</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> Os <a href="/wiki/Apteryx" class="mw-redirect" title="Apteryx">quivís</a> e as <a href="/wiki/Ave_lim%C3%ADcola" title="Ave limícola">aves limícolas</a> têm bicos longos que lhes permitem vasculhar o terreno à procura de pequenos invertebrados. Os diferentes comprimentos do bico e diferentes métodos de procura fazem com que as espécies limícolas se encontrem muitas vezes em <a href="/wiki/Nicho_ecol%C3%B3gico" title="Nicho ecológico">nichos ecológicos</a> distintos.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas espécies, como as mobelhas, os <a href="/wiki/Zarro" title="Zarro">zarros</a>, os pinguins ou as <a href="/wiki/Alcidae" title="Alcidae">tordas</a>, perseguem a presa debaixo de água, usando as asas e as patas como meio de propulsão.<sup id="cite_ref-Burger_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burger-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Os predadores aéreos, como os <a href="/wiki/Sul%C3%ADdeos" title="Sulídeos">sulídeos</a>, os <a href="/wiki/Guarda-rios" title="Guarda-rios">guarda-rios</a> ou as <a href="/wiki/Sternidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sternidae">andorinhas-do-mar</a>, mergulham em queda livre atrás das presas. Os <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingos</a>, três espécies de priões e alguns patos <a href="/wiki/Animal_filtrador" title="Animal filtrador">filtram os alimentos da água</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Algumas espécies, como as <a href="/wiki/Fregata" title="Fregata">fragatas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lar%C3%ADdeos" title="Larídeos">gaivotas</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup> ou os <a href="/wiki/Stercorariidae" title="Stercorariidae">moleiros</a><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup> praticam <a href="/wiki/Cleptoparasitismo" title="Cleptoparasitismo">cleptoparasitismo</a>, roubando comida de outras aves. No entanto, pensa-se que o cleptoparasitismo seja apenas um complemento à comida obtida através da caça, e não a principal fonte de alimentação.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup> Outras espécies são <a href="/wiki/Necr%C3%B3fago" title="Necrófago">necrófagas</a>. Entre estas, algumas, como os <a href="/wiki/Abutre" title="Abutre">abutres</a>, são especializadas no consumo de <a href="/wiki/Carni%C3%A7a" title="Carniça">carcaças</a>, enquanto outras, como as gaivotas, <a href="/wiki/Corvidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvidae">corvídeos</a> ou determinadas aves de rapina, são oportunistas.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuidados_com_as_penas">Cuidados com as penas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Editar secção: Cuidados com as penas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=15" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Cuidados com as penas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:King_Penguins_on_Saunders_Island_(5586248389).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/King_Penguins_on_Saunders_Island_%285586248389%29.jpg/220px-King_Penguins_on_Saunders_Island_%285586248389%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/King_Penguins_on_Saunders_Island_%285586248389%29.jpg/330px-King_Penguins_on_Saunders_Island_%285586248389%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/King_Penguins_on_Saunders_Island_%285586248389%29.jpg/440px-King_Penguins_on_Saunders_Island_%285586248389%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pinguim-rei" title="Pinguim-rei">Pinguins-rei</a> durante a limpeza das penas. O bico remove parasitas e fungos e algumas espécies aplicam uma substância oleosa que impede o crescimento de bactérias.</figcaption></figure> <p>As penas exigem manutenção constante. Para além do desgaste físico, as penas são atacadas por <a href="/wiki/Fungo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungo">fungos</a>, parasitas e piolhos.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup> As aves conservam as penas com a limpeza, aplicação de secreções protetoras e banhos de água ou pó. Enquanto algumas aves apenas se banham em água rasa, como bebedouros ou fontes, outras mergulham em águas profundas e algumas espécies arbustivas aproveitam a água da chuva que se acumula nas folhas. As aves de regiões áridas usam o solo para tomar banhos de poeira. Algumas espécies encorajam <a href="/wiki/Formiga" title="Formiga">formigas</a> a percorrer as penas, reduzindo o número de ectoparasitas. Muitas espécies abrem frequentemente as asas expondo-as à luz direta do sol, o que diminui o número de parasitas e previne o aparecimento de <a href="/wiki/Fungo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungo">fungos</a>. Algumas aves esfregam as formigas nas penas, o que faz com que libertem <a href="/wiki/%C3%81cido_f%C3%B3rmico" class="mw-redirect" title="Ácido fórmico">ácido fórmico</a> que mata alguns <a href="/wiki/Parasita" title="Parasita">parasitas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As aves limpam, alisam e tratam das penas todos os dias, despendendo neste processo cerca de 9% das horas de atividade.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup> O bico é usado para escovar partículas estranhas e para aplicar secreções de uma substância oleosa produzida pela <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A2ndula_uropigial" title="Glândula uropigial">glândula uropigial</a> que mantém as penas flexíveis e atua como agente <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobi%C3%B3tico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimicrobiótico">antimicrobiótico</a> que impede o crescimento de <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A9ria" title="Bactéria">bactérias</a> que degradam as penas.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migração"><span id="Migra.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Migração</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Editar secção: Migração" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=16" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Migração"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_aves" title="Migração de aves">Migração de aves</a></div> <p>Muitas espécies de aves migram de forma a tirar partido das diferenças <a href="/wiki/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_ano" title="Estação do ano">sazonais</a> de temperatura que influenciam a disponibilidade de fontes alimentares e dos <i>habitats</i> de reprodução. Estas migrações variam significativamente entre diferentes grupos. Muitas aves terrestres, aves limícolas e aves marinhas realizam migrações anuais ao longo de grandes distâncias, geralmente iniciadas com a mudança do tempo ou da quantidade das horas de luz. Estas aves geralmente alternam entre uma época de reprodução passada nas regiões de <a href="/wiki/Clima_temperado" title="Clima temperado">clima temperado</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Regi%C3%A3o_polar" title="Região polar">polar</a> e outra época não reprodutiva passada em regiões <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B3pico" title="Trópico">tropicais</a> ou no <a href="/wiki/Hemisf%C3%A9rio_(geografia)" title="Hemisfério (geografia)">hemisfério</a> oposto. Antes da migração, as aves aumentam substancialmente as reservas de gordura corporal e diminuem o tamanho de alguns dos seus órgãos.<sup id="cite_ref-Battley_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battley-67"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klaassen_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klaassen-110"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup> A migração exige uma elevada quantidade de energia, sobretudo quando as aves atravessam desertos e oceanos sem se poder reabastecer. As aves terrestres têm um alcance de voo de cerca de <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2 500 km</span> e as aves costeiras até <span style="white-space:nowrap;">4 000 km</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-111"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup> embora o <a href="/wiki/Fuselo" title="Fuselo">fuselo</a> seja capaz de voar <span style="white-space:nowrap;">10 200 km</span> sem paragens.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas <a href="/wiki/Ave_marinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ave marinha">aves marinhas</a> realizam também grandes migrações, a mais longa das quais é realizada pela <a href="/wiki/Pardela-preta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardela-preta">pardela-preta</a>, que nidifica na <a href="/wiki/Nova_Zel%C3%A2ndia" title="Nova Zelândia">Nova Zelândia</a> e no <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> e durante o verão se alimenta no <a href="/wiki/Pac%C3%ADfico" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacífico">Pacífico</a> norte ao largo do <a href="/wiki/Jap%C3%A3o" title="Japão">Japão</a>, do <a href="/wiki/Alasca" title="Alasca">Alasca</a> e da <a href="/wiki/Calif%C3%B3rnia" title="Califórnia">Califórnia</a>, viajando por ano <span style="white-space:nowrap;">64 000 km</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup> Outras aves marinhas dispersam-se após a reprodução, viajando significativamente sem uma rota de migração fixa. Por exemplo, os <a href="/wiki/Albatroz" title="Albatroz">albatrozes</a> que nidificam no <a href="/wiki/Oceano_Ant%C3%A1rtico" title="Oceano Antártico">Oceano Austral</a> realizam viagens circumpolares entre as épocas de acasalamento.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Bar-tailed_Godwit_migration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bar-tailed_Godwit_migration.jpg/220px-Bar-tailed_Godwit_migration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bar-tailed_Godwit_migration.jpg/330px-Bar-tailed_Godwit_migration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Bar-tailed_Godwit_migration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Rotas de <a href="/wiki/Migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Migração das aves">migração</a> dos <a href="/wiki/Fuselo" title="Fuselo">fuselos</a> a partir da <a href="/wiki/Nova_Zel%C3%A2ndia" title="Nova Zelândia">Nova Zelândia</a>. Esta espécie realiza a mais longa rota de migração sem paragens que se conhece, voando cerca de 10 200 km.</figcaption></figure> <p>Outras espécies realizam migrações mais curtas, viajando apenas o que for necessário para evitar o mau tempo ou obter comida. As espécies irruptivas, como os <a href="/wiki/Fringillidae" title="Fringillidae">fringilídeos</a> boreais, são um desses grupos, sendo possível que num ano permaneçam em determinado local e no seguinte não. Este tipo de migração está normalmente associado à disponibilidade de comida.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas espécies podem também viajar apenas dentro da sua área de distribuição, neste caso migrando os indivíduos de maiores latitudes para os locais da sua espécie a menores latitudes. Outras ainda realizam apenas migrações parciais, em que migra apenas uma parte da população, geralmente as fêmeas e os machos subdominantes.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup> Em algumas regiões, as migrações parciais podem representar uma parte significativa dos movimentos migratórios. Na Austrália, por exemplo, 44% dos não passeriformes e 32% dos passeriformes realizam apenas migrações parciais.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_altitudinal" title="Migração altitudinal">migração altitudinal</a> é uma forma de migração de curta distância em que as aves passam a época de reprodução nas altitudes mais elevadas e em condições menos favoráveis migram para zonas mais baixas. Este tipo de migração é desencadeado por alterações na temperatura e quando o <a href="/wiki/Territ%C3%B3rio_(animal)" title="Território (animal)">território</a> normal se torna inóspito devido à falta de comida.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup> Outras espécies são nómadas, não tendo um território definido e deslocando-se de acordo com o tempo e a disponibilidade de comida.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As aves têm a capacidade de regressar exatamente à mesma localização de onde partiram, mesmo após percorrerem grandes distâncias.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup> Durante a migração, as aves navegam através de diversos métodos. Os migrantes diurnos orientam-se pelo <a href="/wiki/Sol" title="Sol">Sol</a> durante o dia e pelas <a href="/wiki/Estrela" title="Estrela">estrelas</a> durante a noite. As que usam o sol compensam a deslocação do astro usando um <a href="/wiki/Cronobiologia" title="Cronobiologia">relógio interno</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> enquanto que a orientação pelas estrelas depende da posição das <a href="/wiki/Constela%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Constelação">constelações</a> que circundam a <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">estrela polar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></a></sup> Para além disto, algumas espécies têm a capacidade de sentir o <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomagnetismo">geomagnetismo</a> terrestre através de <a href="/wiki/Fotorrecetor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotorrecetor">fotorrecetores</a> especiais.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comunicação"><span id="Comunica.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Comunicação</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Editar secção: Comunicação" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=17" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Comunicação"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Ver também: <a href="/wiki/Vocaliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_aves" title="Vocalização das aves">Vocalização das aves</a></div> <table class="mbox-small" style="clear:right; float:right; margin:4px 0 4px 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f9f9f9); color:inherit; padding: 5px; width: 30%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><div class="haudio"> <div style="padding:0 0 6px 0;" class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Troglodytes_aedon_-_House_Wren_-_XC79974.ogg" title="Ficheiro:Troglodytes aedon - House Wren - XC79974.ogg">Canto da curruíra</a></div> <div style="padding-right:4px; border-collapse: collapse;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="Troglodytes_aedon_-_House_Wren_-_XC79974.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Troglodytes_aedon_-_House_Wren_-_XC79974.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Troglodytes_aedon_-_House_Wren_-_XC79974.ogg/Troglodytes_aedon_-_House_Wren_-_XC79974.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div style="padding:5px 0;" class="description"><small>A <a href="/wiki/Curru%C3%ADra" title="Curruíra">curruíra</a> é um pássaro comum no Continente Americano</small></div> </div> <hr /></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style=""><span style="font-size:smaller;"><i>Problemas para escutar este arquivo? Veja a <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Guia_de_consulta_e_reprodu%C3%A7%C3%A3o/Introdu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A0_m%C3%ADdia" title="Ajuda:Guia de consulta e reprodução/Introdução à mídia">ajuda</a>.</i></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>As aves <a href="/wiki/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_animal" title="Comunicação animal">comunicam</a> principalmente através de sinais visuais e auditivos. Muitas espécies usam a plumagem para procurar ou reafirmar o estatuo social,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></a></sup> para mostrar que se encontram na época de acasalamento ou para enviar sinais intimidatórios aos predadores.<sup id="cite_ref-Unnamed-xX2H-1_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unnamed-xX2H-1-92"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> As variações na plumagem também permitem identificar as aves e diferenciar espécies. Os rituais de exibição fazem também parte da comunicação visual entre as aves, podendo ser usados para demonstrar agressão, submissão ou como forma de criar laços entre indivíduos.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Os rituais mais sofisticados ocorrem durante o <a href="/wiki/Cortejo_sexual" title="Cortejo sexual">cortejo sexual</a> e são acompanhados por danças de movimentos complexos.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span>[</span>123<span>]</span></a></sup> O êxito do macho em acasalar pode depender da qualidade destes rituais.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span>[</span>124<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os <a href="/wiki/Vocaliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_aves" title="Vocalização das aves">cantos e chamamentos</a> são o principal meio de comunicação sonoro das aves e podem ser bastante complexos. Os sons são produzidos na <a href="/wiki/Siringe" title="Siringe">siringe</a>. Algumas espécies conseguem usar os dois lados da siringe de forma independente, o que lhes permite produzir dois sons diferentes em simultâneo.<sup id="cite_ref-Suthers_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suthers-55"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> Os chamamentos são usados para as mais diversas finalidades, entre as quais a atração do macho durante a época de reprodução,<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> a avaliação de potenciais parceiros,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span>[</span>125<span>]</span></a></sup> a criação de laços afetivos, a reivindicação e manutenção territorial<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> e identificação de outros indivíduos (como quando os progenitores procuram as crias nas colónias ou quando os parceiros se reúnem no início da época de reprodução),<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup> e aviso às outras aves de potenciais predadores, por vezes com informação específica sobre a natureza da ameaça.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas espécies também usam sons mecânicos para comunicar. As narcejas neo-zelandesas produzem sons fazendo o ar circular por entre as penas,<sup id="cite_ref-Miskelly_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miskelly-129"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup> os pica-paus tamboreiam de forma territorial<sup id="cite_ref-Attenborough_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attenborough-66"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> e as <a href="/wiki/Probosciger_aterrimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Probosciger aterrimus">cacatuas-das-palmeiras</a> usam instrumentos de percussão.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comportamento_de_grupo">Comportamento de grupo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Editar secção: Comportamento de grupo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=18" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Comportamento de grupo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg/220px-Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg/330px-Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg/440px-Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Os <a href="/wiki/Quelea_quelea" class="mw-redirect" title="Quelea quelea">tecelões-de-bico-vermelho</a> são a espécie de ave mais comum no mundo<sup id="cite_ref-flycatcher_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flycatcher-131"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup> e formam bandos que chegam às dezenas de milhar de indivíduos.</figcaption></figure> <p>Enquanto algumas aves são essencialmente territoriais ou vivem em pequenos grupos familiares, outras aves formam <a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">bandos</a> de grande dimensão. Os principais benefícios dos bandos são a segurança pelo número e a maior eficácia na procura de comida.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> A defesa contra eventuais predadores é especialmente relevante em <i>habitats</i> fechados, como nas <a href="/wiki/Floresta" title="Floresta">florestas</a>, em que é a <a href="/wiki/Predador_de_emboscada" title="Predador de emboscada">predação por emboscada</a> é comum e um grupo grande aumenta a vigilância. Existem também bandos dedicados à procura de comida que juntam várias espécies que, embora ofereçam segurança, também aumentam a competição pelos recursos.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span>[</span>131<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No entanto, o agrupamento em bando também potência o assédio, a dominância de algumas aves em relação a outras e, em alguns casos, uma diminuição na eficácia da procura por comida.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As aves por vezes também formam associações com espécies não aviárias. Algumas aves marinhas que caçam por mergulho associam-se a <a href="/wiki/Golfinho" title="Golfinho">golfinhos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">atuns</a> que empurram os cardumes de peixe em direção à superfície.<sup id="cite_ref-AU_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AU-134"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup> Os <a href="/wiki/Calau" title="Calau">calaus</a> têm uma relação <a href="/wiki/Mutualismo_(biologia)" title="Mutualismo (biologia)">mutualista</a> com os <a href="/wiki/Helogale_parvula" class="mw-redirect" title="Helogale parvula">mangustos-anão</a>, na qual caçam em conjunto e avisam-se entre si em relação a <a href="/wiki/Aves_de_rapina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves de rapina">aves de rapina</a> e outros predadores.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span>[</span>134<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repouso_e_empoleiramento">Repouso e empoleiramento</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Editar secção: Repouso e empoleiramento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=19" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Repouso e empoleiramento"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Caribbean_Flamingo2_(Phoenicopterus_ruber)_(0424)_-_Relic38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Caribbean_Flamingo2_%28Phoenicopterus_ruber%29_%280424%29_-_Relic38.jpg/220px-Caribbean_Flamingo2_%28Phoenicopterus_ruber%29_%280424%29_-_Relic38.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Caribbean_Flamingo2_%28Phoenicopterus_ruber%29_%280424%29_-_Relic38.jpg/330px-Caribbean_Flamingo2_%28Phoenicopterus_ruber%29_%280424%29_-_Relic38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Caribbean_Flamingo2_%28Phoenicopterus_ruber%29_%280424%29_-_Relic38.jpg/440px-Caribbean_Flamingo2_%28Phoenicopterus_ruber%29_%280424%29_-_Relic38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>Muitas aves, como este <a href="/wiki/Flamingo-americano" title="Flamingo-americano">flamingo-americano</a>, repousam a cabeça nas costas ao dormir.</figcaption></figure> <p>O elevado <a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">metabolismo</a> das aves durante a parte ativa do dia é compensado pelo repouso no restante tempo. Ao dormir, as aves incorrem num tipo de sono denominado "sono de vigília", em que os períodos de descanso são intercalados com rápidas "espreitadelas" de olhos abertos, o que lhes permite aperceber de eventuais distúrbios e rapidamente escapar de ameaças.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup> Tem sido sugerido que possa haver determinados tipos de sono que são possíveis até mesmo durante o voo.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup> Por exemplo, acredita-se que os <a href="/wiki/Andorinh%C3%A3o" title="Andorinhão">andorinhões</a> sejam capazes de dormir em pleno voo, e as observações de <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> sugerem que se orientam na direção do vento durante o sono.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas aves têm também demonstrado a capacidade de ter de forma alternada apenas um dos <a href="/wiki/Hemisf%C3%A9rio_cerebral" title="Hemisfério cerebral">hemisférios cerebrais</a> em sono profundo, o que permite ao olho oposto ao hemisfério que está a dormir continuar vigilante. As aves tendem a exercer esta capacidade quando estão nas orlas dos bandos.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup> O <a href="/wiki/Empoleiramento_comunit%C3%A1rio" title="Empoleiramento comunitário">empoleiramento comunitário</a> é comum, uma vez que diminui a <a href="/wiki/Termorregula%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Termorregulação">perda de calor corporal</a> e diminui os riscos associados com os predadores.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup> Os locais de poleiro são geralmente escolhidos tendo em conta a segurança e regulação de calor.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span>[</span>140<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durante o sono, muitas aves dobram a cabeça e o pescoço sobre as costas e enfiam o bico nas penas do dorso, enquanto outras o fazem nas penas do peito. Muitas aves descansam apoiadas apenas numa perna, enquanto algumas puxam as pernas para baixo das penas, especialmente no inverno. Os <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ssaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Pássaro">pássaros</a> apresentam um mecanismo que bloqueia o <a href="/wiki/Tend%C3%A3o" title="Tendão">tendão</a> que os ajuda a manterem-se no poleiro enquanto dormem. Muitas aves que vivem junto ao solo, como as <a href="/wiki/Codorniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Codorniz">codornizes</a> e os <a href="/wiki/Fais%C3%A3o" title="Faisão">faisões</a>, empoleiram-se nas árvores. Alguns papagaios do género <i><a href="/wiki/Loriculus" title="Loriculus">Loriculus</a></i> empoleiram-se de cabeça para baixo.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup> Mais de uma centena de espécies, como o colibri ou <a href="/wiki/Caprimulgidae" title="Caprimulgidae">noitibó</a>, descansam num estado de <a href="/wiki/Torpor" title="Torpor">torpor</a> acompanhado de uma diminuição do metabolismo.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup> Uma espécie, o <a href="/wiki/Noitib%C3%B3-de-nuttall" title="Noitibó-de-nuttall">noitibó-de-nuttall</a>, chega a entrar num estado de <a href="/wiki/Hiberna%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Hibernação">hibernação</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reprodução"><span id="Reprodu.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Reprodução</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Editar secção: Reprodução" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=20" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Reprodução"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Ver também: <a href="/wiki/Sexualidade_animal" title="Sexualidade animal">Sexualidade animal</a></div> <p>As aves têm dois sexos: macho e fêmea. O sexo das aves é determinado pelos <a href="/wiki/Sistema_ZW_de_determina%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_sexo" title="Sistema ZW de determinação do sexo">cromossomas Z e W</a>, em vez dos cromossomas X e Y presentes nos mamíferos. Os machos têm dois cromossomas Z (ZZ) e as fêmeas um cromossoma W e um Z (WZ).<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acasalamento">Acasalamento</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Editar secção: Acasalamento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=21" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Acasalamento"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Ver também: <a href="/wiki/Cortejo_sexual" title="Cortejo sexual">Cortejo sexual</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o_sexual" title="Seleção sexual">seleção sexual</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Pair_of_mandarin_ducks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pair_of_mandarin_ducks.jpg/220px-Pair_of_mandarin_ducks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pair_of_mandarin_ducks.jpg/330px-Pair_of_mandarin_ducks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pair_of_mandarin_ducks.jpg/440px-Pair_of_mandarin_ducks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2207" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dimorfismo_sexual" title="Dimorfismo sexual">Dimorfismo sexual</a> de tamanho, cor e ornamentos sexuais entre o macho (esquerda) e fêmea (direita) do <a href="/wiki/Aix_galericulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Aix galericulata">pato-mandarim</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Merops_apiaster_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Merops_apiaster_04.jpg/220px-Merops_apiaster_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Merops_apiaster_04.jpg/330px-Merops_apiaster_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Merops_apiaster_04.jpg/440px-Merops_apiaster_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3570" data-file-height="2378" /></a><figcaption>A fêmea de um casal de <a href="/wiki/Merops_apiaster" title="Merops apiaster">abelharucos</a> aguarda pela oferta de comida de um macho. O acasalamento de maior parte das espécies envolve <a href="/wiki/Cortejo_sexual" title="Cortejo sexual">rituais de corte</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As aves apresentam diversos comportamentos de <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3pula_(biologia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cópula (biologia)">acasalamento</a>, estando identificados muitos tipos de <a href="/wiki/Sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o_sexual" title="Seleção sexual">seleção sexual</a> entre as aves. Na seleção intersexual é a fêmea que escolhe o parceiro, enquanto na competição intrassexual os indivíduos do sexo mais abundante competem entre si pelo privilégio de acasalar.<sup id="cite_ref-burton1985_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burton1985-145"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup> O acasalamento da maior parte das espécies envolve alguma forma de <a href="/wiki/Cortejo_sexual" title="Cortejo sexual">corte sexual</a>, geralmente por parte do macho.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span>[</span>145<span>]</span></a></sup> A maior parte dos rituais de acasalamento são bastante simples e envolvem apenas algum tipo de <a href="/wiki/Vocaliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_aves" title="Vocalização das aves">canto</a>. No entanto, alguns são coreografias bastante complexas e, dependendo da espécie, podem incluir dança, bater de asas ou cauda, voos aéreos ou <i><a href="/wiki/Acasalamento_lek" title="Acasalamento lek">lek</a></i> comunitário.<sup id="cite_ref-burton1985_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burton1985-145"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup> Após a escolha do parceiro, muitas espécies fazem ofertas de objetos entre os parceiros ou juntam os bicos em sinal de afeto.<sup id="cite_ref-Attenborough_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attenborough-66"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os ornamentos de seleção sexual muitas vezes evoluem para se tornar mais pronunciados em situações de competição, até ao ponto em que começam a limitar a agilidade do indivíduo. O elevado custo dos comportamentos e ornamentos sexuais exagerados assegura que apenas os indivíduos de melhor qualidade os conseguem apresentar.<sup id="cite_ref-doutrelant2012_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doutrelant2012-147"><span>[</span>146<span>]</span></a></sup> A cauda do <a href="/wiki/Pav%C3%A3o" title="Pavão">pavão</a> é provavelmente o exemplo mais conhecido de um ornamento sexual em aves. Os <a href="/wiki/Dimorfismo_sexual" title="Dimorfismo sexual">dimorfismos sexuais</a>, como a diferença de tamanho e de cor, são bastante comuns entre as aves e um indicador de forte competição reprodutiva.<sup id="cite_ref-edwards2012_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards2012-148"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noventa e cinco por cento das espécies de aves são socialmente <a href="/wiki/Monogamia" title="Monogamia">monógamas</a>. Os casais destas espécies estão juntos pelo menos durante uma época de reprodução ou, em alguns casos, durante vários anos ou até à morte de um dos parceiros.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span>[</span>148<span>]</span></a></sup> A monogamia permite que o pai também cuide das crias, o que é fundamental nas espécies em que as fêmeas necessitam da assistência dos machos durante a incubação.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup> No entanto, entre as muitas espécies monógamas a infidelidade é comum.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span>[</span>150<span>]</span></a></sup> Este comportamento verifica-se geralmente entre os machos dominantes e as fêmeas de machos subordinados, embora possa também ser o resultado de cópula forçada em <a href="/wiki/Pato" title="Pato">patos</a> e outros <a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">anatídeos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span>[</span>151<span>]</span></a></sup> As fêmeas das aves têm mecanismos de armazenamento de <a href="/wiki/Esperma" title="Esperma">esperma</a> que permitem que o esperma do macho se mantenha viável durante bastante tempo depois da cópula, chegando a 100 dias em algumas espécies,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> e que haja <a href="/wiki/Competi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_esperm%C3%A1tica" title="Competição espermática">competição entre o esperma</a> de vários machos. Para as fêmeas, entre os possíveis benefícios da cópula entrapar está a possibilidade de melhores <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> para a prole e garantia contra uma eventual <a href="/wiki/Infertilidade" title="Infertilidade">infertilidade</a> do parceiro.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span>[</span>153<span>]</span></a></sup> Os machos das espécies que praticam cópula extra-par vigiam de perto a companheira de modo a garantir a paternidade da prole que criam.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span>[</span>154<span>]</span></a></sup> Nos restantes 5% de espécies verificam-se vários <a href="/wiki/Sistema_de_acasalamento" title="Sistema de acasalamento">sistemas de acasalamento</a>, incluindo <a href="/wiki/Poliginia" title="Poliginia">poliginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poliandria" title="Poliandria">poliandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poligamia" title="Poligamia">poligamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poliginandria" title="Poliginandria">poliginandria</a> e <a href="/wiki/Promiscuidade" title="Promiscuidade">promiscuidade</a>. O acasalamento polígamo ocorre quando as fêmeas são capazes de criar a prole sem a ajuda dos machos.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Foi também observado <a href="/wiki/Homossexualidade_no_reino_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Homossexualidade no reino animal">comportamento homossexual</a> em machos ou fêmeas de várias espécies de aves, incluindo cópula, formação de pares e nos cuidados com as crias.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span>[</span>155<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Territórios,_nidificação_e_incubação"><span id="Territ.C3.B3rios.2C_nidifica.C3.A7.C3.A3o_e_incuba.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Territórios, nidificação e incubação</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Editar secção: Territórios, nidificação e incubação" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=22" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Territórios, nidificação e incubação"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Ver também: <a href="/wiki/Nidifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Nidificação">Nidificação</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Golden-backed_Weaver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Golden-backed_Weaver.jpg/220px-Golden-backed_Weaver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Golden-backed_Weaver.jpg/330px-Golden-backed_Weaver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Golden-backed_Weaver.jpg/440px-Golden-backed_Weaver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Os machos dos <a href="/wiki/Ploceus_jacksoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ploceus jacksoni">Tecelões-de-dorso-dourado</a> constroem ninhos suspensos a partir de erva.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Willie_wagtail_in_nest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Willie_wagtail_in_nest.jpg/220px-Willie_wagtail_in_nest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Willie_wagtail_in_nest.jpg/330px-Willie_wagtail_in_nest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Willie_wagtail_in_nest.jpg/440px-Willie_wagtail_in_nest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Fêmea de <a href="/wiki/Rhipidura_leucophrys" title="Rhipidura leucophrys">cauda-de-leque</a> durante a <a href="/wiki/Incuba%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Incubação">incubação</a>, que tem a finalidade de normalizar a temperatura de desenvolvimento da cria no ovo.</figcaption></figure> <p>Durante a época de reprodução, muitas aves defendem ativamente um território de outros indivíduos da mesma espécie, assegurando assim fontes de comida para as suas crias. As espécies que não são territoriais, como as <a href="/wiki/Aves_marinhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves marinhas">aves marinhas</a> ou os <a href="/wiki/Andorinh%C3%A3o" title="Andorinhão">andorinhões</a>, geralmente reproduzem-se em <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3nia_de_aves_marinhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Colónia de aves marinhas">colónias</a> que oferecem proteção contra predadores. As aves coloniais defendem apenas o ninho, embora a competição pelos melhores locais para construir o ninho possa ser intensa.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span>[</span>156<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As aves geralmente põem os ovos num <a href="/wiki/Ninho" title="Ninho">ninho</a>. A maior parte das espécies constrói ninhos bastante elaborados, que podem ser em forma de chávena, de prato, em montículo ou dentro de uma toca.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansell_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansell-158"><span>[</span>157<span>]</span></a></sup> No entanto, alguns ninhos são extremamente primitivos. O ninho do <a href="/wiki/Albatroz" title="Albatroz">albatroz</a>, por exemplo, pouco mais é do que alguma terra e ramos secos no chão. A maior parte das aves constrói ninhos em locais abrigados ou escondidos para evitar predadores, embora as aves coloniais ou de grande dimensão, que têm maior capacidade de defesa, possam construir ninhos abertos. Os materiais de construção do ninho variam imenso, incluindo pequenas pedras, lama, ervas, galhos, folhas, algas e fibras de plantas, sendo usados tanto isoladamente como em conjunto. Algumas aves procuram também materiais de origem animal, como penas, pelo de cavalos ou pele de cobras. Os materiais podem ser entrançados, cosidos ou unidos com lama.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas espécies procuram plantas com determinadas toxinas que impedem a propagação de parasitas, de modo a aumentar a sobrevivência das crias,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span>[</span>158<span>]</span></a></sup> e penas, que oferecem isolamento térmico.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansell_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansell-158"><span>[</span>157<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas espécies não fazem ninho; por exemplo, o <a href="/wiki/Airo" title="Airo">airo</a> põe os ovos na rocha nua e os <a href="/wiki/Pinguim-imperador" title="Pinguim-imperador">pinguins-imperador</a> mantêm os ovos entre o corpo e as patas.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span>[</span>159<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Todas as aves põem <a href="/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota">ovos amnióticos</a> de casca dura, constituída principalmente por <a href="/wiki/Carbonato_de_c%C3%A1lcio" title="Carbonato de cálcio">carbonato de cálcio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> O número de ovos postos em cada <a href="/wiki/Ninhada" title="Ninhada">ninhada</a> varia entre 1 e cerca de 20, dependendo da espécie. Algumas espécies põem invariavelmente o mesmo número de ovos por ninhada, embora a maioria das aves ponha um número variável. O número de ovos tende a ser menor nas espécies de regiões tropicais do que nas de regiões mais frias.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> As espécies que constroem o ninho enterrado ou em buracos tendem a pôr ovos brancos ou claros, enquanto as espécies de ninho aberto põem ovos <a href="/wiki/Camuflagem" title="Camuflagem">camuflados</a>. No entanto, existem muitas exceções a este padrão; por exemplo, os <a href="/wiki/Caprimulgidae" title="Caprimulgidae">noitibós</a>, que colocam os ovos no chão, têm ovos claros e a camuflagem é oferecida pelas próprias penas. As espécies que são vítimas de <a href="/wiki/Parasitas_de_ninhada" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitas de ninhada">parasitas de ninhada</a> têm ovos de várias cores de modo a aumentar a probabilidade de detetar o ovo de um parasita, o que obriga as fêmeas parasitas a fazer corresponder os seus ovos com os dos seus hospedeiros.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span>[</span>160<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antes da <a href="/wiki/Nidifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Nidificação">nidificação</a>, as fêmeas de muitas espécies desenvolvem uma <a href="/wiki/Placa_de_incuba%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Placa de incubação">placa de incubação</a>, perdendo penas no abdómen. A pele desta região é bastante irrigada com vasos sanguíneos, o que ajuda a ave durante a <a href="/wiki/Incuba%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(ovo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incubação (ovo)">Incubação</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span>[</span>161<span>]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Incuba%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(ovo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incubação (ovo)">incubação</a> dos ovos tem início após a postura do último ovo e tem como finalidade normalizar a temperatura de desenvolvimento da cria.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Em espécies monogâmicas a tarefa de incubação é geralmente partilhada entre o casal, enquanto que nas espécies polígamas só um dos progenitores é responsável pela incubação. O calor dos progenitores passa para o ovo através das <a href="/wiki/Placa_de_incuba%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Placa de incubação">placas de incubação</a> – áreas de pele no abdómen ou peito das aves, ricas em vasos sanguíneos. A incubação pode ser um processo exigente em termos energéticos; por exemplo, um albatroz adulto chega a perder 83 g de peso por dia durante a incubação.<sup id="cite_ref-wartham_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wartham-163"><span>[</span>162<span>]</span></a></sup> No entanto, os <a href="/wiki/Megapodiidae" title="Megapodiidae">megápodes</a> aquecem os ovos com energia do sol, da decomposição orgânica ou aproveitando a <a href="/wiki/Energia_geot%C3%A9rmica" title="Energia geotérmica">energia geotérmica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span>[</span>163<span>]</span></a></sup> Os períodos de incubação variam entre os 10 dias (nos <a href="/wiki/Pica-pau" title="Pica-pau">pica-paus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuculidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuculidae">cucos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes">passeriformes</a>) e os 80 dias (em albatrozes e quivís).<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cuidados_parentais_e_crias">Cuidados parentais e crias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Editar secção: Cuidados parentais e crias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=23" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Cuidados parentais e crias"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Ficedula_hypoleuca-chicks2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ficedula_hypoleuca-chicks2.jpg/220px-Ficedula_hypoleuca-chicks2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ficedula_hypoleuca-chicks2.jpg/330px-Ficedula_hypoleuca-chicks2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ficedula_hypoleuca-chicks2.jpg/440px-Ficedula_hypoleuca-chicks2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Crias <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altriciais</a> de <a href="/wiki/Ficedula_hypoleuca" class="mw-redirect" title="Ficedula hypoleuca">papa-moscas-preto</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Calliope-nest_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Calliope-nest_edit.jpg/220px-Calliope-nest_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Calliope-nest_edit.jpg/330px-Calliope-nest_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Calliope-nest_edit.jpg/440px-Calliope-nest_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Fêmea de <a href="/wiki/Selasphorus_calliope" title="Selasphorus calliope">colibri calíope</a> a alimentar as crias, já plenamente desenvolvidas.</figcaption></figure> <p>No momento da <a href="/wiki/Eclos%C3%A3o" title="Eclosão">eclosão</a> dos ovos, dependendo da espécie, as crias apresentam vários estádios de desenvolvimento, desde completamente indefesas até perfeitamente independentes. As crias indefesas são denominadas <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altriciais</a> e tendem a nascer pequenas, <a href="/wiki/Cegueira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cegueira">cegas</a>, imóveis e ainda sem penas. As crias que nascem já com autonomia, mobilidade e penas são denominadas <a href="/wiki/Precocial" title="Precocial">precociais</a> ou nidífugas. As crias altriciais necessitam de ajuda para regular a temperatura do corpo e são cuidadas durante mais tempo do que as precociais. As crias que não se enquadram nestes extremos podem ser semiprecociais ou semialtriciais.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span>[</span>164<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A natureza e duração dos cuidados parentais variam significativamente entre as diferentes ordens e espécies. Num dos extremos, os cuidados parentais nos <a href="/wiki/Meg%C3%A1pode" class="mw-redirect" title="Megápode">megápodes</a> terminam no momento da eclosão. As crias saem do ovo e escavam sozinhas o caminho para fora do montículo que serve de ninho, começando imediatamente a alimentar-se por si mesmas.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span>[</span>165<span>]</span></a></sup> No outro extremo, muitas aves marinhas prestam cuidados parentais ao longo de um grande período de tempo. O mais longo é o da <a href="/wiki/Fregata_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fregata minor">fragata-grande</a>, cujas crias levam seis meses até estarem prontas a voar e são alimentadas pelos progenitores ainda por mais 14 meses.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span>[</span>166<span>]</span></a></sup> O período de guarda é o período imediatamente a seguir à eclosão, em que um dos adultos está permanentemente presente no ninho. O propósito principal deste período é ajudar as crias a regular a temperatura e protegê-las dos predadores.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span>[</span>167<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Em muitas espécies, são ambos os progenitores que cuidam das crias. Noutras, os cuidados são da responsabilidade de apenas um dos sexos. Em algumas espécies, outros membros da mesma espécie ajudam a criar a prole, geralmente parentes próximos do casal, como um descendente de uma ninhada anterior.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span>[</span>168<span>]</span></a></sup> Este comportamento é particularmente comum entre os <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%ADdeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvídeo">corvídeos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span>[</span>169<span>]</span></a></sup> embora tenha também sido observado em espécies tão diversas como a <a href="/wiki/Acanthisitta_chloris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthisitta chloris">carriça-da-nova-zelândia</a> ou o <a href="/wiki/Milhafre-real" title="Milhafre-real">milhafre-real</a>. Embora na maioria dos animais sejam raros os cuidados parentais por parte do macho, nas aves são bastante comuns e mais do que em qualquer outra classe de vertebrados.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_22-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Embora a defesa do território, do ninho, a incubação e a alimentação das crias sejam geralmente tarefas partilhadas entre o casal, por vezes verifica-se uma divisão do trabalho, em que um dos parceiros realiza toda ou grande parte de determinada tarefa.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span>[</span>170<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O momento em que as penas e os músculos das crias estão suficientemente desenvolvidos para permitir voar varia de forma muito significativa. As crias das <a href="/wiki/Synthliboramphus" title="Synthliboramphus">tordas</a> abandonam o ninho na noite imediatamente a seguir à eclosão dos ovos, seguindo os progenitores em direção ao mar, onde são criados fora do alcance de predadores terrestres.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span>[</span>171<span>]</span></a></sup> Mas na maior parte das espécies as crias abandonam o ninho imediatamente antes ou pouco depois de serem capazes de voar. O período de cuidados parentais após as crias conseguirem voar varia. Por exemplo, enquanto as crias de albatroz abandonam o ninho por elas próprias e não recebem mais ajuda, outras espécies continuam a alimentar as crias.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span>[</span>172<span>]</span></a></sup> As crias de algumas espécies migratórias seguem os pais ao longo da sua primeira migração.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span>[</span>173<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parasitismo_de_ninhada">Parasitismo de ninhada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Editar secção: Parasitismo de ninhada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=24" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Parasitismo de ninhada"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Parasitismo_de_ninhada" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitismo de ninhada">Parasitismo de ninhada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg/220px-Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg/330px-Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg/440px-Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Ninho de um <a href="/wiki/Sayornis_phoebe" title="Sayornis phoebe">piuí</a> ocupado por um ovo de <a href="/wiki/Chopim" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopim">chopim-mulato</a>, um <a href="/wiki/Parasita_de_ninhada" title="Parasita de ninhada">parasita de ninhada</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>O <a href="/wiki/Parasitismo_de_ninhada" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitismo de ninhada">parasitismo de ninhada</a>, ou nidoparasitismo, descreve o comportamento de algumas espécies que põem os ovos nas ninhadas de outras espécies. Este comportamento é mais comum entre aves em comparação com outros animais.<sup id="cite_ref-brood_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brood-175"><span>[</span>174<span>]</span></a></sup> Após a ave parasita ter posto os ovos no ninho de outra ave, esses ovos são muitas vezes aceites e cuidados pelo hospedeiro e com prejuízo para a sua própria ninhada. Os nidoparasitas dividem-se entre os que o fazem por necessidade, uma vez que são incapazes de criar as suas próprias crias, e os ocasionais, que apesar de serem capazes de criar a prole põem ovos em ninhos de espécies <a href="/wiki/Coespec%C3%ADfico" title="Coespecífico">coespecíficas</a> para aumentar a sua capacidade reprodutora.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span>[</span>175<span>]</span></a></sup> Entre os parasitas ocasionais estão mais de cem espécies de aves, incluindo espécies das famílias <i><a href="/wiki/Indicatoridae" title="Indicatoridae">Indicatoridae</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Icteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Icteridae">Icteridae</a></i> e o <a href="/wiki/Heteronetta_atricapilla" title="Heteronetta atricapilla">pato-de-cabeça-preta</a>, embora o exemplo mais conhecido sejam os <a href="/wiki/Cuculidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuculidae">cucos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brood_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brood-175"><span>[</span>174<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas crias de nidoparasitas eclodem antes das crias dos hospedeiros, o que lhes permite destruir os ovos, empurrando-os para fora do ninho ou matando as crias. Isto assegura que toda a comida levada para o ninho servirá para alimentar as crias dos nidoparasitas.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span>[</span>176<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecologia">Ecologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Editar secção: Ecologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=25" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ecologia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Colibri-thalassinus-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Colibri-thalassinus-001.jpg/220px-Colibri-thalassinus-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Colibri-thalassinus-001.jpg/330px-Colibri-thalassinus-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Colibri-thalassinus-001.jpg/440px-Colibri-thalassinus-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Algumas aves <a href="/wiki/Nectar%C3%ADvoro" title="Nectarívoro">nectarívoras</a>, como o colibri, são <a href="/wiki/Poliniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Polinização">polinizadoras</a> de determinadas plantas.</figcaption></figure> <p>As aves ocupam uma ampla variedade de posições ecológicas.<sup id="cite_ref-flycatcher_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flycatcher-131"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup> Enquanto algumas aves são generalistas, outras são especializadas em relação ao <i><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a></i> ou à alimentação. Mesmo num único <i>habitat</i>, como por exemplo numa floresta, os <a href="/wiki/Nicho_ecol%C3%B3gico" title="Nicho ecológico">nichos ecológicos</a> ocupados pelas diferentes espécies variam. Enquanto algumas espécies vivem no <a href="/wiki/Dossel_florestal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dossel florestal">dossel florestal</a>, outras vivem nos estratos intermédios e outras ainda junto ao solo. Cada um destes grupos pode conter aves <a href="/wiki/Inset%C3%ADvora" class="mw-redirect" title="Insetívora">insetívoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frug%C3%ADvora" class="mw-redirect" title="Frugívora">frugívoras</a> e <a href="/wiki/Nectar%C3%ADvora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectarívora">nectarívoras</a>. As aves aquáticas geralmente alimentam-se da pesca, de plantas ou por cleptoparasitismo. As aves de rapina especializam-se na caça de pequenos mamíferos ou outras aves, enquanto os abutres são <a href="/wiki/Necr%C3%B3fago" title="Necrófago">necrófagos</a> especializados.<sup id="cite_ref-Burton_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burton-178"><span>[</span>177<span>]</span></a></sup> Alguns nectarívoros são <a href="/wiki/Polinizador" title="Polinizador">polinizadores</a> importantes e muitos frugívoros são essenciais para a dispersão de sementes.<sup id="cite_ref-Clout_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clout-179"><span>[</span>178<span>]</span></a></sup> As plantas e as aves polinizadoras muitas vezes <a href="/wiki/Coevolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Coevolução">coevoluem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span>[</span>179<span>]</span></a></sup> e, em alguns casos, o principal polinizador de determinada flor é a única espécie de ave capaz de alcançar o seu néctar.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span>[</span>180<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As aves são particularmente importantes para a ecologia das ilhas. Tendo sido capazes de migrar para ilhas às quais os mamíferos não conseguiram chegar, as aves podem desempenhar papéis ecológicos que nos continentes são geralmente realizados por animais de maior porte. Por exemplo, as extintas <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moas</a> tiveram de tal forma impacto no ecossistema da <a href="/wiki/Nova_Zel%C3%A2ndia" title="Nova Zelândia">Nova Zelândia</a>, assim como têm o <a href="/wiki/Kereru" title="Kereru">kereru</a> ou o <a href="/wiki/Kokako" title="Kokako">kokako</a> na atualidade,<sup id="cite_ref-Clout_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clout-179"><span>[</span>178<span>]</span></a></sup> pelo que ainda hoje as plantas da ilha mantêm as adaptações defensivas que as protegiam das moas.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span>[</span>181<span>]</span></a></sup> Durante a nidação, as aves marinhas também afetam significativamente a ecologia das ilhas e do mar envolvente, principalmente devido à concentração de grandes quantidades de <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> que enriquece o solo da região.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span>[</span>182<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span>[</span>183<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relação_com_o_ser_humano"><span id="Rela.C3.A7.C3.A3o_com_o_ser_humano"></span>Relação com o ser humano</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Editar secção: Relação com o ser humano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=26" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Relação com o ser humano"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algumas aves têm bastante visibilidade e são animais comuns com os quais o ser humano tem uma estreita relação desde o início da Humanidade.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span>[</span>184<span>]</span></a></sup> Em alguns casos, estas relações são <a href="/wiki/Mutualismo_(biologia)" title="Mutualismo (biologia)">mutualistas</a>, como na recolha de <a href="/wiki/Mel" title="Mel">mel</a> conjunta entre os <i><a href="/wiki/Indicatoridae" title="Indicatoridae">Indicatoridae</a></i> e alguns povos africanos, como os <a href="/wiki/Boranas" title="Boranas">Boranas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span>[</span>185<span>]</span></a></sup> Noutros casos, as relações podem ser <a href="/wiki/Comensalismo" title="Comensalismo">comensais</a>, como o benefício que o <a href="/wiki/Pardal-dom%C3%A9stico" title="Pardal-doméstico">pardal-doméstico</a> tira das atividades humanas.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span>[</span>186<span>]</span></a></sup> No entanto, as aves podem também ser <a href="/wiki/Vetor_(epidemiologia)" title="Vetor (epidemiologia)">vetores</a> que propagam ao longo de grandes distâncias doenças como a <a href="/wiki/Ornitose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornitose">ornitose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmonelose" title="Salmonelose">salmonelose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campilobacteriose" title="Campilobacteriose">campilobacteriose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium" title="Mycobacterium">micobacteriose</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuberculose" title="Tuberculose">tuberculose</a> aviária), <a href="/wiki/Gripe_das_aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gripe das aves">gripe das aves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giardiose" class="mw-redirect" title="Giardiose">giardiose</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Criptosporid%C3%ADase" title="Criptosporidíase">criptosporidíase</a>. Algumas destas são <a href="/wiki/Zoonose" title="Zoonose">doenças zoonóticas</a> que podem também ser transmitidas para os seres humanos.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span>[</span>187<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importância_económica"><span id="Import.C3.A2ncia_econ.C3.B3mica"></span>Importância económica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Editar secção: Importância económica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=27" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Importância económica"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Ver também: <a href="/wiki/Ave_de_cria%C3%A7%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Ave de criação">Ave de criação</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:House_Sparrow_mar08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/House_Sparrow_mar08.jpg/220px-House_Sparrow_mar08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/House_Sparrow_mar08.jpg/330px-House_Sparrow_mar08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/House_Sparrow_mar08.jpg/440px-House_Sparrow_mar08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Muitas espécies de aves, como o <a href="/wiki/Pardal-dom%C3%A9stico" title="Pardal-doméstico">pardal-doméstico</a>, são criadas como <a href="/wiki/Animais_de_estima%C3%A7%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Animais de estimação">animais de estimação</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Ave_de_capoeira" title="Ave de capoeira">aves de criação</a> são a principal fonte de <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína">proteínas</a> animais consumida pelo ser humano. Em 2003, foram consumidos 76 milhões de toneladas de aves de criação e produzidas 61 milhões de toneladas de ovos em todo o mundo.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span>[</span>188<span>]</span></a></sup> Os <a href="/wiki/Frango" title="Frango">frangos</a> representam a maior parte do consumo de aves, embora o <a href="/wiki/Peru-dom%C3%A9stico" title="Peru-doméstico">peru</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Pato#Espécies_domésticas" title="Pato">pato</a> e os gansos domesticados sejam também comuns. Muitas espécies de aves são também caçadas para comida. A caça de aves é essencialmente uma atividade recreativa, exceto em regiões bastante subdesenvolvidas. As aves de caça mais comuns são os patos selvagens, faisões, <a href="/wiki/Peru_selvagem" class="mw-redirect" title="Peru selvagem">perus selvagens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perdiz" title="Perdiz">perdizes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbidae">pombos</a>, tetrazes, <a href="/wiki/Scolopacidae" title="Scolopacidae">maçaricos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Galinhola" title="Galinhola">galinholas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span>[</span>189<span>]</span></a></sup> Embora alguma caça possa ser <a href="/wiki/Sustentabilidade" title="Sustentabilidade">sustentável</a>, a caça no geral tem provocado a extinção ou colocado em risco dezenas de espécies.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span>[</span>190<span>]</span></a></sup> Entre os outros produtos avícolas com valor comercial estão as penas, especialmente as dos gansos e patos, que são usadas como isolamento em casacos e na roupa de cama, e o <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> (fezes de aves marinhas), que é uma fonte valiosa de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3sforo" title="Fósforo">fósforo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Nitrog%C3%A9nio" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogénio">nitrogénio</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Guerra_do_Pac%C3%ADfico_(s%C3%A9culo_XIX)" title="Guerra do Pacífico (século XIX)">Guerra do Pacífico</a> foi travada devido em parte ao controlo dos depósitos de guano.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span>[</span>191<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As espécies que se alimentam de <a href="/wiki/Praga_(organismo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Praga (organismo)">pragas</a> são muitas vezes usadas em programas de <a href="/wiki/Controlo_biol%C3%B3gico" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlo biológico">controlo biológico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lwa001_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwa001-95"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> Por outro lado, algumas espécies tornaram-se elas próprias pragas agrícolas de elevado custo económico,<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span>[</span>192<span>]</span></a></sup> enquanto outras constituem <a href="/wiki/Risco_avi%C3%A1rio" title="Risco aviário">riscos para a aviação</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span>[</span>193<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As aves são domesticadas pelo ser humano, não só como <a href="/wiki/Animal_de_estima%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Animal de estimação">animais de estimação</a> mas também para efeitos utilitários. Muitas aves com cores exóticas, como os <a href="/wiki/Papagaio" class="mw-redirect" title="Papagaio">papagaios</a> ou as <a href="/wiki/Arara" title="Arara">araras</a>, são criadas em <a href="/wiki/Cativeiro" title="Cativeiro">cativeiro</a> ou vendidas como animais de companhia. No entanto, isto também tem feito crescer o tráfico ilegal de várias <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A9cie_amea%C3%A7ada" title="Espécie ameaçada">espécies ameaçadas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span>[</span>194<span>]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Falcoaria" title="Falcoaria">falcoaria</a> e a pesca com a assistência de <a href="/wiki/Phalacrocoracidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalacrocoracidae">corvos marinhos</a> são tradições milenares. Os <a href="/wiki/Pombo-correio" title="Pombo-correio">pombos-correio</a>, usados pelo menos desde o <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_I" title="Século I">século I</a></span>, foram essenciais nas comunicações até à <a href="/wiki/II_Guerra_Mundial" class="mw-redirect" title="II Guerra Mundial">II Guerra Mundial</a>, No entanto, hoje em dia estas atividades são mais comuns como passatempo ou atração turística.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span>[</span>195<span>]</span></a></sup> Existem milhões de entusiastas amadores que apreciam a <a href="/wiki/Observa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_aves" title="Observação de aves">observação de aves</a>, ou <i>birdwatching</i>, uma vertente significativa do <a href="/wiki/Ecoturismo" title="Ecoturismo">ecoturismo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span>[</span>196<span>]</span></a></sup> Muitos proprietários constroem <a href="/wiki/Alimentador_de_p%C3%A1ssaros" class="mw-redirect" title="Alimentador de pássaros">alimentadores de pássaros</a> perto de casa para atrair várias espécies.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span>[</span>197<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religião,_folclore_e_cultura"><span id="Religi.C3.A3o.2C_folclore_e_cultura"></span>Religião, folclore e cultura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Editar secção: Religião, folclore e cultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=28" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Religião, folclore e cultura"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Bubo_bubo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bubo_bubo_portrait.jpg/220px-Bubo_bubo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bubo_bubo_portrait.jpg/330px-Bubo_bubo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bubo_bubo_portrait.jpg/440px-Bubo_bubo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>As percepções culturais sobre as espécies de aves diferem de cultura para cultura. Enquanto em África as <a href="/wiki/Coruja" class="mw-redirect" title="Coruja">corujas</a> são associadas a má sorte e bruxaria, na Europa são associadas ao conhecimento.</figcaption></figure> <p>As aves têm um papel de relevo no <a href="/wiki/Folclore" title="Folclore">folclore</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o" title="Religião">religião</a> e na <a href="/wiki/Cultura_popular" title="Cultura popular">cultura popular</a> e vários dos seus atributos, reais ou imaginários, são usados de forma simbólica na arte e na literatura.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span>[</span>198<span>]</span></a></sup> Desde as <a href="/wiki/Gravura_rupestre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravura rupestre">gravuras rupestres</a> da época <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9-hist%C3%B3rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Pré-histórica">pré-histórica</a> que são um motivo frequente de representação artística e, o longo dos séculos, foram usadas como motivo nas mais diversas formas de arte sacra ou simbólica, como por exemplo o <a href="/wiki/Trono_do_Pav%C3%A3o" title="Trono do Pavão">Trono do Pavão</a> dos imperadores <a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Mogol" title="Império Mogol">mogois</a> e <a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Ir%C3%A3o" title="História do Irão">persas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span>[</span>199<span>]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1bulas_de_Esopo" title="Fábulas de Esopo">Fábulas de Esopo</a> contêm várias <a href="/wiki/Personifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Personificação">personificações</a> de aves. Os <a href="/wiki/Fisi%C3%B3logo" title="Fisiólogo">fisiólogos</a> e os <a href="/wiki/Besti%C3%A1rio" title="Bestiário">bestiários</a> medievais contêm lições de moral que usam as aves como símbolos para transmitir ideias.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> O tema central do <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner" title="The Rime of the Ancient Mariner">Conto do Velho Marinheiro</a></i>, de <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">S. T. Coleridge</a>, é a relação entre um albatroz e um marinheiro.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span>[</span>200<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas metáforas na linguagem têm origem no comportamento das aves, como a associação de investidores ou fundos predatórios aos <a href="/wiki/Abutre" title="Abutre">abutres</a> necrófagos.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span>[</span>201<span>]</span></a></sup> As aves são também um tema importante na <a href="/wiki/Poesia" title="Poesia">poesia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Homero" title="Homero">Homero</a> escreveu sobre os <a href="/wiki/Rouxinol" title="Rouxinol">rouxinóis</a> na <a href="/wiki/Odisseia" title="Odisseia">Odisseia</a>, enquanto <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1tulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cátulo">Cátulo</a> usou um <a href="/wiki/Pardal" title="Pardal">pardal</a> como símbolo <a href="/wiki/Erotismo" title="Erotismo">erótico</a> nos seus poemas.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span>[</span>202<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Na religião, as aves são muitas vezes associadas a mensageiros, sacerdotes ou líderes de determinada <a href="/wiki/Divindade" title="Divindade">divindade</a>. No <a href="/wiki/Cristianismo" title="Cristianismo">Cristianismo</a>, as aves simbolizam a transcendência da alma e, na iconografia medieval, uma ave envolta em folhas simbolizava a alma envolvida pelo materialismo do mundo <a href="/wiki/Secularismo" title="Secularismo">secular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Na <a href="/wiki/Pante%C3%A3o_n%C3%B3rdico" title="Panteão nórdico">mitologia nórdica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugin_e_Munin" title="Hugin e Munin">Hugin e Munin</a> são dois <a href="/wiki/Corvus_corax" title="Corvus corax">corvos</a> que deram a volta ao mundo para trazer notícias ao deus <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>. Em várias civilizações da <a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_It%C3%A1lia" title="História da Itália">Antiguidade italiana</a>, principalmente na <a href="/wiki/Mitologia_etrusca" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitologia etrusca">mitologia etrusca</a> e na <a href="/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_na_Roma_Antiga" title="Religião na Roma Antiga">religião romana</a>, os sacerdotes praticavam <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ugure" title="Áugure">auguria</a>, interpretando as palavras das aves, enquanto o <i>auspex</i><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span>[</span>nota 2<span>]</span></a></sup> as usava para fazer previsões sobre o futuro.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span>[</span>203<span>]</span></a></sup> As aves podem também servir como símbolos religiosos, como no caso de <a href="/wiki/Jonas" title="Jonas">Jonas</a> (hebraico: <b>יוֹנָה</b>, <a href="/wiki/Pomba" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomba">pomba</a>), que simbolizava o medo, passividade, pesar e beleza tradicionalmente associados às pombas.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span>[</span>204<span>]</span></a></sup> As próprias aves são muitas vezes deificadas, como no caso do <a href="/wiki/Pav%C3%A3o-indiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavão-indiano">pavão-comum</a>, que os <a href="/wiki/Dravidianos" title="Dravidianos">Dravidianos</a> vêm como a Terra-Mãe.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span>[</span>205<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas aves são também vistas como monstros, incluindo o mitológico <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ssaro_Roca" class="mw-redirect" title="Pássaro Roca">Roc</a> e o lendário <a href="/wiki/Poukai" title="Poukai">Poukai</a>, uma ave gigante que para os <a href="/wiki/Maoris" title="Maoris">Maoris</a> é capaz de raptar seres humanos.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span>[</span>206<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os <a href="/wiki/Civiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Maia" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilização Maia">maias</a> e os <a href="/wiki/Astecas" class="mw-redirect" title="Astecas">Astecas</a> veneravam o <a href="/wiki/Quetzal-resplandecente" title="Quetzal-resplandecente">quetzal-resplandecente</a>, que hoje em dia dá nome à moeda da Guatemala e é um motivo popular na arte, tecidos e joalharia. As <a href="/wiki/%C3%81guia" title="Águia">águias</a> são símbolo de poder e prestígio em muitas partes do mundo, incluindo na Europa, onde são frequentemente motivos <a href="/wiki/Her%C3%A1ldica" title="Heráldica">heráldicos</a>. Os <a href="/wiki/Povos_amer%C3%ADndios" title="Povos ameríndios">povos nativos norte-americanos</a> usavam frequentemente penas de águia em rituais religiosos, como ornamento pessoal e eram oferecidas aos convidados como símbolo de paz e amizade.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> No <a href="/wiki/Makemake_(mitologia)" title="Makemake (mitologia)">culto do Makemake</a> os <i><a href="/wiki/Tangata_manu" title="Tangata manu">tangata manu</a></i> (homens-pássaro) da <a href="/wiki/Ilha_de_P%C3%A1scoa" title="Ilha de Páscoa">ilha de Páscoa</a> eram nomeados líderes.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span>[</span>207<span>]</span></a></sup> Os povos indígenas dos <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> contam lendas de pássaros que atravessam mundos metafísicos. Em imagens religiosas dos impérios <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> e Tiwanaku, as aves são representadas a transgredir a fronteira entre o reino terrestre e o reino espiritual subterrâneo.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2011Tiwanaku_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2011Tiwanaku-210"><span>[</span>208<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dransart2002Earth_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dransart2002Earth-211"><span>[</span>209<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As percepções culturais sobre diversas espécies de aves são muitas vezes diferentes de cultura para cultura. Por exemplo, enquanto em <a href="/wiki/%C3%81frica" title="África">África</a> e na mitologia norte-americana as <a href="/wiki/Coruja" class="mw-redirect" title="Coruja">corujas</a> são associadas a má sorte, <a href="/wiki/Bruxaria" title="Bruxaria">bruxaria</a> e morte,<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span>[</span>210<span>]</span></a></sup> na <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> são vistas como sábias.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span>[</span>211<span>]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Poupa-eurasi%C3%A1tica" title="Poupa-eurasiática">poupas</a>, consideradas sagradas no <a href="/wiki/Antigo_Egito" title="Antigo Egito">Antigo Egito</a> e símbolo de virtude na <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rsia" title="Pérsia">Pérsia</a>, são no entanto vistas como ladras em grande parte da Europa e como presságio de guerra na <a href="/wiki/Escandin%C3%A1via" title="Escandinávia">Escandinávia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span>[</span>212<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservação"><span id="Conserva.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Conservação</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Editar secção: Conservação" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=29" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Conservação"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Ver também: <a href="/wiki/Ornitologia" title="Ornitologia">Ornitologia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lista_de_aves_extintas" title="Lista de aves extintas">Lista de aves extintas</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lista_de_aves_amea%C3%A7adas_do_Brasil" title="Lista de aves ameaçadas do Brasil">Lista de aves ameaçadas do Brasil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg/220px-California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg/330px-California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg/440px-California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption>O <a href="/wiki/Condor-da-calif%C3%B3rnia" title="Condor-da-califórnia">condor-da-califórnia</a>, outrora restrito a apenas 22 indivíduos, conta hoje com 330 graças a medidas de conservação.</figcaption></figure> <p>Embora a presença humana tenha facilitado a expansão de algumas espécies, como a <a href="/wiki/Hirundo_rustica" title="Hirundo rustica">andorinha-das-chaminés</a> ou o <a href="/wiki/Estorninho-comum" class="mw-redirect" title="Estorninho-comum">estorninho-comum</a>, foi também a causa da <a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Extinção">extinção</a> ou diminuição da população de muitas outras espécies. Embora em tempos históricos tenham sido extintas mais de cem espécies de aves,<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span>[</span>213<span>]</span></a></sup> a mais dramática das extinções de aves causadas pelo ser humano, que erradicou entre 750 e 1 800 espécies, ocorreu durante a colonização humana das ilhas da <a href="/wiki/Melan%C3%A9sia" title="Melanésia">Melanésia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polin%C3%A9sia" title="Polinésia">Polinésia</a> e <a href="/wiki/Micron%C3%A9sia" title="Micronésia">Micronésia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span>[</span>214<span>]</span></a></sup> Muitas populações de aves em todo o mundo encontram-se em declínio, com 1 375 espécies listadas como <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A9cie_amea%C3%A7ada" title="Espécie ameaçada">ameaçadas</a> pela <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> e pela <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Internacional_para_a_Conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Natureza_e_dos_Recursos_Naturais" class="mw-redirect" title="União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza e dos Recursos Naturais">União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza e dos Recursos Naturais</a> em 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span>[</span>215<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A ameaça humana às aves mais comum é a <a href="/wiki/Destrui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_habitat" title="Destruição de habitat">destruição dos <i>habitats</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span>[</span>216<span>]</span></a></sup> Entre as outras ameaças estão a caça em excesso, mortalidade acidental devido a <a href="/wiki/Risco_avi%C3%A1rio" title="Risco aviário">colisões aéreas</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Fauna_acompanhante" title="Fauna acompanhante">captura acessória</a> na pesca,<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span>[</span>217<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polui%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Poluição">poluição</a> (incluindo <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9_negra" title="Maré negra">marés negras</a> e uso de <a href="/wiki/Pesticida" title="Pesticida">pesticidas</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span>[</span>218<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span>[</span>219<span>]</span></a></sup> e competição e predação de espécies invasoras.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span>[</span>220<span>]</span></a></sup> Os governos e os <a href="/wiki/Biologia_da_conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Biologia da conservação">conservacionistas</a> trabalham em conjunto para proteger as aves, criando legislação que promova a conservação ou o <a href="/wiki/Restaura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ecol%C3%B3gica" title="Restauração ecológica">restauro</a> dos <i>habitats</i> ou <a href="/wiki/Conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ex-situ" title="Conservação ex-situ">criando populações de cativeiro</a> para futura reintrodução nos <i>habitats</i>. Um estudo estimou que o esforço de conservação salvou da extinção 16 espécies de aves entre 1994 e 2004, como o <a href="/wiki/Condor-da-calif%C3%B3rnia" title="Condor-da-califórnia">condor-da-califórnia</a> ou o <a href="/wiki/Cyanoramphus_cookii" title="Cyanoramphus cookii">periquito-de-Norfolk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span>[</span>221<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolução_e_classificação"><span id="Evolu.C3.A7.C3.A3o_e_classifica.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Evolução e classificação</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Editar secção: Evolução e classificação" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=30" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Evolução e classificação"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_aves" title="Evolução das aves">Evolução das aves</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:NHM_-_Archaeopteryx_lithographica_Fossil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pedra com ossos fossilizados e marcas de penas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NHM_-_Archaeopteryx_lithographica_Fossil.jpg/220px-NHM_-_Archaeopteryx_lithographica_Fossil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NHM_-_Archaeopteryx_lithographica_Fossil.jpg/330px-NHM_-_Archaeopteryx_lithographica_Fossil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NHM_-_Archaeopteryx_lithographica_Fossil.jpg/440px-NHM_-_Archaeopteryx_lithographica_Fossil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>O <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx_lithographica" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeopteryx lithographica">Archaeopteryx lithographica</a></i> é geralmente considerada a mais antiga ave verdadeira conhecida.</figcaption></figure> <p>A primeira classificação taxonómica das aves foi publicada por <a href="/wiki/Francis_Willughby" title="Francis Willughby">Francis Willughby</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> em 1676 no volume <i>Ornithologiae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span>[</span>222<span>]</span></a></sup> Em 1758, <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolus Linnaeus">Carolus Linnaeus</a> modificou essa classificação para o sistema de <a href="/wiki/Taxonomia" title="Taxonomia">classificação taxonómica</a> em uso na atualidade.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span>[</span>223<span>]</span></a></sup> No <a href="/wiki/Sistema_de_Linn%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema de Linné">Sistema de Linné</a>, as aves estão categorizadas na <a href="/wiki/Classe_(biologia)" title="Classe (biologia)">classe</a> homónima das Aves. A <a href="/wiki/Classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_filogen%C3%A9tica" title="Classificação filogenética">classificação filogenética</a> coloca as aves no clado dos dinossauros <a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%B3poda" class="mw-redirect" title="Terópoda">terópodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Theropoda_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theropoda-226"><span>[</span>224<span>]</span></a></sup> As Aves, bem como o grupo relacionado do clado <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia</a>, são os únicos representantes vivos do clado <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ptil" class="mw-redirect" title="Réptil">réptil</a> dos <i><a href="/wiki/Archosauria" title="Archosauria">Archosauria</a></i>. Em termos <a href="/wiki/Filogenia" title="Filogenia">filogenéticos</a>, as Aves são geralmente definidas como todos os descendentes do <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_comum_mais_recente" title="Ancestral comum mais recente">ancestral comum mais recente</a> das aves modernas e do <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx_lithographica" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeopteryx lithographica">Archaeopteryx lithographica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span>[</span>225<span>]</span></a></sup> Segundo esta definição, a ave mais antiga que se conhece é o <i>Archaeopteryx</i>, que viveu na idade do <a href="/wiki/Kimmeridgiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimmeridgiano">Kimmeridgiano</a> do <a href="/wiki/Jur%C3%A1ssico_Superior" title="Jurássico Superior">Jurássico Superior</a>, há 155-150 milhões de anos.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier-228"><span>[</span>226<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No entanto, outros paleontólogos, entre os quais <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gauthier" title="Jacques Gauthier">Jacques Gauthier</a> e os aderentes do sistema <a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" class="mw-redirect" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a>, definiram Aves de modo a incluir apenas os grupos de aves modernas, excluindo a maior parte dos grupos conhecidos apenas a partir de fósseis, os quais atribuíram ao grupo <a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">Avialae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier_228-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier-228"><span>[</span>226<span>]</span></a></sup> Segundo esta definição, o <i>Archaeopteryx</i> é um membro dos Avialae, e não das Aves. As propostas de Gauthier têm sido adotadas por muitos investigadores no campo da <a href="/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia">paleontologia</a> e evolução das aves, embora as definições aplicadas não tenham sido consistentes. O clado Avialae, inicialmente proposto para substituir o conteúdo fóssil do grupo das Aves, é muitas vezes usado por estes investigadores como sinónimo do termo vernacular "ave".<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-229"><span>[</span>227<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dinossauros_e_a_origem_das_aves">Dinossauros e a origem das aves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Editar secção: Dinossauros e a origem das aves" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=31" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Dinossauros e a origem das aves"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Origem_das_aves" title="Origem das aves">Origem das aves</a></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: {{{width}}}px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64103782">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Paraves" title="Paraves">Paraves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Scansoriopterygidae" title="Scansoriopterygidae">Scansoriopterygidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span title="Extinto"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r57048677">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r57040788">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">†</span></span></span><i><a href="/wiki/Eosinopteryx" title="Eosinopteryx">Eosinopteryx</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eumaniraptora" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumaniraptora">Eumaniraptora</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span title="Extinto"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57048677"><span class="noitalic"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040788"><span class="nobold">†</span></span></span><a href="/wiki/Dromaeosauridae" title="Dromaeosauridae">Dromaeosauridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span title="Extinto"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57048677"><span class="noitalic"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040788"><span class="nobold">†</span></span></span><a href="/wiki/Troodontidae" title="Troodontidae">Troodontidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">Avialae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cladograma segundo o estudo filogenético de Godefroit et al., 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_229-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-229"><span>[</span>227<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Com base em evidências fósseis e biológicas, a maior parte dos cientistas aceita que as aves são um subgrupo especializado dos <a href="/wiki/Dinossauro" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinossauro">dinossauros</a> <a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%B3pode" class="mw-redirect" title="Terópode">terópodes</a><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span>[</span>228<span>]</span></a></sup> e, mais especificamente, que são membros dos <a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a>, um grupo de terópodes que inclui os <a href="/wiki/Dromaeosauridae" title="Dromaeosauridae">dromeossaurídeos</a> e os <a href="/wiki/Oviraptoridae" title="Oviraptoridae">oviraptorídeos</a>, entre outros.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span>[</span>229<span>]</span></a></sup> À medida que os cientistas foram descobrindo mais terópodes estreitamente relacionados com as aves, a distinção anteriormente clara entre aves e não aves foi se esbatendo. As descobertas recentes na província chinesa de <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> de vários <a href="/wiki/Dinossauros_emplumados" title="Dinossauros emplumados">dinossauros emplumados</a> terópodes de pequena dimensão vieram contribuir para esta ambiguidade.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span>[</span>230<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AP-20140731_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20140731-233"><span>[</span>231<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20140731_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140731-234"><span>[</span>232<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O consenso na <a href="/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia">paleontologia</a> contemporânea é de que os terópodes voadores, ou <i><a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">Avialae</a></i>, são os parentes mais próximos dos <a href="/wiki/Deinonychosauria" title="Deinonychosauria">deinonicossauros</a>, grupo que inclui os dromeossaurídeos e os <a href="/wiki/Troodontidae" title="Troodontidae">troodontídeos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Xiaotingia_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiaotingia-235"><span>[</span>233<span>]</span></a></sup> Em conjunto, estes formam um grupo designado <a href="/wiki/Paraves" title="Paraves">Paraves</a>. Alguns membros <a href="/wiki/Basal_(filogen%C3%A9tica)" title="Basal (filogenética)">basais</a> deste grupo, como o <i><a href="/wiki/Microraptor" title="Microraptor">Microraptor</a></i>, apresentam características que lhes podem ter permitido planar ou voar. A maior parte dos deinocossauros basais eram muito pequenos. Estas evidências aumentam a possibilidade de que o ancestral de todos os <i>paraves</i> possa ter sido <a href="/wiki/Arbor%C3%ADcola" title="Arborícola">arborícola</a>, ter sido capaz de planar, ou ambos.<sup id="cite_ref-AHTetal07_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHTetal07-236"><span>[</span>234<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xuetal2003_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xuetal2003-237"><span>[</span>235<span>]</span></a></sup> Ao contrário do <i>Archaeopteryx</i> e dos dinossauros emplumados não avianos, que comiam principalmente carne, os estudos mais recentes sugerem que os primeiros avianos eram <a href="/wiki/Omn%C3%ADvoro" title="Omnívoro">omnívoros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span>[</span>236<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O <i>Archaeopteryx</i>, que viveu no <a href="/wiki/Jur%C3%A1ssico_Superior" title="Jurássico Superior">Jurássico Superior</a>, foi um dos primeiros <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3ssil_de_transi%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Fóssil de transição">fósseis de transição</a> descobertos, tendo sido uma das bases para a <a href="/wiki/Teoria_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoria da evolução">teoria da evolução</a> em finais do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIX</span>. O <i>Archaeopteryx</i> foi o primeiro fóssil a exibir não só características claramente de réptil, como os dentes, garras e uma cauda comprida semelhante a um lagarto, mas também asas com penas adaptadas ao voo semelhantes às das aves modernas. No entanto, não é considerado um ancestral direto das aves, embora esteja possivelmente relacionado com o verdadeiro ancestral.<sup id="cite_ref-mayretal2007_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayretal2007-239"><span>[</span>237<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolução_inicial"><span id="Evolu.C3.A7.C3.A3o_inicial"></span>Evolução inicial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Editar secção: Evolução inicial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=32" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Evolução inicial"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Ver também: <a href="/wiki/Lista_de_aves_f%C3%B3sseis" title="Lista de aves fósseis">Lista de aves fósseis</a></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: {{{width}}}px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">Avialae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Aurornis" title="Aurornis">Aurornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Eosinopteryx" title="Eosinopteryx">Eosinopteryx</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Anchiornis" title="Anchiornis">Anchiornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Xiaotingia" title="Xiaotingia">Xiaotingia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Rahonavis" title="Rahonavis">Rahonavis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Jeholornis" title="Jeholornis">Jeholornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Euavialae" title="Euavialae">Euavialae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Jixiangornis" title="Jixiangornis">Jixiangornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Avebrevicauda" title="Avebrevicauda">Avebrevicauda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Sapeornis" title="Sapeornis">Sapeornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Pygostylia" title="Pygostylia">Pygostylia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Confuciusornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Confuciusornithiformes">Confuciusornithiformes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ornithothoraces" title="Ornithothoraces">Ornithothoraces</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cladograma segundo os resultados do estudo filogenético de Lefèvre et al., 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-curvipes2014_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curvipes2014-240"><span>[</span>238<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Os mais antigos fósseis avianos conhecidos são provenientes da <a href="/wiki/Forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Tiaojishan" title="Formação de Tiaojishan">Formação de Tiaojishan</a>, na China, e estão datados do estágio <a href="/wiki/Oxfordiano" title="Oxfordiano">Oxfordiano</a> do período <a href="/wiki/Jur%C3%A1ssico_Superior" title="Jurássico Superior">Jurássico Superior</a>, há cerca de 160 milhões de anos.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_229-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-229"><span>[</span>227<span>]</span></a></sup> As espécies avianas deste período incluem o <i><a href="/wiki/Anchiornis_huxleyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchiornis huxleyi">Anchiornis huxleyi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xiaotingia_zhengi" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiaotingia zhengi">Xiaotingia zhengi</a></i> e o <i><a href="/wiki/Aurornis_xui" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurornis xui">Aurornis xui</a></i>. O aviano mais conhecido, <i>Archaeopteryx</i>, data de rochas jurássicas alemãs ligeiramente posteriores, de há cerca de 155 milhões de anos. Muitos destes primeiros avianos partilhavam entre si características anatómicas invulgares que podem ter sido ancestrais das aves modernas, mas que foram mais tarde perdidas durante a evolução das aves. Estas características incluem uma garra maior no segundo dedo e asas posteriores que cobriam os membros e pés posteriores e que podem ter sido usadas para manobras no ar.<sup id="cite_ref-zhengetal2013_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhengetal2013-241"><span>[</span>239<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durante o <a href="/wiki/Cret%C3%A1cico" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretácico">Cretácico</a>, os avianos diversificaram-se numa ampla variedade de formas.<sup id="cite_ref-chiappe2007_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiappe2007-242"><span>[</span>240<span>]</span></a></sup> Muitos grupos mantiveram as <a href="/wiki/Sinapomorfia" title="Sinapomorfia">características primitivas</a>, como as asas com garras e os dentes. Estes últimos acabaram por se perder em vários grupos avianos, incluindo as aves modernas, embora de forma independente entre si. Enquanto os avianos mais antigos, como o <i>Archaeopteryx</i> e o <i><a href="/wiki/Shenzhouraptor_sinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhouraptor sinensis">Shenzhouraptor sinensis</a></i>, mantiveram as caudas ósseas dos seus ancestrais,<sup id="cite_ref-chiappe2007_242-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiappe2007-242"><span>[</span>240<span>]</span></a></sup> as caudas de avianos mais avançados foram sendo encurtadas após o aparecimento dos ossos <a href="/wiki/Pig%C3%B3stilo" title="Pigóstilo">pigóstilos</a> no grupo <i><a href="/wiki/Pygostylia" title="Pygostylia">Pygostylia</a></i>. No Cretácico superior, há cerca de 95 milhões de anos, o ancestral de todas as aves modernas desenvolveu também o sentido do olfato.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span>[</span>241<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversificação_inicial_dos_ancestrais_das_aves"><span id="Diversifica.C3.A7.C3.A3o_inicial_dos_ancestrais_das_aves"></span>Diversificação inicial dos ancestrais das aves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Editar secção: Diversificação inicial dos ancestrais das aves" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=33" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Diversificação inicial dos ancestrais das aves"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: {{{width}}}px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ornithothoraces" title="Ornithothoraces">Ornithothoraces</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Euornithes" title="Euornithes">Euornithes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Archaeorhynchus" title="Archaeorhynchus">Archaeorhynchus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ornithuromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithuromorpha">Ornithuromorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Patagopteryx" title="Patagopteryx">Patagopteryx</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Vorona" title="Vorona">Vorona</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Schizooura" title="Schizooura">Schizooura</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Hongshanornithidae" title="Hongshanornithidae">Hongshanornithidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Jianchangornis" title="Jianchangornis">Jianchangornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Songlingornithidae" title="Songlingornithidae">Songlingornithidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Gansus" title="Gansus">Gansus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Apsaravis" title="Apsaravis">Apsaravis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ornithurae" title="Ornithurae">Ornithurae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span title="Extinto"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57048677"><span class="noitalic"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040788"><span class="nobold">†</span></span></span><a href="/wiki/Hesperornithes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperornithes">Hesperornithes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyornis" title="Ichthyornis">Ichthyornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Vegavis" title="Vegavis">Vegavis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Aves</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Filogenia das aves durante o <a href="/wiki/Mesozoico" title="Mesozoico">Mesozoico</a>, simplificada de acordo com a análise filogenética de Wang <i>et al</i> de 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2015_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2015-244"><span>[</span>242<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A primeira grande e diversificada linhagem de avianos de cauda curta a evoluir foram os <i><a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">enantiornithes</a></i>, ou "opostos às aves", assim designados porque a construção dos ossos dos ombros se apresenta invertida em relação às aves modernas. Os <i>enantiornithes</i> ocupavam um vasto conjunto de <a href="/wiki/Nicho_ecol%C3%B3gico" title="Nicho ecológico">nichos ecológicos</a>, desde os que vasculhavam as areias nas zonas costeiras, passando pelos que se alimentavam de peixe, até aos que viviam nas árvores e se alimentavam de sementes. Embora tenham sido o grupo dominante dentro dos avianos durante o período Cretácico, os enantiornithes extinguiram-se no fim do <a href="/wiki/Mesozoico" title="Mesozoico">Mesozoico</a>, a par de muitos outros grupos de dinossauros.<sup id="cite_ref-chiappe2007_242-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiappe2007-242"><span>[</span>240<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A segunda grande linhagem aviana a desenvolver-se foram os <i><a href="/wiki/Euornithes" title="Euornithes">Euornithes</a></i>, ou "aves verdadeiras", assim designados porque incluem os ancestrais das aves modernas. Muitas das espécies deste grupo eram semiaquáticas e especializadas na captura de peixe e outros organismos marinhos. Ao contrário dos <i>enantiornithes</i>, que dominavam os <i>habitats</i> terrestres e arbustivos, à maior parte dos primeiros <i>euornithes</i> faltavam adaptações que lhes permitissem empoleirar, pelo que neste grupo se observam sobretudo espécies adaptadas às regiões costeiras ou capazes de nadar e mergulhar. Entre as que possuíam esta última característica estão os <a href="/wiki/Hesperornithiformes" title="Hesperornithiformes">hesperornithiformes</a>, que se tornaram de tal forma especializados na pesca de peixe em ambientes marinhos que perderam a capacidade de voar e se tornaram aquáticos.<sup id="cite_ref-chiappe2007_242-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiappe2007-242"><span>[</span>240<span>]</span></a></sup> Os primeiros <i>euornithes</i> também assistiram ao desenvolvimento de várias características associadas às aves modernas, como osso esterno com <a href="/wiki/Quilha_(aves)" title="Quilha (aves)">quilha</a>, ausência de dentes e partes da mandíbula em forma de bico. No entanto, a maior parte dos <i>euornithes</i> manteve dentes noutras partes da mandíbula.<sup id="cite_ref-louchart2011_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-louchart2011-245"><span>[</span>243<span>]</span></a></sup> O grupo dos <i>euornithes</i> também inclui os primeiros avianos a desenvolver um verdadeiro <a href="/wiki/Pig%C3%B3stilo" title="Pigóstilo">pigóstilo</a> e um conjunto completo de penas de cauda,<sup id="cite_ref-yixianornis_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yixianornis-246"><span>[</span>244<span>]</span></a></sup> o qual pode ter substituído as asas posteriores como principal meio de manobrabilidade e desaceleração em voo.<sup id="cite_ref-zhengetal2013_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhengetal2013-241"><span>[</span>239<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversificação_das_aves_modernas"><span id="Diversifica.C3.A7.C3.A3o_das_aves_modernas"></span>Diversificação das aves modernas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Editar secção: Diversificação das aves modernas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=34" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Diversificação das aves modernas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Ver também: <a href="/wiki/Taxonomia_de_Sibley-Ahlquist" title="Taxonomia de Sibley-Ahlquist">Taxonomia de Sibley-Ahlquist</a> e <a href="/wiki/Taxonomia_dos_dinossauros" title="Taxonomia dos dinossauros">taxonomia dos dinossauros</a></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: {{{width}}}px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Aves</b>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Struthioniformes" title="Struthioniformes">Struthioniformes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tinamiformes" title="Tinamiformes">Tinamiformes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Neognathae" class="mw-redirect" title="Neognathae">Neognathae</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Outras aves (<a href="/wiki/Neoaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Galloanserae" title="Galloanserae">Galloanserae</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;"><small>Divergências basais das aves modernas com base na <a href="/wiki/Taxonomia_de_Sibley-Ahlquist" title="Taxonomia de Sibley-Ahlquist">Taxonomia de Sibley-Ahlquist</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Todas as aves modernas pertencem ao <a href="/wiki/Grupo_coroa" title="Grupo coroa">grupo coroa</a> das Aves (ou, em alternativa, <i>Neornithes</i>), o qual tem duas subdivisões: os <i><a href="/wiki/Paleognathae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleognathae">Paleognathae</a></i>, em que se incluem os <a href="/wiki/Struthioniformes" title="Struthioniformes">ratitas</a> não voadores (como a <a href="/wiki/Avestruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestruz">avestruz</a>), os <a href="/wiki/Tinamiformes" title="Tinamiformes">tinamiformes</a> e o extremamente diversificado grupo dos <i><a href="/wiki/Neognathae" class="mw-redirect" title="Neognathae">Neognathae</a></i>, que contém todas as outras aves.<sup id="cite_ref-Theropoda_226-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theropoda-226"><span>[</span>224<span>]</span></a></sup> A estas duas subdivisões dá-se muitas vezes a <a href="/wiki/Classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Classificação científica">categoria taxonómica</a> de <a href="/wiki/Ordem_(biologia)" title="Ordem (biologia)">superordem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Theropoda_226-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theropoda-226"><span>[</span>224<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span>[</span>245<span>]</span></a></sup> Dependendo do ponto de vista taxonómico, o número de espécies de aves vivas conhecidas varia entre 9 800<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span>[</span>246<span>]</span></a></sup> e 10 050.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span>[</span>247<span>]</span></a></sup> Devido em grande parte à descoberta do <i><a href="/wiki/Vegavis" title="Vegavis">Vegavis</a></i>, um membro neognato da linhagem dos <a href="/wiki/Pato" title="Pato">patos</a>, sabe-se que o grupo Aves se dividiu em várias linhagens modernas por volta do fim da era do <a href="/wiki/Mesozoico" title="Mesozoico">Mesozoico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span>[</span>248<span>]</span></a></sup> Alguns estudos estimaram que a origem efetiva das aves modernas terá provavelmente ocorrido mais cedo do que os fósseis conhecidos mais antigos, provavelmente a meio do período Cretácico.<sup id="cite_ref-divergence_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divergence-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Há um consenso de que as Aves se desenvolveram durante o Cretácico e que a divisão dos Galloanseri dos outros neognatos ocorreu antes da <a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Cret%C3%A1ceo-Paleogeno" title="Extinção do Cretáceo-Paleogeno">extinção do Cretáceo-Paleogeno</a>, embora haja diferentes opiniões sobre se a radiação evolutiva dos restantes neognatos ocorreu antes ou depois da extinção dos restantes dinossauros.<sup id="cite_ref-Ericson_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ericson-251"><span>[</span>249<span>]</span></a></sup> Esta discordância deve-se em parte a uma divergência nas evidências. Os dados moleculares sugerem uma radiação durante o Cretácico, enquanto as evidências fósseis sugerem uma radiação durante o <a href="/wiki/Cenozoico" title="Cenozoico">Cenozoico</a>. As tentativas para reconciliar as evidências moleculares e fósseis têm-se revelado controversas,<sup id="cite_ref-Ericson_251-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ericson-251"><span>[</span>249<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span>[</span>250<span>]</span></a></sup> embora resultados recentes mostrem que todos os grupos existentes de aves tenham tido origem num pequeno grupo de espécies que sobreviveu à extinção do Cretáceo-Paleogeno.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span>[</span>251<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classificação_das_ordens_das_aves"><span id="Classifica.C3.A7.C3.A3o_das_ordens_das_aves"></span>Classificação das ordens das aves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Editar secção: Classificação das ordens das aves" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=35" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Classificação das ordens das aves"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cladograma" title="Cladograma">Cladograma</a> das relações entre aves modernas com base em Jarvis, E.D. et al. (2014),<sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis2014_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis2014-254"><span>[</span>252<span>]</span></a></sup> com alguns nomes de <a href="/wiki/Clado" title="Clado">clados</a> segundo Yury, T. et al. (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span>[</span>253<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Aves</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Struthioniformes" title="Struthioniformes">Struthioniformes</a> (avestruzes)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_(1)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="462" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Notopalaeognathae" title="Notopalaeognathae">Notopalaeognathae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rheiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheiformes">Rheiformes</a> (emas)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Rhea_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rhea_white_background.jpg/50px-Rhea_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rhea_white_background.jpg/75px-Rhea_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rhea_white_background.jpg/100px-Rhea_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="616" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Dinornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinornithiformes">Dinornithiformes</a> (moas)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Giant_moa_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Giant_moa_skeleton.jpg/50px-Giant_moa_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Giant_moa_skeleton.jpg/75px-Giant_moa_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Giant_moa_skeleton.jpg/100px-Giant_moa_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="952" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Lithornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithornithiformes">Lithornithiformes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tinamiformes" title="Tinamiformes">Tinamiformes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Novaeratitae" title="Novaeratitae">Novaeratitae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Casuariiformes" title="Casuariiformes">Casuariiformes</a> (emus e casuares)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Casuario_australiano_white_background.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Casuario_australiano_white_background.JPG/50px-Casuario_australiano_white_background.JPG" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Casuario_australiano_white_background.JPG/75px-Casuario_australiano_white_background.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Casuario_australiano_white_background.JPG/100px-Casuario_australiano_white_background.JPG 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="561" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Apterygiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Apterygiformes">Apterygiformes</a> (quivis)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Little_spotted_kiwi,_Apteryx_owenii,_Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Little_spotted_kiwi%2C_Apteryx_owenii%2C_Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum_white_background.jpg/50px-Little_spotted_kiwi%2C_Apteryx_owenii%2C_Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Little_spotted_kiwi%2C_Apteryx_owenii%2C_Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum_white_background.jpg/75px-Little_spotted_kiwi%2C_Apteryx_owenii%2C_Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Little_spotted_kiwi%2C_Apteryx_owenii%2C_Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum_white_background.jpg/100px-Little_spotted_kiwi%2C_Apteryx_owenii%2C_Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="296" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Aepyornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aepyornithiformes">Aepyornithiformes</a> (aves-elefante)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Elephant_bird_skeleton.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Elephant_bird_skeleton.png/50px-Elephant_bird_skeleton.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Elephant_bird_skeleton.png/75px-Elephant_bird_skeleton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Elephant_bird_skeleton.png/100px-Elephant_bird_skeleton.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="949" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neognathae" class="mw-redirect" title="Neognathae">Neognathae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Galloanserae" title="Galloanserae">Galloanserae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> (galinhas, tetrazes, perus, etc.)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Red_jungle_fowl_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Red_jungle_fowl_white_background.png/50px-Red_jungle_fowl_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Red_jungle_fowl_white_background.png/75px-Red_jungle_fowl_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Red_jungle_fowl_white_background.png/100px-Red_jungle_fowl_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="461" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Odontoanserae" title="Odontoanserae">Odontoanserae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Pelagornithidae" title="Pelagornithidae">Pelagornithidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Anserimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anserimorphae">Anserimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Gastornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastornithiformes">Gastornithiformes</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Gastornis_skeleton_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gastornis_skeleton_2.jpg/50px-Gastornis_skeleton_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gastornis_skeleton_2.jpg/75px-Gastornis_skeleton_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gastornis_skeleton_2.jpg/100px-Gastornis_skeleton_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="1392" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a> (patos, gansos e cisnes)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Duck-293474_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Duck-293474_white_background.jpg/50px-Duck-293474_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Duck-293474_white_background.jpg/75px-Duck-293474_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Duck-293474_white_background.jpg/100px-Duck-293474_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="747" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neoaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Columbea" title="Columbea">Columbea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Mirandornithes" title="Mirandornithes">Mirandornithes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Phoenicopteriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicopteriformes">Phoenicopteriformes</a> (flamingos)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flamingo1209_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flamingo1209_white_background.jpg/50px-Flamingo1209_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flamingo1209_white_background.jpg/75px-Flamingo1209_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flamingo1209_white_background.jpg/100px-Flamingo1209_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="440" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Podicipediformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Podicipediformes">Podicipediformes</a> (mergulhões)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Western_Grebe_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Western_Grebe_white_background.jpg/50px-Western_Grebe_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Western_Grebe_white_background.jpg/75px-Western_Grebe_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Western_Grebe_white_background.jpg/100px-Western_Grebe_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="326" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Columbimorphae" title="Columbimorphae">Columbimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Columbiformes" title="Columbiformes">Columbiformes</a> (pombos)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Columba_livia_in_Japan_white_background.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Columba_livia_in_Japan_white_background.JPG/50px-Columba_livia_in_Japan_white_background.JPG" decoding="async" width="50" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Columba_livia_in_Japan_white_background.JPG/75px-Columba_livia_in_Japan_white_background.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Columba_livia_in_Japan_white_background.JPG/100px-Columba_livia_in_Japan_white_background.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mesitornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesitornithiformes">Mesitornithiformes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Subdesert_Mesite_Male_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Subdesert_Mesite_Male_white_background.jpg/50px-Subdesert_Mesite_Male_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Subdesert_Mesite_Male_white_background.jpg/75px-Subdesert_Mesite_Male_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Subdesert_Mesite_Male_white_background.jpg/100px-Subdesert_Mesite_Male_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="317" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pteroclidiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteroclidiformes">Pteroclidiformes</a> (cortiçois)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Pin-tailed_sandgrouse_(Pterocles_alchata)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Pin-tailed_sandgrouse_%28Pterocles_alchata%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Pin-tailed_sandgrouse_%28Pterocles_alchata%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Pin-tailed_sandgrouse_%28Pterocles_alchata%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Pin-tailed_sandgrouse_%28Pterocles_alchata%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Pin-tailed_sandgrouse_%28Pterocles_alchata%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Pin-tailed_sandgrouse_%28Pterocles_alchata%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Passerea" title="Passerea">Passerea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cypselomorphae" title="Cypselomorphae">Cypselomorphae</a> (colibris, andorinhões)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:White-eared_Hummingbird_(Basilinna_leucotis)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White-eared_Hummingbird_%28Basilinna_leucotis%29_white_background.jpg/50px-White-eared_Hummingbird_%28Basilinna_leucotis%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White-eared_Hummingbird_%28Basilinna_leucotis%29_white_background.jpg/75px-White-eared_Hummingbird_%28Basilinna_leucotis%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White-eared_Hummingbird_%28Basilinna_leucotis%29_white_background.jpg/100px-White-eared_Hummingbird_%28Basilinna_leucotis%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="547" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Otidimorphae" title="Otidimorphae">Otidimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cuculiformes" title="Cuculiformes">Cuculiformes</a> (cucos)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Common_Cuckoo_by_Mike_McKenzie_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Common_Cuckoo_by_Mike_McKenzie_white_background.jpg/50px-Common_Cuckoo_by_Mike_McKenzie_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Common_Cuckoo_by_Mike_McKenzie_white_background.jpg/75px-Common_Cuckoo_by_Mike_McKenzie_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Common_Cuckoo_by_Mike_McKenzie_white_background.jpg/100px-Common_Cuckoo_by_Mike_McKenzie_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="318" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Otidiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Otidiformes">Otidiformes</a> (abetardas)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Eupodotis_afraoides_-Kalahari_Gemsbok_National_Park,_South_Africa-8_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Eupodotis_afraoides_-Kalahari_Gemsbok_National_Park%2C_South_Africa-8_white_background.jpg/30px-Eupodotis_afraoides_-Kalahari_Gemsbok_National_Park%2C_South_Africa-8_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Eupodotis_afraoides_-Kalahari_Gemsbok_National_Park%2C_South_Africa-8_white_background.jpg/45px-Eupodotis_afraoides_-Kalahari_Gemsbok_National_Park%2C_South_Africa-8_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Eupodotis_afraoides_-Kalahari_Gemsbok_National_Park%2C_South_Africa-8_white_background.jpg/60px-Eupodotis_afraoides_-Kalahari_Gemsbok_National_Park%2C_South_Africa-8_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="615" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Musophagiformes" title="Musophagiformes">Musophagiformes</a> (turacos)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Red-crested_Turaco_RWD_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Red-crested_Turaco_RWD_white_background.jpg/50px-Red-crested_Turaco_RWD_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Red-crested_Turaco_RWD_white_background.jpg/75px-Red-crested_Turaco_RWD_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Red-crested_Turaco_RWD_white_background.jpg/100px-Red-crested_Turaco_RWD_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="264" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthocomiformes">Opisthocomiformes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Hoatzin_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hoatzin_white_background.jpg/50px-Hoatzin_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hoatzin_white_background.jpg/75px-Hoatzin_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hoatzin_white_background.jpg/100px-Hoatzin_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="364" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Cursorimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursorimorphae">Cursorimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gruiformes" title="Gruiformes">Gruiformes</a> (carquejas e grous)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Sandhill_Crane_(Grus_canadensis_pratensis)_(6852440498)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sandhill_Crane_%28Grus_canadensis_pratensis%29_%286852440498%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Sandhill_Crane_%28Grus_canadensis_pratensis%29_%286852440498%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sandhill_Crane_%28Grus_canadensis_pratensis%29_%286852440498%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Sandhill_Crane_%28Grus_canadensis_pratensis%29_%286852440498%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sandhill_Crane_%28Grus_canadensis_pratensis%29_%286852440498%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Sandhill_Crane_%28Grus_canadensis_pratensis%29_%286852440498%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="592" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes</a> (gaivotas, araus, aves limícolas)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_(summer)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_%28summer%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_%28summer%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_%28summer%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_%28summer%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_%28summer%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_%28summer%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="413" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aequornithes" title="Aequornithes">Aequornithes</a> (pinguins, garças, pelicanos, cegonhas, etc.)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Chinstrap_Penguin_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chinstrap_Penguin_white_background.jpg/30px-Chinstrap_Penguin_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chinstrap_Penguin_white_background.jpg/45px-Chinstrap_Penguin_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chinstrap_Penguin_white_background.jpg/60px-Chinstrap_Penguin_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Wei%C3%9Fstorch_(Ciconia_ciconia)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wei%C3%9Fstorch_%28Ciconia_ciconia%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Wei%C3%9Fstorch_%28Ciconia_ciconia%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wei%C3%9Fstorch_%28Ciconia_ciconia%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Wei%C3%9Fstorch_%28Ciconia_ciconia%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wei%C3%9Fstorch_%28Ciconia_ciconia%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Wei%C3%9Fstorch_%28Ciconia_ciconia%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="574" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Phaethontimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaethontimorphae">Phaethontimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eurypygiformes" title="Eurypygiformes">Eurypygiformes</a> (cagu)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Sunbittern_RWD_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sunbittern_RWD_white_background.jpg/50px-Sunbittern_RWD_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sunbittern_RWD_white_background.jpg/75px-Sunbittern_RWD_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sunbittern_RWD_white_background.jpg/100px-Sunbittern_RWD_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="384" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Phaethontiformes" title="Phaethontiformes">Phaethontiformes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Red-billed_Tropicbird_JCB_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Red-billed_Tropicbird_JCB_white_background.jpg/50px-Red-billed_Tropicbird_JCB_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Red-billed_Tropicbird_JCB_white_background.jpg/75px-Red-billed_Tropicbird_JCB_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Red-billed_Tropicbird_JCB_white_background.jpg/100px-Red-billed_Tropicbird_JCB_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="239" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Telluraves" title="Telluraves">Telluraves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Afroaves" title="Afroaves">Afroaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Accipitrimorphae" title="Accipitrimorphae">Accipitrimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cathartiformes" title="Cathartiformes">Cathartiformes</a> (condores e abutres do Novo Mundo)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Black_Vulture_RWD2013A_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Black_Vulture_RWD2013A_white_background.jpg/50px-Black_Vulture_RWD2013A_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Black_Vulture_RWD2013A_white_background.jpg/75px-Black_Vulture_RWD2013A_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Black_Vulture_RWD2013A_white_background.jpg/100px-Black_Vulture_RWD2013A_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="556" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a> (gaviões, águias, abutres do Velho Mundo, etc.)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg/50px-Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg/75px-Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg/100px-Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="435" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Maakotka_(Aquila_chrysaetos)_by_Jarkko_J%C3%A4rvinen_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maakotka_%28Aquila_chrysaetos%29_by_Jarkko_J%C3%A4rvinen_white_background.jpg/50px-Maakotka_%28Aquila_chrysaetos%29_by_Jarkko_J%C3%A4rvinen_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maakotka_%28Aquila_chrysaetos%29_by_Jarkko_J%C3%A4rvinen_white_background.jpg/75px-Maakotka_%28Aquila_chrysaetos%29_by_Jarkko_J%C3%A4rvinen_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maakotka_%28Aquila_chrysaetos%29_by_Jarkko_J%C3%A4rvinen_white_background.jpg/100px-Maakotka_%28Aquila_chrysaetos%29_by_Jarkko_J%C3%A4rvinen_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="326" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Strigiformes" title="Strigiformes">Strigiformes</a> (corujas)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre,_Surrey,_England-8a_(1)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Coraciimorphae" title="Coraciimorphae">Coraciimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coliiformes" title="Coliiformes">Coliiformes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eucavitaves" title="Eucavitaves">Eucavitaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Leptosomatiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptosomatiformes">Leptosomatiformes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Cavitaves" title="Cavitaves">Cavitaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Trogoniformes" title="Trogoniformes">Trogoniformes</a> (surucuá)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Trogon_surrucura_brazil_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Trogon_surrucura_brazil_white_background.jpg/40px-Trogon_surrucura_brazil_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Trogon_surrucura_brazil_white_background.jpg/60px-Trogon_surrucura_brazil_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Trogon_surrucura_brazil_white_background.jpg/80px-Trogon_surrucura_brazil_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="487" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Picocoraciae" title="Picocoraciae">Picocoraciae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bucerotiformes" title="Bucerotiformes">Bucerotiformes</a> (calaus, poupas, etc.)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Nordlig_hornkorp_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nordlig_hornkorp_white_background.jpg/50px-Nordlig_hornkorp_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nordlig_hornkorp_white_background.jpg/75px-Nordlig_hornkorp_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nordlig_hornkorp_white_background.jpg/100px-Nordlig_hornkorp_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="489" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coraciformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coraciformes">Coraciformes</a> (guarda-rios etc.)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_(8277355382)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Piciformes" title="Piciformes">Piciformes</a> (pica-paus, tucanos, etc.)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Dendrocopos_major_-Durham,_England_-female-8_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dendrocopos_major_-Durham%2C_England_-female-8_white_background.jpg/50px-Dendrocopos_major_-Durham%2C_England_-female-8_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dendrocopos_major_-Durham%2C_England_-female-8_white_background.jpg/75px-Dendrocopos_major_-Durham%2C_England_-female-8_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dendrocopos_major_-Durham%2C_England_-female-8_white_background.jpg/100px-Dendrocopos_major_-Durham%2C_England_-female-8_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="337" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Ramphastos_toco_-Stadtg%C3%A4rtnerei_Z%C3%BCrich_-_20100919_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ramphastos_toco_-Stadtg%C3%A4rtnerei_Z%C3%BCrich_-_20100919_white_background.jpg/50px-Ramphastos_toco_-Stadtg%C3%A4rtnerei_Z%C3%BCrich_-_20100919_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ramphastos_toco_-Stadtg%C3%A4rtnerei_Z%C3%BCrich_-_20100919_white_background.jpg/75px-Ramphastos_toco_-Stadtg%C3%A4rtnerei_Z%C3%BCrich_-_20100919_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ramphastos_toco_-Stadtg%C3%A4rtnerei_Z%C3%BCrich_-_20100919_white_background.jpg/100px-Ramphastos_toco_-Stadtg%C3%A4rtnerei_Z%C3%BCrich_-_20100919_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Australaves" title="Australaves">Australaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cariamiformes" title="Cariamiformes">Cariamiformes</a> (sariemas, etc)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Seriema_(Cariama_cristata)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Phorusrhacid_skeleton_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Phorusrhacid_skeleton_white_background.jpg/50px-Phorusrhacid_skeleton_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Phorusrhacid_skeleton_white_background.jpg/75px-Phorusrhacid_skeleton_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Phorusrhacid_skeleton_white_background.jpg/100px-Phorusrhacid_skeleton_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="663" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eufalconimorphae" title="Eufalconimorphae">Eufalconimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes</a> (falcões)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Male_Peregrine_Falcon_(7172188034)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="301" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Psittacopasserae" title="Psittacopasserae">Psittacopasserae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64103782"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psittaciformes" title="Psittaciformes">Psittaciformes</a> (papagaios, araras, catatuas etc.)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Cockatiel_Parakeet_(Nymphicus_hollandicus)9_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cockatiel_Parakeet_%28Nymphicus_hollandicus%299_white_background.jpg/50px-Cockatiel_Parakeet_%28Nymphicus_hollandicus%299_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cockatiel_Parakeet_%28Nymphicus_hollandicus%299_white_background.jpg/75px-Cockatiel_Parakeet_%28Nymphicus_hollandicus%299_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cockatiel_Parakeet_%28Nymphicus_hollandicus%299_white_background.jpg/100px-Cockatiel_Parakeet_%28Nymphicus_hollandicus%299_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="455" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a> (aves canoras)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Gorrion_alfeizar_Habana_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gorrion_alfeizar_Habana_white_background.jpg/50px-Gorrion_alfeizar_Habana_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gorrion_alfeizar_Habana_white_background.jpg/75px-Gorrion_alfeizar_Habana_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gorrion_alfeizar_Habana_white_background.jpg/100px-Gorrion_alfeizar_Habana_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="223" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png/50px-Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png/75px-Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png/100px-Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A classificação das aves é um tema controverso. A publicação <i>Phylogeny and Classification of Birds</i> (1990), da autoria de <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sibley" title="Charles Sibley">Charles Sibley</a> e <a href="/wiki/Jon_Ahlquist" title="Jon Ahlquist">Jon Ahlquist</a>, é uma das principais obras de referência na classificação das aves,<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span>[</span>254<span>]</span></a></sup> embora seja frequentementemente discutida e continuamente revista. A maior parte das evidências sugere que a distribuição das ordens é correta,<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span>[</span>255<span>]</span></a></sup> embora os cientistas discordem entre si quanto às relações entre as ordens. Apesar de a discussão contar com evidências da anatomia das aves modernas, ADN e registos fósseis, ainda não há um consenso determinante. Recentemente, a descoberta de novos fósseis e a obtenção de evidências moleculares está a contribuir para uma panorâmica cada vez mais clara da evolução das ordens de aves modernas. A investigação mais recente tem-se focado na <a href="/wiki/Sequencia%C3%A7%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequenciação">sequenciação</a> de <a href="/wiki/Genoma" title="Genoma">genomas</a> completos de 48 espécies representativas.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis2014_254-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis2014-254"><span>[</span>252<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=36" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_aves_de_Portugal" title="Lista de aves de Portugal">Lista de aves de Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_aves_do_Brasil" title="Lista de aves do Brasil">Lista de aves do Brasil</a></li></ul> <h2 id="Notas" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso.">Notas</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Embora também tenham estado presentes em <a href="/wiki/Dinossauros_emplumados" title="Dinossauros emplumados">alguns dinossauros</a>, hoje em dia não são considerados verdadeiras Aves.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-204">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">De onde deriva a palavra "auspício"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"></div> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Field2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Field2020_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Field, Daniel J.; Benito, Juan; Chen, Albert; Jagt, John W. M.; Ksepka, Daniel T. (março de 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303639">«Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds»</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>579</b> (7799): 397–401. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.579..397F">2020Natur.579..397F</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32188952">32188952</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2096-0">10.1038/s41586-020-2096-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Late+Cretaceous+neornithine+from+Europe+illuminates+the+origins+of+crown+birds&rft.au=Benito%2C+Juan&rft.au=Chen%2C+Albert&rft.au=Jagt%2C+John+W.+M.&rft.au=Ksepka%2C+Daniel+T.&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft.aulast=Field&rft.date=2020-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.issue=7799&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=397-401&rft.volume=579&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F303639&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.579..397F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2096-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32188952&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DePietriWilaru-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DePietriWilaru_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">De Pietri, Vanesa L.; Scofield, R. Paul; Zelenkov, Nikita; Boles, Walter E.; Worthy, Trevor H. (fevereiro de 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4785986">«The unexpected survival of an ancient lineage of anseriform birds into the Neogene of Australia: the youngest record of Presbyornithidae»</a>. <i>Royal Society Open Science</i>. <b>3</b> (2). 150635 páginas. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RSOS....350635D">2016RSOS....350635D</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2054-5703">2054-5703</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4785986">4785986</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26998335">26998335</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.150635">10.1098/rsos.150635</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+unexpected+survival+of+an+ancient+lineage+of+anseriform+birds+into+the+Neogene+of+Australia%3A+the+youngest+record+of+Presbyornithidae&rft.au=Boles%2C+Walter+E.&rft.au=Scofield%2C+R.+Paul&rft.au=Worthy%2C+Trevor+H.&rft.au=Zelenkov%2C+Nikita&rft.aufirst=Vanesa+L.&rft.aulast=De+Pietri&rft.date=2016-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2054-5703&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+Open+Science&rft.volume=3&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4785986&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4785986&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016RSOS....350635D&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsos.150635&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26998335&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yonezawa2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Yonezawa2017_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Yonezawa, T.; et al. (2017). «Phylogenomics and Morphology of Extinct Paleognaths Reveal the Origin and Evolution of the Ratites». <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 68–77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CBio...27...68Y">2017CBio...27...68Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27989673">27989673</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2016.10.029">10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.029</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Phylogenomics+and+Morphology+of+Extinct+Paleognaths+Reveal+the+Origin+and+Evolution+of+the+Ratites&rft.au=Yonezawa%2C+T.&rft.date=2017&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.pages=68-77&rft.volume=27&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017CBio...27...68Y&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2016.10.029&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27989673&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuhl2020-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kuhl2020_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/molbev/msaa191/5891114">«An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life»</a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 108–127. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7783168">7783168</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32781465">32781465</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsaa191">10.1093/molbev/msaa191</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0007-B72A-C">21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=An+unbiased+molecular+approach+using+3%27UTRs+resolves+the+avian+family-level+tree+of+life&rft.au=Bakker%2C+A.&rft.au=Boerno%2C+S.+T.&rft.au=Frankl-Vilches%2C+C.&rft.au=Gahr%2C+M.&rft.au=Klages%2C+S.&rft.au=Mayr%2C+G.&rft.au=Nikolaus%2C+G.&rft.au=Timmermann%2C+B.&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.aulast=Kuhl&rft.date=2020&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.pages=108-127&rft.volume=38&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7783168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmbe%2Fadvance-article%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsaa191%2F5891114&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsaa191&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.11116%2F0000-0007-B72A-C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32781465&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crouch2022-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-crouch2022_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Crouch, N. M. A. (2022). «Interpreting the fossil record and the origination of birds». <i>bioRxiv</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2F2022.05.19.492716">10.1101/2022.05.19.492716</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Interpreting+the+fossil+record+and+the+origination+of+birds&rft.aufirst=N.+M.+A.&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.date=2022&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bioRxiv&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2F2022.05.19.492716&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brands, Sheila (14 de agosto de 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1">«Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Class Aves»</a>. <i>Project: The Taxonomicon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de junho de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Systema+Naturae+2000+%2F+Classification%2C+Class+Aves&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.date=2008-08-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project%3A+The+Taxonomicon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaxonomicon.taxonomy.nl%2FTaxonTree.aspx%3Fid%3D80129%26tree%3D0.1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-brown2011_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Brown, J.W.; Van Tuinen, M. (2011). «Evolving Perceptions on the Antiquity of the Modern Avian Tree, in Living Dinosaurs». John Wiley & Sons LtD. <i>The Evolutionary History of Modern Birds</i>: 306–324. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119990475.ch12">10.1002/9781119990475.ch12</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Evolving+Perceptions+on+the+Antiquity+of+the+Modern+Avian+Tree%2C+in+Living+Dinosaurs&rft.au=Brown%2C+J.W.&rft.au=Van+Tuinen%2C+M.&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evolutionary+History+of+Modern+Birds&rft.pages=306-324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781119990475.ch12&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sciencemag.org/plants-animals/2015/12/asteroid-impact-helped-create-birds-we-know-today">«Asteroid impact helped create the birds we know today»</a>. Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de fevereiro de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.btitle=Asteroid+impact+helped+create+the+birds+we+know+today&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sciencemag.org%2Fplants-animals%2F2015%2F12%2Fasteroid-impact-helped-create-birds-we-know-today&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151211145038.htm">«Influence of Earth's history on the dawn of modern birds»</a>. American Museum of Natural History. 11 de dezembro de 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de dezembro de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.btitle=Influence+of+Earth%27s+history+on+the+dawn+of+modern+birds&rft.date=2015-12-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2015%2F12%2F151211145038.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-divergence-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-divergence_10-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-divergence_10-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-divergence_10-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lee, Michael SY; Cau, Andrea; Darren, Naish; Gareth J., Dyke (2013). «Morphological Clocks in Paleontology, and a Mid-Cretaceous Origin of Crown Aves». Oxford Journals. <i>Systematic Biology</i>. <b>63</b>: 442–449. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24449041">24449041</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyt110">10.1093/sysbio/syt110</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Morphological+Clocks+in+Paleontology%2C+and+a+Mid-Cretaceous+Origin+of+Crown+Aves&rft.au=Cau%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Darren%2C+Naish&rft.au=Gareth+J.%2C+Dyke&rft.aufirst=Michael+SY&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.pages=442-449&rft.volume=63&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyt110&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24449041&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alonso-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Alonso_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Alonso, P. D.; Milner, A. C.; Ketcham, R. A.; Cookson, M. J.; Rowe, T. B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wayback.archive.org/web/20060209193641/http://www.ucm.es/info/paleo/personal/patricio/DMKCR-2004.pdf">«The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>. <b>430</b> (7000): 666–669. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15295597">15295597</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02706">10.1038/nature02706</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+avian+nature+of+the+brain+and+inner+ear+of+Archaeopteryx&rft.au=Cookson%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Ketcham%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Milner%2C+A.+C.&rft.au=Rowe%2C+T.+B.&rft.aufirst=P.+D.&rft.aulast=Alonso&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.issue=7000&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=666-669&rft.volume=430&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwayback.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20060209193641%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucm.es%2Finfo%2Fpaleo%2Fpersonal%2Fpatricio%2FDMKCR-2004.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02706&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15295597&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-4">e</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-5">f</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-6">g</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-7">h</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-8">i</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-9">j</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-10">k</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-11">l</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-12">m</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-13">n</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-14">o</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-15">p</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-16">q</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-17">r</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Storer, Robert W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/animal/bird-animal">«Bird»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciclopédia Britannica">Enciclopédia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 6 de março de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.aulast=Storer&rft.btitle=Bird&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Enciclop%C3%A9dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fanimal%2Fbird-animal&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brooke, Michael (2004). <i>Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-19-850125-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-19-850125-0">0-19-850125-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.btitle=Albatrosses+And+Petrels+Across+The+World&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-850125-0&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Weir, Jason T.; Schluter, D (2007). «The Latitudinal Gradient in Recent Speciation and Extinction Rates of Birds and Mammals». <i>Science</i>. <b>315</b> (5818): 1574–76. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17363673">17363673</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1135590">10.1126/science.1135590</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+Latitudinal+Gradient+in+Recent+Speciation+and+Extinction+Rates+of+Birds+and+Mammals&rft.au=Schluter%2C+D&rft.aufirst=Jason+T.&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5818&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1574-76&rft.volume=315&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1135590&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17363673&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burger-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burger_15-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burger_15-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schreiber, Elizabeth Anne; Joanna Burger (2001). <i>Biology of Marine Birds</i>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-8493-9882-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-8493-9882-7">0-8493-9882-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Joanna+Burger&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Anne&rft.aulast=Schreiber&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Marine+Birds&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8493-9882-7&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sato, Katsufumi; Naito, Y; Kato, A; Niizuma, Y; Watanuki, Y; Charrassin, JB; Bost, CA; Handrich, Y; Le Maho, Y (1 de maio de 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/205/9/1189">«Buoyancy and maximal diving depth in penguins: do they control inhaling air volume?»</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>205</b> (9): 1189–1197. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11948196">11948196</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Buoyancy+and+maximal+diving+depth+in+penguins%3A+do+they+control+inhaling+air+volume%3F&rft.au=Bost%2C+CA&rft.au=Charrassin%2C+JB&rft.au=Handrich%2C+Y&rft.au=Kato%2C+A&rft.au=Le+Maho%2C+Y&rft.au=Naito%2C+Y&rft.au=Niizuma%2C+Y&rft.au=Watanuki%2C+Y&rft.aufirst=Katsufumi&rft.aulast=Sato&rft.date=2002-05-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.pages=1189-1197&rft.volume=205&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F205%2F9%2F1189&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11948196&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hill, David; Peter Robertson (1988). <i>The Pheasant: Ecology, Management, and Conservation</i>. Oxford: BSP Professional. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-632-02011-3" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-632-02011-3">0-632-02011-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Peter+Robertson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.btitle=The+Pheasant%3A+Ecology%2C+Management%2C+and+Conservation&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-632-02011-3&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=BSP+Professional&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Spreyer, Mark F.; Enrique H. Bucher (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/322">«Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus), The Birds of North America»</a>. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2173%2Fbna.322">10.2173/bna.322</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 13 de dezembro de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Enrique+H.+Bucher&rft.aufirst=Mark+F.&rft.aulast=Spreyer&rft.btitle=Monk+Parakeet+%28Myiopsitta+monachus%29%2C+The+Birds+of+North+America&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Cornell+Lab+of+Ornithology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbna.birds.cornell.edu%2Fbna%2Fspecies%2F322&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2173%2Fbna.322&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Arendt, Wayne J. (1 de janeiro de 1988). «Range Expansion of the Cattle Egret, (<i>Bubulcus ibis</i>) in the Greater Caribbean Basin». <i>Colonial Waterbirds</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 252–62. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1521007">1521007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1521007">10.2307/1521007</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Range+Expansion+of+the+Cattle+Egret%2C+%28Bubulcus+ibis%29+in+the+Greater+Caribbean+Basin&rft.aufirst=Wayne+J.&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.date=1988-01-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Colonial+Waterbirds&rft.pages=252-62&rft.volume=11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1521007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1521007&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bierregaard, R.O. (1994). «Yellow-headed Caracara». In: Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott and Jordi Sargatal (eds.). <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World" class="extiw" title="en:Handbook of the Birds of the World">Handbook of the Birds of the World</a>. Volume 2; New World Vultures to Guineafowl</i>. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/84-87334-15-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/84-87334-15-6">84-87334-15-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Yellow-headed+Caracara&rft.aufirst=R.O.&rft.aulast=Bierregaard&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Birds+of+the+World.+Volume+2%3B+New+World+Vultures+to+Guineafowl&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=84-87334-15-6&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Juniper, Tony; Mike Parr (1998). <i>Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World</i>. London: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helm_Identification_Guides" class="extiw" title="en:Helm Identification Guides">Christopher Helm</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-7136-6933-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-7136-6933-0">0-7136-6933-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Mike+Parr&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.aulast=Juniper&rft.btitle=Parrots%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Parrots+of+the+World&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7136-6933-0&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gill-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-4">e</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-5">f</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-6">g</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-7">h</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-8">i</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-9">j</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-10">k</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-11">l</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-12">m</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-13">n</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-14">o</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-15">p</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-16">q</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-17">r</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-18">s</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-19">t</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-20">u</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-21">v</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-22">w</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-23">x</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_22-24">y</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gill, Frank (1995). <i>Ornithology</i>. Nova Iorque: WH Freeman and Co. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-7167-2415-4" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-7167-2415-4">0-7167-2415-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.btitle=Ornithology&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7167-2415-4&rft.place=Nova+Iorque&rft.pub=WH+Freeman+and+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roots2006-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Roots2006_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Roots, Clive (2006). <i>Flightless Birds</i>. Westport: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-313-33545-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-313-33545-7">978-0-313-33545-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft.aulast=Roots&rft.btitle=Flightless+Birds&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33545-7&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">McNab, Brian K. (Outubro de 1994). «Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds». <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>144</b> (4): 628–42. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2462941">2462941</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F285697">10.1086/285697</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Energy+Conservation+and+the+Evolution+of+Flightlessness+in+Birds&rft.aufirst=Brian+K.&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.date=1994-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.pages=628-42&rft.volume=144&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2462941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F285697&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kovacs, Christopher E.; Meyers, RA (2000). «Anatomy and histochemistry of flight muscles in a wing-propelled diving bird, the Atlantic Puffin, <i>Fratercula arctica</i>». <i>Journal of Morphology</i>. <b>244</b> (2): 109–25. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10761049">10761049</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-4687%28200005%29244%3A2%3C109%3A%3AAID-JMOR2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-0">10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(200005)244:2<109::AID-JMOR2>3.0.CO;2-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Anatomy+and+histochemistry+of+flight+muscles+in+a+wing-propelled+diving+bird%2C+the+Atlantic+Puffin%2C+Fratercula+arctica&rft.au=Meyers%2C+RA&rft.aufirst=Christopher+E.&rft.aulast=Kovacs&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Morphology&rft.pages=109-25&rft.volume=244&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-4687%28200005%29244%3A2%3C109%3A%3AAID-JMOR2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10761049&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Belthoff, James R.; Dufty,; Gauthreaux, (1 de agosto de 1994). «Plumage Variation, Plasma Steroids and Social Dominance in Male House Finches». <i>The Condor</i>. <b>96</b> (3): 614–25. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1369464">10.2307/1369464</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Plumage+Variation%2C+Plasma+Steroids+and+Social+Dominance+in+Male+House+Finches&rft.au=Dufty%2C&rft.au=Gauthreaux%2C&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft.aulast=Belthoff&rft.date=1994-08-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.pages=614-25&rft.volume=96&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1369464&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Guthrie, R. Dale. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://employees.csbsju.edu/lmealey/hotspots/chapter03.htm">«How We Use and Show Our Social Organs»</a>. Body Hot Spots: The Anatomy of Human Social Organs and Behavior<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 19 de outubro de 2007</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621225459/http://employees.csbsju.edu/lmealey/hotspots/chapter03.htm">Cópia arquivada em 21 de junho de 2007</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=R.+Dale&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.btitle=How+We+Use+and+Show+Our+Social+Organs&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Body+Hot+Spots%3A+The+Anatomy+of+Human+Social+Organs+and+Behavior&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femployees.csbsju.edu%2Flmealey%2Fhotspots%2Fchapter03.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ginn, HB; Melville, DS (1983). <i>Moult in birds</i>. [S.l.]: British Trusl for Ornilology, Tring Field Guide. pp. 16–21. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0903793025" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0903793025">978-0903793025</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Melville%2C+DS&rft.aufirst=HB&rft.aulast=Ginn&rft.btitle=Moult+in+birds&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0903793025&rft.pages=16-21&rft.pub=British+Trusl+for+Ornilology%2C+Tring+Field+Guide&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pettingill-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-pettingill_30-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-pettingill_30-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-pettingill_30-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pettingill Jr. OS (1970). <i>Ornithology in Laboratory and Field</i>. [S.l.]: Burgess Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-12-552455-2" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-12-552455-2">0-12-552455-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Pettingill+Jr.+OS&rft.btitle=Ornithology+in+Laboratory+and+Field&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-12-552455-2&rft.pub=Burgess+Publishing+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-debeeretal-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-debeeretal_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">de Beer, SJ; Lockwood GM; Raijmakers JHFS; Raijmakers JMH; Scott WA; Oschadleus HD; Underhill LG (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://safring.adu.org.za/downloads/ringers-manual.pdf"><i>SAFRING Bird Ringing Manual</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Col: ADU Guide. [S.l.]: Universidade da Cidade do Cabo</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Lockwood+GM&rft.au=Oschadleus+HD&rft.au=Raijmakers+JHFS&rft.au=Raijmakers+JMH&rft.au=Scott+WA&rft.au=Underhill+LG&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.aulast=de+Beer&rft.btitle=SAFRING+Bird+Ringing+Manual&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Universidade+da+Cidade+do+Cabo&rft.series=ADU+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsafring.adu.org.za%2Fdownloads%2Fringers-manual.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gargallo, Gabriel (1 de junho de 1994). «Flight Feather Moult in the Red-Necked Nightjar <i>Caprimulgus ruficollis</i>». <i>Journal of Avian Biology</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 119–24. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3677029">3677029</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3677029">10.2307/3677029</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Flight+Feather+Moult+in+the+Red-Necked+Nightjar+Caprimulgus+ruficollis&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft.aulast=Gargallo&rft.date=1994-06-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Avian+Biology&rft.pages=119-24&rft.volume=25&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3677029&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3677029&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mayr, Ernst (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6GqJPCQPs">«The tail molt of small owls»</a>. <i>The Auk</i>. <b>71</b> (2): 172–78. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F4081571">10.2307/4081571</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+tail+molt+of+small+owls&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.date=1954&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.pages=172-78&rft.volume=71&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webcitation.org%2F6GqJPCQPs&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4081571&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lucas, Alfred M. (1972). <i>Avian Anatomy—integument</i>. East Lansing, Michigan, US: USDA Avian Anatomy Project, Michigan State University. pp. 67, 344, 394–601</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Alfred+M.&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.btitle=Avian+Anatomy%94integument&rft.date=1972&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=67%2C+344%2C+394-601&rft.place=East+Lansing%2C+Michigan%2C+US&rft.pub=USDA+Avian+Anatomy+Project%2C+Michigan+State+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proctor66-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Proctor66_35-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Proctor66_35-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Proctor, Noble S.; Lynch, Patrick J. (1998). <i>Manual of Ornithology: Avian Structure and Function</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-300-07619-3" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-300-07619-3">0-300-07619-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Patrick+J.&rft.aufirst=Noble+S.&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Ornithology%3A+Avian+Structure+and+Function.&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-300-07619-3&rft.pages=66&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samour296-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Samour296_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Samour (2000), p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Girling (2003), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bonser RHC & Mark S Witter (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v095n03/p0736-p0738.pdf">«Indentation hardness of the bill keratin of the European Starling»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Condor</i>. <b>95</b>: 736–738. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1369622">10.2307/1369622</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Indentation+hardness+of+the+bill+keratin+of+the+European+Starling&rft.au=Bonser+RHC+%26+Mark+S+Witter&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.pages=736-738&rft.volume=95&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fcondor%2Fv095n03%2Fp0736-p0738.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1369622&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell and Lack (1985), p. 598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stettenheim-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stettenheim_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stettenheim, Peter R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420052438/http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/4/461.full.pdf%2Bhtml">«The Integumentary Morphology of Modern Birds—An Overview»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Integrative and Comparative Biology</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 461–477. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.4.461">10.1093/icb/40.4.461</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/4/461.full.pdf+html">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 20 de abril de 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+Integumentary+Morphology+of+Modern+Birds%94An+Overview&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft.aulast=Stettenheim&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&rft.pages=461-477&rft.volume=40&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficb.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F40%2F4%2F461.full.pdf%2Bhtml&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.4.461&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Klasing, Kirk C. (1999). «Avian gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology». <i>Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 42–50. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1055-937X%2899%2980036-X">10.1016/S1055-937X(99)80036-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Avian+gastrointestinal+anatomy+and+physiology&rft.aufirst=Kirk+C.&rft.aulast=Klasing&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Avian+and+Exotic+Pet+Medicine&rft.pages=42-50&rft.volume=8&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1055-937X%2899%2980036-X&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. <i>Raptors of the World</i>. Londres: Christopher Helm. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-7136-8026-1" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-7136-8026-1">0-7136-8026-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Christie%2C+David+A.&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Ferguson-Lees&rft.btitle=Raptors+of+the+World&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7136-8026-1&rft.pages=66&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell and Lack (1985), p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gosner, Kenneth L. (Junho de 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v105n02/p0316-p0324.pdf">«Scopate Tomia: An Adaptation for Handling Hard-shelled Prey?»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Wilson Bulletin</i>. <b>105</b> (2): 316–324</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Scopate+Tomia%3A+An+Adaptation+for+Handling+Hard-shelled+Prey%3F&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft.aulast=Gosner&rft.date=1993-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Bulletin&rft.pages=316-324&rft.volume=105&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fwilson%2Fv105n02%2Fp0316-p0324.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wilkie, Susan E.; Vissers, PM; Das, D; Degrip, WJ; Bowmaker, JK; Hunt, DM (Fevereiro de 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1219171">«The molecular basis for UV vision in birds: spectral characteristics, cDNA sequence and retinal localization of the UV-sensitive visual pigment of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)»</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_Journal" class="extiw" title="en:Biochemical Journal">Biochemical Journal</a></i>. <b>330</b> (Pt 1): 541–47. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1219171">1219171</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9461554">9461554</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+molecular+basis+for+UV+vision+in+birds%3A+spectral+characteristics%2C+cDNA+sequence+and+retinal+localization+of+the+UV-sensitive+visual+pigment+of+the+budgerigar+%28Melopsittacus+undulatus%29&rft.au=Bowmaker%2C+JK&rft.au=Das%2C+D&rft.au=Degrip%2C+WJ&rft.au=Hunt%2C+DM&rft.au=Vissers%2C+PM&rft.aufirst=Susan+E.&rft.aulast=Wilkie&rft.date=1998-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=Pt+1&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+Journal&rft.pages=541-47&rft.volume=330&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1219171&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1219171&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9461554&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Andersson, S.; J. Ornborg, M. Andersson (1998). «Ultraviolet sexual dimorphism and assortative mating in blue tits». <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_B" class="extiw" title="en:Proceedings of the Royal Society B">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a></i>. <b>265</b> (1395): 445–50. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1998.0315">10.1098/rspb.1998.0315</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Ultraviolet+sexual+dimorphism+and+assortative+mating+in+blue+tits&rft.au=J.+Ornborg%2C+M.+Andersson&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1395&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.pages=445-50&rft.volume=265&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1998.0315&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Viitala, Jussi; Korplmäki, Erkki; Palokangas, Pälvl; Koivula, Minna (1995). «Attraction of kestrels to vole scent marks visible in ultraviolet light». <i>Nature</i>. <b>373</b> (6513): 425–27. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F373425a0">10.1038/373425a0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Attraction+of+kestrels+to+vole+scent+marks+visible+in+ultraviolet+light&rft.au=Koivula%2C+Minna&rft.au=Korplm%C3%A4ki%2C+Erkki&rft.au=Palokangas%2C+P%C3%A4lvl&rft.aufirst=Jussi&rft.aulast=Viitala&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6513&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=425-27&rft.volume=373&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F373425a0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Williams, David L.; Flach, E (Março de 2003). «Symblepharon with aberrant protrusion of the nictitating membrane in the snowy owl (<i>Nyctea scandiaca</i>)». <i>Veterinary Ophthalmology</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 11–13. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12641836">12641836</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1463-5224.2003.00250.x">10.1046/j.1463-5224.2003.00250.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Symblepharon+with+aberrant+protrusion+of+the+nictitating+membrane+in+the+snowy+owl+%28Nyctea+scandiaca%29&rft.au=Flach%2C+E&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.date=2003-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Ophthalmology&rft.pages=11-13&rft.volume=6&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1463-5224.2003.00250.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12641836&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">White, Craig R.; Day, N; Butler, PJ; Martin, GR; Bennett, Peter (Julho de 2007). Bennett, Peter, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1919429">«Vision and Foraging in Cormorants: More like Herons than Hawks?»</a>. <i>PLoS ONE</i>. <b>2</b> (7): e639. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1919429">1919429</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17653266">17653266</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000639">10.1371/journal.pone.0000639</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Vision+and+Foraging+in+Cormorants%3A+More+like+Herons+than+Hawks%3F&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Peter&rft.au=Butler%2C+PJ&rft.au=Day%2C+N&rft.au=Martin%2C+GR&rft.aufirst=Craig+R.&rft.aulast=White&rft.date=2007-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.pages=e639&rft.volume=2&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1919429&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1919429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000639&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17653266&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Martin, Graham R.; Katzir, G (1999). «Visual fields in Short-toed Eagles, <i>Circaetus gallicus</i> (Accipitridae), and the function of binocularity in birds». <i>Brain, Behaviour and Evolution</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 55–66. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9933782">9933782</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1159%2F000006582">10.1159/000006582</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Visual+fields+in+Short-toed+Eagles%2C+Circaetus+gallicus+%28Accipitridae%29%2C+and+the+function+of+binocularity+in+birds&rft.au=Katzir%2C+G&rft.aufirst=Graham+R.&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Brain%2C+Behaviour+and+Evolution&rft.pages=55-66&rft.volume=53&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000006582&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9933782&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Saito, Nozomu (1978). «Physiology and anatomy of avian ear». <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>64</b> (S1): S3. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1121%2F1.2004193">10.1121/1.2004193</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Physiology+and+anatomy+of+avian+ear&rft.aufirst=Nozomu&rft.aulast=Saito&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=S1&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.pages=S3&rft.volume=64&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.2004193&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Whittow, G. Causey (2000). <i>Sturkie's Avian Physiology</i>. [S.l.]: Academic Press. pp. 233–241. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-12-747605-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-12-747605-6">978-0-12-747605-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=G.+Causey&rft.aulast=Whittow&rft.btitle=Sturkie%27s+Avian+Physiology&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-12-747605-6&rft.pages=233-241&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Calder, William A. (1996). <i>Size, Function, and Life History</i>. Mineola, Nova Iorque: Courier Dove Publications. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-486-69191-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-486-69191-6">978-0-486-69191-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.btitle=Size%2C+Function%2C+and+Life+History&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-486-69191-6&rft.pages=91&rft.place=Mineola%2C+Nova+Iorque&rft.pub=Courier+Dove+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Maina, John N. (Novembro de 2006). «Development, structure, and function of a novel respiratory organ, the lung-air sac system of birds: to go where no other vertebrate has gone». <i>Biological Reviews</i>. <b>81</b> (4): 545–79. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038201">17038201</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS1464793106007111">10.1017/S1464793106007111</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Development%2C+structure%2C+and+function+of+a+novel+respiratory+organ%2C+the+lung-air+sac+system+of+birds%3A+to+go+where+no+other+vertebrate+has+gone&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft.aulast=Maina&rft.date=2006-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.pages=545-79&rft.volume=81&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1464793106007111&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17038201&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suthers-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suthers_55-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suthers_55-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Suthers, Roderick A.; Sue Anne Zollinger (2004). «Producing song: the vocal apparatus». In: H. Philip Zeigler and Peter Marler (eds.). <i>Behavioral Neurobiology of Birdsong</i>. Col: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences <b>1016</b>. Nova Iorque: New York Academy of Sciences. pp. 109–129. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/1-57331-473-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/1-57331-473-0">1-57331-473-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15313772">15313772</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1298.041">10.1196/annals.1298.041</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Producing+song%3A+the+vocal+apparatus&rft.au=Sue+Anne+Zollinger&rft.aufirst=Roderick+A.&rft.aulast=Suthers&rft.btitle=Behavioral+Neurobiology+of+Birdsong&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=1-57331-473-0&rft.pages=109-129&rft.place=Nova+Iorque&rft.pub=New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.series=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences+%27%27%271016%27%27%27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1196%2Fannals.1298.041&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15313772&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitch-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fitch_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fitch, W. T. (1999). «Acoustic exaggeration of size in birds via tracheal elongation: comparative and theoretical analyses». <i>Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>248</b>: 31–48. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS095283699900504X">10.1017/S095283699900504X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Acoustic+exaggeration+of+size+in+birds+via+tracheal+elongation%3A+comparative+and+theoretical+analyses&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft.aulast=Fitch&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.pages=31-48&rft.volume=248&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS095283699900504X&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sales2005-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sales2005_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sales, James (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926005337/http://www.ivb.cz/folia/54/1-2/01-20.pdf">«The endangered kiwi: a review»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Folia Zoologica</i>. <b>54</b> (1–2): 1–20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 22 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivb.cz/folia/54/1-2/01-20.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 26 de setembro de 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+endangered+kiwi%3A+a+review&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Sales&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1%932&rft.jtitle=Folia+Zoologica&rft.pages=1-20&rft.volume=54&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivb.cz%2Ffolia%2F54%2F1-2%2F01-20.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avian_Sense_of_Smell-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Avian_Sense_of_Smell_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ehrlich, Paul R.; David S. Dobkin; Darryl Wheye (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Avian_Sense.html">«The Avian Sense of Smell»</a>. <i>Birds of Stanford</i>. Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 13 de dezembro de 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+Avian+Sense+of+Smell&rft.au=Darryl+Wheye&rft.au=David+S.+Dobkin&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birds+of+Stanford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fstanfordbirds%2Ftext%2Fessays%2FAvian_Sense.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lequette, Benoit; Verheyden, Jouventin (1 de agosto de 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v091n03/p0732-p0735.pdf">«Olfaction in Subantarctic seabirds: Its phylogenetic and ecological significance»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Condor</i>. <b>91</b> (3): 732–35. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1368131">10.2307/1368131</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 22 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6EdpZFz9h?url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v091n03/p0732-p0735.pdf">Cópia arquivada <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 23 de fevereiro de 2013</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Olfaction+in+Subantarctic+seabirds%3A+Its+phylogenetic+and+ecological+significance&rft.au=Verheyden%2C+Jouventin&rft.aufirst=Benoit&rft.aulast=Lequette&rft.date=1989-08-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.pages=732-35&rft.volume=91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fcondor%2Fv091n03%2Fp0732-p0735.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1368131&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Bruce; Lack, Elizabeth (1985). <i>A Dictionary of Birds</i>. Carlton: T and A D Poyser. pp. 47, 375. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-85661-039-9" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-85661-039-9">0-85661-039-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Lack%2C+Elizabeth&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Birds&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-85661-039-9&rft.pages=47%2C+375&rft.place=Carlton&rft.pub=T+and+A+D+Poyser&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ehrlich, Paul R.; David S. Dobkin; Darryl Wheye (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Adaptations.html">«Adaptations for Flight»</a>. <i>Birds of Stanford</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 13 de dezembro de 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Adaptations+for+Flight&rft.au=Darryl+Wheye&rft.au=David+S.+Dobkin&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birds+of+Stanford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fstanfordbirds%2Ftext%2Fessays%2FAdaptations.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> com base em: <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a>; David Dobkin; Darryl Wheye (1988). <i>The Birder's Handbook</i>. Nova Iorque: Simon and Schuster</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Darryl+Wheye&rft.au=David+Dobkin&rft.au=Paul+Ehrlich&rft.btitle=The+Birder%27s+Handbook&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Nova+Iorque&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Noll, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulnoll.com/Oregon/Birds/Avian-Skeleton.html">«The Avian Skeleton»</a>. <i>paulnoll.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 13 de dezembro de 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+Avian+Skeleton&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paulnoll.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulnoll.com%2FOregon%2FBirds%2FAvian-Skeleton.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsc.fernbank.edu/Birding/skeleton.htm">«Skeleton of a typical bird»</a>. <i>Fernbank Science Center's Ornithology Web</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 13 de dezembro de 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Skeleton+of+a+typical+bird&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fernbank+Science+Center%27s+Ornithology+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffsc.fernbank.edu%2FBirding%2Fskeleton.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Romão, Ricardo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/10410/1/Osteologia%20das%20aves,%20Rom%C3%A3o%202011.pdf">«Osteologia das Aves»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Universidade de Évora – Departamento de Zoologia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 15 de fevereiro de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft.aulast=Rom%C3%A3o&rft.btitle=Osteologia+das+Aves&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Universidade+de+%C3%89vora+%93+Departamento+de+Zoologia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.uevora.pt%2Frdpc%2Fbitstream%2F10174%2F10410%2F1%2FOsteologia%2520das%2520aves%2C%2520Rom%25C3%25A3o%25202011.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gionfriddo, James P. (1 de Fevereiro de 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v097n01/p0057-p0067.pdf">«Grit Use by House Sparrows: Effects of Diet and Grit Size»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Condor</i>. <b>97</b> (1): 57–67. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1368983">10.2307/1368983</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Grit+Use+by+House+Sparrows%3A+Effects+of+Diet+and+Grit+Size&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.aulast=Gionfriddo&rft.date=1995-02-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Condor&rft.pages=57-67&rft.volume=97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fcondor%2Fv097n01%2Fp0057-p0067.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1368983&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Attenborough-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Attenborough_66-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Attenborough_66-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Attenborough_66-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">Attenborough, David</a> (1998). <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_of_Birds" class="extiw" title="en:The Life of Birds">The Life of Birds</a></i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-691-01633-X" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-691-01633-X">0-691-01633-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Attenborough&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Birds&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-691-01633-X&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battley-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Battley_67-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Battley_67-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Battley, Phil F.; Piersma,T; Dietz, MW; Tang, S; Dekinga, A; Hulsman, K (Janeiro de 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690512">«Empirical evidence for differential organ reductions during trans-oceanic bird flight»</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i>. <b>267</b> (1439): 191–5. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690512">1690512</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10687826">10687826</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2000.0986">10.1098/rspb.2000.0986</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Empirical+evidence+for+differential+organ+reductions+during+trans-oceanic+bird+flight&rft.au=Dekinga%2C+A&rft.au=Dietz%2C+MW&rft.au=Hulsman%2C+K&rft.au=Piersma%2CT&rft.au=Tang%2C+S&rft.aufirst=Phil+F.&rft.aulast=Battley&rft.date=2000-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1439&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.pages=191-5&rft.volume=267&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1690512&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1690512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2000.0986&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10687826&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balgooyen-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balgooyen_68-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balgooyen_68-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Balgooyen, Thomas G. (1 de outubro de 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v073n03/p0382-p0385.pdf">«Pellet Regurgitation by Captive Sparrow Hawks (<i>Falco sparverius</i>)»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor_(journal)" class="extiw" title="en:Condor (journal)">Condor</a></i>. <b>73</b> (3): 382–85. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1365774">1365774</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1365774">10.2307/1365774</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 22 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GqJOLg1c?url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v073n03/p0382-p0385.pdf">Cópia arquivada <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 24 de maio de 2013</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Pellet+Regurgitation+by+Captive+Sparrow+Hawks+%28Falco+sparverius%29&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft.aulast=Balgooyen&rft.date=1971-10-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Condor&rft.pages=382-85&rft.volume=73&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1365774&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fcondor%2Fv073n03%2Fp0382-p0385.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1365774&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Engel, Sophia Barbara (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/287916626"><i>Racing the wind: Water economy and energy expenditure in avian endurance flight</i></a>. [S.l.]: University of Groningen. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/90-367-2378-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/90-367-2378-7">90-367-2378-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Sophia+Barbara&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.btitle=Racing+the+wind%3A+Water+economy+and+energy+expenditure+in+avian+endurance+flight&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=90-367-2378-7&rft.pub=University+of+Groningen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firs.ub.rug.nl%2Fppn%2F287916626&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tieleman, B.I.; Williams, JB (1999). «The role of hyperthermia in the water economy of desert birds». <i>Physiol. 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In: David Norris, Kristin Lopez. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236899893_Chapter_2_-_Avian_Testicular_Structure_Function_and_Regulation"><i>Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates</i></a>. [S.l.]: Academic Press. pp. 27–70. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780123749321" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9780123749321">9780123749321</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-374929-1.10002-2">10.1016/B978-0-12-374929-1.10002-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Chapter+2+-+Avian+Testicular+Structure%2C+Function%2C+and+Regulation&rft.au=Fokidis%2C+H+Bobby&rft.au=Hurley%2C+Laura+L&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.aulast=Deviche&rft.btitle=Hormones+and+Reproduction+of+Vertebrates&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780123749321&rft.pages=27-70&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F236899893_Chapter_2_-_Avian_Testicular_Structure_Function_and_Regulation&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-374929-1.10002-2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kinsky, FC (1971). «The consistent presence of paired ovaries in the Kiwi(Apteryx) with some discussion of this condition in other birds». <i>Journal of Ornithology</i>. <b>112</b> (3): 334–357. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01640692">10.1007/BF01640692</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+consistent+presence+of+paired+ovaries+in+the+Kiwi%28Apteryx%29+with+some+discussion+of+this+condition+in+other+birds&rft.aufirst=FC&rft.aulast=Kinsky&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ornithology&rft.pages=334-357&rft.volume=112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01640692&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Yong, Ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/06/06/how-chickens-lost-their-penises-ducks-kept-theirs/">«Phenomena: Not Exactly Rocket Science How Chickens Lost Their Penises (And Ducks Kept Theirs)»</a>. Phenomena.nationalgeographic.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 3 de outubro de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.btitle=Phenomena%3A+Not+Exactly+Rocket+Science+How+Chickens+Lost+Their+Penises+%28And+Ducks+Kept+Theirs%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Phenomena.nationalgeographic.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphenomena.nationalgeographic.com%2F2013%2F06%2F06%2Fhow-chickens-lost-their-penises-ducks-kept-theirs%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622030534/http://bcs.whfreeman.com/gill/bcs-pages/body-right_10.asp?s=10000&n=00010&i=99010.06&v=chapter&o=%7C13000%7C00010%7C&ns=undefined">«Ornithology, 3rd Edition - Waterfowl: Order Anseriformes»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 3 de outubro de 2013</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcs.whfreeman.com/gill/bcs-pages/body-right_10.asp?s=10000&n=00010&i=99010.06&v=chapter&o=%7C13000%7C00010%7C&ns=undefined">original</a> em 22 de junho de 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.btitle=Ornithology%2C+3rd+Edition+-+Waterfowl%3A+Order+Anseriformes&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbcs.whfreeman.com%2Fgill%2Fbcs-pages%2Fbody-right_10.asp%3Fs%3D10000%26n%3D00010%26i%3D99010.06%26v%3Dchapter%26o%3D%257C13000%257C00010%257C%26ns%3Dundefined&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">McCracken, KG (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v117n03/p00820-p00825.pdf">«The 20-cm Spiny Penis of the Argentine Lake Duck (Oxyura vittata)»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Auk</i>. <b>117</b> (3): 820–825. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1642%2F0004-8038%282000%29117%5B0820%3ATCSPOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0820:TCSPOT]2.0.CO;2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 22 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GqJOOgAu?url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v117n03/p00820-p00825.pdf">Cópia arquivada <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 24 de maio de 2013</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+20-cm+Spiny+Penis+of+the+Argentine+Lake+Duck+%28Oxyura+vittata%29&rft.au=McCracken%2C+KG&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.pages=820-825&rft.volume=117&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fauk%2Fv117n03%2Fp00820-p00825.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1642%2F0004-8038%282000%29117%5B0820%3ATCSPOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittow-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whittow_86-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whittow_86-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Whittow, G. (2000). G. Causey Whittow, ed. <i>Sturkie's Avian Physiology</i>. San Diego: Academic Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.aulast=Whittow&rft.btitle=Sturkie%27s+Avian+Physiology&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoagstrom-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoagstrom_87-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoagstrom_87-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hoagstrom, C.W. (2002). <i>Vertebrate Circulation</i>. <i>Magill's Encyclopedia of Science: Animal Life</i>. <b>1</b>. Pasadena, Califórnia: Salem Press. pp. 217–219</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=C.W.&rft.aulast=Hoagstrom&rft.btitle=Vertebrate+Circulation.&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=217-219&rft.place=Pasadena%2C+Calif%C3%B3rnia&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Scott, Robert B. (Março de 1966). «Comparative hematology: The phylogeny of the erythrocyte». <i>Annals of Hematology</i>. <b>12</b> (6): 340–51. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5325853">5325853</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01632827">10.1007/BF01632827</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Comparative+hematology%3A+The+phylogeny+of+the+erythrocyte&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.date=1966-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Hematology&rft.pages=340-51&rft.volume=12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01632827&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5325853&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hill_89-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hill, Richard W.; Gordon A. Wyse, Margaret Anderson. (2012). <i>Animal Physiology</i> 3ª ed. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. pp. 647–678</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Gordon+A.+Wyse%2C+Margaret+Anderson.&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.btitle=Animal+Physiology&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=3%AA&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=647-678&rft.place=Sunderland&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Warham, John (1 de maio de 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/free_issues/ProNZES24_84.pdf">«The incidence, function and ecological significance of petrel stomach oils»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 84–93</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+incidence%2C+function+and+ecological+significance+of+petrel+stomach+oils&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Warham&rft.date=1977-05-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+New+Zealand+Ecological+Society&rft.pages=84-93&rft.volume=24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newzealandecology.org%2Fnzje%2Ffree_issues%2FProNZES24_84.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dumbacher, J.P.; Beehler, BM; Spande, TF; Garraffo, HM; Daly, JW (Outubro de 1992). «Homobatrachotoxin in the genus <i>Pitohui</i>: chemical defense in birds?». <i>Science</i>. <b>258</b> (5083): 799–801. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439786">1439786</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1439786">10.1126/science.1439786</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Homobatrachotoxin+in+the+genus+Pitohui%3A+chemical+defense+in+birds%3F&rft.au=Beehler%2C+BM&rft.au=Daly%2C+JW&rft.au=Garraffo%2C+HM&rft.au=Spande%2C+TF&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.aulast=Dumbacher&rft.date=1992-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5083&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=799-801&rft.volume=258&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1439786&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1439786&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unnamed-xX2H-1-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unnamed-xX2H-1_92-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unnamed-xX2H-1_92-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thomas, Betsy Trent; Strahl (1 de agosto de 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v092n03/p0576-p0581.pdf">«Nesting Behavior of Sunbitterns (<i>Eurypyga helias</i>) in Venezuela»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Condor</i>. <b>92</b> (3): 576–81. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1368675">10.2307/1368675</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 22 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GqJOfkKk?url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v092n03/p0576-p0581.pdf">Cópia arquivada <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 24 de maio de 2013</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Nesting+Behavior+of+Sunbitterns+%28Eurypyga+helias%29+in+Venezuela&rft.au=Strahl&rft.aufirst=Betsy+Trent&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.date=1990-08-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.pages=576-81&rft.volume=92&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fcondor%2Fv092n03%2Fp0576-p0581.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1368675&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-long-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-long_93-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-long_93-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-long_93-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Longrich, N. R.; Olson, S. L. (5 de janeiro de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/278/1716/2333">«The bizarre wing of the Jamaican flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus: a unique vertebrate adaptation»</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>278</b> (1716): 2333–2337. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2010.2117">10.1098/rspb.2010.2117</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+bizarre+wing+of+the+Jamaican+flightless+ibis+Xenicibis+xympithecus%3A+a+unique+vertebrate+adaptation&rft.au=Olson%2C+S.+L.&rft.aufirst=N.+R.&rft.aulast=Longrich&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1716&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.pages=2333-2337&rft.volume=278&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frspb.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2F278%2F1716%2F2333&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2010.2117&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Robert, Michel; McNeil, Raymond; Leduc, Alain (Janeiro de 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v106n01/p0094-p0101.pdf">«Conditions and significance of night feeding in shorebirds and other water birds in a tropical lagoon»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Auk</i>. <b>106</b> (1): 94–101. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F4087761">10.2307/4087761</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 22 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GqJOb0Xq?url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v106n01/p0094-p0101.pdf">Cópia arquivada <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 24 de maio de 2013</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Conditions+and+significance+of+night+feeding+in+shorebirds+and+other+water+birds+in+a+tropical+lagoon&rft.au=Leduc%2C+Alain&rft.au=McNeil%2C+Raymond&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.date=1989-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.pages=94-101&rft.volume=106&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fauk%2Fv106n01%2Fp0094-p0101.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4087761&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lwa001-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-lwa001_95-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-lwa001_95-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">N Reid (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110315005353/http://lwa.gov.au/files/products/land-water-and-wool/pf061365/pf061365.pdf">«Birds on New England wool properties – A woolgrower guide»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Land, Water & Wool Northern Tablelands Property Fact Sheet</i>. Australian Government – Land and Water Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 17 de julho de 2010</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lwa.gov.au/files/products/land-water-and-wool/pf061365/pf061365.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 15 de março de 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Birds+on+New+England+wool+properties+%93+A+woolgrower+guide&rft.au=N+Reid&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Land%2C+Water+%26+Wool+Northern+Tablelands+Property+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flwa.gov.au%2Ffiles%2Fproducts%2Fland-water-and-wool%2Fpf061365%2Fpf061365.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Paton, D. C.; Collins, B. G. (1 de Abril de 1989). «Bills and tongues of nectar-feeding birds: A review of morphology, function, and performance, with intercontinental comparisons». <i>Australian Journal of Ecology</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 473–506. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1442-9993.1989.tb01457.x">10.1111/j.1442-9993.1989.tb01457.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Bills+and+tongues+of+nectar-feeding+birds%3A+A+review+of+morphology%2C+function%2C+and+performance%2C+with+intercontinental+comparisons&rft.au=Collins%2C+B.+G.&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.aulast=Paton&rft.date=1989-04-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Ecology&rft.pages=473-506&rft.volume=14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1442-9993.1989.tb01457.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Baker, Myron Charles; Baker, Ann Eileen Miller (1 de abril de 1973). «Niche Relationships Among Six Species of Shorebirds on Their Wintering and Breeding Ranges». <i>Ecological Monographs</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 193–212. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1942194">1942194</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1942194">10.2307/1942194</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Niche+Relationships+Among+Six+Species+of+Shorebirds+on+Their+Wintering+and+Breeding+Ranges&rft.au=Baker%2C+Ann+Eileen+Miller&rft.aufirst=Myron+Charles&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.date=1973-04-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Monographs&rft.pages=193-212&rft.volume=43&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1942194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1942194&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cherel, Yves; Bocher, P; De Broyer, C; Hobson, KA (2002). «Food and feeding ecology of the sympatric thin-billed <i>Pachyptila belcheri</i> and Antarctic <i>P. desolata</i> prions at Iles Kerguelen, Southern Indian Ocean». <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series</i>. <b>228</b>: 263–81. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps228263">10.3354/meps228263</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Food+and+feeding+ecology+of+the+sympatric+thin-billed+Pachyptila+belcheri+and+Antarctic+P.+desolata+prions+at+Iles+Kerguelen%2C+Southern+Indian+Ocean&rft.au=Bocher%2C+P&rft.au=De+Broyer%2C+C&rft.au=Hobson%2C+KA&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.aulast=Cherel&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&rft.pages=263-81&rft.volume=228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps228263&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jenkin, Penelope M. (1957). «The Filter-Feeding and Food of Flamingoes (Phoenicopteri)». <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B</i>. <b>240</b> (674): 401–93. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/92549">92549</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1957.0004">10.1098/rstb.1957.0004</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+Filter-Feeding+and+Food+of+Flamingoes+%28Phoenicopteri%29&rft.aufirst=Penelope+M.&rft.aulast=Jenkin&rft.date=1957&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=674&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.pages=401-93&rft.volume=240&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F92549&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1957.0004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Miyazaki, Masamine; Kuroki, M; Niizuma, Y; Watanuki, Y. (1 de Julho de 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v113n03/p0698-p0702.pdf">«Vegetation cover, kleptoparasitism by diurnal gulls and timing of arrival of nocturnal Rhinoceros Auklets»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Auk</i>. <b>113</b> (3): 698–702. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3677021">3677021</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3677021">10.2307/3677021</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 22 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GqJOds0W?url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v113n03/p0698-p0702.pdf">Cópia arquivada <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 24 de maio de 2013</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Vegetation+cover%2C+kleptoparasitism+by+diurnal+gulls+and+timing+of+arrival+of+nocturnal+Rhinoceros+Auklets&rft.au=Kuroki%2C+M&rft.au=Niizuma%2C+Y&rft.au=Watanuki%2C+Y.&rft.aufirst=Masamine&rft.aulast=Miyazaki&rft.date=1996-07-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.pages=698-702&rft.volume=113&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3677021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fauk%2Fv113n03%2Fp0698-p0702.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3677021&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bélisle, Marc; Giroux (1 de agosto de 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v097n03/p0771-p0781.pdf">«Predation and kleptoparasitism by migrating Parasitic Jaegers»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Condor</i>. <b>97</b> (3): 771–781. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1369185">10.2307/1369185</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Predation+and+kleptoparasitism+by+migrating+Parasitic+Jaegers&rft.au=Giroux&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9lisle&rft.date=1995-08-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.pages=771-781&rft.volume=97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fcondor%2Fv097n03%2Fp0771-p0781.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1369185&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Vickery, J. A.; Brooke, M. De L. (1 de maio de 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v096n02/p0331-p0340.pdf">«The Kleptoparasitic Interactions between Great Frigatebirds and Masked Boobies on Henderson Island, South Pacific»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Condor</i>. <b>96</b> (2): 331–40. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1369318">1369318</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1369318">10.2307/1369318</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 22 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GqJOdmur?url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v096n02/p0331-p0340.pdf">Cópia arquivada <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 24 de maio de 2013</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+Kleptoparasitic+Interactions+between+Great+Frigatebirds+and+Masked+Boobies+on+Henderson+Island%2C+South+Pacific&rft.au=Brooke%2C+M.+De+L.&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.aulast=Vickery&rft.date=1994-05-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.pages=331-40&rft.volume=96&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1369318&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fcondor%2Fv096n02%2Fp0331-p0340.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1369318&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hiraldo, F.C.; Blanco, J. C.; Bustamante, J. (1991). «Unspecialized exploitation of small carcasses by birds». <i>Bird Studies</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 200–07. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00063659109477089">10.1080/00063659109477089</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Unspecialized+exploitation+of+small+carcasses+by+birds&rft.au=Blanco%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Bustamante%2C+J.&rft.aufirst=F.C.&rft.aulast=Hiraldo&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Bird+Studies&rft.pages=200-07&rft.volume=38&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00063659109477089&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mario, Principato; Lisi Federica; Moretta Iolanda; Samra Nada; Puccetti Francesco (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130617234727/http://ijas.pagepress.org/index.php/ijas/article/download/ijas.2005.296/610">«The alterations of plumage of parasitic origin»</a>. <i>Italian Journal of Animal Science</i>. <b>4</b>: 296–299<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 22 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijas.pagepress.org/index.php/ijas/article/download/ijas.2005.296/610">original</a> em 17 de junho de 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+alterations+of+plumage+of+parasitic+origin&rft.au=Lisi+Federica&rft.au=Moretta+Iolanda&rft.au=Puccetti+Francesco&rft.au=Samra+Nada&rft.aufirst=Principato&rft.aulast=Mario&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italian+Journal+of+Animal+Science&rft.pages=296-299&rft.volume=4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijas.pagepress.org%2Findex.php%2Fijas%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2Fijas.2005.296%2F610&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ehrlich, Paul R. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0835-p0835.pdf">«The Adaptive Significance of Anting»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Auk</i>. <b>103</b> (4). 835 páginas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 22 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GqJOcicg?url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0835-p0835.pdf">Cópia arquivada <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 24 de maio de 2013</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+Adaptive+Significance+of+Anting&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.volume=103&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fauk%2Fv103n04%2Fp0835-p0835.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Revis, Hannah C.; Waller, Deborah A. (2004). «Bactericidal and fungicidal activity of ant chemicals on feather parasites: an evaluation of anting behavior as a method of self-medication in songbirds». <i>The Auk</i>. <b>121</b> (4): 1262–1268. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1642%2F0004-8038%282004%29121%5B1262%3ABAFAOA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1262:BAFAOA]2.0.CO;2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Bactericidal+and+fungicidal+activity+of+ant+chemicals+on+feather+parasites%3A+an+evaluation+of+anting+behavior+as+a+method+of+self-medication+in+songbirds&rft.au=Waller%2C+Deborah+A.&rft.aufirst=Hannah+C.&rft.aulast=Revis&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.pages=1262-1268&rft.volume=121&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1642%2F0004-8038%282004%29121%5B1262%3ABAFAOA%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Clayton, Dale H.; Koop, Jennifer A. H.; Harbison, Christopher W.; Moyer, Brett R.; Bush, Sarah E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811153758/http://darwin.biology.utah.edu/pubshtml/PDF-Files/Bush24.pdf">«How Birds Combat Ectoparasites»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Open Ornithology Journal</i>. <b>3</b>: 41–71. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F1874453201003010041">10.2174/1874453201003010041</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 22 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin.biology.utah.edu/PubsHTML/PDF-Files/Bush24.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 11 de agosto de 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=How+Birds+Combat+Ectoparasites&rft.au=Bush%2C+Sarah+E.&rft.au=Harbison%2C+Christopher+W.&rft.au=Koop%2C+Jennifer+A.+H.&rft.au=Moyer%2C+Brett+R.&rft.aufirst=Dale+H.&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Open+Ornithology+Journal&rft.pages=41-71&rft.volume=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin.biology.utah.edu%2FPubsHTML%2FPDF-Files%2FBush24.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1874453201003010041&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Walther, Bruno A. 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(15 de abril de 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/202/8/891">«The case for light-dependent magnetic orientation in animals»</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>202</b> (8): 891–908. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10085262">10085262</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+case+for+light-dependent+magnetic+orientation+in+animals&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rft.aulast=Deutschlander&rft.date=1999-04-15&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.pages=891-908&rft.volume=202&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F202%2F8%2F891&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10085262&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Möller, Anders Pape (1988). «Badge size in the house sparrow <i>Passer domesticus</i>». <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_Ecology_and_Sociobiology" class="extiw" title="en:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology">Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</a></i>. <b>22</b> (5): 373–78. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00295107">10.1007/BF00295107</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Badge+size+in+the+house+sparrow+Passer+domesticus&rft.aufirst=Anders+Pape&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6ller&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.pages=373-78&rft.volume=22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00295107&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pickering, S. 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(2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/29_1/29_1_6.pdf">«Courtship behaviour of the Wandering Albatross <i>Diomedea exulans</i> at Bird Island, South Georgia»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Marine Ornithology</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 29–37</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Courtship+behaviour+of+the+Wandering+Albatross+Diomedea+exulans+at+Bird+Island%2C+South+Georgia&rft.aufirst=S.+P.+C.&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Marine+Ornithology&rft.pages=29-37&rft.volume=29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marineornithology.org%2FPDF%2F29_1%2F29_1_6.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pruett-Jones, S. G.; Pruett-Jones (1 de maio de 1990). «Sexual Selection Through Female Choice in Lawes' Parotia, A Lek-Mating Bird of Paradise». <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(journal)" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution (journal)">Evolution</a></i>. <b>44</b> (3): 486–501. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2409431">10.2307/2409431</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Sexual+Selection+Through+Female+Choice+in+Lawes%27+Parotia%2C+A+Lek-Mating+Bird+of+Paradise&rft.au=Pruett-Jones&rft.aufirst=S.+G.&rft.aulast=Pruett-Jones&rft.date=1990-05-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.pages=486-501&rft.volume=44&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2409431&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Genevois, F.; Bretagnolle, V. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526095342/http://ejour-fup.unifi.it/index.php/eee/article/view/667/613">«Male Blue Petrels reveal their body mass when calling»</a>. <i>Ethology Ecology and Evolution</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 377–83. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F08927014.1994.9522988">10.1080/08927014.1994.9522988</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 22 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejour-fup.unifi.it/index.php/eee/article/view/667/613">original</a> em 26 de maio de 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Male+Blue+Petrels+reveal+their+body+mass+when+calling&rft.au=Bretagnolle%2C+V.&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.aulast=Genevois&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Ethology+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.pages=377-83&rft.volume=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejour-fup.unifi.it%2Findex.php%2Feee%2Farticle%2Fview%2F667%2F613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08927014.1994.9522988&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jouventin, Pierre; Aubin, T; Lengagne, T (Junho de 1999). «Finding a parent in a king penguin colony: the acoustic system of individual recognition». <i>Animal Behaviour</i>. <b>57</b> (6): 1175–83. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373249">10373249</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbe.1999.1086">10.1006/anbe.1999.1086</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Finding+a+parent+in+a+king+penguin+colony%3A+the+acoustic+system+of+individual+recognition&rft.au=Aubin%2C+T&rft.au=Lengagne%2C+T&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.aulast=Jouventin&rft.date=1999-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.pages=1175-83&rft.volume=57&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fanbe.1999.1086&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10373249&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Templeton, Christopher N.; Greene, E; Davis, K (2005). «Allometry of Alarm Calls: Black-Capped Chickadees Encode Information About Predator Size». <i>Science</i>. <b>308</b> (5730): 1934–37. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15976305">15976305</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1108841">10.1126/science.1108841</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Allometry+of+Alarm+Calls%3A+Black-Capped+Chickadees+Encode+Information+About+Predator+Size&rft.au=Davis%2C+K&rft.au=Greene%2C+E&rft.aufirst=Christopher+N.&rft.aulast=Templeton&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5730&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1934-37&rft.volume=308&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1108841&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15976305&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miskelly-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Miskelly_129-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Miskelly, C. M. (Julho de 1987). «The identity of the hakawai». <i>Notornis</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 95–116</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+identity+of+the+hakawai&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rft.aulast=Miskelly&rft.date=1987-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Notornis&rft.pages=95-116&rft.volume=34&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Murphy, Stephen; Legge, Sarah; Heinsohn, Robert (2003). «The breeding biology of palm cockatoos (<i>Probosciger aterrimus</i>): a case of a slow life history». <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Zoology" class="extiw" title="en:Journal of Zoology">Journal of Zoology</a></i>. <b>261</b> (4): 327–39. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952836903004175">10.1017/S0952836903004175</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+breeding+biology+of+palm+cockatoos+%28Probosciger+aterrimus%29%3A+a+case+of+a+slow+life+history&rft.au=Heinsohn%2C+Robert&rft.au=Legge%2C+Sarah&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.pages=327-39&rft.volume=261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0952836903004175&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flycatcher-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-flycatcher_131-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-flycatcher_131-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sekercioglu, Cagan Hakki (2006). «Foreword». In: Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott and David Christie. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World" class="extiw" title="en:Handbook of the Birds of the World">Handbook of the Birds of the World</a></i>. 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 48 páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/84-96553-06-X" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/84-96553-06-X">84-96553-06-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.aufirst=Cagan+Hakki&rft.aulast=Sekercioglu&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Birds+of+the+World&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=84-96553-06-X&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Terborgh, John (2005). «Mixed flocks and polyspecific associations: Costs and benefits of mixed groups to birds and monkeys». <i>American Journal of Primatology</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 87–100. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fajp.1350210203">10.1002/ajp.1350210203</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Mixed+flocks+and+polyspecific+associations%3A+Costs+and+benefits+of+mixed+groups+to+birds+and+monkeys&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Terborgh&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Primatology&rft.pages=87-100&rft.volume=21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajp.1350210203&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hutto, Richard L. (Janeiro de 1988). «Foraging Behavior Patterns Suggest a Possible Cost Associated with Participation in Mixed-Species Bird Flocks». <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikos_(journal)" class="extiw" title="en:Oikos (journal)">Oikos</a></i>. <b>51</b> (1): 79–83. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3565809">3565809</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3565809">10.2307/3565809</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Foraging+Behavior+Patterns+Suggest+a+Possible+Cost+Associated+with+Participation+in+Mixed-Species+Bird+Flocks&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft.aulast=Hutto&rft.date=1988-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Oikos&rft.pages=79-83&rft.volume=51&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3565809&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3565809&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AU-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AU_134-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Au, David W. K. (1 de agosto de 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v088n03/p0304-p0317.pdf">«Seabird interactions with Dolphins and Tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Condor</i>. <b>88</b> (3): 304–17. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1368877">10.2307/1368877</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Seabird+interactions+with+Dolphins+and+Tuna+in+the+Eastern+Tropical+Pacific&rft.aufirst=David+W.+K.&rft.aulast=Au&rft.date=1986-08-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.pages=304-17&rft.volume=88&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fcondor%2Fv088n03%2Fp0304-p0317.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1368877&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Anne, O.; Rasa, E. (Junho de 1983). «Dwarf mongoose and hornbill mutualism in the Taru desert, Kenya». <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 181–90. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00290770">10.1007/BF00290770</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Dwarf+mongoose+and+hornbill+mutualism+in+the+Taru+desert%2C+Kenya&rft.au=Rasa%2C+E.&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.aulast=Anne&rft.date=1983-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.pages=181-90&rft.volume=12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00290770&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gauthier-Clerc, Michael; Tamisier, Alain; Cézilly, Frank (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v102n02/p0307-p0313.pdf">«Sleep-Vigilance Trade-off in Gadwall during the Winter Period»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Condor</i>. <b>102</b> (2): 307–13. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1369642">1369642</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1650%2F0010-5422%282000%29102%5B0307%3ASVTOIG%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0307:SVTOIG]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041227194439/http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v102n02/p0307-p0313.pdf">Cópia arquivada <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 27 de dezembro de 2004</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Sleep-Vigilance+Trade-off+in+Gadwall+during+the+Winter+Period&rft.au=C%C3%A9zilly%2C+Frank&rft.au=Tamisier%2C+Alain&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Gauthier-Clerc&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.pages=307-13&rft.volume=102&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1369642&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fcondor%2Fv102n02%2Fp0307-p0313.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1650%2F0010-5422%282000%29102%5B0307%3ASVTOIG%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rattenborg, Niels C. (2006). «Do birds sleep in flight?». <i>Die Naturwissenschaften</i>. <b>93</b> (9): 413–25. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16688436">16688436</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-006-0120-3">10.1007/s00114-006-0120-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Do+birds+sleep+in+flight%3F&rft.aufirst=Niels+C.&rft.aulast=Rattenborg&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Die+Naturwissenschaften&rft.pages=413-25&rft.volume=93&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00114-006-0120-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16688436&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bäckman, Johan; A (1 de abril de 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/205/7/905">«Harmonic oscillatory orientation relative to the wind in nocturnal roosting flights of the swift <i>Apus apus</i>»</a>. <i>The Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>205</b> (7): 905–910. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11916987">11916987</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Harmonic+oscillatory+orientation+relative+to+the+wind+in+nocturnal+roosting+flights+of+the+swift+Apus+apus&rft.au=A&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.aulast=B%C3%A4ckman&rft.date=2002-04-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.pages=905-910&rft.volume=205&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F205%2F7%2F905&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11916987&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Milius, S. (6 de fevereiro de 1999). «Half-asleep birds choose which half dozes». <i>Science News Online</i>. <b>155</b> (6). 86 páginas. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4011301">4011301</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F4011301">10.2307/4011301</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Half-asleep+birds+choose+which+half+dozes&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.aulast=Milius&rft.date=1999-02-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Science+News+Online&rft.volume=155&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4011301&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4011301&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Beauchamp, Guy (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/10/6/675">«The evolution of communal roosting in birds: origin and secondary losses»</a>. <i>Behavioural Ecology</i>. <b>10</b> (6): 675–87. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2F10.6.675">10.1093/beheco/10.6.675</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+communal+roosting+in+birds%3A+origin+and+secondary+losses&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.aulast=Beauchamp&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Behavioural+Ecology&rft.pages=675-87&rft.volume=10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeheco.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F10%2F6%2F675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbeheco%2F10.6.675&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Buttemer, William A. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47760/1/442_2004_Article_BF00379484.pdf">«Energy relations of winter roost-site utilization by American goldfinches (<i>Carduelis tristis</i>)»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oecologia" title="Oecologia">Oecologia</a></i>. <b>68</b> (1): 126–32. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00379484">10.1007/BF00379484</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Energy+relations+of+winter+roost-site+utilization+by+American+goldfinches+%28Carduelis+tristis%29&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft.aulast=Buttemer&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Oecologia&rft.pages=126-32&rft.volume=68&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F47760%2F1%2F442_2004_Article_BF00379484.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00379484&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Buckley, F. G. (1 de Janeiro de 1968). «Upside-down Resting by Young Green-Rumped Parrotlets (<i>Forpus passerinus</i>)». <i>The Condor</i>. <b>70</b> (1). 89 páginas. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1366517">10.2307/1366517</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Upside-down+Resting+by+Young+Green-Rumped+Parrotlets+%28Forpus+passerinus%29&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.date=1968-01-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.volume=70&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1366517&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Carpenter, F. Lynn (1974). «Torpor in an Andean Hummingbird: Its Ecological Significance». <i>Science</i>. <b>183</b> (4124): 545–47. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17773043">17773043</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.183.4124.545">10.1126/science.183.4124.545</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Torpor+in+an+Andean+Hummingbird%3A+Its+Ecological+Significance&rft.aufirst=F.+Lynn&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4124&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=545-47&rft.volume=183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.183.4124.545&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17773043&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">McKechnie, Andrew E.; Ashdown, Robert A. M.; Christian, Murray B.; Brigham, R. Mark (2007). «Torpor in an African caprimulgid, the freckled nightjar <i>Caprimulgus tristigma</i>». <i>Journal of Avian Biology</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 261–66. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2007.0908-8857.04116.x">10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.04116.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Torpor+in+an+African+caprimulgid%2C+the+freckled+nightjar+Caprimulgus+tristigma&rft.au=Ashdown%2C+Robert+A.+M.&rft.au=Brigham%2C+R.+Mark&rft.au=Christian%2C+Murray+B.&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft.aulast=McKechnie&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Avian+Biology&rft.pages=261-66&rft.volume=38&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2007.0908-8857.04116.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burton1985-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-burton1985_145-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-burton1985_145-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Burton, R (1985). <i>Bird Behavior</i>. [S.l.]: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-394-53957-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-394-53957-5">0-394-53957-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=R&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.btitle=Bird+Behavior&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-394-53957-5&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf%2C+Inc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Short, Lester L. (1993). <i>Birds of the World and their Behavior</i>. Nova Iorque: Henry Holt and Co. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-8050-1952-9" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-8050-1952-9">0-8050-1952-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft.aulast=Short&rft.btitle=Birds+of+the+World+and+their+Behavior&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8050-1952-9&rft.place=Nova+Iorque&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doutrelant2012-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-doutrelant2012_147-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Doutrelant, C; Grégoire, A; Midamegbe, A; Lambrechts, M; Perret, P (Janeiro de 2012). «Female plumage coloration is sensitive to the cost of reproduction. An experiment in blue tits.». <i>Journal of Animal Ecology</i>. <b>81</b> (1): 87–96. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21819397">21819397</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2656.2011.01889.x">10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01889.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Female+plumage+coloration+is+sensitive+to+the+cost+of+reproduction.+An+experiment+in+blue+tits.&rft.au=Gr%C3%A9goire%2C+A&rft.au=Lambrechts%2C+M&rft.au=Midamegbe%2C+A&rft.au=Perret%2C+P&rft.aufirst=C&rft.aulast=Doutrelant&rft.date=2012-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Ecology&rft.pages=87-96&rft.volume=81&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2656.2011.01889.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21819397&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwards2012-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-edwards2012_148-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Edwards, DB (2012). «Immune investment is explained by sexual selection and pace-of-life, but not longevity in parrots (Psittaciformes).». <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (12): e53066. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23300862">23300862</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0053066">10.1371/journal.pone.0053066</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Immune+investment+is+explained+by+sexual+selection+and+pace-of-life%2C+but+not+longevity+in+parrots+%28Psittaciformes%29.&rft.aufirst=DB&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.pages=e53066&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0053066&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23300862&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Freed, Leonard A. (1987). «The Long-Term Pair Bond of Tropical House Wrens: Advantage or Constraint?». <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Naturalist" title="The American Naturalist">The American Naturalist</a></i>. <b>130</b> (4): 507–25. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F284728">10.1086/284728</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+Long-Term+Pair+Bond+of+Tropical+House+Wrens%3A+Advantage+or+Constraint%3F&rft.aufirst=Leonard+A.&rft.aulast=Freed&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.pages=507-25&rft.volume=130&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F284728&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gowaty, Patricia A. (1983). «Male Parental Care and Apparent Monogamy among Eastern Bluebirds (<i>Sialia sialis</i>)». <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Naturalist" class="extiw" title="en:The American Naturalist">The American Naturalist</a></i>. <b>121</b> (2): 149–60. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F284047">10.1086/284047</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Male+Parental+Care+and+Apparent+Monogamy+among+Eastern+Bluebirds+%28Sialia+sialis%29&rft.aufirst=Patricia+A.&rft.aulast=Gowaty&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.pages=149-60&rft.volume=121&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F284047&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Westneat, David F.; Stewart, Ian R.K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132439">«Extra-pair paternity in birds: Causes, correlates, and conflict»</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Ecology,_Evolution,_and_Systematics" class="extiw" title="en:Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics">Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics</a></i>. <b>34</b>: 365–96. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132439">10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132439</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Extra-pair+paternity+in+birds%3A+Causes%2C+correlates%2C+and+conflict&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Ian+R.K.&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft.aulast=Westneat&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Systematics&rft.pages=365-96&rft.volume=34&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farjournals.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132439&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gowaty, Patricia A.; Buschhaus, Nancy (1998). «Ultimate causation of aggressive and forced copulation in birds: Female resistance, the CODE hypothesis, and social monogamy». <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Zoologist" class="extiw" title="en:American Zoologist">American Zoologist</a></i>. <b>38</b> (1): 207–25. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F38.1.207">10.1093/icb/38.1.207</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Ultimate+causation+of+aggressive+and+forced+copulation+in+birds%3A+Female+resistance%2C+the+CODE+hypothesis%2C+and+social+monogamy&rft.au=Buschhaus%2C+Nancy&rft.aufirst=Patricia+A.&rft.aulast=Gowaty&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=American+Zoologist&rft.pages=207-25&rft.volume=38&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F38.1.207&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Birkhead, T.R.; Møller, P. (1993). «Sexual selection and the temporal separation of reproductive events: sperm storage data from reptiles, birds and mammals». <i>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>50</b>: 295–311. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.1993.tb00933.x">10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00933.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Sexual+selection+and+the+temporal+separation+of+reproductive+events%3A+sperm+storage+data+from+reptiles%2C+birds+and+mammals&rft.au=M%C3%B8ller%2C+P.&rft.aufirst=T.R.&rft.aulast=Birkhead&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.pages=295-311&rft.volume=50&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.1993.tb00933.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sheldon, B (1994). «Male Phenotype, Fertility, and the Pursuit of Extra-Pair Copulations by Female Birds». <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society B">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a></i>. <b>257</b> (1348): 25–30. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1994.0089">10.1098/rspb.1994.0089</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Male+Phenotype%2C+Fertility%2C+and+the+Pursuit+of+Extra-Pair+Copulations+by+Female+Birds&rft.aufirst=B&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1348&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.pages=25-30&rft.volume=257&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1994.0089&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wei, G; Zuo-Hua, Yin; Fu-Min, Lei (2005). «Copulations and mate guarding of the Chinese Egret». <i>Waterbirds</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 527–30. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1675%2F1524-4695%282005%2928%5B527%3ACAMGOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1675/1524-4695(2005)28[527:CAMGOT]2.0.CO;2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Copulations+and+mate+guarding+of+the+Chinese+Egret&rft.au=Fu-Min%2C+Lei&rft.au=Zuo-Hua%2C+Yin&rft.aufirst=G&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Waterbirds&rft.pages=527-30&rft.volume=28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1675%2F1524-4695%282005%2928%5B527%3ACAMGOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). <i>Biological exuberance: Animal homosexuality and natural diversity</i>. Nova Iorque: St. Martin's. pp. 479–655</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.aulast=Bagemihl&rft.btitle=Biological+exuberance%3A+Animal+homosexuality+and+natural+diversity&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=479-655&rft.place=Nova+Iorque&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-157">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kokko, H; Harris, M; Wanless, S (2004). «Competition for breeding sites and site-dependent population regulation in a highly colonial seabird, the common guillemot <i>Uria aalge</i>». <i>Journal of Animal Ecology</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 367–76. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0021-8790.2004.00813.x">10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00813.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Competition+for+breeding+sites+and+site-dependent+population+regulation+in+a+highly+colonial+seabird%2C+the+common+guillemot+Uria+aalge&rft.au=Harris%2C+M&rft.au=Wanless%2C+S&rft.aufirst=H&rft.aulast=Kokko&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Ecology&rft.pages=367-76&rft.volume=73&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0021-8790.2004.00813.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansell-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hansell_158-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hansell_158-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hansell, M (2000). <i>Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour</i>. [S.l.]: University of Cambridge Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-521-46038-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-521-46038-7">0-521-46038-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Hansell&rft.btitle=Bird+Nests+and+Construction+Behaviour&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-46038-7&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-159">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lafuma, L; Lambrechts, M; Raymond, M (2001). «Aromatic plants in bird nests as a protection against Hematophagy -blood-sucking flying insects?». <i>Behavioural Processes</i>. <b>56</b> (2): 113–20. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0376-6357%2801%2900191-7">10.1016/S0376-6357(01)00191-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Aromatic+plants+in+bird+nests+as+a+protection+against+Hematophagy+-blood-sucking+flying+insects%3F&rft.au=Lambrechts%2C+M&rft.au=Raymond%2C+M&rft.aufirst=L&rft.aulast=Lafuma&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Behavioural+Processes&rft.pages=113-20&rft.volume=56&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0376-6357%2801%2900191-7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Williams, Tony D. (1995). <i>The Penguins</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-19-854667-X" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-19-854667-X">0-19-854667-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Tony+D.&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.btitle=The+Penguins&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-854667-X&rft.pages=157&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-161">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Booker, L; Booker, M (1991). «Why Are Cuckoos Host Specific?». <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikos_(journal)" class="extiw" title="en:Oikos (journal)">Oikos</a></i>. <b>57</b> (3): 301–09. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3565958">3565958</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3565958">10.2307/3565958</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Why+Are+Cuckoos+Host+Specific%3F&rft.au=Booker%2C+M&rft.aufirst=L&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Oikos&rft.pages=301-09&rft.volume=57&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3565958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3565958&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Turner, J. Scott (1997). «On the thermal capacity of a bird's egg warmed by a brood patch». <i>Physiological Zoology</i>. <b>70</b> (4): 470–80. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9237308">9237308</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F515854">10.1086/515854</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=On+the+thermal+capacity+of+a+bird%27s+egg+warmed+by+a+brood+patch&rft.aufirst=J.+Scott&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Physiological+Zoology&rft.pages=470-80&rft.volume=70&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F515854&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9237308&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wartham-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wartham_163-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Warham, J. (1990). <i>The Petrels: Their Ecology and Breeding Systems</i>. Londres: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-12-735420-4" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-12-735420-4">0-12-735420-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.aulast=Warham&rft.btitle=The+Petrels%3A+Their+Ecology+and+Breeding+Systems&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-12-735420-4&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-164">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jones, DN; Dekker, René WRJ; Roselaar, Cees S (1995). <i>The Megapodes</i>. Col: Bird Families of the World. <b>3</b>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-19-854651-3" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-19-854651-3">0-19-854651-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Dekker%2C+Ren%C3%A9+WRJ&rft.au=Roselaar%2C+Cees+S&rft.aufirst=DN&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.btitle=The+Megapodes&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-854651-3&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.series=Bird+Families+of+the+World&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-165">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Precocial_and_Altricial.html">«Precocial and Altricial Young»</a>. Stanford.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 25 de fevereiro de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Dobkin%2C+David+S.&rft.au=Wheye%2C+Darryl&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.btitle=Precocial+and+Altricial+Young&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Stanford.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fstanfordbirds%2Ftext%2Fessays%2FPrecocial_and_Altricial.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Elliot, A (1994). «Family Megapodiidae (Megapodes)». In: del Hoyo J; Elliott A; Sargatal J. <i>Handbook of the Birds of the World</i>. 2; New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/84-87334-15-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/84-87334-15-6">84-87334-15-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Family+Megapodiidae+%28Megapodes%29&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Birds+of+the+World&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=84-87334-15-6&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Metz, VG; Schreiber, EA (2002). «Great Frigatebird (<i>Fregata minor</i>)». In: Poole, A.; Gill, F. <i>The Birds of North America, No 681</i>. Philadelphia: The Birds of North America Inc</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Great+Frigatebird+%28Fregata+minor%29&rft.au=Schreiber%2C+EA&rft.aufirst=VG&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.btitle=The+Birds+of+North+America%2C+No+681&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+Birds+of+North+America+Inc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Young, Euan (1994). <i>Skua and Penguin. Predator and Prey</i>. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 453</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Euan&rft.aulast=Young&rft.btitle=Skua+and+Penguin.+Predator+and+Prey&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-169">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ekman, J (2006). «Family living amongst birds». <i>Journal of Avian Biology</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 289–98. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2006.0908-8857.03666.x">10.1111/j.2006.0908-8857.03666.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Family+living+amongst+birds&rft.aufirst=J&rft.aulast=Ekman&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Avian+Biology&rft.pages=289-98&rft.volume=37&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2006.0908-8857.03666.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-170">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cockburn A (1996). «Why do so many Australian birds cooperate? Social evolution in the Corvida». In: Floyd R; Sheppard A; de Barro P. <i>Frontiers in Population Ecology</i>. Melbourne: CSIRO. pp. 21–42</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Why+do+so+many+Australian+birds+cooperate%3F+Social+evolution+in+the+Corvida&rft.au=Cockburn+A&rft.btitle=Frontiers+in+Population+Ecology&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=21-42&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=CSIRO&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-171">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cockburn, Andrew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560291">«Prevalence of different modes of parental care in birds»</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_B" class="extiw" title="en:Proceedings of the Royal Society B">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a></i>. <b>273</b> (1592): 1375–83. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560291">1560291</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16777726">16777726</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2005.3458">10.1098/rspb.2005.3458</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+different+modes+of+parental+care+in+birds&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1592&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.pages=1375-83&rft.volume=273&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1560291&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1560291&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2005.3458&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16777726&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gaston, AJ (1994). «Ancient Murrelet (<i>Synthliboramphus antiquus</i>).». In: A. Poole, F. Gill. <i>The Birds of North America</i>. Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Ancient+Murrelet+%28Synthliboramphus+antiquus%29.&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.aulast=Gaston&rft.btitle=The+Birds+of+North+America&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+Academy+of+Natural+Sciences&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schaefer, HC; Eshiamwata, GW; Munyekenye, FB; Böhning-Gaese, K (2004). «Life-history of two African <i>Sylvia</i> warblers: low annual fecundity and long post-fledging care». <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibis_(journal)" class="extiw" title="en:Ibis (journal)">Ibis</a></i>. <b>146</b> (3): 427–37. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.2004.00276.x">10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00276.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Life-history+of+two+African+Sylvia+warblers%3A+low+annual+fecundity+and+long+post-fledging+care&rft.au=B%C3%B6hning-Gaese%2C+K&rft.au=Eshiamwata%2C+GW&rft.au=Munyekenye%2C+FB&rft.aufirst=HC&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Ibis&rft.pages=427-37&rft.volume=146&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.2004.00276.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-174">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Alonso, JC; Bautista, LM; Alonso, JA (2004). «Family-based territoriality vs flocking in wintering common cranes <i>Grus grus</i>». <i>Journal of Avian Biology</i>. <b>35</b> (5): 434–44. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0908-8857.2004.03290.x">10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03290.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Family-based+territoriality+vs+flocking+in+wintering+common+cranes+Grus+grus&rft.au=Alonso%2C+JA&rft.au=Bautista%2C+LM&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.aulast=Alonso&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Avian+Biology&rft.pages=434-44&rft.volume=35&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0908-8857.2004.03290.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brood-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-brood_175-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-brood_175-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Davies, N (2000). <i>Cuckoos, Cowbirds and other Cheats</i>. Londres: T. & A. D. Poyser. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-85661-135-2" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-85661-135-2">0-85661-135-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=N&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.btitle=Cuckoos%2C+Cowbirds+and+other+Cheats&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-85661-135-2&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=T.+%26+A.+D.+Poyser&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-176">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sorenson, M (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/8/2/153.pdf">«Effects of intra- and interspecific brood parasitism on a precocial host, the canvasback, <i>Aythya valisineria</i>»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Behavioral Ecology</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 153–61. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2F8.2.153">10.1093/beheco/8.2.153</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Effects+of+intra-+and+interspecific+brood+parasitism+on+a+precocial+host%2C+the+canvasback%2C+Aythya+valisineria&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Sorenson&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology&rft.pages=153-61&rft.volume=8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeheco.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F8%2F2%2F153.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbeheco%2F8.2.153&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-177">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Spottiswoode, C. N.; Colebrook-Robjent, J. F.R. (2007). «Egg puncturing by the brood parasitic Greater Honeyguide and potential host counteradaptations». <i>Behavioral Ecology</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 792–799. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farm025">10.1093/beheco/arm025</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Egg+puncturing+by+the+brood+parasitic+Greater+Honeyguide+and+potential+host+counteradaptations&rft.au=Colebrook-Robjent%2C+J.+F.R.&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rft.aulast=Spottiswoode&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology&rft.pages=792-799&rft.volume=18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farm025&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burton-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Burton_178-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Burton, Philip (1989). <i>Birds of Prey</i>. [S.l.]: Gallery Books. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-8317-6381-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-8317-6381-7">0-8317-6381-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.btitle=Birds+of+Prey&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8317-6381-7&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Gallery+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clout-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clout_179-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clout_179-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Clout, M; Hay, J (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/free_issues/NZJEcol12_s_27.pdf">«The importance of birds as browsers, pollinators and seed dispersers in New Zealand forests»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>New Zealand Journal of Ecology</i>. <b>12</b>: 27–33</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+birds+as+browsers%2C+pollinators+and+seed+dispersers+in+New+Zealand+forests&rft.au=Hay%2C+J&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Clout&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Ecology&rft.pages=27-33&rft.volume=12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newzealandecology.org%2Fnzje%2Ffree_issues%2FNZJEcol12_s_27.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-180">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gary Stiles, F. (1981). «Geographical Aspects of Bird-Flower Coevolution, with Particular Reference to Central America». <i>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</i>. <b>68</b> (2): 323–51. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2398801">2398801</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2398801">10.2307/2398801</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Geographical+Aspects+of+Bird-Flower+Coevolution%2C+with+Particular+Reference+to+Central+America&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.aulast=Gary+Stiles&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.pages=323-51&rft.volume=68&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2398801&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2398801&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-181">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Temeles, E; Linhart, Y; Masonjones, M; Masonjones, H (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amherst.edu/~ejtemeles/Temeles%20et%20al%202002%20biotropica.pdf">«The Role of Flower Width in Hummingbird Bill Length–Flower Length Relationships»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biotropica</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 68–80. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7429.2002.tb00243.x">10.1111/j.1744-7429.2002.tb00243.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Flower+Width+in+Hummingbird+Bill+Length%93Flower+Length+Relationships&rft.au=Linhart%2C+Y&rft.au=Masonjones%2C+H&rft.au=Masonjones%2C+M&rft.aufirst=E&rft.aulast=Temeles&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Biotropica&rft.pages=68-80&rft.volume=34&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amherst.edu%2F~ejtemeles%2FTemeles%2520et%2520al%25202002%2520biotropica.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1744-7429.2002.tb00243.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-182">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bond, William J.; Lee, William G.; Craine, Joseph M. (2004). «Plant structural defences against browsing birds: a legacy of New Zealand's extinct moas». <i>Oikos</i>. <b>104</b> (3): 500–08. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0030-1299.2004.12720.x">10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12720.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Plant+structural+defences+against+browsing+birds%3A+a+legacy+of+New+Zealand%27s+extinct+moas&rft.au=Craine%2C+Joseph+M.&rft.au=Lee%2C+William+G.&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Oikos&rft.pages=500-08&rft.volume=104&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0030-1299.2004.12720.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-183">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wainright, S; Haney, J; Kerr, C; Golovkin, A; Flint, M (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/index/DN8D70RYM7TUF42P.pdf">«Utilization of nitrogen derived from seabird guano by terrestrial and marine plants at St. Paul, Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Marine Ecology</i>. <b>131</b> (1): 63–71. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002270050297">10.1007/s002270050297</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Utilization+of+nitrogen+derived+from+seabird+guano+by+terrestrial+and+marine+plants+at+St.+Paul%2C+Pribilof+Islands%2C+Bering+Sea%2C+Alaska&rft.au=Flint%2C+M&rft.au=Golovkin%2C+A&rft.au=Haney%2C+J&rft.au=Kerr%2C+C&rft.aufirst=S&rft.aulast=Wainright&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology&rft.pages=63-71&rft.volume=131&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Findex%2FDN8D70RYM7TUF42P.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs002270050297&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-184">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bosman, A; Hockey, A (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/32/m032p247.pdf">«Seabird guano as a determinant of rocky intertidal community structure»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series</i>. <b>32</b>: 247–57. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps032247">10.3354/meps032247</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Seabird+guano+as+a+determinant+of+rocky+intertidal+community+structure&rft.au=Hockey%2C+A&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=Bosman&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&rft.pages=247-57&rft.volume=32&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.int-res.com%2Farticles%2Fmeps%2F32%2Fm032p247.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps032247&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-185">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bonney, Rick; Rohrbaugh, Ronald (2004). <i>Handbook of Bird Biology</i> 2ª ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-938027-62-X" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-938027-62-X">0-938027-62-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Rohrbaugh%2C+Ronald&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft.aulast=Bonney&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Bird+Biology&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=2%AA&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-938027-62-X&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-186">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dean, W; Siegfried R, MacDonald I (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017041233/http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00272.x">«The Fallacy, Fact, and Fate of Guiding Behavior in the Greater Honeyguide»</a>. <i>Conservation Biology</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 99–101<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 25 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00272.x">original</a> em 17 de outubro de 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+Fallacy%2C+Fact%2C+and+Fate+of+Guiding+Behavior+in+the+Greater+Honeyguide&rft.au=Siegfried+R%2C+MacDonald+I&rft.aufirst=W&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.pages=99-101&rft.volume=4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.1990.tb00272.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-187">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Singer, R.; Yom-Tov, Y. (1988). «The Breeding Biology of the House Sparrow Passer domesticus in Israel». <i>Ornis Scandinavica</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 139–44. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3676463">3676463</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3676463">10.2307/3676463</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+Breeding+Biology+of+the+House+Sparrow+Passer+domesticus+in+Israel&rft.au=Yom-Tov%2C+Y.&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Ornis+Scandinavica&rft.pages=139-44&rft.volume=19&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3676463&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3676463&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-188">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Reed, KD; Meece, JK; Henkel, JS; Shukla, SK (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1069015">«Birds, Migration and Emerging Zoonoses: West Nile Virus, Lyme Disease, Influenza A and Enteropathogens»</a>. <i>Clinical medicine & research</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 5–12. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1069015">1069015</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15931279">15931279</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3121%2Fcmr.1.1.5">10.3121/cmr.1.1.5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Birds%2C+Migration+and+Emerging+Zoonoses%3A+West+Nile+Virus%2C+Lyme+Disease%2C+Influenza+A+and+Enteropathogens&rft.au=Henkel%2C+JS&rft.au=Meece%2C+JK&rft.au=Shukla%2C+SK&rft.aufirst=KD&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Clinical+medicine+%26+research&rft.pages=5-12&rft.volume=1&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1069015&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1069015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3121%2Fcmr.1.1.5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15931279&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-189">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brown, Lester (2005). «3: Moving Up the Food Chain Efficiently.». <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth-policy.org/datacenter/xls/book_ote_ch3_2.xls"><i>Outgrowing the Earth: The Food Security Challenge in an Age of Falling Water Tables and Rising Temperatures</i></a>. [S.l.]: earthscan. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-84407-185-2" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-84407-185-2">978-1-84407-185-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=3%3A+Moving+Up+the+Food+Chain+Efficiently.&rft.aufirst=Lester&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.btitle=Outgrowing+the+Earth%3A+The+Food+Security+Challenge+in+an+Age+of+Falling+Water+Tables+and+Rising+Temperatures&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-84407-185-2&rft.pub=earthscan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth-policy.org%2Fdatacenter%2Fxls%2Fbook_ote_ch3_2.xls&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-190">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Simeone, A; Navarro, X (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-078X2002000200012&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en">«Human exploitation of seabirds in coastal southern Chile during the mid-Holocene»</a>. <i>Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat</i>. <b>75</b> (2): 423–31. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4067%2FS0716-078X2002000200012">10.4067/S0716-078X2002000200012</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Human+exploitation+of+seabirds+in+coastal+southern+Chile+during+the+mid-Holocene&rft.au=Navarro%2C+X&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=Simeone&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Rev.+Chil.+Hist.+Nat&rft.pages=423-31&rft.volume=75&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.cl%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0716-078X2002000200012%26lng%3Des%26nrm%3Diso%26tlng%3Den&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0716-078X2002000200012&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-191">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Keane, Aidan; Brooke, M.de L.; McGowan, P.J.K. (2005). «Correlates of extinction risk and hunting pressure in gamebirds (Galliformes)». <i>Biological Conservation</i>. <b>126</b> (2): 216–33. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2005.05.011">10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.011</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Correlates+of+extinction+risk+and+hunting+pressure+in+gamebirds+%28Galliformes%29&rft.au=Brooke%2C+M.de+L.&rft.au=McGowan%2C+P.J.K.&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.pages=216-33&rft.volume=126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2005.05.011&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-192">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/19cen/guanowar.html">«The Guano War of 1865–1866»</a>. World History at KMLA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de dezembro de 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.btitle=The+Guano+War+of+1865%931866&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=World+History+at+KMLA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zum.de%2Fwhkmla%2Fmilitary%2F19cen%2Fguanowar.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-193">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dolbeer, R (1990). «Ornithology and integrated pest management: Red-winged blackbirds <i>Agleaius phoeniceus</i> and corn». <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibis_(journal)" class="extiw" title="en:Ibis (journal)">Ibis</a></i>. <b>132</b> (2): 309–22. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.1990.tb01048.x">10.1111/j.1474-919X.1990.tb01048.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Ornithology+and+integrated+pest+management%3A+Red-winged+blackbirds+Agleaius+phoeniceus+and+corn&rft.aufirst=R&rft.aulast=Dolbeer&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Ibis&rft.pages=309-22&rft.volume=132&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.1990.tb01048.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-194">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dolbeer, R; Belant, J; Sillings, J (1993). «Shooting Gulls Reduces Strikes with Aircraft at John F. 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(Geographical Field Note)». <i>Geographic Review</i>. <b>92</b> (4): 597–603. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4140937">4140937</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F4140937">10.2307/4140937</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Cormorant+fishing+in+Southwestern+China%3A+a+Traditional+Fishery+under+Siege.+%28Geographical+Field+Note%29&rft.au=Coomes%2C+O.+T.&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Manzi&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Geographic+Review&rft.pages=597-603&rft.volume=92&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4140937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4140937&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-197">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pullis La Rouche, G. 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Consultado em 25 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2005.00430.x">original</a> em 15 de janeiro de 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Annual+and+seasonal+trends+in+the+use+of+garden+feeders+by+birds+in+winter&rft.au=Cannon%2C+AR&rft.au=Conway%2C+GJ&rft.au=Glue%2C+DE&rft.au=Robinson%2C+RA&rft.au=Vickery%2C+JA&rft.au=Woodburn%2C+RJW&rft.aufirst=DE&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Ibis&rft.pages=563-75&rft.volume=147&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1111%2Fj.1474-919x.2005.00430.x&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1474-919x.2005.00430.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-199">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Meighan, C. 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(1985). «Jonah: In Pursuit of the Dove». <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>104</b> (1): 21–37. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3260591">3260591</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3260591">10.2307/3260591</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Jonah%3A+In+Pursuit+of+the+Dove&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.pages=21-37&rft.volume=104&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3260591&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3260591&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-207">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thankappan Nair, P. 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Wellington: Te Papa Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-909010-21-8" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-909010-21-8">978-0-909010-21-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Martinson+P&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=Tennyson&rft.btitle=Extinct+Birds+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-909010-21-8&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Te+Papa+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-209">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Routledge, S; Routledge, K (1917). «The Bird Cult of Easter Island». <i>Folklore</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 337–55. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1917.9719006">10.1080/0015587X.1917.9719006</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+Bird+Cult+of+Easter+Island&rft.au=Routledge%2C+K&rft.aufirst=S&rft.aulast=Routledge&rft.date=1917&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.pages=337-55&rft.volume=28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.1917.9719006&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2011Tiwanaku-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2011Tiwanaku_210-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Smith, S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.precolumbia.com/bearc/CAAS/AA12.pdf">«Generative landscapes: the step mountain motif in Tiwanaku iconography.»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Automatic PDF download)</span>. <i>Ancient America</i>. <b>12</b>: 1–69</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Generative+landscapes%3A+the+step+mountain+motif+in+Tiwanaku+iconography.&rft.au=Smith%2C+S.&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+America&rft.pages=1-69&rft.volume=12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.precolumbia.com%2Fbearc%2FCAAS%2FAA12.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dransart2002Earth-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dransart2002Earth_211-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dransart, P. (2002). <i>Earth, Water, Fleece and Fabric: An Ethnography and Archaeology of Andean Camelid Herding</i>. [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 64, 79</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Dransart%2C+P.&rft.btitle=Earth%2C+Water%2C+Fleece+and+Fabric%3A+An+Ethnography+and+Archaeology+of+Andean+Camelid+Herding&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=64%2C+79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-212">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Enriquez, PL; Mikkola H (1997). «Comparative study of general public owl knowledge in Costa Rica, Central America and Malawi, Africa». In: J.R. Duncan; D.H. Johnson; T.H. Nicholls. <i>Biology and conservation of owls of the Northern Hemisphere. General Technical Report NC-190</i>. 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[S.l.]: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-226-77142-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-226-77142-7">978-0-226-77142-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=D&rft.aulast=Steadman&rft.btitle=Extinction+and+Biogeography+in+Tropical+Pacific+Birds&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-226-77142-7&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-217">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/spotthreatbirds">«Spotlight on threatened birds»</a>. <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/84-87334-10-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/84-87334-10-5">84-87334-10-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Andy+Elliott&rft.au=Jordi+Sargatal&rft.aufirst=Josep&rft.aulast=del+Hoyo&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Birds+of+the+World&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=84-87334-10-5&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-225">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolus Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carolus</a> (1758). <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata</a></i>. [S.l.]: Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). 824 páginas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Carolus&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.btitle=Systema+naturae+per+regna+tria+naturae%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis.+Tomus+I.+Editio+decima%2C+reformata&rft.date=1758&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Holmiae.+%28Laurentii+Salvii%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theropoda-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Theropoda_226-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Theropoda_226-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Theropoda_226-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Livezey, Bradley C.; Zusi, RL (Janeiro de 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2517308">«Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion»</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological_Journal_of_the_Linnean_SocietyZoological_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" class="extiw" title="en:Zoological Journal of the Linnean SocietyZoological Journal of the Linnean Society">en:Zoological Journal of the Linnean SocietyZoological Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>149</b> (1): 1–95. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2517308">2517308</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784798">18784798</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2006.00293.x">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Higher-order+phylogeny+of+modern+birds+%28Theropoda%2C+Aves%3A+Neornithes%29+based+on+comparative+anatomy.+II.+Analysis+and+discussion&rft.au=Zusi%2C+RL&rft.aufirst=Bradley+C.&rft.aulast=Livezey&rft.date=2007-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=%3Aen%3AZoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+SocietyZoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.pages=1-95&rft.volume=149&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2517308&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2517308&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2006.00293.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18784798&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-227">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Padian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kevin Padian (página não existe)">Padian, Kevin</a>; L.M. Chiappe Chiappe LM (1997). «Bird Origins». In: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_J._Currie" class="extiw" title="en:Philip J. Currie">en:Philip J. Currie</a>, Kevin Padian. <i>Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs</i>. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 41–96. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-12-226810-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-12-226810-5">0-12-226810-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Bird+Origins&rft.au=L.M.+Chiappe+Chiappe+LM&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.aulast=Padian&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Dinosaurs&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-12-226810-5&rft.pages=41-96&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gauthier-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier_228-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier_228-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gauthier, Jacques (1986). «Saurischian Monophyly and the origin of birds». In: Kevin Padian. <i>The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight</i>. Col: Memoirs of the California Academy of Science <b>8</b>. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 1–55. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-940228-14-9" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-940228-14-9">0-940228-14-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Saurischian+Monophyly+and+the+origin+of+birds&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.aulast=Gauthier&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Birds+and+the+Evolution+of+Flight&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-940228-14-9&rft.pages=1-55&rft.series=Memoirs+of+the+California+Academy+of+Science+%27%27%278%27%27%27&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nature_229-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nature_229-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nature_229-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Godefroit, Pascal; Cau, Andrea; Hu, Dong-Yu; Escuillié, François; Wenhao, Wu; Dyke, Gareth (2013). «A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds». <i>Nature</i>. in press (7454): 359–62. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23719374">23719374</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12168">10.1038/nature12168</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=A+Jurassic+avialan+dinosaur+from+China+resolves+the+early+phylogenetic+history+of+birds&rft.au=Cau%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Dyke%2C+Gareth&rft.au=Escuilli%C3%A9%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Hu%2C+Dong-Yu&rft.au=Wenhao%2C+Wu&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft.aulast=Godefroit&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7454&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=359-62&rft.volume=in+press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12168&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23719374&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-230">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Prum, Richard O. Prum (2008). «Who's Your Daddy». <i>Science</i>. <b>322</b> (5909): 1799–1800. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19095929">19095929</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1168808">10.1126/science.1168808</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Your+Daddy&rft.aufirst=Richard+O.+Prum&rft.aulast=Prum&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5909&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1799-1800&rft.volume=322&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1168808&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19095929&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-231">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Paul, Gregory S. (2002). «Looking for the True Bird Ancestor». <i>Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 171–224. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-8018-6763-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-8018-6763-0">0-8018-6763-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Looking+for+the+True+Bird+Ancestor&rft.aufirst=Gregory+S.&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.btitle=Dinosaurs+of+the+Air%3A+The+Evolution+and+Loss+of+Flight+in+Dinosaurs+and+Birds&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-8018-6763-0&rft.pages=171-224&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-232">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Norell, Mark; Mick Ellison (2005). <i>Unearthing the Dragon: The Great Feathered Dinosaur Discovery</i>. New York: Pi Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-13-186266-9" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-13-186266-9">0-13-186266-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Mick+Ellison&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.aulast=Norell&rft.btitle=Unearthing+the+Dragon%3A+The+Great+Feathered+Dinosaur+Discovery&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-186266-9&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pi+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-20140731-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AP-20140731_233-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Borenstein, Seth (31 de julho de 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnews.excite.com/article/20140731/us-sci-shrinking-dinosaurs-a5c053f221.html">«Study traces dinosaur evolution into early birds»</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 3 de agosto de 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.btitle=Study+traces+dinosaur+evolution+into+early+birds&rft.date=2014-07-31&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnews.excite.com%2Farticle%2F20140731%2Fus-sci-shrinking-dinosaurs-a5c053f221.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCI-20140731-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SCI-20140731_234-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lee, Michael S. Y.; Cau, Andrea; Naish, Darren; Dyke, Gareth J. (1 de agosto de 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6196/562">«Sustained miniaturization and anatomical innovation in the dinosaurian ancestors of birds»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></i>. <b>345</b> (6196): 562–566. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1252243">10.1126/science.1252243</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 2 de agosto de 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Sustained+miniaturization+and+anatomical+innovation+in+the+dinosaurian+ancestors+of+birds&rft.au=Cau%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Dyke%2C+Gareth+J.&rft.au=Naish%2C+Darren&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.+Y.&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6196&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=562-566&rft.volume=345&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F345%2F6196%2F562&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1252243&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xiaotingia-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Xiaotingia_235-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Xing Xu; Hailu You; Kai Du; Fenglu Han (28 de Julho de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v475/n7357/full/nature10288.html">«An <i>Archaeopteryx</i>-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae»</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>475</b> (7357): 465–470. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21796204">21796204</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10288">10.1038/nature10288</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=An+Archaeopteryx-like+theropod+from+China+and+the+origin+of+Avialae&rft.au=Fenglu+Han&rft.au=Hailu+You&rft.au=Kai+Du&rft.au=Xing+Xu&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7357&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=465-470&rft.volume=475&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv475%2Fn7357%2Ffull%2Fnature10288.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10288&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21796204&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHTetal07-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AHTetal07_236-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Turner, Alan H.; Pol, D; Clarke, JA; Erickson, GM; Norell, MA (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/317/5843/1378.pdf">«A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></i>. <b>317</b> (5843): 1378–1381. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17823350">17823350</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1144066">10.1126/science.1144066</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=A+basal+dromaeosaurid+and+size+evolution+preceding+avian+flight&rft.au=Clarke%2C+JA&rft.au=Erickson%2C+GM&rft.au=Norell%2C+MA&rft.au=Pol%2C+D&rft.aufirst=Alan+H.&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5843&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1378-1381&rft.volume=317&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F317%2F5843%2F1378.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1144066&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17823350&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xuetal2003-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-xuetal2003_237-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Xu, X; Zhou, Z; Wang, X; Kuang, X; Zhang, F; Du, X (2003). «Four-winged dinosaurs from China». <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>421</b> (6921): 335–340. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12540892">12540892</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01342">10.1038/nature01342</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Four-winged+dinosaurs+from+China&rft.au=Du%2C+X&rft.au=Kuang%2C+X&rft.au=Wang%2C+X&rft.au=Zhang%2C+F&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Z&rft.aufirst=X&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6921&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=335-340&rft.volume=421&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01342&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12540892&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-238">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Luiggi, Christina (Julho de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616171500/http://the-scientist.com/2011/07/27/on-the-origin-of-birds/">«On the Origin of Birds»</a>. The Scientist<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de junho de 2012</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-scientist.com/2011/07/27/on-the-origin-of-birds">original</a> em 16 de junho de 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Luiggi%2C+Christina&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+of+Birds&rft.date=2011-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Scientist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe-scientist.com%2F2011%2F07%2F27%2Fon-the-origin-of-birds&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mayretal2007-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mayretal2007_239-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mayr, G.; Pohl, B.; Hartman, S.; Peters, D.S. (2007). «The tenth skeletal specimen of <i>Archaeopteryx</i>». <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>149</b>: 97–116. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2006.00245.x">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00245.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+tenth+skeletal+specimen+of+Archaeopteryx&rft.au=Hartman%2C+S.&rft.au=Peters%2C+D.S.&rft.au=Pohl%2C+B.&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.pages=97-116&rft.volume=149&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2006.00245.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-curvipes2014-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-curvipes2014_240-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lefèvre, U.; Hu, D.; Escuillié, F. O.; Dyke, G.; Godefroit, P. (2014). «A new long-tailed basal bird from the Lower Cretaceous of north-eastern China». <i>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>113</b> (3): 790–804. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12343">10.1111/bij.12343</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=A+new+long-tailed+basal+bird+from+the+Lower+Cretaceous+of+north-eastern+China&rft.au=Dyke%2C+G.&rft.au=Escuilli%C3%A9%2C+F.+O.&rft.au=Godefroit%2C+P.&rft.au=Hu%2C+D.&rft.aufirst=U.&rft.aulast=Lef%C3%A8vre&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.pages=790-804&rft.volume=113&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbij.12343&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhengetal2013-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-zhengetal2013_241-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-zhengetal2013_241-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Zheng, X.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, X.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Wei, G.; Wang, S.; Xu, X. (2013). «Hind Wings in Basal Birds and the Evolution of Leg Feathers». <i>Science</i>. <b>339</b> (6125): 1309–1312. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493711">23493711</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1228753">10.1126/science.1228753</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Hind+Wings+in+Basal+Birds+and+the+Evolution+of+Leg+Feathers&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Wang%2C+X.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y.&rft.au=Wei%2C+G.&rft.au=Xu%2C+X.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+F.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+X.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Z.&rft.aufirst=X.&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6125&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1309-1312&rft.volume=339&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1228753&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23493711&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chiappe2007-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-chiappe2007_242-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-chiappe2007_242-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-chiappe2007_242-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-chiappe2007_242-3">d</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chiappe, Luis M. (2007). <i>Glorified Dinosaurs: The Origin and Early Evolution of Birds</i>. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-86840-413-4" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-86840-413-4">978-0-86840-413-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Luis+M.&rft.aulast=Chiappe&rft.btitle=Glorified+Dinosaurs%3A+The+Origin+and+Early+Evolution+of+Birds&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-413-4&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=University+of+New+South+Wales+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-243">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Agency France-Presse (Abril de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124421/http://archive.cosmosmagazine.com/news/birds-survived-dino-extinction-with-keen-senses/">«Birds survived dino extinction with keen senses»</a>. Cosmos Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de Junho de 2012</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.cosmosmagazine.com/news/birds-survived-dino-extinction-with-keen-senses/">original</a> em 2 de abril de 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Agency+France-Presse&rft.btitle=Birds+survived+dino+extinction+with+keen+senses&rft.date=2011-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Cosmos+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.cosmosmagazine.com%2Fnews%2Fbirds-survived-dino-extinction-with-keen-senses%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2015-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wang2015_244-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wang, M.; Zheng, X.; o’Connor, J. K.; Lloyd, G. T.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhou, Z. (2015). «The oldest record of ornithuromorpha from the early cretaceous of China». <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>6</b>. 6987 páginas. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25942493">25942493</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms7987">10.1038/ncomms7987</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=The+oldest+record+of+ornithuromorpha+from+the+early+cretaceous+of+China&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+G.+T.&rft.au=Wang%2C+X.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+X.&rft.au=Zheng%2C+X.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Z.&rft.au=o%99Connor%2C+J.+K.&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.volume=6&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms7987&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25942493&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-louchart2011-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-louchart2011_245-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Louchart, A.; Viriot, L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728053547/http://198.81.200.84/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347%2811%2900264-3?switch=standard">«From snout to beak: the loss of teeth in birds»</a>. <i>Trends In Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>26</b> (12): 663–673. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2011.09.004">10.1016/j.tree.2011.09.004</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 22 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://198.81.200.84/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347%2811%2900264-3?switch=standard">original</a> em 28 de julho de 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=From+snout+to+beak%3A+the+loss+of+teeth+in+birds&rft.au=Viriot%2C+L.&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.aulast=Louchart&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Trends+In+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.pages=663-673&rft.volume=26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F198.81.200.84%2Ftrends%2Fecology-evolution%2Fabstract%2FS0169-5347%252811%252900264-3%3Fswitch%3Dstandard&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tree.2011.09.004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yixianornis-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-yixianornis_246-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Clarke, J. A.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2100246">«Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of <i>Yixianornis grabaui</i>»</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>208</b> (3): 287–308. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2100246">2100246</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16533313">16533313</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2006.00534.x">10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Insight+into+the+evolution+of+avian+flight+from+a+new+clade+of+Early+Cretaceous+ornithurines+from+China+and+the+morphology+of+Yixianornis+grabaui&rft.au=Zhang%2C+F.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Z.&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&rft.pages=287-308&rft.volume=208&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2100246&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2100246&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2006.00534.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16533313&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-247">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ritchison, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birdbiogeography1.htm">«Bird biogeography»</a>. <i>Avian Biology</i>. Eastern Kentucky University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 10 de Abril de 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Bird+biogeography&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.aulast=Ritchison&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avian+Biology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.eku.edu%2Fritchisong%2Fbirdbiogeography1.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-248">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/James_Clements" title="James Clements">Clements, James F.</a> (2007). <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clements_Checklist_of_Birds_of_the_World" class="extiw" title="en:The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World">he Clements Checklist of Birds of the World</a></i> 6ª ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8014-4501-9" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8014-4501-9">978-0-8014-4501-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.btitle=he+Clements+Checklist+of+Birds+of+the+World&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=6%AA&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4501-9&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-249">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" class="extiw" title="en:Frank Gill (ornithologist)">Gill, Frank</a> (2006). <i>Birds of the World: Recommended English Names</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-691-12827-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-691-12827-6">978-0-691-12827-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.btitle=Birds+of+the+World%3A+Recommended+English+Names&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12827-6&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-250">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Clarke, Julia A.; Tambussi, CP; Noriega, JI; Erickson, GM; Ketcham, RA (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digimorph.org/specimens/Vegavis_iaai/nature03150.pdf">«Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>433</b> (7023): 305–308. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15662422">15662422</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03150">10.1038/nature03150</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Definitive+fossil+evidence+for+the+extant+avian+radiation+in+the+Cretaceous&rft.au=Erickson%2C+GM&rft.au=Ketcham%2C+RA&rft.au=Noriega%2C+JI&rft.au=Tambussi%2C+CP&rft.aufirst=Julia+A.&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7023&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=305-308&rft.volume=433&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digimorph.org%2Fspecimens%2FVegavis_iaai%2Fnature03150.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03150&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15662422&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7023/suppinfo/nature03150.html">Nature.com</a>, Informação adicional]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ericson-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ericson_251-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ericson_251-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ericson, Per G.P.; Anderson, CL; Britton, T; Elzanowski, A; Johansson, US; Källersjö, M; Ohlson, J; Parsons, TJ; Zuccon, D (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325235703/http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/neoaves.pdf">«Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 543–547. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1834003">1834003</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17148284">17148284</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2006.0523">10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 22 de fevereiro de 2016</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/neoaves.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 25 de março de 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Diversification+of+Neoaves%3A+integration+of+molecular+sequence+data+and+fossils&rft.au=Anderson%2C+CL&rft.au=Britton%2C+T&rft.au=Elzanowski%2C+A&rft.au=Johansson%2C+US&rft.au=K%C3%A4llersj%C3%B6%2C+M&rft.au=Ohlson%2C+J&rft.au=Parsons%2C+TJ&rft.au=Zuccon%2C+D&rft.aufirst=Per+G.P.&rft.aulast=Ericson&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.pages=543-547&rft.volume=2&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1834003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senckenberg.de%2Ffiles%2Fcontent%2Fforschung%2Fabteilung%2Fterrzool%2Fornithologie%2Fneoaves.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2006.0523&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17148284&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-252">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Brown, Joseph W.; Payne, RB; Mindell, DP (Junho de 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2464679">«Nuclear DNA does not reconcile 'rocks' and 'clocks' in Neoaves: a comment on Ericson et al.»</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 257–259. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2464679">2464679</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17389215">17389215</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2006.0611">10.1098/rsbl.2006.0611</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Nuclear+DNA+does+not+reconcile+%27rocks%27+and+%27clocks%27+in+Neoaves%3A+a+comment+on+Ericson+et+al.&rft.au=Mindell%2C+DP&rft.au=Payne%2C+RB&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.date=2007-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.pages=257-259&rft.volume=3&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2464679&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2464679&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2006.0611&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17389215&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-253">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci-news.com/biology/science-avian-tree-life-03326.html">«Ornithologists Publish Most Comprehensive Avian Tree of Life»</a>. Sci-news.com. 9 de outubro de 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de fevereiro de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.btitle=Ornithologists+Publish+Most+Comprehensive+Avian+Tree+of+Life&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Sci-news.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci-news.com%2Fbiology%2Fscience-avian-tree-life-03326.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jarvis2014-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jarvis2014_254-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jarvis2014_254-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jarvis, E.D.; et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6215/1320.abstract">«Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds»</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>346</b> (6215): 1320–1331. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504713">25504713</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1253451">10.1126/science.1253451</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Whole-genome+analyses+resolve+early+branches+in+the+tree+of+life+of+modern+birds&rft.aufirst=E.D.&rft.aulast=Jarvis&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6215&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1320-1331&rft.volume=346&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F346%2F6215%2F1320.abstract&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1253451&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25504713&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-255">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Yuri, T.; et al. (2013). «Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals». <i>Biology</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 419–444. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fbiology2010419">10.3390/biology2010419</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.atitle=Parsimony+and+Model-Based+Analyses+of+Indels+in+Avian+Nuclear+Genes+Reveal+Congruent+and+Incongruent+Phylogenetic+Signals&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.aulast=Yuri&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Biology&rft.pages=419-444&rft.volume=2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fbiology2010419&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-256">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sibley, Charles; Jon Edward Ahlquist (1990). <i>Phylogeny and classification of birds</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-300-04085-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-300-04085-7">0-300-04085-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Jon+Edward+Ahlquist&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=Sibley&rft.btitle=Phylogeny+and+classification+of+birds&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-300-04085-7&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-257">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mayr, Ernst; Short, Lester L. (1970). <i>Species Taxa of North American Birds: A Contribution to Comparative Systematics</i>. Col: Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, no. 9. Cambridge, Mass.: Nuttall Ornithological Club. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/517185">517185</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.au=Short%2C+Lester+L.&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.btitle=Species+Taxa+of+North+American+Birds%3A+A+Contribution+to+Comparative+Systematics&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Nuttall+Ornithological+Club&rft.series=Publications+of+the+Nuttall+Ornithological+Club%2C+no.+9&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F517185&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aves&action=edit&section=37" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox noprint" style="width:250px; line-height:2.2em; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:1.3em"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Outros projetos <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a> também contêm material sobre este tema: </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aves" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/32px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aves" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Aves"><span title="Procurar por imagens e mídia no Commons"><b>Imagens e <i>media</i></b></span></a> no <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="commons:Página principal"><span title="Commons">Commons</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aves" title="Wikispecies"><img alt="Wikispecies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/21px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/32px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/42px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aves" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Aves"><span title="Procurar por diretório no Wikispecies"><b>Diretório</b></span></a> no <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Página principal"><span title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</span></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div id="interProject" style="display:none;"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aves" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Aves"><span title="Commons">Commons</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aves" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Aves"><span title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</span></a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spea.pt/pt/">«SPEA: Sociedade Portuguesa para o Estudo das Aves»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.btitle=SPEA%3A+Sociedade+Portuguesa+para+o+Estudo+das+Aves&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spea.pt%2Fpt%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesdeportugal.info//">«Aves de Portugal»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.btitle=Aves+de+Portugal&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesdeportugal.info%2F%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikiaves.com.br">«Aves do Brasil»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.btitle=Aves+do+Brasil&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikiaves.com.br&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/">«Avibase - the world bird database»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.btitle=Avibase+-+the+world+bird+database&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favibase.bsc-eoc.org%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eol.org/pages/695/overview">«Aves, na Encyclopedia of Life»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.btitle=Aves%2C+na+Encyclopedia+of+Life&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eol.org%2Fpages%2F695%2Foverview&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sora.unm.edu/">«SORA: Searchable Ornithological Research Archive»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.btitle=SORA%3A+Searchable+Ornithological+Research+Archive&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/completed_essays.html">«Essays on bird biology, Universidade de Stanford»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.btitle=Essays+on+bird+biology%2C+Universidade+de+Stanford&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fstanfordbirds%2Ftext%2Fessays%2Fcompleted_essays.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdlife.org/">«BirdLife International»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.btitle=BirdLife+International&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdlife.org%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ornithology.com/">«Ornithology.com»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.btitle=Ornithology.com&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fornithology.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dinosaur-world.com/feathered_dinosaurs/0-feathered_dinosaurs.htm">«Dinossauros com penas em www.dinosaur-world.com»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAves&rft.btitle=Dinossauros+com+penas+em+www.dinosaur-world.com&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dinosaur-world.com%2Ffeathered_dinosaurs%2F0-feathered_dinosaurs.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classes_viventes_de_Cordados" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Cordados_Viventes" title="Predefinição:Cordados Viventes"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Cordados_Viventes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Cordados Viventes (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; 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style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cephalochordata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.60em;line-height:1.0em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordata" title="Cephalochordata">Cephalochordata</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordata" title="Cephalochordata">Leptocardii <small>(anfioxos)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:width:0.9em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urochordata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urochordata (página não existe)">Urochordata <br /><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040788"><span class="nobold">(tunicados)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea" title="Ascidiacea">Ascidiacea <small>(ascídias)</small></a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvacea" title="Larvacea">Larvacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaliacea" title="Thaliacea">Thaliacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:width:0.9em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Craniata" title="Craniata">Craniata</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040788"><span class="nobold">(<i><a href="/wiki/Vertebrados" title="Vertebrados">Vertebrados</a></i> + <a href="/wiki/Myxini" title="Myxini">Myxini</a>)</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040788"><span class="nobold">(<i><a href="/wiki/Peixe" title="Peixe">peixes</a></i> + Tetrápodes)</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomata</a>¹</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myxini" title="Myxini">Myxini <small>(peixes-bruxas)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampreia" title="Lampreia">Hyperoartia <small>(lampreias)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Gnatostomados" title="Gnatostomados">Gnathostomata<br /><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040788"><span class="nobold">(vertebrados <br />com mandíbula)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes <small>(peixes cartilaginosos)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes<br /><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040788"><span class="nobold">(peixes ósseos)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii <small>(peixes com nadadeiras raiadas)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii<br /><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040788"><span class="nobold">(peixes com <br />nadadeiras carnosas)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celacanto" title="Celacanto">Actinistia <small>(celacantos)</small></a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipnoicos" title="Dipnoicos">Dipnoi <small>(peixes pulmonados)</small></a>²</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tetr%C3%A1podes" title="Tetrápodes">T<br />e<br />t<br />r<br />a<br />p<br />o<br />d<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anf%C3%ADbios" title="Anfíbios">Amphibia <small>(anfíbios)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota">A<br />m<br />n<br />i<br />o<br />t<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferos" title="Mamíferos">Mammalia <small>(mamíferos)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a><br /><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040788"><span class="nobold">(inclui <a href="/wiki/Diapsida" title="Diapsida">Diapsida</a>)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphenodontida" title="Sphenodontida">Rhynchocephalia <small>(tuatara)</small></a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escamados" title="Escamados">Squamata <small>(répteis escamados)</small></a>³</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archelosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archelosauria">Archelosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testudinata" title="Testudinata">Testudines <small>(tartarugas)</small></a>³<sup>,</sup>⁴</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archosauria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archosauria" title="Archosauria">Archosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodylia" title="Crocodylia">Crocodilia <small>(crocodilianos)</small></a>³</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>¹antiga superclasse <i><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a></i></li> <li>²subclasses de <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a></li> <li>³antigas ordens da extinta classe <i><a href="/wiki/Reptilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilia">Reptilia <small>(répteis)</small></a></i></li> <li>⁴tradicionalmente incluídos em <a href="/wiki/Anapsida" title="Anapsida">Anapsida</a></li> <li><i>itálico</i> são grupos <a href="/wiki/Parafil%C3%A9ticos" class="mw-redirect" title="Parafiléticos">parafiléticos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theropoda" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Theropoda" title="Predefinição:Theropoda"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Theropoda" title="Predefinição Discussão:Theropoda"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Theropoda&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theropoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Reino:_Animalia_*_Filo:_Chordata_*_Classe:_Sauropsida_*_Clado:_Avemetatarsalia_*_Clado:_Dinosauria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040788"><span class="nobold"> <ul><li>Reino: <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">Animalia</a></li> <li>Filo: <a href="/wiki/Cordados" title="Cordados">Chordata</a></li> <li>Classe: <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li> <li><i>Clado</i>: <a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li> <li><i>Clado</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dinossauros" title="Dinossauros">Dinosauria</a></li></ul> </span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>ver <a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Avemetatarsalia" title="Predefinição:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>ver abaixo↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Theropoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Theropoda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chindesaurus" title="Chindesaurus">Chindesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonosaurus" title="Daemonosaurus">Daemonosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eodromaeus" title="Eodromaeus">Eodromaeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erythrovenator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erythrovenator (página não existe)">Erythrovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guaibasaurus" title="Guaibasaurus">Guaibasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nhandumirim" title="Nhandumirim">Nhandumirim</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawa_hallae" title="Tawa hallae">Tawa</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Herrerasauridae" title="Herrerasauridae">Herrerasauria</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Neotheropoda" title="Neotheropoda">Neotheropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dilophosaurus" title="Dilophosaurus">Dilophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolichosuchus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolichosuchus (página não existe)">Dolichosuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracovenator" title="Dracovenator">Dracovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gojirasaurus" title="Gojirasaurus">Gojirasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidus_praecisio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepidus praecisio (página não existe)">Lepidus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liliensternus" title="Liliensternus">Liliensternus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophostropheus" title="Lophostropheus">Lophostropheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notatesseraeraptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notatesseraeraptor (página não existe)">Notatesseraeraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarcosaurus" title="Sarcosaurus">Sarcosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuangbaisaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuangbaisaurus (página não existe)">Shuangbaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosaurus" title="Sinosaurus">Sinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tachiraptor" title="Tachiraptor">Tachiraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velocipes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velocipes (página não existe)">Velocipes</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zupaysaurus" title="Zupaysaurus">Zupaysaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coelophysoidea" title="Coelophysoidea">Coelophysoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dracoraptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dracoraptor (página não existe)">Dracoraptor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panguraptor" title="Panguraptor">Panguraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendraig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendraig (página não existe)">Pendraig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podokesaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Podokesaurus (página não existe)">Podokesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powellvenator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Powellvenator (página não existe)">Powellvenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coelophysidae" title="Coelophysidae">Coelophysidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camposaurus" title="Camposaurus">Camposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis" title="Coelophysis">Coelophysis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucianovenator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucianovenator (página não existe)">Lucianovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megapnosaurus" title="Megapnosaurus">Megapnosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panguraptor" title="Panguraptor">Panguraptor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Procompsognathus" title="Procompsognathus">Procompsognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pterospondylus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pterospondylus (página não existe)">Pterospondylus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Segisaurus" title="Segisaurus">Segisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Averostra" title="Averostra">Averostra</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>ver abaixo↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040788"><span class="nobold"><b>Neoteropodes duvidosos</b></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teinurosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teinurosaurus (página não existe)">Teinurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halticosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halticosaurus (página não existe)">Halticosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleX(-1); -ms-transform: scaleX(-1); -o-transform: scaleX(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1); transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coelophysis bauri"><img alt="Coelophysis bauri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg/140px-Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg/210px-Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg/280px-Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="2105" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dilophosaurus wetherilli"><img alt="Dilophosaurus wetherilli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG/140px-Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG/210px-Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG/280px-Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Averostra" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Averostra" title="Averostra">Averostra</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Averostra" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Averostra" title="Averostra">Averostra</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophostropheus" title="Lophostropheus">Lophostropheus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosauria" title="Ceratosauria">Ceratosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berberosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berberosaurus (página não existe)">Berberosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosterovenator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosterovenator (página não existe)">Fosterovenator</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jubbulpuria" title="Jubbulpuria">Jubbulpuria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lukousaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lukousaurus (página não existe)">Lukousaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saltriovenator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saltriovenator (página não existe)">Saltriovenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratosauridae">Ceratosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratossauro" title="Ceratossauro">Ceratossauro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genyodectes" title="Genyodectes">Genyodectes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Abelisauroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelisauroidea">Abelisauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betasuchus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betasuchus (página não existe)">Betasuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lametasaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lametasaurus (página não existe)">Lametasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithomimoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ornithomimoides (página não existe)">Ornithomimoides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozraptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ozraptor (página não existe)">Ozraptor</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noasauridae" title="Noasauridae">Noasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afromimus" title="Afromimus">Afromimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrocheirus" title="Austrocheirus">Austrocheirus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berthasaura" title="Berthasaura">Berthasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compsosuchus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compsosuchus (página não existe)">Compsosuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dahalokely" title="Dahalokely">Dahalokely</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genusaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genusaurus (página não existe)">Genusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deltadromeus" title="Deltadromeus">Deltadromeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligabueino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligabueino (página não existe)">Ligabueino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinostropheus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinostropheus (página não existe)">Spinostropheus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elaphrosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaphrosaurinae">Elaphrosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphrosaurus" title="Elaphrosaurus">Elaphrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huinculsaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huinculsaurus (página não existe)">Huinculsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limusaurus" title="Limusaurus">Limusaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noasaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Noasaurinae">Noasaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laevisuchus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laevisuchus (página não existe)">Laevisuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masiakasaurus" title="Masiakasaurus">Masiakasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noasaurus" title="Noasaurus">Noasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Velocisaurus" title="Velocisaurus">Velocisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vespersaurus" title="Vespersaurus">Vespersaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Abelisauridae" title="Abelisauridae">Abelisauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chenanisaurus" title="Chenanisaurus">Chenanisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dryptosauroides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dryptosauroides (página não existe)">Dryptosauroides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoabelisaurus" title="Eoabelisaurus">Eoabelisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indosuchus" title="Indosuchus">Indosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kryptops&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kryptops (página não existe)">Kryptops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurupi_itaata" title="Kurupi itaata">Kurupi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rugops" title="Rugops">Rugops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectrovenator" title="Spectrovenator">Spectrovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarascosaurus" title="Tarascosaurus">Tarascosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tralkasaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tralkasaurus (página não existe)">Tralkasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenotarsosaurus" title="Xenotarsosaurus">Xenotarsosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Majungasaurinae">Majungasaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcovenator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcovenator (página não existe)">Arcovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dahalokely" title="Dahalokely">Dahalokely</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genusaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genusaurus (página não existe)">Genusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indosaurus (página não existe)">Indosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majungassauro" title="Majungassauro">Majungassauro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rahiolisaurus" title="Rahiolisaurus">Rahiolisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rajasaurus" title="Rajasaurus">Rajasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carnotaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnotaurinae">Carnotaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Majungasaurinae">Majungasaurinae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Brachyrostra" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brachyrostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachyrostra">Brachyrostra</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dahalokely" title="Dahalokely">Dahalokely</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekrixinatosaurus" title="Ekrixinatosaurus">Ekrixinatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elemgasem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elemgasem (página não existe)">Elemgasem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guemesia" title="Guemesia">Guemesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilokelesia" title="Ilokelesia">Ilokelesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llukalkan" title="Llukalkan">Llukalkan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niebla_antiqua" title="Niebla antiqua">Niebla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rahiolisaurus" title="Rahiolisaurus">Rahiolisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skorpiovenator" title="Skorpiovenator">Skorpiovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanos_simonattoi" title="Thanos simonattoi">Thanos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Furileusauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Furileusauria">Furileusauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abelissauro" title="Abelissauro">Abelissauro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aucasaurus" title="Aucasaurus">Aucasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carnotauro" title="Carnotauro">Carnotauro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elemgasem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elemgasem (página não existe)">Elemgasem</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pycnonemosaurus" title="Pycnonemosaurus">Pycnonemosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quilmesaurus" title="Quilmesaurus">Quilmesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viavenator" title="Viavenator">Viavenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetanurae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetanurae" title="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>ver abaixo↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleX(-1); -ms-transform: scaleX(-1); -o-transform: scaleX(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1); transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceratosaurus nasicornis"><img alt="Ceratosaurus nasicornis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/140px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/210px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/280px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleX(-1); -ms-transform: scaleX(-1); -o-transform: scaleX(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1); transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Limusaurus_runner_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Limusaurus inextricabilis"><img alt="Limusaurus inextricabilis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg/140px-Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg/210px-Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg/280px-Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3474" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleX(-1); -ms-transform: scaleX(-1); -o-transform: scaleX(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1); transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rajasaurus narmadensis"><img alt="Rajasaurus narmadensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg/140px-Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg/210px-Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg/280px-Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleX(-1); -ms-transform: scaleX(-1); -o-transform: scaleX(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1); transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aucasaurus garridoi"><img alt="Aucasaurus garridoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/140px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/210px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/280px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Tetanurae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tetanurae" title="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetanurae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tetanurae" title="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calamospondylus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calamospondylus (página não existe)">Calamospondylus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chienkosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chienkosaurus (página não existe)">Chienkosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilesaurus" title="Chilesaurus">Chilesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuandongocoelurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuandongocoelurus (página não existe)">Chuandongocoelurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruxicheiros" title="Cruxicheiros">Cruxicheiros</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryolophosaurus" title="Cryolophosaurus">Cryolophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaijiangosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaijiangosaurus (página não existe)">Kaijiangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kayentavenator" title="Kayentavenator">Kayentavenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monolophosaurus" title="Monolophosaurus">Monolophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandoravenator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandoravenator (página não existe)">Pandoravenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosaurus" title="Sinosaurus">Sinosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Szechuanosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szechuanosaurus (página não existe)">Szechuanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vectaerovenator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vectaerovenator (página não existe)">Vectaerovenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Orionides" title="Orionides">Orionides</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Megalosauroidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Megalosauroidea" title="Megalosauroidea">Megalosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunyangosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunyangosaurus (página não existe)">Yunyangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piatnitzkysauridae" title="Piatnitzkysauridae">Piatnitzkysauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Condorraptor" title="Condorraptor">Condorraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marshosaurus (página não existe)">Marshosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piatnitzkysaurus" title="Piatnitzkysaurus">Piatnitzkysaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuanhanosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuanhanosaurus (página não existe)">Xuanhanosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Megalosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalosauria">Megalosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptospondylus" title="Streptospondylus">Streptospondylus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megalosauridae" title="Megalosauridae">Megalosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eustreptospondylus" title="Eustreptospondylus">Eustreptospondylus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalosaurinae">Megalosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Duriavenator" title="Duriavenator">Duriavenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurus" title="Megalosaurus">Megalosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torvosaurus" title="Torvosaurus">Torvosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiehenvenator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiehenvenator (página não existe)">Wiehenvenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afrovenatorinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrovenatorinae">Afrovenatorinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afrovenator" title="Afrovenator">Afrovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dubreuillosaurus" title="Dubreuillosaurus">Dubreuillosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leshansaurus" title="Leshansaurus">Leshansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnosaurus (página não existe)">Magnosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piveteausaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piveteausaurus (página não existe)">Piveteausaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poekilopleuron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poekilopleuron (página não existe)">Poekilopleuron</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spinosauridae" title="Spinosauridae">Spinosauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cristatusaurus" title="Cristatusaurus">Cristatusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iberospinus" title="Iberospinus">Iberospinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostafrikasaurus" title="Ostafrikasaurus">Ostafrikasaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baryonychinae" title="Baryonychinae">Baryonychinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx">Baryonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protathlitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protathlitis (página não existe)">Protathlitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suchosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suchosaurus (página não existe)">Suchosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vallibonavenatrix" title="Vallibonavenatrix">Vallibonavenatrix</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosuchopsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratosuchopsini">Ceratosuchopsini</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratosuchops" title="Ceratosuchops">Ceratosuchops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riparovenator" title="Riparovenator">Riparovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suchomimus" title="Suchomimus">Suchomimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinosaurinae">Spinosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camarillasaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camarillasaurus (página não existe)">Camarillasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyovenator" title="Ichthyovenator">Ichthyovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irritator" title="Irritator">Irritator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxalaia" title="Oxalaia">Oxalaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamosaurus" title="Siamosaurus">Siamosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinosaurini">Spinosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sigilmassasaurus" title="Sigilmassasaurus">Sigilmassasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espinossauro" title="Espinossauro">Espinossauro</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avetheropoda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avetheropoda" title="Avetheropoda">Avetheropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>ver abaixo↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleX(-1); -ms-transform: scaleX(-1); -o-transform: scaleX(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1); transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piatnitzkysaurus floresi"><img alt="Piatnitzkysaurus floresi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/140px-Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/210px-Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/280px-Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="589" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Torvosaurus tanneri"><img alt="Torvosaurus tanneri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png/140px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png/210px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png/280px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="576" /></a></span> </p> <div style="display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleX(-1); -ms-transform: scaleX(-1); -o-transform: scaleX(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1); transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinosaurus aegyptiacus"><img alt="Spinosaurus aegyptiacus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/140px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/210px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/280px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png 2x" data-file-width="4485" data-file-height="2764" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Avetheropoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avetheropoda" title="Avetheropoda">Avetheropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avetheropoda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Avetheropoda" title="Avetheropoda">Avetheropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gasosaurus" title="Gasosaurus">Gasosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lourinhanosaurus" title="Lourinhanosaurus">Lourinhanosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Carnosauria" title="Carnosauria">Carnosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Altispinax" title="Altispinax">Altispinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monolophosaurus" title="Monolophosaurus">Monolophosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Megalosauridae" title="Megalosauridae">Megalosauridae</a></b>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spinosauridae" title="Spinosauridae">Spinosauridae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Allosauroidea" title="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asfaltovenator" title="Asfaltovenator">Asfaltovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erectopus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erectopus (página não existe)">Erectopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuanhanosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuanhanosaurus (página não existe)">Xuanhanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Piatnitzkysauridae" title="Piatnitzkysauridae">Piatnitzkysauridae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metriacanthosauridae" title="Metriacanthosauridae">Metriacanthosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuanhanosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuanhanosaurus (página não existe)">Xuanhanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yangchuanosaurus" title="Yangchuanosaurus">Yangchuanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metriacanthosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Metriacanthosaurinae">Metriacanthosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alpkarakush" title="Alpkarakush">Alpkarakush</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metriacanthosaurus" title="Metriacanthosaurus">Metriacanthosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shidaisaurus" title="Shidaisaurus">Shidaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamotyrannus" title="Siamotyrannus">Siamotyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinraptor" title="Sinraptor">Sinraptor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Allosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Allosauria">Allosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allosauridae" title="Allosauridae">Allosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antrodemus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antrodemus (página não existe)">Antrodemus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epanterias" title="Epanterias">Epanterias</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saurophaganax" title="Saurophaganax">Saurophaganax</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcharodontosauria">Carcharodontosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datanglong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datanglong (página não existe)">Datanglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusovenator" title="Lusovenator">Lusovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamraptor" title="Siamraptor">Siamraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siats" title="Siats">Siats</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulughbegsaurus" title="Ulughbegsaurus">Ulughbegsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veterupristisaurus" title="Veterupristisaurus">Veterupristisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neovenatoridae" title="Neovenatoridae">Neovenatoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilantaisaurus" title="Chilantaisaurus">Chilantaisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gualicho" title="Gualicho">Gualicho</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neovenator" title="Neovenator">Neovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siats" title="Siats">Siats</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">Megaraptora</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosauridae" title="Carcharodontosauridae">Carcharodontosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acrocantossauro" title="Acrocantossauro">Acrocantossauro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altispinax" title="Altispinax">Altispinax</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concavenator" title="Concavenator">Concavenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eocarcharia" title="Eocarcharia">Eocarcharia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelmayisaurus" title="Kelmayisaurus">Kelmayisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajasvenator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lajasvenator (página não existe)">Lajasvenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroniops" title="Sauroniops">Sauroniops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaochilong" title="Shaochilong">Shaochilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taurovenator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taurovenator (página não existe)">Taurovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veterupristisaurus" title="Veterupristisaurus">Veterupristisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcharodontosaurinae">Carcharodontosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcharodontosaurus">Carcharodontosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giganotosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giganotosaurini">Giganotosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giganotossauro" title="Giganotossauro">Giganotossauro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapusaurus" title="Mapusaurus">Mapusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meraxes" title="Meraxes">Meraxes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannotitan" title="Tyrannotitan">Tyrannotitan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">Megaraptora</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aoniraptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aoniraptor (página não existe)">Aoniraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahariasaurus" title="Bahariasaurus">Bahariasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deltadromeus" title="Deltadromeus">Deltadromeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fukuiraptor" title="Fukuiraptor">Fukuiraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phuwiangvenator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phuwiangvenator (página não existe)">Phuwiangvenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapator" title="Rapator">Rapator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megaraptoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaraptoridae">Megaraptoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerosteon" title="Aerosteon">Aerosteon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australovenator" title="Australovenator">Australovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maip" title="Maip">Maip</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megaraptor" title="Megaraptor">Megaraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murusraptor" title="Murusraptor">Murusraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orkoraptor" title="Orkoraptor">Orkoraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tratayenia" title="Tratayenia">Tratayenia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>ver abaixo↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Xuanhanosaurus qilixiaensis"><img alt="Xuanhanosaurus qilixiaensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png/140px-Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png/210px-Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png/280px-Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png 2x" data-file-width="5602" data-file-height="2311" /></a></span> <div style="display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleX(-1); -ms-transform: scaleX(-1); -o-transform: scaleX(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1); transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Allosaurus_Revised.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allosaurus fragilis"><img alt="Allosaurus fragilis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/140px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/210px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/280px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4570" data-file-height="2093" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Neovenator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Neovenator salerii"><img alt="Neovenator salerii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neovenator.png/140px-Neovenator.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neovenator.png/210px-Neovenator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neovenator.png/280px-Neovenator.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Carcharodontosaurus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus"><img alt="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png/140px-Carcharodontosaurus.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png/210px-Carcharodontosaurus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png/280px-Carcharodontosaurus.png 2x" data-file-width="4057" data-file-height="1609" /></a></span> </p> <div style="display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleX(-1); -ms-transform: scaleX(-1); -o-transform: scaleX(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1); transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Australovenator.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Australovenator wintonensis"><img alt="Australovenator wintonensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg/140px-Australovenator.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg/210px-Australovenator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg/280px-Australovenator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Coelurosauria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coelurosauria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aratasaurus" title="Aratasaurus">Aratasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asiamericana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asiamericana (página não existe)">Asiamericana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahariasaurus" title="Bahariasaurus">Bahariasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicentenaria" title="Bicentenaria">Bicentenaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilantaisaurus" title="Chilantaisaurus">Chilantaisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gualicho" title="Gualicho">Gualicho</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richardoestesia" title="Richardoestesia">Richardoestesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciurumimus" title="Sciurumimus">Sciurumimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vayuraptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vayuraptor (página não existe)">Vayuraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinjiangovenator" title="Xinjiangovenator">Xinjiangovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuolong" title="Zuolong">Zuolong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannoraptora" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannoraptora">Tyrannoraptora</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tyrannosauroidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauroidea" title="Tyrannosauroidea">Tyrannosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chingkankousaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chingkankousaurus (página não existe)">Chingkankousaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labocania" title="Labocania">Labocania</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coeluridae" title="Coeluridae">Coeluridae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelurus" title="Coelurus">Coelurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanycolagreus" title="Tanycolagreus">Tanycolagreus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proceratosauridae" title="Proceratosauridae">Proceratosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanlong" title="Guanlong">Guanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kileskus" title="Kileskus">Kileskus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proceratosaurus" title="Proceratosaurus">Proceratosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinotyrannus" title="Sinotyrannus">Sinotyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yutyrannus" title="Yutyrannus">Yutyrannus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Pantyrannosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantyrannosauria">Pantyrannosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectrosaurus" title="Alectrosaurus">Alectrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aviatyrannis" title="Aviatyrannis">Aviatyrannis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bagaraatan" title="Bagaraatan">Bagaraatan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dilong_paradoxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilong paradoxus">Dilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eotyrannus" title="Eotyrannus">Eotyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinbeisaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinbeisaurus (página não existe)">Jinbeisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juratyrant" title="Juratyrant">Juratyrant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moros_intrepidus" title="Moros intrepidus">Moros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santanaraptor" title="Santanaraptor">Santanaraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stokesosaurus" title="Stokesosaurus">Stokesosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suskityrannus" title="Suskityrannus">Suskityrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timimus" title="Timimus">Timimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timurlengia" title="Timurlengia">Timurlengia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiongguanlong" title="Xiongguanlong">Xiongguanlong</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">Megaraptora</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Eutyrannosauria" title="Eutyrannosauria">Eutyrannosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Appalachiosaurus" title="Appalachiosaurus">Appalachiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bistahieversor" title="Bistahieversor">Bistahieversor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dryptosaurus" title="Dryptosaurus">Dryptosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauridae" title="Tyrannosauridae">Tyrannosauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albertosaurinae" title="Albertosaurinae">Albertosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Albertosaurus" title="Albertosaurus">Albertosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgosaurus" title="Gorgosaurus">Gorgosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurinae" title="Tyrannosaurinae">Tyrannosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatyrannus" title="Asiatyrannus">Asiatyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanuqsaurus" title="Nanuqsaurus">Nanuqsaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alioramini" class="mw-redirect" title="Alioramini">Alioramini</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alioramus" title="Alioramus">Alioramus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qianzhousaurus" title="Qianzhousaurus">Qianzhousaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daspletosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Daspletosaurini">Daspletosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daspletossauro" title="Daspletossauro">Daspletossauro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanatotheristes" title="Thanatotheristes">Thanatotheristes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teratophoneini" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratophoneini">Teratophoneini</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dynamoterror" title="Dynamoterror">Dynamoterror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lythronax" title="Lythronax">Lythronax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teratophoneus" title="Teratophoneus">Teratophoneus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurini">Tyrannosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarbosaurus" title="Tarbosaurus">Tarbosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiranossauro" title="Tiranossauro">Tiranossauro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuchengtyrannus" title="Zhuchengtyrannus">Zhuchengtyrannus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Maniraptoromorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" title="Maniraptoromorpha">Maniraptoromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>ver abaixo↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coelurossauros_duvidosos" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040788"><span class="nobold"><b>Coelurossauros duvidosos</b></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aublysodon" title="Aublysodon">Aublysodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deinodon" title="Deinodon">Deinodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliosuchus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iliosuchus (página não existe)">Iliosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakuru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakuru (página não existe)">Kakuru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phaedrolosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phaedrolosaurus (página não existe)">Phaedrolosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanyangosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanyangosaurus (página não existe)">Shanyangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Zuolong_salleei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zuolong salleei"><img alt="Zuolong salleei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg/140px-Zuolong_salleei.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg/210px-Zuolong_salleei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg/280px-Zuolong_salleei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2735" data-file-height="1431" /></a></span> <div style="display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleX(-1); -ms-transform: scaleX(-1); -o-transform: scaleX(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1); transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Stokesosaurus clevelandi"><img alt="Stokesosaurus clevelandi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/140px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/210px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/280px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alioramus remotus"><img alt="Alioramus remotus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg/140px-Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg/210px-Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg/280px-Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3548" data-file-height="2009" /></a></span> </p> <div style="display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleX(-1); -ms-transform: scaleX(-1); -o-transform: scaleX(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1); transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarbosaurus bataar"><img alt="Tarbosaurus bataar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg/140px-Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg/210px-Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg/280px-Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Maniraptoromorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" title="Maniraptoromorpha">Maniraptoromorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Maniraptoromorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" title="Maniraptoromorpha">Maniraptoromorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelurus" title="Coelurus">Coelurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juravenator" title="Juravenator">Juravenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornitholestes" title="Ornitholestes">Ornitholestes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Neocoelurosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocoelurosauria">Neocoelurosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aniksosaurus" title="Aniksosaurus">Aniksosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compsognathidae" title="Compsognathidae">Compsognathidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aniksosaurus" title="Aniksosaurus">Aniksosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aristosuchus" title="Aristosuchus">Aristosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beipiaognathus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beipiaognathus (página não existe)">Beipiaognathus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compsognathus" title="Compsognathus">Compsognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huaxiagnathus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huaxiagnathus (página não existe)">Huaxiagnathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirischia" title="Mirischia">Mirischia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scipionyx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scipionyx (página não existe)">Scipionyx</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinocalliopteryx" title="Sinocalliopteryx">Sinocalliopteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosauropteryx" title="Sinosauropteryx">Sinosauropteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xunmenglong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xunmenglong (página não existe)">Xunmenglong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoriformes" title="Maniraptoriformes">Maniraptoriformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Compsognathidae" title="Compsognathidae">Compsognathidae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimosauria" title="Ornithomimosauria">Ornithomimosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkansaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkansaurus (página não existe)">Arkansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aviatyrannis" title="Aviatyrannis">Aviatyrannis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calamosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calamosaurus (página não existe)">Calamosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hexing" title="Hexing">Hexing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinnareemimus" title="Kinnareemimus">Kinnareemimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nedcolbertia" title="Nedcolbertia">Nedcolbertia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nqwebasaurus" title="Nqwebasaurus">Nqwebasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thecocoelurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thecocoelurus (página não existe)">Thecocoelurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valdoraptor" title="Valdoraptor">Valdoraptor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macrocheiriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocheiriformes">Macrocheiriformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Harpymimus" title="Harpymimus">Harpymimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelecanimimus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelecanimimus (página não existe)">Pelecanimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenzhousaurus" title="Shenzhousaurus">Shenzhousaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deinocheiridae" title="Deinocheiridae">Deinocheiridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beishanlong" title="Beishanlong">Beishanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deinocheirus" title="Deinocheirus">Deinocheirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garudimimus" title="Garudimimus">Garudimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harpymimus" title="Harpymimus">Harpymimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraxenisaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraxenisaurus (página não existe)">Paraxenisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannomimus" title="Tyrannomimus">Tyrannomimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimidae" title="Ornithomimidae">Ornithomimidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aepyornithomimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aepyornithomimus">Aepyornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anserimimus" title="Anserimimus">Anserimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeornithomimus" title="Archaeornithomimus">Archaeornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%22Coelosaurus%22_antiquus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=""Coelosaurus" antiquus (página não existe)">"Coelosaurus"</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dromiceiomimus" title="Dromiceiomimus">Dromiceiomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallimimus" title="Gallimimus">Gallimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimus" title="Ornithomimus">Ornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiupalong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiupalong (página não existe)">Qiupalong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rativates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rativates (página não existe)">Rativates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinornithomimus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinornithomimus (página não existe)">Sinornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Struthiomimus" title="Struthiomimus">Struthiomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tototlmimus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tototlmimus (página não existe)">Tototlmimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>ver <a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Maniraptora" title="Predefinição:Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></li> <li>inclui <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aves</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleX(-1); -ms-transform: scaleX(-1); -o-transform: scaleX(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1); transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Sinosauropteryx_color_(without_scale_bar).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sinosauropteryx prima"><img alt="Sinosauropteryx prima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg/140px-Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg/210px-Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg/280px-Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Deinocheirus_NT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Deinocheirus mirificus"><img alt="Deinocheirus mirificus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png/130px-Deinocheirus_NT.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png/195px-Deinocheirus_NT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png/260px-Deinocheirus_NT.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="382" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Qiupalong_Restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Qiupalong henanensis"><img alt="Qiupalong henanensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png/130px-Qiupalong_Restoration.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png/195px-Qiupalong_Restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png/260px-Qiupalong_Restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="5177" data-file-height="2829" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Controle_de_autoridade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Controle_de_autoridade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Controle_de_autoridade" title="Ajuda:Controle de autoridade">Controle de autoridade</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5113" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q5113">Q5113</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tesauro_de_Arte_e_Arquitetura" title="Tesauro de Arte e Arquitetura">AAT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300266506">300266506</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_Central_de_Floren%C3%A7a" title="Biblioteca Nacional Central de Florença">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=511">511</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Espanha" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Espanha">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX525524">XX525524</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Biblioteca Nacional da França">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932889r">11932889r</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Grande Enciclopédia Soviética">BRE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/3172238">3172238</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/bird-animal">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclopedia_Aragonesa" title="Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa">GEA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id=1629">1629</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4063673-2">4063673-2</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.jstor.org/topic/birds">birds</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_controle_da_Biblioteca_do_Congresso" title="Número de controle da Biblioteca do Congresso">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85014310">sh85014310</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Arquivos_Nacionais_e_Administra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Documentos" title="Arquivos Nacionais e Administração de Documentos">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639913">10639913</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Dieta" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Dieta">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573307">00573307</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_T%C3%A9cnica_Nacional_de_Praga" title="Biblioteca Técnica Nacional de Praga">PSH</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psh.techlib.cz/skos/PSH918">918</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Identificadores_taxonómicos" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Identificadores_taxonómicos" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomia" title="Taxonomia">Identificadores taxonómicos</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aves/">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" class="extiw" title="en:Barcode of Life Data System">Bold Systems</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=51">51</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20425914" class="extiw" title="d:Q20425914">Dyntaxa</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dyntaxa.se/taxon/info/4000104">4000104</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A9dia_da_Vida" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciclopédia da Vida">EOL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/695">695</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Europeia_e_Mediterr%C3%A2nica_para_a_Prote%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Plantas" title="Organização Europeia e Mediterrânica para a Proteção das Plantas">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1AVESC">1AVESC</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">FE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:10699">10699</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">FE-New</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/f2fd1555-ab1f-40f7-9cbf-abebff1ffbda">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fossilworks_Paleobiology_Database" title="Fossilworks Paleobiology Database">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=36616">36616</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/212">212</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/3">3</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" class="extiw" title="en:Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1142">1142</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ITIS" title="ITIS">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174371">174371</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8782">8782</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E1E0B077-76F6-D736-3B27-36617A705C73">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands_Soortenregister" class="extiw" title="nl:Nederlands Soortenregister">Soortenregister</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nederlandsesoorten.nl/linnaeus_ng/app/views/species/nsr_taxon.php?id=139165">139165</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3551271" class="extiw" title="d:Q3551271">uBio</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=21646">21646</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1836">1836</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" class="mw-redirect" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/AAFCA22F-1980-4B62-9149-8887F1C1FDC1">ID</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Identificadores" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Identificadores" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;">Identificadores</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001717">D001717</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/B01.050.150.900.248">B01.050.150.900.248</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Unificado_de_Linguagem_M%C3%A9dica" title="Sistema Unificado de Linguagem Médica">UMLS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncim-stage.nci.nih.gov/ncimbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Metathesaurus&code=C0005595">C0005595</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul class="noprint navigation-box" style="border-top: solid silver 1px; border-right: solid silver 1px; border-bottom:1px solid silver; border-left: solid silver 1px; padding:3px; background-color: #F9F9F9; text-align: center; margin-top:10px; margin-left: 0; clear: both;"><li style="display: inline;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; margin: auto 1.5em"><span style="margin-right: 0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:%D0%9F%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%BE.PNG" title="Portal das aves"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%9F%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%BE.PNG/25px-%D0%9F%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%BE.PNG" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%9F%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%BE.PNG/38px-%D0%9F%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%BE.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%9F%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%BE.PNG/50px-%D0%9F%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%BE.PNG 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aves" title="Portal:Aves">Portal das aves</a></span></span></li> </ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtida de "<a dir="ltr" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aves&oldid=68836344">https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aves&oldid=68836344</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Aves" title="Categoria:Aves">Aves</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Vertebrados" title="Categoria:Vertebrados">Vertebrados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Dinossauros" title="Categoria:Dinossauros">Dinossauros</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorias ocultas: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Artigos_com_microformatos_%27esp%C3%A9cies%27" title="Categoria:!Artigos com microformatos 'espécies'">!Artigos com microformatos 'espécies'</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_ingl%C3%AAs-fontes_em_l%C3%ADngua_(en)" title="Categoria:!CS1 inglês-fontes em língua (en)">!CS1 inglês-fontes em língua (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Listas_destacadas_na_Wikip%C3%A9dia_em_fr%C3%ADsio_setentrional" title="Categoria:!Listas destacadas na Wikipédia em frísio setentrional">!Listas destacadas na Wikipédia em frísio setentrional</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Artigos_bons_na_Wikip%C3%A9dia_em_ingl%C3%AAs_b%C3%A1sico" title="Categoria:!Artigos bons na Wikipédia em inglês básico">!Artigos bons na Wikipédia em inglês básico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Artigos_destacados_na_Wikip%C3%A9dia_em_catal%C3%A3o" title="Categoria:!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em catalão">!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em catalão</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Artigos_destacados_na_Wikip%C3%A9dia_em_polon%C3%AAs" title="Categoria:!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em polonês">!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em polonês</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Artigos_destacados_na_Wikip%C3%A9dia_em_galego" title="Categoria:!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em galego">!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em galego</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Artigos_destacados_na_Wikip%C3%A9dia_em_%C3%A1rabe" title="Categoria:!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em árabe">!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em árabe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Artigos_destacados_na_Wikip%C3%A9dia_em_franc%C3%AAs" title="Categoria:!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em francês">!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em francês</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Artigos_destacados_na_Wikip%C3%A9dia_em_croata" title="Categoria:!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em croata">!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em croata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Artigos_destacados_na_Wikip%C3%A9dia_em_novo_noruegu%C3%AAs" title="Categoria:!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em novo norueguês">!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em novo norueguês</a></li><li><a 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