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class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Inter-organismic communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-organismic_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intra-organismic_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intra-organismic_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Intra-organismic communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intra-organismic_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_hierarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_hierarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Language hierarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_hierarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunikation_(Biologie)" title="Kommunikation (Biologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kommunikation (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokommunikatsioon" title="Biokommunikatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biokommunikatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocomunicaci%C3%B3n" title="Biocomunicación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biocomunicación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ارتباطات زیستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتباطات زیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocomunicaci%C3%B3n" title="Biocomunicación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Biocomunicación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocomunicazione" title="Biocomunicazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Communication within or between species</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Biocommunication_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biocommunication (paranormal)">Biocommunication (paranormal)</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Biocommunication_(science)" title="Special:EditPage/Biocommunication (science)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Biocommunication%22+science">"Biocommunication" science</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Biocommunication%22+science+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Biocommunication%22+science&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Biocommunication%22+science+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Biocommunication%22+science">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Biocommunication%22+science&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the study of the <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological sciences</a>, <b>biocommunication</b> is any specific type of <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> within (intraspecific) or between (<a href="/wiki/Interspecies_communication" title="Interspecies communication">interspecific</a>) <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_to_plant_communication_via_mycorrhizal_networks#Behavior_and_information_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant to plant communication via mycorrhizal networks">fungi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Communication</i> means <a href="/wiki/Sign" title="Sign">sign</a>-mediated <b>interactions</b> following three levels of rules (<a href="/wiki/Syntactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntactic">syntactic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">semantic</a>). Signs in most cases are chemical <a href="/wiki/Molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecules">molecules</a> (<a href="/wiki/Semiochemical" title="Semiochemical">semiochemicals</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also tactile, or as in animals also <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">auditive</a>. Biocommunication of animals may include vocalizations (as between competing bird species), or <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a> production (as between various species of insects),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chemical signals between plants and animals (as in <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a> production used by <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> to warn away insects), and chemically mediated communication between plants<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and within plants. </p><p>Biocommunication of <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> demonstrates that <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelia</a> communication integrates interspecific sign-mediated interactions between fungal organisms, soil <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and plant root cells without which plant nutrition could not be organized. Biocommunication of <a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliates</a> identifies the various levels and motifs of communication in these <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>. Biocommunication of <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> represents key levels of sign-mediated interactions in the evolutionarily oldest <a href="/wiki/Akaryocyte" title="Akaryocyte">akaryotes</a>. Biocommunication of <a href="/wiki/Phages" class="mw-redirect" title="Phages">phages</a> demonstrates that the most abundant living agents on this planet coordinate and organize by sign-mediated interactions. Biocommunication is the essential tool to coordinate behavior of various cell types of <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biocommunication,_biosemiotics_and_linguistics"><span id="Biocommunication.2C_biosemiotics_and_linguistics"></span>Biocommunication, biosemiotics and linguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocommunication_(science)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biocommunication, biosemiotics and linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biocommunication theory may be considered to be a branch of <a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">biosemiotics</a>. Whereas biosemiotics studies the production and interpretation of signs and <a href="/wiki/Code" title="Code">codes</a>, biocommunication theory investigates concrete interactions mediated by signs. Accordingly, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatic</a> aspects of biocommunication processes are distinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biocommunication specific to animals (<a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">animal communication</a>) is considered a branch of <a href="/wiki/Zoosemiotics" title="Zoosemiotics">zoosemiotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The semiotic study of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">molecular genetics</a>, can be considered a study of biocommunication at its most basic level.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation_of_abiotic_indices">Interpretation of abiotic indices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocommunication_(science)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interpretation of abiotic indices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Migrating_Birds_on_Saltmarshes_-_geograph.org.uk_-_691933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Migrating_Birds_on_Saltmarshes_-_geograph.org.uk_-_691933.jpg/220px-Migrating_Birds_on_Saltmarshes_-_geograph.org.uk_-_691933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Migrating_Birds_on_Saltmarshes_-_geograph.org.uk_-_691933.jpg/330px-Migrating_Birds_on_Saltmarshes_-_geograph.org.uk_-_691933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Migrating_Birds_on_Saltmarshes_-_geograph.org.uk_-_691933.jpg/440px-Migrating_Birds_on_Saltmarshes_-_geograph.org.uk_-_691933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Birds migrate based on cues from their environment</figcaption></figure> <p>Interpreting stimuli from the environment is an essential part of life for any organism. <a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">Abiotic</a> things that an organism must interpret include <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> (weather, temperature, rainfall), <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> (rocks, <a href="/wiki/Soil_type" title="Soil type">soil type</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> (location of vegetation communities, exposure to elements, location of food and water sources relative to shelter sites).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds, for example, <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrate</a> using cues such as the approaching weather or <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasonal day length</a> cues. Birds also migrate from areas of low or decreasing resources to areas of high or increasing resources, most commonly food or nesting locations. Birds that nest in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> tend to migrate north in the spring due to the increase in insect population, budding plants and the abundance of nesting locations. During the winter birds will migrate south to not only escape the cold, but find a sustainable food source.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some plants will bloom and attempt to reproduce when they sense days getting shorter. If they cannot <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">fertilize</a> before the seasons change and they die then they do not pass on their genes. Their ability to recognize a change in abiotic factors allow them to ensure reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trans-organismic_communication">Trans-organismic communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocommunication_(science)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trans-organismic communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trans-organismic communication is when organisms of different <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> interact. In biology the relationships formed between different species is known as <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a>. These relationships come in two main forms - <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a>. Mutualistic relationships are when both species benefit from their interactions. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pilot_fish" title="Pilot fish">pilot fish</a> gather around <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a> to eat various parasites from the surface of the larger organism. The fish obtain food from following the sharks, and the sharks receive a cleaning in return.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parasitic relationships are where one organism benefits off of the other organism at a cost. For example, in order for <a href="/wiki/Mistletoe" title="Mistletoe">mistletoe</a> to grow it must leach water and nutrients from a tree or shrub. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dandelion-SAD-2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dandelion-SAD-2022.jpg/220px-Dandelion-SAD-2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dandelion-SAD-2022.jpg/330px-Dandelion-SAD-2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dandelion-SAD-2022.jpg/440px-Dandelion-SAD-2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>Dandelion flower under both UV light coloration (left) and visible light coloration (right). <a href="/wiki/UV_coloration_in_flowers" title="UV coloration in flowers">UV coloration in flowers</a> has evolved to attract pollinators with vision in the ultraviolet range.</figcaption></figure> <p>Communication between species is not limited to securing sustenance. Many flowers rely on <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a> to spread their <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> and facilitate floral reproduction. To allow this, many flowers evolved bright, attractive <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a> and sweet <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> to attract bees. In a 2010 study, researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires" title="University of Buenos Aires">University of Buenos Aires</a> examined a possible relationship between <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> and attraction. The study concluded that <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflected light</a> was much more important in <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinator</a> attraction than fluorescence.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Communicating with other species allows organisms to form relationships that are advantageous in survival, and all of these relationships are all based on some form of trans-organismic communication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inter-organismic_communication">Inter-organismic communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocommunication_(science)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inter-organismic communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inter-organismic communication is communication between organisms of the same species (<a href="/wiki/Biological_specificity" title="Biological specificity">conspecifics</a>). Inter-organismic communication includes human speech, which is key to maintaining <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structures</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parc_Asterix_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Parc_Asterix_20.jpg/220px-Parc_Asterix_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Parc_Asterix_20.jpg/330px-Parc_Asterix_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Parc_Asterix_20.jpg/440px-Parc_Asterix_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Dolphins communicate with one another to aid navigation</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphins</a> communicate with one another in a number of ways by creating sounds, making physical contact with one another and through the use of <a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a>. Dolphins communicate vocally through clicking sounds and pitches of whistling specific to only one individual. The whistling helps communicate the individual's location to other dolphins. For example, if a mother loses sight of her offspring, or when two familiar individuals cannot find each other, their individual pitches help navigate back into a group. Body language can be used to indicate numerous things such as a nearby predator, to indicate to others that food has been found, and to demonstrate their level of attractiveness in order to find a mating partner, and even more.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> such as dolphins and humans are not alone communicating within their own species. <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">Peacocks</a> can fan their feathers in order to communicate a <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territorial</a> warning. Bees can tell other bees when they have found nectar by <a href="/wiki/Waggle_dance" title="Waggle dance">performing a dance</a> when they return to the hive. <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Deer</a> may flick their tails to warn others in their trail that danger is approaching.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intra-organismic_communication">Intra-organismic communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocommunication_(science)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intra-organismic communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intra-organismic communication is not solely the passage of information within an organism, but also concrete interaction between and within <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> of an organism, mediated by signs. This could be on a cellular and <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecular</a> level. An organism's ability to interpret its own biotic information is extremely important. If the organism is injured, falls ill, or must respond to danger, it needs to be able to process that <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> information and adjust its behavior. </p><p>For example, when the human body starts to overheat, specialized <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glands</a> release <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">sweat</a>, which absorbs the heat and then <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporates</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_representation_of_the_signalling_pathway_leading_to_the_plant_response_to_abiotic_stresses.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Schematic_representation_of_the_signalling_pathway_leading_to_the_plant_response_to_abiotic_stresses.png/220px-Schematic_representation_of_the_signalling_pathway_leading_to_the_plant_response_to_abiotic_stresses.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Schematic_representation_of_the_signalling_pathway_leading_to_the_plant_response_to_abiotic_stresses.png/330px-Schematic_representation_of_the_signalling_pathway_leading_to_the_plant_response_to_abiotic_stresses.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Schematic_representation_of_the_signalling_pathway_leading_to_the_plant_response_to_abiotic_stresses.png/440px-Schematic_representation_of_the_signalling_pathway_leading_to_the_plant_response_to_abiotic_stresses.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>A stress signal being transmitted intracellularly through a plant's phytohormones</figcaption></figure> <p>This communication is imperative to survival in many species including plant life. Plants lack a <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> so they rely on a decentralized system of chemical messengers. This allows them to grow in response to factors such as wind, light and <a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">plant architecture</a>. Using these chemical messengers, they can react to the environment and assess the best growth pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essentially, plants grow to optimize their <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> efficiency. </p><p>Humans also rely on chemical messengers for survival. <a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">Epinephrine</a>, also known as adrenaline, is a <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> that is secreted during times of great stress. It binds to <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a> on the surface of cells and activates a pathway that alters the structure of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>. This causes a rapid increase in <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">blood sugar</a>. Adrenaline also activates the central nervous system increasing <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_rate" title="Respiratory rate">breathing rate</a>. This prepares the <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">muscles</a> for the body's natural <a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">fight-or-flight response</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organisms rely on many different means of intra-organismic communication. Whether it is through <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">neural</a> connections, chemical messengers, or hormones,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Aren't hormones a type of chemical messenger? (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> these all <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> to respond to threats, maintain <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> and ensure self preservation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_hierarchy">Language hierarchy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocommunication_(science)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language hierarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biocommunication_(science)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Given the complexity and range of biological organisms and the further complexity within the neural organization of any particular animal organism, a variety of biocommunication languages exists. </p><p>A hierarchy of biocommunication languages in animals has been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Subhash_Kak" title="Subhash Kak">Subhash Kak</a>: these languages, in order of increasing generality, are associative, re-organizational, and quantum.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three types of formal languages of the <a href="/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy" title="Chomsky hierarchy">Chomsky hierarchy</a> map into the associative language class, although context-free languages as proposed by Chomsky do not exist in real life interactions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocommunication_(science)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetacean_intelligence" title="Cetacean intelligence">Cetacean intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemotropism" title="Chemotropism">Chemotropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_communication" title="Human–animal communication">Human–animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">Molecular genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_communication" title="Plant communication">Plant communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(physiology)" title="Plant perception (physiology)">Plant perception (physiology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoosemiotics" title="Zoosemiotics">Zoosemiotics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocommunication_(science)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Plant Signaling and Behavior, 1(4), 169–178. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.1.4.3163">https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.1.4.3163</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Understanding the Stress Response.” Harvard Health, Harvard Health Publishing: Harvard Medical School, 1 May 2018, www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-the-stress-response.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kak, S. The three languages of the brain: quantum, reorganizational, and associative. In Learning as Self-Organization, <a href="/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl Pribram</a> and J. King (editors). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 185-219, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kak, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subhask.okstate.edu/sites/default/files/BICO%20KakCHAPTER.pdf">Communication languages and agents in biological systems.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724094239/https://subhask.okstate.edu/sites/default/files/BICO%20KakCHAPTER.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: Biocommunication: Sign-Mediated Interactions between Cells and Organisms. Eds.: J. Seckbach & R. Gordon. London, World Scientific Publishing: 203-226, 2016.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communication_studies" title="Template:Communication studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communication_studies" title="Template talk:Communication studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communication_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communication studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communication_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication_studies" title="History of communication studies">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_communication" title="Outline of communication">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Topics and<br /> terminology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biocommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">Conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrapersonal_communication" title="Intrapersonal communication">Intrapersonal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (philosophy of language)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_communication" title="Models of communication">Models of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent communication">Nonviolent communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symbols" title="List of symbols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_and_conversation_theory" title="Text and conversation theory">Text and conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encoding_communication.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Encoding communication"><img alt="Encoding communication" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/120px-Encoding_communication.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/180px-Encoding_communication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/240px-Encoding_communication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_communication" title="Closed-loop communication">Closed-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">Communication theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicology" title="Communicology">Communicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_communication" title="Crisis communication">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_communication" title="Development communication">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_global_communication" title="Study of global communication">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_communication" title="International communication">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_cross-border_communication" title="Mediated cross-border communication">Mediated cross-border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_communication" title="Political communication">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_communication" title="Visual communication">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Craig" title="Robert T. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fisher_(professor)" title="Walter Fisher (professor)">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Flusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">Gerbner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Innis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Jakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Janis" title="Irving Janis">Janis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Johnson" title="Wendell Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Lawrence_Kincaid" title="D. Lawrence Kincaid">Kincaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Lippman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Morgan" title="Nick Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Packard" title="Vance Packard">Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_C._Quebral" title="Nora C. Quebral">Quebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. 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