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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Concepts and definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concepts_and_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_and_semiotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_and_semiotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Symbols and semiotics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols_and_semiotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychoanalysis,_rhetoric,_and_archetypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoanalysis,_rhetoric,_and_archetypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Psychoanalysis, rhetoric, and archetypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoanalysis,_rhetoric,_and_archetypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolic_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Symbolic value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul_Tillich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_Tillich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Paul Tillich</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul_Tillich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_context_in_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_context_in_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Role of context in symbolism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_of_context_in_symbolism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role of context in symbolism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_of_context_in_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Historical meaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_in_cartography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_in_cartography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Symbols in cartography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols_in_cartography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Related terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Symbol</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbool" title="Simbool – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Simbool" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Symbol" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2" title="رمز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رمز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7" title="Խորհրդանիշ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խորհրդանիշ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADmbolu" title="Símbolu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Símbolu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simvol" title="Simvol – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Simvol" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%DA%AF%D9%87" title="سیمگه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیمگه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95" title="প্রতীক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রতীক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Symbol" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Символ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Символ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сімвал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сімвал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA)" title="Сымбаль (знак) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сымбаль (знак)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolo" title="Simbolo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Simbolo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Символ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Символ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbol" title="Simbol – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Simbol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADmbol" title="Símbol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Símbol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Symbol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Symbol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Symbol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A9" title="رشمة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="رشمة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Symbol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCmbol" title="Sümbol – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sümbol" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Σύμβολο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύμβολο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADmbolo" title="Símbolo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Símbolo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolo" title="Simbolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Simbolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikur" title="Ikur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ikur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="نماد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نماد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbole" title="Symbole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Symbole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symboal" title="Symboal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Symboal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siombail" title="Siombail – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siombail" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADmbolo" title="Símbolo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Símbolo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Фискал – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Фискал" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EC%A7%95" title="상징 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상징" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7" title="Խորհրդանիշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խորհրդանիշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95" title="प्रतीक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रतीक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbol" title="Simbol – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Simbol" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolo" title="Simbolo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Simbolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbol" title="Simbol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Simbol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolo" title="Symbolo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Symbolo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1kn" title="Tákn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tákn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolo" title="Simbolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Simbolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%9C" title="סמל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סמל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="სიმბოლო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიმბოლო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Символ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Символ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senb%C3%B2l" title="Senbòl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Senbòl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Символ – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Символ" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolum" title="Symbolum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Symbolum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbols" title="Simbols – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Simbols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolis" title="Simbolis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Simbolis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szimb%C3%B3lum" title="Szimbólum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szimbólum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Симбол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Симбол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95" title="प्रतीक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रतीक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="სიმბოლო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სიმბოლო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbol" title="Simbol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Simbol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90" title="သင်္ကေတ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သင်္ကေတ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbool" title="Symbool – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Symbool" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB" title="シンボル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シンボル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Символ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Символ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Symbol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Symbol" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%B7mbole" title="Sŷmbole – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Sŷmbole" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simb%C3%B2l" title="Simbòl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Simbòl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95" title="ਪ੍ਰਤੀਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਤੀਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%B6" title="និមិត្តសញ្ញា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="និមិត្តសញ្ញា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Symbol" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADmbolo" title="Símbolo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Símbolo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbol" title="Simbol – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Simbol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanancha" title="Sanancha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sanancha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Символ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Символ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seembol" title="Seembol – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Seembol" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simboli" title="Simboli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Simboli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ACmmulu" title="Sìmmulu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sìmmulu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Symbol" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Symbol" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbol" title="Simbol – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Simbol" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astaan" title="Astaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Astaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ھێما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Симбол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Симбол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbol" title="Simbol – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Simbol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symboli" title="Symboli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Symboli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Symbol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagisag" title="Sagisag – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sagisag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azamul" title="Azamul – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azamul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Символ – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Символ" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="చిహ్నం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చిహ్నం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C" title="สัญลักษณ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัญลักษณ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%9F%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%97" title="ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sembol" title="Sembol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sembol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Символ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Символ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA" title="علامت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="علامت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83u_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng" title="Biểu tượng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biểu tượng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbulu" title="Simbulu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Simbulu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junj" title="Junj – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Junj" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="符号 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="符号" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="符號" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%B5%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="象徵符號 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="象徵符號" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80071#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Something that represents an idea, process, or physical entity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Symbology" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Symbology_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Symbology (disambiguation)">Symbology (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Symbol (disambiguation)">Symbol (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_stop_sign_octagon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Silhouette of a red octagon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Blank_stop_sign_octagon.svg/170px-Blank_stop_sign_octagon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Blank_stop_sign_octagon.svg/255px-Blank_stop_sign_octagon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Blank_stop_sign_octagon.svg/340px-Blank_stop_sign_octagon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A red <a href="/wiki/Octagon" title="Octagon">octagon</a> symbolizes "stop" even without the word.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/White_ribbon.svg/170px-White_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/White_ribbon.svg/255px-White_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/White_ribbon.svg/340px-White_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>Wearing variously colored <a href="/wiki/List_of_awareness_ribbons" title="List of awareness ribbons">ribbons</a> is a symbolic action that shows support for certain campaigns.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>symbol</b> is a mark, <a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">sign</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">word</a> that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">idea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">object</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/relationship" class="extiw" title="wikt:relationship">relationship</a>. Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen by creating linkages between otherwise different <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a> and experiences. All <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> is achieved through the use of symbols: for example, a red octagon is a common symbol for "<a href="/wiki/Stop_sign" title="Stop sign">STOP</a>"; on <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">maps</a>, blue lines often represent rivers; and a red rose often symbolizes love and compassion. <a href="/wiki/Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit">Numerals</a> are symbols for <a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">numbers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> may be symbols for certain <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>; and personal <a href="/wiki/Name" title="Name">names</a> are symbols representing individuals. The academic study of symbols is called <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>. </p><p>In the arts, <a href="/wiki/Artistic_symbol" title="Artistic symbol">symbolism</a> is the use of a <a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">concrete</a> element to represent a more abstract idea. In <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, an organized collection of symbols forms a <a href="/wiki/Map_layout" title="Map layout">legend</a> for a map. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>symbol</i> derives from the late Middle French masculine noun <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">symbole</i></span>, which appeared around 1380 in a theological sense signifying a formula used in the Roman Catholic Church as a sort of synonym for 'the credo'; by extension in the early Renaissance it came to mean 'a maxim' or 'the external sign of a sacrament'; these meanings were lost in secular contexts. It was during the Renaissance in the mid-16th century that the word took on the meaning that is dominant today, that of 'a natural fact or object evoking by its form or its nature an association of ideas with something abstract or absent'; this appears, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>, <i>Le Quart Livre</i>, in 1552.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This French word derives from Latin, where both the masculine noun <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">symbolus</i></span> and the neuter noun <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">symbolum</i></span> refer to "a mark or sign as a means of recognition."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin word derives from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">σύμβολον</span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">symbolon</i></span>, from a verb meaning 'put together', 'compare', alluding to the Classical practice of breaking a piece of ceramic in two and giving one half to the person who would receive a future message, and one half to the person who would send it: when the two fit perfectly together, the receiver could be sure that the messenger bearing it did indeed also carry a genuine message from the intended person.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A literary or artistic symbol as an "outward sign" of something else is a metaphorical extension of this notion of a message from a sender to a recipient. In English, the meaning "something which stands for something else" was first recorded in 1590, in <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Faerie_Queene" class="mw-redirect" title="Faerie Queene">Faerie Queene</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts_and_definitions">Concepts and definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Concepts and definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symbols are a means of complex communication that often can have multiple levels of meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-Womack_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Womack-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symbols are the basis of all human understanding and serve as vehicles of conception for all human knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symbols facilitate understanding of the world in which we live, thus serving as the grounds upon which we make judgments.<sup id="cite_ref-Catherine_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catherine-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, people use symbols not only to make sense of the world around them but also to <a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">identify</a> and cooperate in society through <a href="/wiki/Constitutive_rhetoric" title="Constitutive rhetoric">constitutive rhetoric</a>. </p><p>Human cultures use symbols to express specific ideologies and social structures and to represent aspects of their specific culture. Thus, symbols carry meanings that depend upon one's cultural background. As a result, the meaning of a symbol is not inherent in the symbol itself but is culturally learned.<sup id="cite_ref-Womack_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Womack-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Heinrich Zimmer</a> gives a concise overview of the nature, and perennial relevance, of symbols. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Concepts and words are symbols, just as visions, rituals, and images are; so too are the manners and customs of daily life. Through all of these, a transcendent reality is mirrored. There are so many metaphors reflecting and implying something which, though thus variously expressed, is ineffable, though thus rendered multiform, remains inscrutable. Symbols hold the mind to truth but are not themselves the truth, hence it is delusory to borrow them. Each civilisation, every age, must bring forth its own."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the book <i>Signs and Symbols</i>, it is stated that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A symbol<span class="nowrap"> </span>... is a visual image or sign representing an idea – a deeper indicator of universal truth.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols_and_semiotics">Symbols and semiotics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Symbols and semiotics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a> is the study of signs, symbols, and signification as communicative behavior. Semiotics studies focus on the relationship of the signifier and the signified, also taking into account the interpretation of visual cues, body language, sound, and other contextual clues. Semiotics is linked with <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and psychology. Semioticians not only study what a symbol implies but also how it got its meaning and how it functions to make meaning in society. For example, symbols can cause confusion in translation when the same symbol means different things in the source and target languages. A potential error documented in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Survey_translation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survey translation (page does not exist)">survey translation</a> is the symbol of "x" used to denote "yes" when marking a response in the English language surveys, but "x" usually means "no" in the Chinese convention.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symbols allow the human brain continuously to create meaning using sensory input and decode symbols through both <a href="/wiki/Denotation" title="Denotation">denotation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation">connotation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychoanalysis,_rhetoric,_and_archetypes"><span id="Psychoanalysis.2C_rhetoric.2C_and_archetypes"></span>Psychoanalysis, rhetoric, and archetypes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Psychoanalysis, rhetoric, and archetypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternative definition of <i>symbol</i>, distinguishing it from the term <i><a href="/wiki/Sign_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign (linguistics)">sign</a></i> was proposed by Swiss psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>. In his studies on what is now called <a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">Jungian archetypes</a>, a sign stands for something known, as a word stands for its referent. He contrasted a sign with a <i>symbol</i>: something that is unknown and that cannot be made clear or precise. An example of a symbol in this sense is <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> as a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Self_in_Jungian_psychology" title="Self in Jungian psychology">self</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Kenneth Burke</a> described <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> as a "symbol-using, symbol making, and symbol misusing animal" to suggest that a person creates symbols as well as misuses them. One example he uses to indicate what he means by the misuse of the symbol is the story of a man who, when told that a particular food item was whale blubber, could barely keep from throwing it up. Later, his friend discovered it was actually just a dumpling. But the man's reaction was a direct consequence of the symbol of "blubber" representing something inedible in his mind. In addition, the symbol of "blubber" was created by the man through various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a>. </p><p>Burke goes on to describe symbols as also being derived from <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s work on <a href="/wiki/Condensation_(psychology)" title="Condensation (psychology)">condensation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(psychology)" title="Displacement (psychology)">displacement</a>, further stating that symbols are not just relevant to the <a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">theory of dreams</a> but also to "normal symbol systems". He says they are related through "substitution", where one word, phrase, or symbol is substituted for another in order to change the meaning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In other words, if one person does not understand a certain word or phrase, another person may substitute a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> or symbol in order to get the meaning across. However, upon learning the new way of interpreting a specific symbol, the person may change his or her already-formed ideas to incorporate the new information. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dalby_Clift" title="Jean Dalby Clift">Jean Dalby Clift</a> says that people not only add their own interpretations to symbols, but they also create personal symbols that represent their own understanding of their lives: what she calls "core images" of the person. Clift argues that symbolic work with these personal symbols or core images can be as useful as working with dream symbols in psychoanalysis or counseling.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Indick suggests that the symbols that are commonly found in myth, legend, and fantasy fulfill psychological functions and hence are why archetypes such as "the hero", "the princess" and "the witch" have remained popular for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolic_value">Symbolic value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Symbolic value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symbols can carry symbolic value in three primary forms: Ideological, comparative, and isomorphic.<sup id="cite_ref-Annals_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annals-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ideological symbols such as religious and state symbols convey complex sets of beliefs and ideas that indicate "the right thing to do". Comparative symbols such as prestigious office addresses, fine art, and prominent awards indicate answers to questions of "better or worse" and "superior or inferior". Isomorphic symbols blend in with the surrounding cultural environment such that they enable individuals and organizations to conform to their surroundings and evade social and political scrutiny. Examples of symbols with isomorphic value include wearing a professional dress during business meetings, shaking hands to greet others in the West, or <a href="/wiki/Bowing" title="Bowing">bowing</a> to greet others in the East. A single symbol can carry multiple distinct meanings such that it provides multiple types of symbolic value.<sup id="cite_ref-Annals_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annals-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paul_Tillich">Paul Tillich</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Paul Tillich"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a> argued that, while signs are invented and forgotten, symbols are born and die. There are, therefore, dead and living symbols. A living symbol can reveal to an individual hidden levels of meaning and transcendent or religious realities. For Tillich a symbol always "points beyond itself" to something that is unquantifiable and mysterious; symbols open up the "depth dimension of reality itself".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symbols are complex, and their meanings can evolve as the individual or culture evolves. When a symbol loses its meaning and power for an individual or culture, it becomes a dead symbol. When a symbol becomes identified with the deeper reality to which it refers, it becomes idolatrous as the "symbol is taken for reality." The symbol itself is substituted for the deeper meaning it intends to convey. The unique nature of a symbol is that it gives access to deeper layers of reality that are otherwise inaccessible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillich196454_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillich196454-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_context_in_symbolism">Role of context in symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Role of context in symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A symbol's <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(non-linguistic)" title="Meaning (non-linguistic)">meaning</a> may be modified by various factors including popular usage, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, and contextual <a href="/wiki/Intent_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intent (law)">intent</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_meaning">Historical meaning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of a symbol is one of many factors in determining a particular symbol's apparent meaning. Consequently, symbols with emotive power carry problems analogous to <a href="/wiki/False_etymologies" class="mw-redirect" title="False etymologies">false etymologies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Context">Context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The context of a symbol may change its meaning. Similar five-pointed stars might signify a <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">law enforcement</a> officer or a member of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed services">armed services</a>, depending upon the <a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniform</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols_in_cartography">Symbols in cartography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Symbols in cartography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Map_symbol" title="Map symbol">Map symbol</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartographic_Symbols.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cartographic_Symbols.jpg/220px-Cartographic_Symbols.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cartographic_Symbols.jpg/330px-Cartographic_Symbols.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cartographic_Symbols.jpg/440px-Cartographic_Symbols.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>The three categories of cartographic symbol shapes</figcaption></figure> <p>Symbols are used in cartography to communicate geographical information (generally as point, line, or area features).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with other symbols, visual variables such as size, shape, orientation, texture, and pattern provide meaning to the symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>, map symbols are "read" by map users when they make a connection between the graphic mark on the map (the <i>sign</i>), a general concept (the <i>interpretant</i>), and a particular feature of the real world (the <i>referent</i>). Map symbols can thus be categorized by how they suggest this connection: </p> <ul><li><b>Pictorial symbols</b> (also "image", "iconic", or "replicative") appears as the real-world feature, although it is often in a generalized manner; e.g. a tree icon to represents a forest or green denoting vegetation.</li> <li><b>Functional symbols</b> (also "representational") directly represent the activity that takes place at the represented feature; e.g. a picture of a skier to represent a ski resort or a tent to represent a campground.</li> <li><b>Conceptual symbols</b> directly represent a concept related to the represented feature; e.g. a dollar sign to represent an ATM, or a <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a> to represent a Jewish synagogue.</li> <li><b>Conventional symbols</b> (also "associative") do not have any intuitive relationship but are so commonly used that map readers eventually learn to recognize them; e.g. a red line to represent a highway or a cross to represent a hospital.</li> <li><b>Abstract/geometric symbols</b> (also "ad hoc") are arbitrary shapes chosen by the cartographer to represent a certain feature.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Symbolic_action"></span> A <b>symbolic action</b> is an action that symbolizes or signals what the actor wants or believes. The action conveys meaning to the viewers. Symbolic action may overlap with <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_speech" title="Symbolic speech">symbolic speech</a>, such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Flag_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag burning">flag burning</a> to express hostility or saluting the flag to express patriotism.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagossy2008_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagossy2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to intense public criticism, businesses, organizations, and governments may take symbolic actions rather than, or in addition to, directly addressing the identified problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Bednar2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bednar2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">Emblem</a> – Pictorial image that epitomizes a concept or that represents a person</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a> (religious) and <a href="/wiki/Secular_icon" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular icon">secular icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symbols" title="List of symbols">List of symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">Logo</a> – Graphic mark, emblem, or symbol used to aid and promote public identification and recognition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">National symbol</a> – Symbol of any entity considering and manifesting itself to the world as a national community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a> – Ideogram that conveys its meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">Proto-writing</a> – Symbols that communicate ideas but not language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a> – Sociological theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism (arts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode symbols">Unicode symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_language" title="Universal language">Universal language</a> – Hypothetical language that is supposed to have been spoken by all or most of the world's population</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alain Rey et al., eds., <i>Dictionnaire historique de la langue française</i>, new edition, vol. 2 (Paris: Dictionnaires Le Robert, 1995), p. 2082.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Partridge, <i>Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English</i>, 2nd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1959), p. 688.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alain Rey et al., eds., <i>Dictionnaire historique de la langue française</i>, new edition, vol. 2 (Paris: Dictionnaires Le Robert, 1995), p. 2082.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Womack-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Womack_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Womack_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Womack, Mari. Symbols and Meaning: A Concise Introduction. California: AltaMira Press, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langer, Susanne K. A Theory of Art, Developed From: Philosophy in a New Key. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catherine-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catherine_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palczewski, Catherine, and Ice, Richard, and Fritch, John. Rhetoric in Civic Life. Pennsylvania: Strata Publishing, Inc., 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1969" class="citation book cs1">Zimmer, Heinrich (1969). Campbell, Joseph (ed.). <i>Philosophies of India</i> (9th ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01758-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01758-1"><bdi>0-691-01758-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+of+India&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=1-2&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-691-01758-1&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryanHodgsonLockley2008" class="citation book cs1">Bryan, Kim; Hodgson, Nicola; Lockley, Neil, eds. (2008). <i>Signs & symbols</i>. DK. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-756-63393-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-756-63393-6"><bdi>978-0-756-63393-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signs+%26+symbols&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-756-63393-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanSha2019" class="citation book cs1">Pan, Yuling; Sha, Mandy (2019-07-09). <i>The Sociolinguistics of Survey Translation</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 72–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429294914">10.4324/9780429294914</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-29491-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-29491-4"><bdi>978-0-429-29491-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198632812">198632812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociolinguistics+of+Survey+Translation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=72-75&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198632812%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429294914&rft.isbn=978-0-429-29491-4&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=Yuling&rft.au=Sha%2C+Mandy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christ, A symbol of the self</i> CW vol 9i Aion RKP 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClift1992" class="citation book cs1">Clift, Jean Dalby (1992). <i>Core Images of the Self: A Symbolic Approach to Healing and Wholeness</i>. Crossroad. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824512189" title="Special:BookSources/0824512189"><bdi>0824512189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Core+Images+of+the+Self%3A+A+Symbolic+Approach+to+Healing+and+Wholeness&rft.pub=Crossroad&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0824512189&rft.aulast=Clift&rft.aufirst=Jean+Dalby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbol" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130629202403/http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-6039-7">Indick, William. Ancient Symbology in Fantasy Literature: A Psychological Study. Jefferson: McFarland &, 2012. Print.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Annals-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Annals_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Annals_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnackenbergBundyCoenWestphal2019" class="citation journal cs1">Schnackenberg, Andrew K.; Bundy, Jonathan; Coen, Corinne; Westphal, James (2019). "Capitalizing on Categories of Social Construction: A Review and Integration of Organizational Research on Symbolic Management Strategies". <i>Academy of Management Annals</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 375–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2Fannals.2017.0096">10.5465/annals.2017.0096</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150656804">150656804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Annals&rft.atitle=Capitalizing+on+Categories+of+Social+Construction%3A+A+Review+and+Integration+of+Organizational+Research+on+Symbolic+Management+Strategies&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=375-413&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Fannals.2017.0096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150656804%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schnackenberg&rft.aufirst=Andrew+K.&rft.au=Bundy%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Coen%2C+Corinne&rft.au=Westphal%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillich1964" class="citation book cs1">Tillich, Paul (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theologyofcultur0000paul"><i>Theology of Culture</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theologyofcultur0000paul/page/59">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-195-00711-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-195-00711-5"><bdi>0-195-00711-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+of+Culture&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-195-00711-5&rft.aulast=Tillich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheologyofcultur0000paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETillich196454-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillich196454_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTillich1964">Tillich (1964)</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasso1982" class="citation book cs1">Basso, Michele (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qovAQAAIAAJ"><i>Eschatological symbolism in the Vatican Necropolis</i></a>. Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana. p. 700<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-05</span></span>. <q>In a late period the Greeks made [Pan] the incarnation of All (giving a false etymology to his name, which is really connected with the pastures), that is to say, the universe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eschatological+symbolism+in+the+Vatican+Necropolis&rft.pages=700&rft.pub=Tipografia+Poliglotta+Vaticana&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Basso&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qovAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyner2010" class="citation book cs1">Tyner, Judith A. (2010). <i>Principles of map design</i>. New York: Guilford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-606-23544-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-606-23544-7"><bdi>978-1-606-23544-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+map+design&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Guilford&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-606-23544-7&rft.aulast=Tyner&rft.aufirst=Judith+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDentTorgusonHodler2008" class="citation book cs1">Dent, Borden D.; Torguson, Jeffrey; Hodler, T. W. (2008-08-21). <i>Cartography: thematic map design</i> (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-072-94382-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-072-94382-5"><bdi>978-0-072-94382-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartography%3A+thematic+map+design&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008-08-21&rft.isbn=978-0-072-94382-5&rft.aulast=Dent&rft.aufirst=Borden+D.&rft.au=Torguson%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Hodler%2C+T.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagossy2008-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bagossy2008_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bagossy, Renate. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LyziXxw238C&pg=PA16">The Difficulty of the Amendment Process of the Constitution of the United States of America and Freedom of Speech and its limits</a></i>. GRIN Verlag; 2008-08-11 [cited 5 November 2012]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783640129546" title="Special:BookSources/9783640129546">9783640129546</a>. p. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bednar2008-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bednar2008_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bednar, Michael Kay. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Fyefq5LV8sC">How Symbolic Action Affects the Media as a Governance Mechanism</a></i>. ProQuest; 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549738817" title="Special:BookSources/9780549738817">9780549738817</a>. p. 17.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communication studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communication_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication_studies" title="History of communication studies">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_communication" title="Outline of communication">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Topics and<br /> terminology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocommunication_(science)" title="Biocommunication (science)">Biocommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">Conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrapersonal_communication" title="Intrapersonal communication">Intrapersonal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (philosophy of language)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_communication" title="Models of communication">Models of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent communication">Nonviolent communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Symbol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symbols" title="List of symbols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_and_conversation_theory" title="Text and conversation theory">Text and conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encoding_communication.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Encoding communication"><img alt="Encoding communication" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/120px-Encoding_communication.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/180px-Encoding_communication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/240px-Encoding_communication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_communication" title="Closed-loop communication">Closed-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">Communication theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicology" title="Communicology">Communicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_communication" title="Crisis communication">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_communication" title="Development communication">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_global_communication" title="Study of global communication">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_communication" title="International communication">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_cross-border_communication" title="Mediated cross-border communication">Mediated cross-border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_communication" title="Political communication">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_communication" title="Visual communication">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Craig" title="Robert T. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fisher_(professor)" title="Walter Fisher (professor)">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Flusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">Gerbner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Innis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Jakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Janis" title="Irving Janis">Janis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Johnson" title="Wendell Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Lawrence_Kincaid" title="D. Lawrence Kincaid">Kincaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Lippman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Morgan" title="Nick Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Packard" title="Vance Packard">Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_C._Quebral" title="Nora C. Quebral">Quebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Rogers" title="Everett Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Schramm" title="Wilbur Schramm">Schramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Tankard_Jr." title="James W. Tankard Jr.">Tankard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Tannen" title="Deborah Tannen">Tannen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Wertheimer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Communication_studies" title="Category:Communication studies">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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