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<li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish_&_Chips_Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish_&_Chips_Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Fish & Chips Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish_&_Chips_Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Choice_of_fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choice_of_fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Choice of fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choice_of_fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cooking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Batter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Chips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accompaniments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accompaniments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Accompaniments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accompaniments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Nutrition information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vendors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vendors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vendors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vendors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fish and chips</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis-en-tjips" title="Vis-en-tjips – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vis-en-tjips" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisc_and_styccu" title="Fisc and styccu – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fisc and styccu" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%83_%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7" title="سمك ورقائق بطاطا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سمك ورقائق بطاطا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C4%B1q_v%C9%99_%C3%A7ips" title="Balıq və çips – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Balıq və çips" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%AC%E2%81%BF_h%C3%AE_kap_m%C3%A1-l%C3%AAng-ch%C3%AE-chhiam" title="Chìⁿ hî kap má-lêng-chî-chhiam – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chìⁿ hî kap má-lêng-chî-chhiam" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Рыба і чыпсы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рыба і чыпсы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Риба и пържени картофи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Риба и пържени картофи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pysgodyn_a_sglodion" title="Pysgodyn a sglodion – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pysgodyn a sglodion" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_Chips" title="Fish and Chips – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fish and Chips" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84_%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%82" title="Φις εντ τσιπς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φις εντ τσιπς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B3_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="چیپس و ماهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چیپس و ماهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%8B%9C_%EC%95%A4%EB%93%9C_%EC%B9%A9%EC%8A%A4" title="피시 앤드 칩스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피시 앤드 칩스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF_%D6%87_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Ձուկ և կարտոֆիլ ֆրի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձուկ և կարտոֆիլ ֆրի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_Chips" title="Fish and Chips – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fish and Chips" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskur_og_franskar" title="Fiskur og franskar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fiskur og franskar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A1" title="פיש אנד צ'יפס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיש אנד צ'יפס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kripik_lan_iwak" title="Kripik lan iwak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kripik lan iwak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%96%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="თევზი და ჩიფსები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თევზი და ჩიფსები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuvis_ir_tra%C5%A1ku%C4%8Diai" title="Žuvis ir traškučiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žuvis ir traškučiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pess_e_pomm_de_terra_fritt" title="Pess e pomm de terra fritt – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pess e pomm de terra fritt" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫിഷ് ആൻഡ് ചിപ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിഷ് ആൻഡ് ചിപ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_dan_kentang_goreng" title="Ikan dan kentang goreng – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ikan dan kentang goreng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9" title="フィッシュ・アンド・チップス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィッシュ・アンド・チップス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮੱਛੀ ਅਤੇ ਚਿਪਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੱਛੀ ਅਤੇ ਚਿਪਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C8%99te_cu_cartofi_pai" title="Pește cu cartofi pai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pește cu cartofi pai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Рыба и картофель фри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рыба и картофель фри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_supper" title="Fish supper – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fish supper" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlapi_le_dit%C5%A1hipisi" title="Hlapi le ditšhipisi – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Hlapi le ditšhipisi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Риба и помфрит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Риба и помфрит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟิชแอนด์ชิปส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟิชแอนด์ชิปส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%88-%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Фіш-енд-чипс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фіш-енд-чипс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%86%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="فش اور چپس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فش اور چپس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%B8%E9%AD%9A%E8%96%AF%E6%A2%9D" title="炸魚薯條 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="炸魚薯條" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%B8%E9%B1%BC%E8%96%AF%E6%9D%A1" title="炸鱼薯条 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="炸鱼薯条" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Fish and chips" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_plus_chips" title="Fish plus chips – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Fish plus chips" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British fried fish and fried potato dish</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fish 'n' chips" redirects here. For other topics, see <a href="/wiki/Fish_%27n%27_Chips_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fish 'n' Chips (disambiguation)">Fish 'n' Chips (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><span>Fish and chips</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_and_chips_blackpool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fish_and_chips_blackpool.jpg/275px-Fish_and_chips_blackpool.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fish_and_chips_blackpool.jpg/413px-Fish_and_chips_blackpool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fish_and_chips_blackpool.jpg/550px-Fish_and_chips_blackpool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">A serving of fish and chips with a wedge of lemon and garnish of <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">Fish supper / Fish 'n' chips</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Course</th><td class="infobox-data">Main dish</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data country-name">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Region or state</th><td class="infobox-data region">England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Serving temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">Hot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Main ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient">Battered and <a href="/wiki/Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">fried fish</a> with <a href="/wiki/French_fries#United_Kingdom" title="French fries">deep-fried chips</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Fish_and_Chips" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Fish and Chips">Cookbook: Fish and chips</a></li><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_roast_lamb_dinner_at_Black_Horse_Inn,_Nuthurst_West_Sussex_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/A_roast_lamb_dinner_at_Black_Horse_Inn%2C_Nuthurst_West_Sussex_England.jpg/330px-A_roast_lamb_dinner_at_Black_Horse_Inn%2C_Nuthurst_West_Sussex_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/A_roast_lamb_dinner_at_Black_Horse_Inn%2C_Nuthurst_West_Sussex_England.jpg/500px-A_roast_lamb_dinner_at_Black_Horse_Inn%2C_Nuthurst_West_Sussex_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/A_roast_lamb_dinner_at_Black_Horse_Inn%2C_Nuthurst_West_Sussex_England.jpg/960px-A_roast_lamb_dinner_at_Black_Horse_Inn%2C_Nuthurst_West_Sussex_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5059" data-file-height="2846" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> National cuisines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regional cuisines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Carmarthenshire" title="Cuisine of Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Monmouthshire" title="Cuisine of Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Gower" title="Cuisine of Gower">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Pembrokeshire" title="Cuisine of Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Ceredigion" title="Cuisine of Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_cuisine" title="Cornish cuisine">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Overseas/Fusion cuisine</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_(food)" title="Balti (food)">Balti curries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_cuisine" title="Bermudian cuisine">Bermudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British Chinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Virgin_Islands#Cuisine" title="Culture of the Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cayman_Islands#Cuisine" title="Culture of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Falkland_Islands#Cuisine" title="Culture of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Montserrat" title="Cuisine of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands#Culture" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_chefs" title="Category:British chefs">British chefs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/17px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/20px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_cuisine" title="Template:British cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_cuisine" title="Template talk:British cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fish and chips</b> is a hot dish consisting of <a href="/wiki/Batter_(cooking)" title="Batter (cooking)">battered</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">fried fish</a>, served with <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">chips</a>. Often considered the <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dish</a> of the United Kingdom, fish and chips originated in England in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alexander_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the dish is a common <a href="/wiki/Take-out" title="Take-out">takeaway food</a> in numerous other countries, particularly English-speaking and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> nations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chip_shop" title="Fish and chip shop">Fish and chip shops</a> first appeared in the UK in the 1860s, and by 1910 there were over 25,000 of them across the UK. This increased to over 35,000 by the 1930s, but eventually decreased to approximately 10,000 by 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-alexander_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British government safeguarded the supply of fish and chips during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and again in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. It was one of the few foods in the UK <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">not subject to rationing</a> during the wars, which further contributed to its popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-alexander_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Echo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Echo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English cuisine</a></div> <p>The British tradition of eating fish battered and fried in oil may have been introduced to the country by the <a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a>, who had lived in the Netherlands before settling in the UK. These immigrants arrived as early as the 16th century, the main immigration to London being during the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-alexander_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roden_1996_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roden_1996-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marks_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marks-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They prepared fried fish in a manner similar to <i><a href="/wiki/Pescado_frito" title="Pescado frito">pescado frito</a></i>, which is coated in <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> then fried in oil.<sup id="cite_ref-marks_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marks-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish fried for <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> for dinner on Friday evenings could be eaten cold the following afternoon for <a href="/wiki/Shalosh_seudot" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalosh seudot">shalosh seudot</a>, palatable this way as liquid vegetable oil was used rather than a hard fat, such as butter.<sup id="cite_ref-marks_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marks-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> mentions "fried fish warehouses" in <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist" title="Oliver Twist">Oliver Twist</a></i> (1838),<sup id="cite_ref-alexander_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1845 <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Soyer" title="Alexis Soyer">Alexis Soyer</a> in his first edition of <i>A Shilling Cookery for the People</i>, gives a recipe for "fried fish, Jewish fashion", which is dipped in a batter mix of flour and water before frying.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "fish the Jews' way" in most English cookery books usually refer not to plain fried fish, but to <a href="/wiki/Escabeche" title="Escabeche">escabeche</a>, fish fried then pickled in vinegar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BCLM_fish%2Bchips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BCLM_fish%2Bchips.jpg/250px-BCLM_fish%2Bchips.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BCLM_fish%2Bchips.jpg/330px-BCLM_fish%2Bchips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BCLM_fish%2Bchips.jpg/500px-BCLM_fish%2Bchips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>Fish and chips, served in a paper wrapper (<a href="/wiki/Greaseproof_paper" title="Greaseproof paper">greaseproof paper</a> inner and ordinary paper outer), as a takeaway</figcaption></figure> <p>The location of the first <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chip_shop" title="Fish and chip shop">fish and chip shop</a> is unclear. The earliest known shops were opened in London during the 1860s by Eastern European Jewish immigrant Joseph Malin,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by John Lees in <a href="/wiki/Mossley" title="Mossley">Mossley, Lancashire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fried fish and chips had existed separately for at least 50 years prior to this, so the possibility that they had been combined at an earlier time cannot be ruled out.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish and chips became a stock meal among the working class in England as a consequence of the rapid development of <a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">trawl fishing</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the development of railways which connected the ports to major industrial cities during the second half of the 19th century, so that fresh fish could be rapidly transported to the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deep-fried chips (slices or pieces of potato) as a dish may have first appeared in England in about the same period: the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> notes as its earliest usage of "chips" in this sense the mention in Charles Dickens' <i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities" title="A Tale of Two Cities">A Tale of Two Cities</a></i> (1859): "husky chips of potato, fried with some reluctant drops of oil".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern fish-and-chip shop ("chippy" in modern British slang) originated in the UK, although outlets selling fried food occurred commonly throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hegarty_2009_17_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegarty_2009_17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early fish-and-chip shops had only very basic facilities. Usually these consisted principally of a large cauldron of cooking fat, heated by a coal fire. The fish-and-chip shop later evolved into a fairly standard format, with the food served, in paper wrappings, to queuing customers, over a counter in front of the fryers. According to Professor John Walton, author of <i>Fish and Chips and the British Working Class</i>, the British government made safeguarding supplies of fish and chips during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> a priority: "The cabinet knew it was vital to keep families on the home front in good heart, unlike the German regime that failed to keep its people well fed".<sup id="cite_ref-alexander_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_Ramsden%27s,_Marine_Parade,_Brighton_(July_2020).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Harry_Ramsden%27s%2C_Marine_Parade%2C_Brighton_%28July_2020%29.JPG/250px-Harry_Ramsden%27s%2C_Marine_Parade%2C_Brighton_%28July_2020%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Harry_Ramsden%27s%2C_Marine_Parade%2C_Brighton_%28July_2020%29.JPG/330px-Harry_Ramsden%27s%2C_Marine_Parade%2C_Brighton_%28July_2020%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Harry_Ramsden%27s%2C_Marine_Parade%2C_Brighton_%28July_2020%29.JPG/500px-Harry_Ramsden%27s%2C_Marine_Parade%2C_Brighton_%28July_2020%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harry_Ramsden%27s" title="Harry Ramsden's">Harry Ramsden's</a> in Brighton, one of its 35 outlets in the UK and Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ramsden%27s" title="Harry Ramsden's">Harry Ramsden</a> opened his first fish and chip shop in <a href="/wiki/Guiseley" title="Guiseley">Guiseley, West Yorkshire</a>. On a single day in 1952, the shop served 10,000 portions of fish and chips, earning a place in the <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of Records">Guinness Book of Records</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Echo_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Echo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a></i> (1937), which documents his experience of working-class life in the <a href="/wiki/North_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="North of England">North of England</a>, the author considered fish and chips chief among the 'home comforts' which acted as a panacea to the working classes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, fish and chips—a staple of the working class—remained one of the few foods in the United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">not subject to rationing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> referred to the combination of fish and chips as "the good companions".<sup id="cite_ref-alexander_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British fish and chips were originally served in a wrapping of old newspapers but this practice has now largely ceased, with plain paper, cardboard, or plastic being used instead. In the UK, the Fish Labelling Regulations 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the Republic of Ireland the European Communities (Labelling of Fishery and Aquaculture Products) Regulations 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively enact directive 2065/2001/EC, and generally mean that "fish" must be sold with the particular commercial name or species named; so, for example, "cod and chips" now appears on menus rather than the more vague "fish and chips". In the UK the <a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> guidance excludes <a href="/wiki/Caterer" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterer">caterers</a> from this;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but several local Trading Standards authorities and others do say it cannot be sold merely as "fish and chips".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_and_chips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fish_and_chips.jpg/220px-Fish_and_chips.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fish_and_chips.jpg/330px-Fish_and_chips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fish_and_chips.jpg/440px-Fish_and_chips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Fish and chips on the seafront at <a href="/wiki/Hunstanton" title="Hunstanton">Hunstanton</a>, Norfolk. In the UK, fish and chips are particularly associated with <a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">seaside resorts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Echo_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Echo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rock_%26_Sole_Plaice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Rock_%26_Sole_Plaice.jpg/250px-The_Rock_%26_Sole_Plaice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Rock_%26_Sole_Plaice.jpg/330px-The_Rock_%26_Sole_Plaice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Rock_%26_Sole_Plaice.jpg/500px-The_Rock_%26_Sole_Plaice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Rock & Sole Plaice fish and chip shop in London, opened in 1871</figcaption></figure> <p>A prominent meal in British culture, fish and chips became popular in wider circles in London and South East England in the middle of the 19th century: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> mentions a "fried fish warehouse" in <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist" title="Oliver Twist">Oliver Twist</a></i>, first published in 1838, while in the north of England a trade in deep-fried chipped potatoes developed.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_History_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains unclear exactly when and where these two trades combined to become the modern <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chip_shop" title="Fish and chip shop">fish and chip shop</a> industry. A Jewish immigrant, Joseph Malin, opened the first recorded combined fish-and-chip shop in <a href="/wiki/Bow,_London" title="Bow, London">Bow</a>, East London, circa 1860; a Mr Lees pioneered the concept in the North of England, in <a href="/wiki/Mossley" title="Mossley">Mossley</a>, in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_History_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A century later, the <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Fish_Friers" title="National Federation of Fish Friers">National Federation of Fish Friers</a>, which made Malin's its first member, presented a plaque to Malin's as being the world's first fish and chip shop.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> is located at the other main contender for the first fish and chip shop, the present site of <a href="/wiki/Oldham" title="Oldham">Oldham</a>'s Tommyfield Market.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located in <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a>, The Rock & Sole Plaice, dating from 1871, is London's oldest fish and chip shop still in operation.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_History_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of a sit-down fish restaurant—as opposed to takeaway—was introduced by Samuel Isaacs, an entrepreneur from <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel" title="Whitechapel">Whitechapel</a>, East London who ran a thriving wholesale and retail fish business.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaacs_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaacs-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dubbed the 'Fish Restaurant King', Isaacs' first restaurant opened in <a href="/wiki/Lambeth" title="Lambeth">Lambeth</a>, South London in 1896 serving fish and chips, bread and butter, and tea for nine pence.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became instantly popular and led to a <a href="/wiki/Chain_store" title="Chain store">chain</a> which comprised 22 restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaacs_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaacs-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isaacs' trademark was the phrase "This is the <a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">Plaice</a>", combined with a picture of the punned-upon fish in question, which appeared in all of his restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaacs_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaacs-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isaacs' restaurants were carpeted, had table service, tablecloths, flowers, china and cutlery, and made the trappings of upmarket dining affordable to the working classes. They were located in <a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">the Strand</a> and other London locations, as well as Brighton, <a href="/wiki/Ramsgate" title="Ramsgate">Ramsgate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margate" title="Margate">Margate</a> and other seaside resorts in southern England.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaacs_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaacs-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menus were expanded in the early 20th century to include meat dishes and other variations. A glimpse of the old Brighton restaurant at No.1 Marine Parade can be seen in the background of <a href="/wiki/Norman_Wisdom" title="Norman Wisdom">Norman Wisdom</a>'s 1955 film <i><a href="/wiki/One_Good_Turn_(1955_film)" title="One Good Turn (1955 film)">One Good Turn</a></i> just as Pitkin runs onto the seafront; this is now the site of a <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ramsden%27s" title="Harry Ramsden's">Harry Ramsden's</a> fish and chips restaurant. </p><p>From their first appearance on the British <a href="/wiki/High_Street" title="High Street">High Street</a> in the early 1860s, fish and chip shops spread rapidly in order to satisfy the needs of the growing industrial population.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1910, there were over 25,000 fish and chip shops across the UK, a figure that grew to over 35,000 shops by the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-alexander_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then the trend has reversed, and in 2009 there were approximately 10,000 shops.<sup id="cite_ref-alexander_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> City Council claims that chips were first sold by a Belgian immigrant, Edward De Gernier, in the city's Greenmarket in the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-dundee_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dundee-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and the surrounding area, a combination of Gold Star <a href="/wiki/Brown_sauce" title="Brown sauce">brown sauce</a> and water or malt vinegar, known as "sauce", or more specifically as "chippy sauce", has great popularity;<sup id="cite_ref-FFF_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFF-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Salt_and_vinegar" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt and vinegar">salt and vinegar</a> is preferred elsewhere in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_2013_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent_2013-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Record_2012_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Record_2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edinburgh_News_2013_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edinburgh_News_2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radio_Times_2015_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radio_Times_2015-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fish_&_Chips_Awards"><span id="Fish_.26_Chips_Awards"></span>Fish & Chips Awards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fish & Chips Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The annual National Fish & Chips Awards were set up in the UK in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 30th Annual Fish & Chips Awards ceremony was attended by Norwegian ambassador to the UK Mona Juul.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Hotel,_St_George,_Queensland,_2021,_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Australian_Hotel%2C_St_George%2C_Queensland%2C_2021%2C_03.jpg/250px-Australian_Hotel%2C_St_George%2C_Queensland%2C_2021%2C_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Australian_Hotel%2C_St_George%2C_Queensland%2C_2021%2C_03.jpg/330px-Australian_Hotel%2C_St_George%2C_Queensland%2C_2021%2C_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Australian_Hotel%2C_St_George%2C_Queensland%2C_2021%2C_03.jpg/500px-Australian_Hotel%2C_St_George%2C_Queensland%2C_2021%2C_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="1693" /></a><figcaption>Fish and chips at the Australian Hotel, St George, Queensland</figcaption></figure> <p>The first recorded owner of an Australian fish and chip shop is Greek migrant Athanasias Comino, who opened his shop in 1879 on Sydney's Oxford Street, though Comino's shop was inspired by an unknown Welshman's pre-existing fish and chip shop.<sup id="cite_ref-aus-frdc_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aus-frdc-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia today, there are an estimated 4000 fish and chip shops, as well as fish and chips being an essential menu offering in many <a href="/wiki/Australian_pubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian pubs">Australian pubs</a> and restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-aus-frdc_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aus-frdc-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian cuisine</a></div> <p>Fish and chips is a widely popular dish in Canada, sometimes using <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a> or local lake-caught fish like <a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">perch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a>. Most shops also sell <a href="/wiki/Poutine" title="Poutine">poutine</a> and other fried items. In the province of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_%26_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland & Labrador">Newfoundland & Labrador</a>, fish and chips made with cod are a staple food and the most common takeout meal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish cuisine</a></div> <p>In Ireland, the first fish and chips were sold by an Italian immigrant, Giuseppe Cervi, who mistakenly stepped off a North America-bound ship at Queenstown (now <a href="/wiki/Cobh" title="Cobh">Cobh</a>) in <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a> in the 1880s and walked all the way to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He started by selling fish and chips outside Dublin pubs from a handcart. He then found a permanent spot in Great Brunswick Street (now <a href="/wiki/Pearse_Street" title="Pearse Street">Pearse Street</a>). His wife Palma would ask customers "Uno di questa, uno di quella?" This phrase (meaning "one of this, one of that") entered the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> in Dublin as "one and one", which is still a way of referring to fish and chips in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Hegarty_2009_17_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegarty_2009_17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand cuisine</a></div> <p>Fish and chips is the most popular takeaway food in New Zealand. Food historians have not been able to pinpoint exactly when the meal became an established part of New Zealand cuisine, but all recognise that the first fish and chips shops were introduced by British settlers before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wassilieff_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wassilieff-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 20th century, nearly every small town and suburb in New Zealand had at least one fish-and-chip shop. As in Britain, Friday night has been the traditional night to eat fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Wassilieff_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wassilieff-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, fish and chips were served in wrappings of greaseproof paper and then newspaper as insulation. With the decline of the newspaper industry, this has become less common although plain, unprinted paper is still popular. </p><p>In 1980, four up-and-coming <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand Labour Party</a> politicians, including <a href="/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange">David Lange</a>, were nicknamed the "<a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Chip_Brigade" title="Fish and Chip Brigade">Fish and Chip Brigade</a>" due to a picture published at the time with the group eating fish and chips.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American cuisine</a></div> <p>In the United States, the dish is most commonly sold as <i>fish and chips</i>, except in <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a>, where this dish would be called a <i><a href="/wiki/Fish_fry" title="Fish fry">fish fry</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in the United States <i>chips</i> refers to <a href="/wiki/Potato_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato chips">potato chips</a> ("crisps" in British English), the dish retains its native name.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, a common form of cuisine is fried <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> with French fries, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Coleslaw" title="Coleslaw">coleslaw</a>, pickles, raw onion slices and lemon slices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The western Norwegian town of <a href="/wiki/Kristiansund_(town)" title="Kristiansund (town)">Kristiansund</a> has had a tradition with fish and chips as street food since the 1940s. It is known locally as <i>fishan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choice_of_fish">Choice of fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Choice of fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Britain and Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a> appear most commonly as the fish used for fish and chips,<sup id="cite_ref-onplate_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onplate-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but vendors also sell many other kinds of fish, especially other <a href="/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">white fish</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hake" title="Hake">hake</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coley_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coley (fish)">coley</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_plaice" title="European plaice">plaice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skate_(fish)" title="Skate (fish)">skate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">ray</a>, and huss or <a href="/wiki/Rock_salmon" title="Rock salmon">rock salmon</a> (a term covering several species of <a href="/wiki/Spiny_dogfish" title="Spiny dogfish">dogfish</a> and similar fish). In traditional fish and chip shops several varieties of fish are offered by name ("haddock and chips"), but in some restaurants and stalls "fish and chips", unspecified, is offered; it is increasingly likely to be the much cheaper <a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">basa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Northern Ireland, cod, plaice or <a href="/wiki/Whiting_(fish)" title="Whiting (fish)">whiting</a> appear most commonly in 'fish suppers'—'supper' being Scottish and Northern Irish terminology for a food item accompanied by chips.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suppliers in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> often offer pollock and coley as cheap alternatives to haddock.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish-and-chips-horseshoe-bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fish-and-chips-horseshoe-bay.jpg/250px-Fish-and-chips-horseshoe-bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fish-and-chips-horseshoe-bay.jpg/330px-Fish-and-chips-horseshoe-bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fish-and-chips-horseshoe-bay.jpg/500px-Fish-and-chips-horseshoe-bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a> and chips, served with a lemon wedge and <a href="/wiki/Tartar_sauce" title="Tartar sauce">tartar sauce</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Australia, reef cod and <a href="/wiki/Rock_cod" title="Rock cod">rock cod</a> (a variety different from that used in the United Kingdom), <a href="/wiki/Barramundi" title="Barramundi">barramundi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flathead_(fish)" title="Flathead (fish)">flathead</a> (more expensive options), <a href="/wiki/Flake_(fish)" title="Flake (fish)">flake</a> (a type of <a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">shark meat</a>), <a href="/wiki/King_George_whiting" title="King George whiting">King George whiting</a> (little more expensive than other fish, but cheaper than barramundi or flathead) or <a href="/wiki/Australasian_snapper" title="Australasian snapper">snapper</a> (cheaper options), are commonly used. From the early 21st century, farmed <a href="/wiki/Basa_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Basa fish">basa</a> imported from Vietnam and <a href="/wiki/Blue_grenadier" title="Blue grenadier">hoki</a> have become common in Australian fish and chip shops. Other types of fish are also used based on regional availability. </p><p>In New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Australasian_snapper" title="Australasian snapper">snapper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Triglidae" title="Triglidae">gurnard</a> was originally the preferred species for battered fillets in the North Island. As catches of this fish declined, it was replaced by hoki, shark (particularly <a href="/wiki/Spotted_estuary_smooth-hound" title="Spotted estuary smooth-hound">rig</a>) – marketed as lemon fish – and <a href="/wiki/Tarakihi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarakihi">tarakihi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bluefin_gurnard" title="Bluefin gurnard">Bluefin gurnard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_cod" title="Blue cod">blue cod</a> predominate in South Island fish and chips.<sup id="cite_ref-Wassilieff_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wassilieff-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the type of fish used depends on availability in a given region. Some common types are cod, <a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a> or, in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a> or haddock.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, the dish is usually based on <a href="/wiki/Barramundi" title="Barramundi">beckti</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pomfret" title="Pomfret">pomfret</a> and uses chilli paste, and more pepper than would be used in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Merlucciidae" title="Merlucciidae">hake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thyrsites" title="Thyrsites">snoek</a> are common choices.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooking">Cooking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cooking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frying_range.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Frying_range.JPG/250px-Frying_range.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Frying_range.JPG/330px-Frying_range.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Frying_range.JPG/500px-Frying_range.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Frying range at a Portland Street establishment in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional frying uses <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">beef dripping</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a>; however, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oils</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">peanut oil</a> (used because of its relatively high <a href="/wiki/Smoke_point" title="Smoke point">smoke point</a>) now<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> predominate, in part because it makes fried chips suitable for vegetarians and for adherents of certain faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant2022_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant2022-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a longstanding debate among vendors in the UK on whether beef dripping or vegetable oil is the best way to fry fish and chips.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant2022_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant2022-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional method of dripping or lard are used in some living industrial history museums, such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Country_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Country Museum">Black Country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beamish_Museum" title="Beamish Museum">Beamish</a> Living Museums in England.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fish part of the dish is filleted, and no bones should be found in the fish.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batter">Batter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Batter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Britain and Ireland, fish and chip shops traditionally use a simple water and flour <a href="/wiki/Batter_(cooking)" title="Batter (cooking)">batter</a>, adding a little <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a> (baking soda) and a little vinegar to create lightness, as they react to create bubbles in the batter. Other recipes may use beer or milk batter, where these liquids are often substitutes for water. The <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> in the beer lends a lighter texture to the batter. Beer also results in an orange-brown colour. A simple beer batter might consist of a 2:3 ratio of flour to beer by volume. The type of beer alters the taste of the batter; some prefer <a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">lager</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas others use <a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">stout</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bitter_(beer)" title="Bitter (beer)">bitter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chips">Chips</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British chips are usually considerably thicker than American-style French fries.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some US restaurants and some people in their home cooking may use a thick type of chip, similar to the British variant, sometimes referred to as <i>steak fries</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accompaniments">Accompaniments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Accompaniments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_and_Chips_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fish_and_Chips_2.jpg/250px-Fish_and_Chips_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fish_and_Chips_2.jpg/330px-Fish_and_Chips_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fish_and_Chips_2.jpg/500px-Fish_and_Chips_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Fish and chips served with a lemon wedge, <a href="/wiki/Coleslaw" title="Coleslaw">coleslaw</a> and tartar sauce in an iron bowl</figcaption></figure> <p>In chip shops in most parts of Britain and Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Edible_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible salt">salt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a> are traditionally sprinkled over fish and chips at the time it is served.<sup id="cite_ref-onplate_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onplate-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suppliers use <a href="/wiki/Malt_vinegar" class="mw-redirect" title="Malt vinegar">malt vinegar</a>, onion vinegar (used for pickling onions), or the cheaper <a href="/wiki/Non-brewed_condiment" title="Non-brewed condiment">non-brewed condiment</a>. In a few places, notably Edinburgh, 'sauce' (as in 'salt and sauce') is more traditional than vinegar—with 'sauce' meaning a brown sauce.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_2013_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent_2013-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Record_2012_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Record_2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edinburgh_News_2013_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edinburgh_News_2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radio_Times_2015_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radio_Times_2015-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, a portion of <a href="/wiki/Mushy_peas" title="Mushy peas">mushy peas</a> is a popular side dish,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are a range of pickles that typically include <a href="/wiki/Gherkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gherkin">gherkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickled_onion" title="Pickled onion">onions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pickled_egg" title="Pickled egg">eggs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In table-service restaurants and <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">pubs</a>, the dish is usually served with a slice of lemon for squeezing over the fish and without any sauces or <a href="/wiki/Condiment" title="Condiment">condiments</a>, with salt, vinegar and sauces available at the customer's leisure.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ketchup" title="Ketchup">Ketchup</a> is also a popular addition (a 2020 <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll in the UK saw ketchup, curry sauce and mushy peas as the top three toppings after salt and vinegar).<sup id="cite_ref-YouGov_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YouGov-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ireland, Wales and England, many takeaways serve warm side portions of sauces such as <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a> sauce or <a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">gravy</a>, if requested and normally for a small extra fee (curry sauce topped the poll in Wales with one in three using it as a topping).<sup id="cite_ref-YouGov_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YouGov-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sauces are usually poured over the chips. In the Midlands especially, chips with mushy peas or <a href="/wiki/Baked_beans" title="Baked beans">baked beans</a> are known as a "pea mix" or a "bean mix". Other fried products include '<a href="/wiki/Scraps_(batter)" title="Scraps (batter)">scraps</a>' (also known as 'bits' in Southern England and "scrumps" in South Wales), originally a by-product of fish frying. Still popular in Northern England, they were given as treats to the children of customers. Portions prepared and sold today consist of loose blobs of batter, deep-fried to a crunchy golden crisp in the cooking fat. The potato scallop or potato cake consists of slices of potato dipped in fish batter and deep-fried until golden brown. These are often accompanied for dipping by the warm sauces listed above.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sheffield, Yorkshire fishcakes are made by sandwiching a piece of fish between two slices of potato and deep frying it in batter. This is commonly sold in a bread bun and known as a Fishcake Butty.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition_information">Nutrition information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nutrition information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An average serving of fish and chips consisting of 170 grams (6 oz) of fried fish with 280 grams (10 oz) of fried chips has approximately 1,000 kcal (4,200 kJ) calories and contains approximately <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>52 grams (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">4</span>⁄<span class="den">5</span></span> oz) of fat.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of tartar sauce as a condiment adds more calories and fat to the dish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vendors">Vendors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vendors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chip_shop" title="Fish and chip shop">Fish and chip shop</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Fish_and_Chips.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mobile_Fish_and_Chips.JPG/220px-Mobile_Fish_and_Chips.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mobile_Fish_and_Chips.JPG/330px-Mobile_Fish_and_Chips.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mobile_Fish_and_Chips.JPG/440px-Mobile_Fish_and_Chips.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4521" data-file-height="3014" /></a><figcaption>A mobile fish and chip vendor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_%26_Chip_Routemaster_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fish_%26_Chip_Routemaster_%282%29.jpg/220px-Fish_%26_Chip_Routemaster_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fish_%26_Chip_Routemaster_%282%29.jpg/330px-Fish_%26_Chip_Routemaster_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fish_%26_Chip_Routemaster_%282%29.jpg/440px-Fish_%26_Chip_Routemaster_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3763" data-file-height="2509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AEC_Routemaster" title="AEC Routemaster">AEC Routemaster</a> (classic London double-decker bus) converted into a mobile "<a href="/wiki/Mobile_catering" title="Mobile catering">chip van</a>". Conventional vans are often used to sell fish and chips.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa, fish and chips are usually sold by independent restaurants and <a href="/wiki/Take-away" class="mw-redirect" title="Take-away">take-aways</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chip_shop" title="Fish and chip shop">fish and chip shops</a>. Outlets range from small affairs to chain restaurants. Locally owned seafood restaurants are also popular in many places, as are mobile "<a href="/wiki/Mobile_catering" title="Mobile catering">chip vans</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, the outlets may be referred to as "chip wagons". </p><p>In Ireland, the majority of traditional vendors are migrants or the descendants of migrants from southern Italy. A trade organisation exists to represent this tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New Zealand and Australia, fish-and-chip vendors are a popular business and source of income among the Asian community, particularly Chinese migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Indonesia, fish and chips are commonly found in western and seafood restaurants in large cities, as well as chain restaurants like The Manhattan Fish Market, Fish & Chips, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many British establishments have humorous or <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">pun</a>-based names, such as, "A Salt and Battery", "The Codfather", "The Frying Scotsman", "Oh My Cod", "Frying Nemo", "Rock and Sole" and "Jack the Chipper".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numerous competitions and awards for "best fish-and-chip shop"<sup id="cite_ref-seafish1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seafish1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> testify to the recognised status of this type of outlet in <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaiza_Playa_Blanca_-_Avenida_Papagayo_07_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Yaiza_Playa_Blanca_-_Avenida_Papagayo_07_ies.jpg/170px-Yaiza_Playa_Blanca_-_Avenida_Papagayo_07_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Yaiza_Playa_Blanca_-_Avenida_Papagayo_07_ies.jpg/255px-Yaiza_Playa_Blanca_-_Avenida_Papagayo_07_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Yaiza_Playa_Blanca_-_Avenida_Papagayo_07_ies.jpg/340px-Yaiza_Playa_Blanca_-_Avenida_Papagayo_07_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Establishment abroad catering to holiday-makers (sign in <a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a>, Spain)</figcaption></figure> <p>Fish and chips is a popular lunch meal eaten by families travelling to seaside resorts for day trips who do not bring their own <a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">picnic</a> meals. </p><p>Fish-and-chip outlets sell roughly 25% of all the <a href="/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">white fish</a> consumed in the United Kingdom, and 10% of all <a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">potatoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fish-and-chip shops traditionally wrapped their product in newspaper, or with an inner layer of white paper (for hygiene) and an outer layer of newspaper or blank <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a> (for insulation and to absorb grease), though the use of newspaper for wrapping has almost ceased on grounds of hygiene. Nowadays<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, establishments usually use food-quality wrapping paper, or recyclable cardboard boxes. </p><p>The British <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Fish_Friers" title="National Federation of Fish Friers">National Federation of Fish Friers</a> was founded in 1913. It promotes fish and chips and offers training courses. It has about 8,500 members from around the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A previous world record for the "largest serving of fish and chips" was held by Gadaleto's Seafood Market in New Paltz, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This 2004 record was broken by <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a> Wensleydale Heifer in July 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt to break this record was made by <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a> fish and chip shop Scawsby Fisheries in August 2012, which served 15 kg (33 lb) of battered cod alongside 29 kg (64 lb) of chips.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current record is held by Resorts World Birmingham which served a fish and chips weighing 54.99 kg (121 lb 4 oz) from a 27.83-kilogram (61 lb 6 oz) raw filet of halibut on 9 February 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cultural impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The long-standing <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Friday_Fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday Fast">not eating meat on Fridays</a>, especially during <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, and of substituting fish for meat on that day continues to influence habits even in predominantly Protestant, semi-<a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> and secular societies. Friday night remains a traditional occasion for eating fish and chips; many <a href="/wiki/Cafeteria" title="Cafeteria">cafeterias</a> and similar establishments, while varying their menus on other days of the week, habitually offer fish and chips every Friday.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, inspired by the use of salt and vinegar as condiments for fish and chips in the UK, the <a href="/wiki/The_Smith%27s_Snackfood_Company" title="The Smith's Snackfood Company">Smiths Potato Crisps Company</a> created Salt & Vinegar flavour <a href="/wiki/Potato_chip" title="Potato chip">crisps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-saltandvinegar_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saltandvinegar-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia and New Zealand, the words "fish and chips" are often used as a <a href="/wiki/Shibboleth" title="Shibboleth">shibboleth</a> to highlight the difference in each country's short-i vowel sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>. Australian English has a higher forward sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span>, close to the <i>ee</i> in <i>see</i> (but shorter), while New Zealand English has a lower backward sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a>]</span> akin to the <i>a</i> in <i>Rosa's</i> (but not in <i>Rosa</i>, which is typically lower <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]</span>). Thus, New Zealanders hear Australians say "feesh and cheeps," while Australians hear New Zealanders say "fush and chups."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the UK, waste oil from fish and chip shops has become a useful source of <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-planetark-petrotec_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planetark-petrotec-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German biodiesel company Petrotec has outlined plans to produce biodiesel in the UK using waste oil from the British fish-and-chip industry.<sup id="cite_ref-planetark-petrotec_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planetark-petrotec-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/60px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/120px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" 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<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">List of fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibbeling" title="Kibbeling">Kibbeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekkerbekje" title="Lekkerbekje">Lekkerbekje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moules-frites" title="Moules-frites">Moules-frites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scampi" title="Scampi">Scampi</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlack1996" class="citation book cs1">Black, Les (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tZn7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA15"><i>New Ethnicities and Urban Culture</i></a>. Oxford: Routledge. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85728-251-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85728-251-5"><bdi>1-85728-251-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Ethnicities+and+Urban+Culture&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-85728-251-5&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Les&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtZn7AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alexander-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alexander_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alexander_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alexander_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alexander_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alexander_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alexander_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alexander_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alexander_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alexander_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2009" class="citation news cs1">Alexander, James (18 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112111032/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8419026.stm">"The unlikely origin of fish and chips"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8419026.stm">the original</a> on 12 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+unlikely+origin+of+fish+and+chips&rft.date=2009-12-18&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F8419026.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Andrew F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-WcKK01H1cC&pg=PA258"><i>Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39393-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39393-8"><bdi>978-0-313-39393-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fast+Food+and+Junk+Food%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+What+We+Love+to+Eat&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39393-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Andrew+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-WcKK01H1cC%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Northern_Echo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Echo_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Echo_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Echo_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/opinion/latest/10213308.whaler-time/">"Having a Whaler of a time"</a>. <i>Northern Echo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>Fish 'n' chips (the "sixpenny supper") sustained national morale through two world wars, helped turn fishing ports into holiday resorts and made Friday night suppers the culinary highlight of the week for generations. George Orwell reckoned they were essential for keeping the masses happy – and he was right. More than 150 years after Joseph Malin opened his first shop, fish and chips are a British institution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+Echo&rft.atitle=Having+a+Whaler+of+a+time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenorthernecho.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Flatest%2F10213308.whaler-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roden_1996-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roden_1996_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoden1996" class="citation book cs1">Roden, Claudia (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LIgrAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey from Samarkand to New York</i></a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-53258-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-53258-9"><bdi>0-394-53258-9</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Jewish+Food%3A+An+Odyssey+from+Samarkand+to+New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-394-53258-9&rft.aulast=Roden&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLIgrAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHosking2007" class="citation book cs1">Hosking, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cfP6jHmSLnMC&pg=PT183"><i>Eggs in Cookery:Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium of Food and Cookery 2006</i></a>. United Kingdom: Prospect Books. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903018-54-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903018-54-5"><bdi>978-1-903018-54-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eggs+in+Cookery%3AProceedings+of+the+Oxford+Symposium+of+Food+and+Cookery+2006&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Prospect+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-903018-54-5&rft.aulast=Hosking&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcfP6jHmSLnMC%26pg%3DPT183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marks-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marks_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marks_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marks_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarks1999" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Gil (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux2lGKCKVPYC&pg=PA82"><i>The world of Jewish cooking: more than 500 traditional recipes from Alsace to Yemen</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83559-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83559-2"><bdi>0-684-83559-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+of+Jewish+cooking%3A+more+than+500+traditional+recipes+from+Alsace+to+Yemen&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-684-83559-2&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUx2lGKCKVPYC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Majumdar" title="Simon Majumdar">Majumdar, Simon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eatmyglobe.com/fish-and-chips">"The Good Companions: The True Story of Fish & Chips"</a>. <i>Eat My Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eat+My+Globe&rft.atitle=The+Good+Companions%3A+The+True+Story+of+Fish+%26+Chips&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eatmyglobe.com%2Ffish-and-chips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402103024/https://www.foodsofengland.co.uk/chipshopfriedfish.htm">"Chip-Shop Fried Fish"</a>. <i>The Foods of England Project</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodsofengland.co.uk/chipshopfriedfish.htm">the original</a> on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Foods+of+England+Project&rft.atitle=Chip-Shop+Fried+Fish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodsofengland.co.uk%2Fchipshopfriedfish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirshenblatt-Gimblett2023" class="citation web cs1">Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara (22 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/forverts-in-english/551553/no-british-fish-and-chips-is-not-a-jewish-invention/?fbclid=IwAR2-NSlAQSSCgUednkYy4w69uwhQIP0CI05ZgKdb4TcFXPSKEp-NptRk0MU">"No, British fish and chips is not a Jewish invention"</a>. <i>The Forward</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=No%2C+British+fish+and+chips+is+not+a+Jewish+invention&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft.aulast=Kirshenblatt-Gimblett&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fforverts-in-english%2F551553%2Fno-british-fish-and-chips-is-not-a-jewish-invention%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR2-NSlAQSSCgUednkYy4w69uwhQIP0CI05ZgKdb4TcFXPSKEp-NptRk0MU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRayner2005" class="citation news cs1">Rayner, Jay (3 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2003/jan/19/foodanddrink.restaurants">"Enduring Love"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2003</span>. <q>In 1860 a Jewish immigrant from Eastern Europe called Joseph Malin opened the first business in London's East End selling fried fish alongside chipped potatoes which, until then, had been found only in the Irish potato shops.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Enduring+Love&rft.date=2005-11-03&rft.aulast=Rayner&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2003%2Fjan%2F19%2Ffoodanddrink.restaurants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHyslop2013" class="citation news cs1">Hyslop, Leah (30 October 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/10410058/Potted-histories-fish-and-chips.html">"Potted histories: fish and chips"</a></span>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/10410058/Potted-histories-fish-and-chips.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Potted+histories%3A+fish+and+chips&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Hyslop&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffoodanddrink%2F10410058%2FPotted-histories-fish-and-chips.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk/pages/history--599.htm">"Federation of Fish Friers - Serving the Fish and Chips Industry - History"</a>. <i>www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk&rft.atitle=Federation+of+Fish+Friers+-+Serving+the+Fish+and+Chips+Industry+-+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federationoffishfriers.co.uk%2Fpages%2Fhistory--599.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Companion-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Alan (21 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA310"><i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-104072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-104072-6"><bdi>978-0-19-104072-6</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft.isbn=978-0-19-104072-6&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbIIeBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p039pr7c?intc_type=promo&intc_location=sport&intc_campaign=fishandchips&intc_linkname=radio4_fac_audioclip1">"Did fish and chips come from the north of England?"</a>. BBC Radio 4. 30 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+fish+and+chips+come+from+the+north+of+England%3F&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+4&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp039pr7c%3Fintc_type%3Dpromo%26intc_location%3Dsport%26intc_campaign%3Dfishandchips%26intc_linkname%3Dradio4_fac_audioclip1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080116221706/http://www.niagara.co.uk/fish_and_chips.htm">"Fish and chips - A great English tradition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niagara.co.uk/fish_and_chips.htm">the original</a> on 16 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fish+and+chips+-+A+great+English+tradition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niagara.co.uk%2Ffish_and_chips.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/98/98-h/98-h.htm#link2H_4_0002">"A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Cities%2C+by+Charles+Dickens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F98%2F98-h%2F98-h.htm%23link2H_4_0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2012" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Matthew (4 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16391511">"The master of the snippet"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+master+of+the+snippet&rft.date=2012-01-04&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-16391511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickens1866" class="citation web cs1">Dickens, Charles (24 January 1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c54xAQAAMAAJ&q=tale+of+two+cities">"A Tale of Two Cities"</a>. Chapman and Hall – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Cities&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1866-01-24&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc54xAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtale%2Bof%2Btwo%2Bcities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/6126476.stm">"Chippy smells of chips complaint"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 7 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Chippy+smells+of+chips+complaint&rft.date=2006-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fwest_yorkshire%2F6126476.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hegarty_2009_17-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hegarty_2009_17_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hegarty_2009_17_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHegarty2009" class="citation news cs1">Hegarty, Shane (3 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com">"How fish and chips enriched a nation"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. Dublin, Ireland. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=How+fish+and+chips+enriched+a+nation&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2009-11-03&rft.aulast=Hegarty&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDewey2014" class="citation book cs1">Dewey, Peter (2014). <i>War and Progress: Britain 1914–1945</i>. Routledge. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-04586-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-04586-6"><bdi>978-0-582-04586-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Progress%3A+Britain+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-582-04586-6&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rls.org.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-000-001-467-L">"Resources for Learning, Scotland: Rationing"</a>. Rls.org.uk. 5 January 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resources+for+Learning%2C+Scotland%3A+Rationing&rft.pub=Rls.org.uk&rft.date=1998-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rls.org.uk%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fusi%3D000-000-001-467-L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2003/20030461.htm">"Fish Labelling Regulations (England) 2003"</a>. The Stationery Office. 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fish+Labelling+Regulations+%28England%29+2003&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2Fsi%2Fsi2003%2F20030461.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span> (equivalent similarly-named legislation applies in other countries of the UK)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsai.ie/uploadedFiles/S.I_No_320_of_2003.pdf">"European Communities (Fish Labelling) Regulations, 2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705023219/http://www.fsai.ie/uploadedFiles/S.I_No_320_of_2003.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Communities+%28Fish+Labelling%29+Regulations%2C+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsai.ie%2FuploadedFiles%2FS.I_No_320_of_2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019221532/http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fish_lab_reg2003gn.pdf">"Guidance Notes for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information" title="Office of Public Sector Information">Office of Public Sector Information</a>. 2003. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidance+Notes+for+England%2C+Scotland%2C+Wales+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=Office+of+Public+Sector+Information&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.food.gov.uk%2Fmultimedia%2Fpdfs%2Ffish_lab_reg2003gn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span> (Section A.2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackpool.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/9DA031F1-E2EA-4198-8CC6-23644A89D6B1/0/FOODLABELLINGFORCATERINGESTABLISHMENTS.pdf">"Food Labelling For Catering Establishments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Blackpool Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716141422/http://www.blackpool.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/9DA031F1-E2EA-4198-8CC6-23644A89D6B1/0/FOODLABELLINGFORCATERINGESTABLISHMENTS.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Norfolk County Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120803162106/http://www.norfolk.gov.uk/consumption/groups/public/documents/general_resources/NCC048357.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Business+Advice+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=Norfolk+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norfolk.gov.uk%2Fconsumption%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Fgeneral_resources%2FNCC048357.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncass.org.uk/default.aspx?id=1039">"Labelling & Pricing"</a>. Nationwide Caterers Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Labelling+%26+Pricing&rft.pub=Nationwide+Caterers+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncass.org.uk%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fid%3D1039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_History-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_History_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_History_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_History_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20130409-chipping-away-at-the-history-of-fish-and-chips">"Chipping away at the history of fish and chips"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Chipping+away+at+the+history+of+fish+and+chips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20130409-chipping-away-at-the-history-of-fish-and-chips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_uk_-_the_heritage_accommodation_guide" class="citation web cs1">Historic uk - the heritage accommodation guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/FishandChips.htm">"Tradition Historic UK, Fish and Chips"</a>. Historic-uk.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tradition+Historic+UK%2C+Fish+and+Chips&rft.pub=Historic-uk.com&rft.au=Historic+uk+-+the+heritage+accommodation+guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historic-uk.com%2FCultureUK%2FFishandChips.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/galleries/drinks-and-dishes-invented-in-london/fish-and-chips/">"Fish & chips: Drinks & dishes you might not have realised were invented in London"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>It was, the Federation declared, one Joseph Malin, a Jewish émigré of Cleveland Way, Whitechapel, who opened the first chippie around 1860.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Fish+%26+chips%3A+Drinks+%26+dishes+you+might+not+have+realised+were+invented+in+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Feurope%2Funited-kingdom%2Fgalleries%2Fdrinks-and-dishes-invented-in-london%2Ffish-and-chips%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChalonerHenderson1990" class="citation book cs1">Chaloner, W. H.; Henderson, W. O. (1990). <i>Industry and Innovation: Selected Essays</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-3335-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-3335-6"><bdi>0-7146-3335-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industry+and+Innovation%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7146-3335-6&rft.aulast=Chaloner&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft.au=Henderson%2C+W.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaacs-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isaacs_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isaacs_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isaacs_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isaacs_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJollesRubinstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Jolles, Michael A.; Rubinstein, W. (2011). <i>The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30466-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30466-6"><bdi>978-0-230-30466-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Anglo-Jewish+History&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-30466-6&rft.aulast=Jolles&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Rubinstein%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">England Eats Out by John Burnett - Published by Pearson Education, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-47266-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-47266-0">0-582-47266-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalton1998" class="citation book cs1">Walton, John K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Fish+and+Chips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historic-uk.com%2FCultureUK%2FFish-Chips%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dundee-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dundee_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070408055244/http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/departments/fact.htm">"Dundee Fact File"</a>. Dundee City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/departments/fact.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>This is when Smith's hit back with their own revolutionary flavour — salt and vinegar, inspired by the country's love for fish & chips.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northampton+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Channel+4+documentary+tells+dramatic+story+of+how+Corby%27s+huge+crisp+factory+changed+the+world+of+snacks+-+and+how+it+exploded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northantslive.news%2Fwhats-on%2Fchannel-4-documentary-tells-dramatic-5771498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/salt-vinegar-crisps-offside-rule-12380648">"From salt and vinegar crisps to the offside rule: 12 gifts the North East gave the world"</a>. <i>Evening Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Chronicle&rft.atitle=From+salt+and+vinegar+crisps+to+the+offside+rule%3A+12+gifts+the+North+East+gave+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chroniclelive.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorth-east-news%2Fsalt-vinegar-crisps-offside-rule-12380648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10441472">"I'll just have me fush and chups and then I'm off to bid"</a>. <i>NZ Herald</i>. 24 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NZ+Herald&rft.atitle=I%27ll+just+have+me+fush+and+chups+and+then+I%27m+off+to+bid&rft.date=2007-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D10441472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-planetark-petrotec-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-planetark-petrotec_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-planetark-petrotec_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHogan2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Hogan, Michael (19 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080320134445/http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/47581/story.htm">"German Biodiesel Firm To Use Chip Fat In UK, US"</a>. <i>planetark.com</i>. Archived from the original on 20 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=planetark.com&rft.atitle=German+Biodiesel+Firm+To+Use+Chip+Fat+In+UK%2C+US&rft.date=2008-03-19&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetark.com%2Fdailynewsstory.cfm%2Fnewsid%2F47581%2Fstory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPriestland1972" class="citation book cs1">Priestland, Gerald (1972). <i>Frying tonight: the saga of fish & chips</i>. London: Gentry Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85614-014-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85614-014-7"><bdi>0-85614-014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frying+tonight%3A+the+saga+of+fish+%26+chips.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gentry+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-85614-014-7&rft.aulast=Priestland&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalton1989" class="citation journal cs1">Walton, John K. (1989). "Fish and Chips and the British Working Class, 1870–1930". <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>23</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh%2F23.2.243">10.1353/jsh/23.2.243</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3787879">3787879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Fish+and+Chips+and+the+British+Working+Class%2C+1870%E2%80%931930&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E266&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh%2F23.2.243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3787879%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalton1994" class="citation book cs1">Walton, John K. (1994). <i>Fish and Chips, and the British Working Class, 1870–1940</i> (1 ed.). Leicester: Leicester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-21232-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-21232-7"><bdi>0-567-21232-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fish+and+Chips%2C+and+the+British+Working+Class%2C+1870%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Leicester&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-567-21232-7&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+and+chips" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Fish and chips</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fish_and_chips" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Fish and chips">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Fish_and_chips" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Fish and chips">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fish_and_Chips" class="extiw" title="b:Fish and Chips">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203925" class="extiw" title="d:Q203925">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3380151.stm">"Top UK dish 'hooked French first'"</a>: BBC News: Fish and chips invented in France? Retrieved 2008-05-27</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,492211,00.html">"My plaice or yours?"</a> - article from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> detailing some chippy terminology. Retrieved 2008-05-27</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatbritishkitchen.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70&Itemid=52">Far Flung Fish and Chips</a> - historical article</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011050658/http://www.seafish.org/plate/fishandchips.asp">"Fish and chips"</a>: the (UK) Sea Fish Industry Authority's views. Retrieved 2008-05-27</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Bitterballen">Bitterballen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blooming_onion" title="Blooming onion">Blooming onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolinho_de_chuva" title="Bolinho de chuva">Bolinho de chuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonda_(snack)" title="Bonda (snack)">Bonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boondi" title="Boondi">Boondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_pakora" title="Bread pakora">Bread pakora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaded_cutlet" title="Breaded cutlet">Breaded cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_wing" title="Buffalo wing">Buffalo wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugak" title="Bugak">Bugak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-fried_butter" title="Deep-fried butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_fries" title="Cactus fries">Cactus fries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calas_(food)" title="Calas (food)">Calas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camote_cue" title="Camote cue">Camote cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot_chip" title="Carrot chip">Carrot chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C8%99caval_pane" title="Cașcaval pane">Cașcaval pane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_chicken" title="Cashew chicken">Cashew chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava-based_dishes" title="Cassava-based dishes">Cassava-based dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebureki" title="Chebureki">Chebureki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicharr%C3%B3n" title="Chicharrón">Chicharrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_65" title="Chicken 65">Chicken 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_fingers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken fingers">Chicken fingers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_fried_bacon" title="Chicken fried bacon">Chicken fried bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_fried_steak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken fried steak">Chicken fried steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_katsu" title="Chicken katsu">Chicken katsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_lollipop" title="Chicken lollipop">Chicken lollipop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_nugget" title="Chicken nugget">Chicken nugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifle" title="Chifle">Chifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimichanga" title="Chimichanga">Chimichanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiroti" title="Chiroti">Chiroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chugchucaras" title="Chugchucaras">Chugchucaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam_cake" title="Clam cake">Clam cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_shrimp" title="Coconut shrimp">Coconut shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_dog" title="Corn dog">Corn dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_fritter" title="Corn fritter">Corn fritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxinha" title="Coxinha">Coxinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_puff" title="Crab puff">Crab puff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_Rangoon" title="Crab Rangoon">Crab Rangoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creier_pane" title="Creier pane">Creier pane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crinkle-cutting" title="Crinkle-cutting">Crinkle-cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispy_fried_chicken" title="Crispy fried chicken">Crispy fried chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispy_pata" title="Crispy pata">Crispy pata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispy_tadyang_ng_baka" title="Crispy tadyang ng baka">Crispy tadyang ng baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croquette" title="Croquette">Croquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut">Doughnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulgula_(doughnut)" title="Gulgula (doughnut)">Gulgula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duros_(food)" title="Duros (food)">Duros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_roll" title="Egg roll">Egg roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emping" title="Emping">Emping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">Falafel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_far" title="Far far">Far far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_steaks" title="Finger steaks">Finger steaks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish and chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">French fries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_cheese" title="Fried cheese">Fried cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_chicken" title="Fried chicken">Fried chicken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_fried_chicken" title="Korean fried chicken">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_fried_chicken" title="Taiwanese fried chicken">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongdak" title="Tongdak">Tongdak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_clams" title="Fried clams">Fried clams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_Coke" title="Fried Coke">Fried Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_dough" title="Fried dough">Fried dough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">Fried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_ice_cream" title="Fried ice cream">Fried ice cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_mushrooms" title="Fried mushrooms">Fried mushrooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_onion" title="Fried onion">Fried onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_pickle" title="Fried pickle">Fried pickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_shrimp" title="Fried shrimp">Fried shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_sweet_potato" title="Fried sweet potato">Fried sweet potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritter" title="Fritter">Fritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frybread" title="Frybread">Frybread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangjeong" title="Gangjeong">Gangjeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Tso%27s_chicken" title="General Tso's chicken">General Tso's chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobi_manchurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobi manchurian">Gobi manchurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goujon_(food)" title="Goujon (food)">Goujon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulha" title="Gulha">Gulha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggis_pakora" title="Haggis pakora">Haggis pakora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliva" title="Haliva">Haliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imqaret" title="Imqaret">Imqaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o_popper" title="Jalapeño popper">Jalapeño popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalebi" title="Jalebi">Jalebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaassouffl%C3%A9" title="Kaassoufflé">Kaassoufflé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakara_pitha" title="Kakara pitha">Kakara pitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaage" title="Karaage">Karaage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karint%C5%8D" title="Karintō">Karintō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelewele" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelewele">Kelewele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keripik_sanjay" class="mw-redirect" title="Keripik sanjay">Keripik sanjay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khapsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Khapsey">Khapsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuushuur" title="Khuushuur">Khuushuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibbeling" title="Kibbeling">Kibbeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Rib" title="King Rib">King Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipcorn" title="Kipcorn">Kipcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achappam" title="Achappam">Kokis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kripik" title="Kripik">Kripik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupuk_kulit" title="Krupuk kulit">Krupuk kulit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupuk" title="Krupuk">Krupuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1ngos" title="Lángos">Lángos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laziji" title="Laziji">Laziji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok-lok" title="Lok-lok">Lok-lok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokma" title="Lokma">Lokma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6rtsy" title="Lörtsy">Lörtsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchi" title="Luchi">Luchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandazi" title="Mandazi">Mandazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandu-gwa" title="Mandu-gwa">Mandu-gwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-fried_Mars_bar" title="Deep-fried Mars bar">Mars bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruya_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruya (food)">Maruya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medu_vada" title="Medu vada">Medu vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekitsa" title="Mekitsa">Mekitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianwo" title="Mianwo">Mianwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozzarella_sticks" title="Mozzarella sticks">Mozzarella sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadur_Monji" title="Nadur Monji">Nadur Monji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namak_para" title="Namak para">Namak para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngo_hiang" title="Ngo hiang">Ngo hiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuegados" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuegados">Nuegados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_ring" title="Onion ring">Onion ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_chicken" title="Orange chicken">Orange chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreilles_de_crisse" title="Oreilles de crisse">Oreilles de crisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-fried_Oreo" title="Deep-fried Oreo">Oreo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakora" title="Pakora">Pakora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panipuri" title="Panipuri">Panipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerotti" title="Panzerotti">Panzerotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmo" title="Parmo">Parmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastie" title="Pastie">Pastie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasztecik_szczeci%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasztecik szczeciński">Pasztecik szczeciński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patatas_bravas" title="Patatas bravas">Patatas bravas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrode" title="Patrode">Patrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-fried_peanuts" title="Deep-fried peanuts">Peanuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peixinhos_da_horta" title="Peixinhos da horta">Peixinhos da horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pempek" title="Pempek">Pempek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peremech" title="Peremech">Peremech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkedel" title="Perkedel">Perkedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescado_frito" title="Pescado frito">Pescado frito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-fried_pizza" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-fried pizza">Pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_puff" title="Pizza puff">Pizza puff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pommes_dauphine" title="Pommes dauphine">Pommes dauphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popcorn_chicken" title="Popcorn chicken">Popcorn chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_chip" title="Potato chip">Potato chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawn_cracker" title="Prawn cracker">Prawn cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puri_(food)" title="Puri (food)">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambak_petis" title="Rambak petis">Rambak petis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rempeyek" title="Rempeyek">Rempeyek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripper_(food)" title="Ripper (food)">Ripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissole" title="Rissole">Rissole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_oysters" title="Rocky Mountain oysters">Rocky Mountain oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_karnawa%C5%82owa" class="mw-redirect" title="Róża karnawałowa">Róża karnawałowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabudana_vada" title="Sabudana vada">Sabudana vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Samosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoury_pattie" title="Savoury pattie">Savoury pattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_egg" title="Scotch egg">Scotch egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraps_(batter)" title="Scraps (batter)">Scraps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_chicken" title="Sesame chicken">Sesame chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev_(food)" title="Sev (food)">Sev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarpali" title="Shankarpali">Shankarpali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelpek" title="Shelpek">Shelpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sma%C5%BEen%C3%BD_s%C3%BDr" title="Smažený sýr">Smažený sýr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorullos" title="Sorullos">Sorullos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_fritter" title="Spam fritter">Spam fritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_Burger" title="Spice Burger">Spice Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinky_tofu" title="Stinky tofu">Stinky tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_shells" title="Sweet shells">Sweet shells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangsuyuk" title="Tangsuyuk">Tangsuyuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapioca_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapioca chips">Tapioca chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taro_dumpling" title="Taro dumpling">Taro dumpling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tater_tots" title="Tater tots">Tater tots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempura" title="Tempura">Tempura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkasu" title="Tenkasu">Tenkasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasted_ravioli" title="Toasted ravioli">Toasted ravioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokneneng" title="Tokneneng">Tokneneng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkatsu" title="Tonkatsu">Tonkatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toobs" title="Toobs">Toobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topote" title="Topote">Topote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_potato" title="Tornado potato">Tornado potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortilla_chip" title="Tortilla chip">Tortilla chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tostones" title="Tostones">Tostones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_cooked_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple cooked chips">Triple cooked chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twinkie" title="Twinkie">Twinkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_chip" title="Vegetable chip">Vegetable chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetkoek" title="Vetkoek">Vetkoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonton" title="Wonton">Wonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yau_gok" title="Yau gok">Yau gok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Yang_fish" title="Yin Yang fish">Yin Yang fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youtiao" title="Youtiao">Youtiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumil-gwa" title="Yumil-gwa">Yumil-gwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fried_foods" title="List of deep fried foods">List of deep fried foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fried_dough_foods" title="List of fried dough foods">List of fried dough foods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/20px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Deep_fried_foods" title="Category:Deep fried foods">Category: Deep fried foods</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Deep_fried_recipes" class="extiw" title="b:Category:Deep fried recipes">Recipes on WikiBooks</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English_cuisine188" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_cuisine" title="Template:English cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_cuisine" title="Template talk:English cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English_cuisine188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Roman times</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dishes6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Middle Ages</a><br />to 15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Utilis_Coquinario" title="Utilis Coquinario">Utilis Coquinario</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forme_of_Cury" title="The Forme of Cury">The Forme of Cury</a></i> (c. 1390)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">Apple pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbury_cake" title="Banbury cake">Banbury cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecake" title="Cheesecake">Cheesecake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">Custard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_pie" title="Game pie">Game pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">Kippers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortis_(food)" title="Mortis (food)">Mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasty" title="Pasty">Pasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pease_pudding" title="Pease pudding">Pease pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottage" title="Pottage">Pottage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pynson" title="Richard Pynson">Richard Pynson</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Boke_of_Cokery" title="The Boke of Cokery">The Boke of Cokery</a></i>, 1500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dawson_(cook)" title="Thomas Dawson (cook)">Thomas Dawson</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Huswifes_Jewell" title="The Good Huswifes Jewell">The Good Huswifes Jewell</a></i>, 1585)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_pudding" title="Black pudding">Black pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_fool" title="Fruit fool">Fruit fool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">Pancake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scone" title="Scone">Scones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabub" title="Syllabub">Syllabub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifle" title="Trifle">Trifle (without jelly)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Fettiplace" title="Elinor Fettiplace">Elinor Fettiplace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elinor_Fettiplace%27s_Receipt_Book" title="Elinor Fettiplace's Receipt Book"><i>Receipt Book</i></a>, 1604)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gervase_Markham" title="Gervase Markham">Gervase Markham</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Huswife" title="The English Huswife">The English Huswife</a></i>, 1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_May_(cook)" title="Robert May (cook)">Robert May</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Accomplisht_Cook" title="The Accomplisht Cook">The Accomplisht Cook</a></i>, 1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Woolley" title="Hannah Woolley">Hannah Woolley</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen-Like_Closet" title="The Queen-Like Closet">The Queen-like Closet or Rich Cabinet</a></i> 1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Acetaria:_A_Discourse_of_Sallets" title="Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets">Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets</a></i> 1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenelm_Digby" title="Kenelm Digby">Kenelm Digby</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Closet_Opened" title="The Closet Opened">The Closet Opened</a></i> 1699)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battalia_pie" title="Battalia pie">Battalia pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currant_bun" title="Currant bun">Currant bun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Puddings" title="Queen of Puddings">Queen of Puddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">Sponge cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_pond_pudding" title="Sussex pond pudding">Sussex pond pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_and_sour" title="Sweet and sour">Sweet and sour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mary Kettilby (<i><a href="/wiki/A_Collection_of_Above_Three_Hundred_Receipts_in_Cookery,_Physick_and_Surgery" title="A Collection of Above Three Hundred Receipts in Cookery, Physick and Surgery">A Collection of Above Three Hundred Receipts in Cookery, Physick and Surgery</a></i> 1714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eales" title="Mary Eales">Mary Eales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Mary_Eales%27s_Receipts" title="Mrs Mary Eales's Receipts">Mrs Mary Eales's Receipts</a></i> 1718)</li> <li>John Nott (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Cooks_and_Confectioners_Dictionary" title="The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary">The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary</a></i>, 1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Smith_(writer)" title="Eliza Smith (writer)">Eliza Smith</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Compleat_Housewife" title="The Compleat Housewife">The Compleat Housewife</a></i> 1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Cookery_Made_Plain_and_Easy" title="The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy">The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy</a></i> 1747)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Cook_(cookery_book_writer)" title="Ann Cook (cookery book writer)">Ann Cook</a> (<i>Professed Cookery</i>, 1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bradley" title="Martha Bradley">Martha Bradley</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bradley#The_British_Housewife_(1758)" title="Martha Bradley">The British Housewife</a></i> 1758)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Cookery" title="Primitive Cookery">Primitive Cookery</a></i> (1767)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Raffald" title="Elizabeth Raffald">Elizabeth Raffald</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Experienced_English_Housekeeper" title="The Experienced English Housekeeper">The Experienced English Housekeeper</a></i> 1769)</li> <li>Richard Briggs (<i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Art_of_Cookery" title="The English Art of Cookery">The English Art of Cookery</a></i> 1788)</li> <li>William Augustus Henderson (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Housekeeper%27s_Instructor" title="The Housekeeper's Instructor">The Housekeeper's Instructor</a></i> 1791)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_butter_pudding" title="Bread and butter pudding">Bread and butter pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Christmas pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">Chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">Curry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Curry in the United Kingdom">In UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie" title="Shepherd's pie">Cottage or Shepherd's pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_rum_nicky" title="Cumberland rum nicky">Cumberland rum nicky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccles_cake" title="Eccles cake">Eccles cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellied_eels" title="Jellied eels">Jellied eels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugging" title="Jugging">Jugged hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketchup" title="Ketchup">Ketchup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmalade" title="Marmalade">Marmalade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_(cake)" title="Parkin (cake)">Parkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccalilli" title="Piccalilli">Piccalilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_pie" title="Pork pie">Pork pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_beef" title="Roast beef">Roast beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwich" title="Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse_(food)" title="Scouse (food)">Scouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suet_pudding" title="Suet pudding">Suet pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole" title="Toad in the hole">Toad in the hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifle" title="Trifle">Trifle (with jelly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_rarebit" title="Welsh rarebit">Welsh rarebit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Rundell" title="Maria Rundell">Maria Rundell</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_New_System_of_Domestic_Cookery" title="A New System of Domestic Cookery">A New System of Domestic Cookery</a></i> 1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Acton" title="Eliza Acton">Eliza Acton</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cookery_for_Private_Families" title="Modern Cookery for Private Families">Modern Cookery for Private Families</a></i> 1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Elm%C3%A9_Francatelli" title="Charles Elmé Francatelli">Charles Elmé Francatelli</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Cook" title="The Modern Cook">The Modern Cook</a></i> 1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Beeton" title="Isabella Beeton">Isabella Beeton</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Beeton%27s_Book_of_Household_Management" title="Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management">Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management</a></i> 1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_and_squeak" title="Bubble and squeak">Bubble and squeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauliflower_cheese" title="Cauliflower cheese">Cauliflower cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbler_(food)" title="Cobbler (food)">Cobbler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devilled_kidneys" title="Devilled kidneys">Devilled kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faggot_(food)" title="Faggot (food)">Faggots</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish and chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast" title="Full breakfast">Full English breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Sauce" title="HP Sauce">HP Sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_cone" title="Ice cream cone">Ice cream cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_hotpot" title="Lancashire hotpot">Lancashire hotpot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_shrimps" title="Potted shrimps">Potted shrimps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage_roll" title="Sausage roll">Sausage roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_and_kidney_pudding" title="Steak and kidney pudding">Steak and kidney pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battenberg_cake" title="Battenberg cake">Battenberg cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_mess" title="Eton mess">Eton mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve%27s_pudding" title="Eve's pudding">Eve's pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_roly-poly" title="Jam roly-poly">Jam roly-poly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardy_cake" title="Lardy cake">Lardy cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_cake" title="Madeira cake">Madeira cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_pudding" title="Summer pudding">Summer pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_soup" title="Windsor soup">Windsor soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire_sauce" title="Worcestershire sauce">Worcestershire sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Petty" title="Florence Petty">Florence Petty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">Elizabeth David</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_Book_of_Mediterranean_Food" title="A Book of Mediterranean Food">A Book of Mediterranean Food</a></i> 1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hartley" title="Dorothy Hartley">Dorothy Hartley</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Food_in_England" title="Food in England">Food in England</a></i> 1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Spry" title="Constance Spry">Constance Spry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Cradock" title="Fanny Cradock">Fanny Cradock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Patten" title="Marguerite Patten">Marguerite Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Grigson" title="Jane Grigson">Jane Grigson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Smith" title="Delia Smith">Delia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Stein" title="Rick Stein">Rick Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Slater" title="Nigel Slater">Nigel Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Floyd" title="Keith Floyd">Keith Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Pierre_White" title="Marco Pierre White">Marco Pierre White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_Lawson" title="Nigella Lawson">Nigella Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Oliver" title="Jamie Oliver">Jamie Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Henderson" title="Fergus Henderson">Fergus Henderson</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Whole_Beast" title="The Whole Beast">The Whole Beast</a></i> 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Ramsay" title="Gordon Ramsay">Gordon Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Rhodes" title="Gary Rhodes">Gary Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Berry" title="Mary Berry">Mary Berry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakewell_tart" title="Bakewell tart">Bakewell tart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_Wellington" title="Beef Wellington">Beef Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot_cake" title="Carrot cake">Carrot cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">Chicken tikka masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_chicken" title="Coronation chicken">Coronation chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumble" title="Crumble">Crumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickerbocker_glory" title="Knickerbocker glory">Knickerbocker glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploughman%27s_lunch" title="Ploughman's lunch">Ploughman's lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salad_cream" title="Salad cream">Salad cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_toffee_pudding" title="Sticky toffee pudding">Sticky toffee pudding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heston_Blumenthal" title="Heston Blumenthal">Heston Blumenthal</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Fat_Duck" title="The Fat Duck">The Fat Duck</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Collingham" title="Lizzie Collingham">Lizzie Collingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Fearnley-Whittingstall" title="Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall">Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall</a> (<a href="/wiki/River_Cottage" title="River Cottage">River Cottage</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Khoo" title="Rachel Khoo">Rachel Khoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Albert_Roux" title="Michel Albert Roux">Michel Roux Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Le_Gavroche" title="Le Gavroche">Le Gavroche</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Worrall_Thompson" title="Antony Worrall Thompson">Antony Worrall Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dickson_Wright" title="Clarissa Dickson Wright">Clarissa Dickson Wright</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_English_Food" title="A History of English Food">A History of English Food</a></i> 2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_quiche" title="Coronation quiche">Coronation quiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Pudding" title="Platinum Pudding">Platinum Pudding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_dishes" title="List of English dishes">List of English dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_cheeses" title="List of English cheeses">List of English cheeses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_savoury_puddings" title="List of savoury puddings">List of savoury puddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweet_puddings" title="List of sweet puddings">List of sweet puddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">Rationing in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seafood418" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barramundi#As_food" title="Barramundi">Barramundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billfish#As_food" title="Billfish">Billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish#Catfish_as_food" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish#As_food" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder#As_food" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon#Uses" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish#As_food" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia#As_food" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout#Trout_as_food" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Food" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone#Consumption" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)#In_cuisine_and_culture" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conch#Culinary_use" title="Conch">Conch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck#Culinary_uses" title="Geoduck">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill#Human_consumption" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster#As_food" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#As_food" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster#As_food" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Prawn/Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#As_food" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_crustaceans" title="Category:Edible crustaceans">Crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_molluscs" title="Category:Edible molluscs">Molluscs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other seafood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_as_food" title="Marine mammals as food">Marine mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_seaweed" title="Edible seaweed">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_algae" title="Category:Edible algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_seafood" title="List of types of seafood">List of seafoods</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood" title="Category:Seafood">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processed<br />seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_fish" title="Canned fish">Canned fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cured_fish" title="Cured fish">Cured fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_fish" title="Fermented fish">Fermented fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fillet" title="Fish fillet">Fish fillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_head" title="Fish head">Fish head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_paste" title="Fish paste">Fish paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_steak" title="Fish steak">Fish steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stock_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish stock (food)">Fish stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_squid" title="Salted squid">Salted squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockfish" title="Stockfish">Stockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fish_processing" title="Category:Fish processing">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seafood_dishes" title="Seafood dishes">Seafood dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">List of seafood dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crab_dishes" title="List of crab dishes">List of crab dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">List of fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_raw_fish_dishes" title="List of raw fish dishes">List of raw fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tuna_dishes" title="List of tuna dishes">List of tuna dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisque_(food)" title="Bisque (food)">Bisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowder" title="Chowder">Chowder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish and chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pie" title="Fish pie">Fish pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_soup" title="Fish soup">Fish soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">Fried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_boil" title="Seafood boil">Seafood boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">Shark fin soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushi_bake" title="Sushi bake">Sushi bake</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood_dishes" title="Category:Seafood dishes">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metagonimiasis" title="Metagonimiasis">Metagonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid food poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_mislabelling" title="Seafood mislabelling">Seafood mislabelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood_advisory_lists_and_certification" title="Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification">Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal welfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyestalk_ablation" title="Eyestalk ablation">Eyestalk ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_live_seafood" title="Eating live seafood">Eating live seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish_swallowing" title="Goldfish swallowing">Goldfish swallowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sushi" title="History of sushi">History of sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_companies" title="List of seafood companies">List of seafood companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a 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