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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-詞源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>詞源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-類型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#類型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>類型</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-類型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-目的及主題" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#目的及主題"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>目的及主題</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-目的及主題-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-材料和技術" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#材料和技術"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>材料和技術</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-材料和技術-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-雕刻手法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#雕刻手法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>雕刻手法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-雕刻手法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-維護" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#維護"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>維護</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-維護-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">雕塑</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。134种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">134种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeldhoukuns" title="Beeldhoukuns – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beeldhoukuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%AA" title="نحت – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نحت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%AA" title="نحت – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نحت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyk%C9%99ltara%C5%9Fl%C4%B1q" title="Heykəltaraşlıq – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Heykəltaraşlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скульптура – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Скульптура" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buidhauarei" title="Buidhauarei – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Buidhauarei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolpt%C5%ABra" title="Skolptūra – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Skolptūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskultura" title="Iskultura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iskultura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скульптура – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Скульптура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скульптура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Скульптура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скулптура – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скулптура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ভাস্কর্য – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাস্কর্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizella%C3%B1" title="Kizellañ – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kizellañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptura" title="Skulptura – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Skulptura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskultura" title="Eskultura – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Eskultura" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%9F%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%85" title="ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="پەیکەرتاشی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیکەرتاشی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scultura" title="Scultura – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Scultura" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eykel" title="Eykel – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Eykel" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socha%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Sochařství – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sochařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerfluniaeth" title="Cerfluniaeth – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cerfluniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptur" title="Skulptur – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skulptur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildhauerkunst" title="Bildhauerkunst – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bildhauerkunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heykel" title="Heykel – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Heykel" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γλυπτική – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλυπτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sculpture" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptarto" title="Skulptarto – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skulptarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptuur" title="Skulptuur – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Skulptuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskulturagintza" title="Eskulturagintza – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskulturagintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="مجسمه‌سازی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجسمه‌سازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvanveisto" title="Kuvanveisto – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuvanveisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptuur" title="Skulptuur – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Skulptuur" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sculpture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculture" title="Sculture – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sculture" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptuer" title="Skulptuer – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skulptuer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealbh%C3%B3ireacht" title="Dealbhóireacht – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dealbhóireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E5%88%BB" title="雕刻 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="雕刻" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiltir" title="Skiltir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Skiltir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%C3%B1op%C4%A9" title="Ñeñopĩ – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñeñopĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallooderys" title="Jallooderys – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jallooderys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C" title="פיסול – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיסול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मूर्ति कला – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मूर्ति कला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sculpture" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiparstvo" title="Kiparstvo – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kiparstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskilti" title="Eskilti – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eskilti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szobr%C3%A1szat" title="Szobrászat – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szobrászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քանդակագործություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քանդակագործություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քանդակագործութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քանդակագործութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptura" title="Sculptura – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sculptura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_patung" title="Seni patung – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni patung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskultura" title="Eskultura – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Eskultura" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulto" title="Skulto – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skulto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6ggmyndalist" title="Höggmyndalist – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Höggmyndalist" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scultura" title="Scultura – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scultura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%AB%E5%88%BB" title="彫刻 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="彫刻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolpcha" title="Skolpcha – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Skolpcha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ქანდაკება – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქანდაკება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasre%C9%A3ta" title="Tasreɣta – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasreɣta" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C9%A3%CA%8A%CA%8A_t%CA%8Am%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Saɣʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Saɣʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Мүсіндеме – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мүсіндеме" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA" title="ಶಿಲ್ಪ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿಲ್ಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EA%B0%81" title="조각 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조각" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyker" title="Peyker – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Peyker" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravyans" title="Gravyans – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gravyans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptura" title="Sculptura – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sculptura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskultura" title="Eskultura – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Eskultura" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculta" title="Sculta – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sculta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beildhouwkuns" title="Beildhouwkuns – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Beildhouwkuns" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoltura" title="Scoltura – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Scoltura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulpt%C5%ABra" title="Skulptūra – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skulptūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93lniec%C4%ABba" title="Tēlniecība – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tēlniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Скульптурась – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Скульптурась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokitra" title="Sokitra – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sokitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вајарство – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вајарство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2" title="ശില്പകല – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശില്പകല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="शिल्पकला – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिल्पकला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_arca" title="Seni arca – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni arca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skultura" title="Skultura – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Skultura" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scultura" title="Scultura – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Scultura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF" title="ပန်းပု – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်းပု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scultura" title="Scultura – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Scultura" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildhaueree" title="Bildhaueree – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bildhaueree" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeldhouwkunst" title="Beeldhouwkunst – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beeldhouwkunst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stchulptuthe" title="Stchulptuthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Stchulptuthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮੂਰਤੀਕਲਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੂਰਤੀਕਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rze%C5%BAbiarstwo" title="Rzeźbiarstwo – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rzeźbiarstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="بت سازی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بت سازی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CE%BD" title="Γλυπτικήν – 旁狄希臘文" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γλυπτικήν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="旁狄希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="مجسمه سازي – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مجسمه سازي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27iquy" title="Ch'iquy – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'iquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptur%C4%83" title="Sculptură – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sculptură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скульптура – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скульптура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скулптура – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Скулптура" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scultura" title="Scultura – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scultura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%99%DA%BB" title="مجسما جوڙڻ – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مجسما جوڙڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptura" title="Skulptura – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Skulptura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA" title="මූර්ති ශිල්පය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මූර්ති ශිල්පය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sculpture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soch%C3%A1rstvo" title="Sochárstvo – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sochárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiparstvo" title="Kiparstvo – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kiparstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptura" title="Skulptura – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Skulptura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вајарство – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вајарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieldehauer%C3%A4i" title="Bieldehaueräi – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bieldehaueräi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptur" title="Skulptur – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skulptur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchongaji" title="Uchongaji – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchongaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிற்பம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிற்பம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82" title="శిల్పం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శిల్పం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="ประติมากรรม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประติมากรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilok" title="Lilok – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lilok" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejk%C9%99lt%C9%99ro%C5%A1%C9%99ti" title="Hejkəltərošəti – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hejkəltərošəti" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heykel" title="Heykel – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Heykel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скульптура – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скульптура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="مجسمہ سازی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مجسمہ سازی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haykaltaroshlik" title="Haykaltaroshlik – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Haykaltaroshlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scultura" title="Scultura – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Scultura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skul%27ptur" title="Skul'ptur – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Skul'ptur" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%C3%AAu_kh%E1%BA%AFc" title="Điêu khắc – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điêu khắc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scultreye" title="Scultreye – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Scultreye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskultura" title="Iskultura – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Iskultura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatt" title="Yatt – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Yatt" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="雕塑 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雕塑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ნაწახნაკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნაწახნაკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="סקולפטור – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סקולפטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%AAldouwkunst" title="Beêldouwkunst – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Beêldouwkunst" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiau-khek" title="Tiau-khek – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiau-khek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="雕塑 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雕塑" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11634#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sculpturing" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11634" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crainquebille,_Putois,_Riquet_-_Illuminated_Initial_-_A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="藝術" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Crainquebille%2C_Putois%2C_Riquet_-_Illuminated_Initial_-_A.png/25px-Crainquebille%2C_Putois%2C_Riquet_-_Illuminated_Initial_-_A.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Crainquebille%2C_Putois%2C_Riquet_-_Illuminated_Initial_-_A.png/38px-Crainquebille%2C_Putois%2C_Riquet_-_Illuminated_Initial_-_A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Crainquebille%2C_Putois%2C_Riquet_-_Illuminated_Initial_-_A.png/50px-Crainquebille%2C_Putois%2C_Riquet_-_Illuminated_Initial_-_A.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:藝術">藝術主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelos_David.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Michelangelos_David.jpg/230px-Michelangelos_David.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Michelangelos_David.jpg/345px-Michelangelos_David.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Michelangelos_David.jpg/460px-Michelangelos_David.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BD%97" title="米开朗基罗">米开朗基罗</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%E5%83%8F" title="大衛像">大衛像</a>，是公認的雕塑傑作之一</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lammasu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lammasu.jpg/230px-Lammasu.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lammasu.jpg/345px-Lammasu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lammasu.jpg/460px-Lammasu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>亞述的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%A8%E6%9D%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="捨杜">捨杜</a>，位在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%B0%94%E8%88%8D%E9%B2%81%E9%87%91" title="杜尔舍鲁金">杜尔舍鲁金</a>，約西元前721–705年</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_the_Israel_Museum_IMG_6040.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Entrance_to_the_Israel_Museum_IMG_6040.JPG/230px-Entrance_to_the_Israel_Museum_IMG_6040.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Entrance_to_the_Israel_Museum_IMG_6040.JPG/345px-Entrance_to_the_Israel_Museum_IMG_6040.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Entrance_to_the_Israel_Museum_IMG_6040.JPG/460px-Entrance_to_the_Israel_Museum_IMG_6040.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="以色列博物館">以色列博物館</a>入口處的現代主義雕塑</figcaption></figure> <p><b>雕塑</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Sculpture</span>），指的是一種專注於3D立體方面的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E5%9E%8B%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="造型艺术">造型艺术</a>，能利用高、寬、深這三個角度呈現出美感。 </p><p>耐用的雕塑工藝最初使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%98%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="粘土">粘土</a>製作，隨著人類材料技術的發展，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="岩石">岩石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="金属">金属</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%A0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="木頭">木頭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7" class="mw-disambig" title="陶瓷">陶瓷</a>等也可用來製造彫塑。目前全世界最多的彫塑種類是“<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95" title="石雕">石雕</a>”，因為石彫比其它材質更容易保存，也幾乎不會腐壞，所以各大<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="古文明">古文明</a>尤其喜歡使用。另外，也有很多古老的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95" title="木雕">木雕</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陶瓷雕塑（页面不存在）">陶瓷雕塑</a>也有不少，但大多已腐爛成殘破狀態，無法像石彫那樣長期保存。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="西方文化">西方文化</a>中的雕塑起源於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>，許多希臘的雕塑家在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="古典希臘時期">古典希臘時期</a>創作了許多傑出的雕塑品，在歐洲古典時期，純白色的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%86%8F" title="石膏">石膏</a>彫塑佔據了主流。但到了中古世紀，<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%8F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="哥特式艺术">哥特式</a>雕塑崛起，其顏色開始了多變，以<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%89%B2" title="灰色">灰色</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E8%89%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="青铜色">青銅色</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%89%B2" title="米色">米色</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%89%B2" title="金色">金色</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E8%89%B2" title="銀色">銀色</a>的作品增多，構成了現代歐洲彫刻的雛形，以表現基督教教義中的受難情節。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="文藝復興時期">文藝復興時期</a>又開始崇尚古典作品，像<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BD%97" title="米开朗基罗">米开朗基罗</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%E5%83%8F" title="大衛像">大衛像</a>就是當時著名的作品<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在世界各國的古文化中，雕塑一般都有亮麗的顏色，但現在多半已經褪色<sup id="cite_ref-artmuseums.harvard.edu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artmuseums.harvard.edu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；同時雕塑是宗教崇拜的中心，一直到最近幾世紀之前，大型雕塑的造價都非常昂貴，非一般人力可負擔，因此大型雕塑多半是政治的產物。像<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="南美">南美</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>的古文化都留下許多的雕塑。到了<a href="/wiki/21%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="21世紀">21世紀</a>，彫塑原材料的選擇出現了非常高的自由度，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE" title="垃圾">垃圾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9E%9C" title="水果">水果</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%A2%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廢品（页面不存在）">廢品</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%91%E6%96%99" title="塑料">塑料</a>等也可用於創作，彫刻手法也擴展為<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%8A%E6%8E%A5" title="焊接">焊接</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%A1%91" title="模塑">模塑</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%84%E9%80%A0" title="鑄造">鑄造</a>等新方式。<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="現代主義">現代主義</a>雕塑較不著重傳統的工藝及人體的描繪，改用<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="集合藝術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Assemblage (art)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="集合藝術（页面不存在）">集合藝術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" class="extiw" title="en:Assemblage (art)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Assemblage (art)</span></a></span>）</span></span>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E6%88%90%E7%89%A9" title="现成物">现成物</a>作為其作品的呈現。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞源"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E6.BA.90"></span>詞源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：詞源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中文裏的“雕塑”是個<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="複合詞">複合詞</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%95" class="mw-disambig" title="雕">雕</a>指的是“用减除材料的方法来做出造型”，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塑（页面不存在）">塑</a>指的是“把材料固定成某種形狀来做出造型”，兩者合一才能成為彫塑。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="類型"><span id=".E9.A1.9E.E5.9E.8B"></span>類型</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：類型"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>雕塑的簡單分類可以分為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E9%9B%95" title="圆雕">圆雕</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E9%9B%95" title="浮雕">浮雕</a>及透雕。圆雕類似塑像，指不附着在任何背景上、可以从各个角度欣赏的立体的雕塑，也因為欣賞者可能從任何一個角度欣赏作品，每一面都需要詳加規劃<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。浮雕至少有一部份是附着在背景上，可以依投射方式分類為淺浮雕及高浮雕<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。當作品中有許多的事物要敘述時，用圆雕的方式不易呈現，一般會使用浮雕。在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="建築雕塑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Architectural sculpture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建築雕塑（页面不存在）">建築雕塑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_sculpture" class="extiw" title="en:Architectural sculpture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Architectural sculpture</span></a></span>）</span></span>及用小型雕塑裝飾其他物品（像<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E8%97%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="陶藝">陶藝</a>、金屬製品或<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E5%AF%B6" title="珠寶">珠寶</a>）時，也常會選擇浮雕。透雕又称为镂空雕，是界于圆雕和浮雕之间的一种雕塑。在浮雕的基础上，镂空其背景，有分為单面透雕和双面透雕。 </p><p>另一種分類則是依其工法來分類，雕是將材料從作品上移除，塑則是利用將材料塑形的方式來完成作品。像<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%84%E9%80%A0" title="鑄造">鑄造</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E5%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="冲压">沖壓</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%A1%91" title="模塑">模塑</a>等方式都可以雕塑，而且可以一次製作多個相同的成品。 </p><p>自古以來，巨大的雕塑就會對人有強烈的吸引力。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="最高雕像列表">最高雕像</a>是2018年印度<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A2%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F" title="团结雕像">团结雕像</a>，高182米（597英尺）<sup id="cite_ref-Aditya_Thakur_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aditya_Thakur-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。另一種宏偉的雕像形式是騎士騎在馬上的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="騎馬雕像" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="equestrian statue"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A8%8E%E9%A6%AC%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="騎馬雕像（页面不存在）">騎馬雕像</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/equestrian_statue" class="extiw" title="en:equestrian statue"><span lang="en" dir="auto">equestrian statue</span></a></span>）</span></span>，最近數十年已不常見到。真人大小的人體雕塑中，最常看的是頭像，或是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="半身像 (雕塑)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bust (sculpture)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%8A%E8%BA%AB%E5%83%8F_(%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="半身像 (雕塑)（页面不存在）">半身像</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" class="extiw" title="en:Bust (sculpture)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bust (sculpture)</span></a></span>）</span></span>，只針對胸膛以上的半身來呈現。小型的雕塑包括<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="小雕像" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="figurine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小雕像（页面不存在）">小雕像</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/figurine" class="extiw" title="en:figurine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">figurine</span></a></span>）</span></span>，一般是不到18英寸（46厘米）的雕像，或是浮雕用的<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="壁球" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="plaquette"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%81%E7%90%83" title="壁球">壁球</a></span></span>、獎章或是硬幣。 </p><p>現代及當代藝術中為雕塑加入了許多非傳統的成份，例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="聲音裝置" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="sound sculpture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E9%9F%B3%E8%A3%9D%E7%BD%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聲音裝置（页面不存在）">聲音裝置</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sound_sculpture" class="extiw" title="en:sound sculpture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">sound sculpture</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="光雕" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="light sculpture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%9B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="光雕">光雕</a></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="環境藝術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="environmental art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環境藝術（页面不存在）">環境藝術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environmental_art" class="extiw" title="en:environmental art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">environmental art</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="環境雕塑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="environmental sculpture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環境雕塑（页面不存在）">環境雕塑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environmental_sculpture" class="extiw" title="en:environmental sculpture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">environmental sculpture</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Lock On" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lock On (street art)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lock_On&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lock On（页面不存在）">Lock On</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_On_(street_art)" class="extiw" title="en:Lock On (street art)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lock On (street art)</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="動態藝術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="kinetic sculpture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="動態藝術（页面不存在）">動態藝術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kinetic_sculpture" class="extiw" title="en:kinetic sculpture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">kinetic sculpture</span></a></span>）</span></span>（和物體的運動有關）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="大地艺术">大地艺术</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B4%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%9A%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="場域特定藝術">場域特定藝術</a>。雕塑是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="公共藝術">公共藝術</a>中重要的一環。若在公園的規劃中，有包括許多雕塑的集合，可以稱為是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雕塑公園" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="sculpture garden"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雕塑公園（页面不存在）">雕塑公園</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sculpture_garden" class="extiw" title="en:sculpture garden"><span lang="en" dir="auto">sculpture garden</span></a></span>）</span></span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="目的及主題"><span id=".E7.9B.AE.E7.9A.84.E5.8F.8A.E4.B8.BB.E9.A1.8C"></span>目的及主題</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：目的及主題"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mo%C3%A1is.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mo%C3%A1is.jpg/280px-Mo%C3%A1is.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mo%C3%A1is.jpg/420px-Mo%C3%A1is.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mo%C3%A1is.jpg/560px-Mo%C3%A1is.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E6%B4%BB%E7%AF%80%E5%B3%B6" title="復活節島">復活節島</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%89%BE%E7%9F%B3%E5%83%8F" title="摩艾石像">摩艾石像</a>，是集中出現的大型雕塑品</figcaption></figure> <p>雕塑最常見的用途是和宗教有關。在許多文化中都會有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%83%8F" title="神像">神像</a>，這些神像多半不像<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="古希臘藝術">古希臘藝術</a>中的巨大神像（例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E4%BA%9E%E5%AE%99%E6%96%AF%E7%A5%9E%E5%83%8F" title="奧林匹亞宙斯神像">奧林匹亞宙斯神像</a>）。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="埃及神廟">埃及神廟</a>最內部的聖所中的神像，雖然沒有保持到現在，但有證據顯示其體積其實不大，就算是在最大的神廟也是一樣。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>也是如此，常見的是非常簡單且古老的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E4%BC%BD" title="林伽">林伽</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>將這些宗教雕塑帶到了東亞，東亞之前沒有類似的神像傳統，不過有些簡單形狀的雕塑品（像是<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%A7" title="璧">璧</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%AE" title="琮">琮</a>）是祭祀用的器具。 </p><p>將小型雕塑當作個人財產的概念可以追溯到最早期的史前藝術，而大型作為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="公共藝術">公共藝術</a>的雕塑，一般是向觀看者展現統治者的權力，這類的雕塑至少可以回推到四千五百年前的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AE%E8%BA%AB%E4%BA%BA%E9%9D%A2%E5%83%8F" title="狮身人面像">狮身人面像</a>。在考古學以及藝術史中，巨大雕塑的出現（也可能包括消失）多半有重大的意義，不過追溯其出現或消失的時間點可能相當困難，因為有些使用像是木頭或是其他無法長久保存的材料，而且也可能沒有留下紀錄<sup id="cite_ref-Google_books_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_books-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="圖騰柱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="totem pole"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E9%A8%B0%E6%9F%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="圖騰柱">圖騰柱</a></span></span>就是古代使用木頭所作的大型藝術品的例子，而且在考古學上也找不到殘留物。當時可以集中資源製作大型的紀念雕塑品，其中包括許多材料的長途運輸，以及雇用雕塑的人（應該是全職的工作），意味著是已經比較先進，有社會組織及分工的文化。近來在中國<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%9F%E5%A0%86%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" title="三星堆遗址">三星堆遗址</a>發現的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="青铜时代">青铜时代</a>雕塑品，其大小是人的兩倍，改寫了許多對於中國古文化的印象，以往知道的中國青铜雕塑品是比較小的<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="印度河流域文明">印度河流域文明</a>也是古老且先進的文明，但沒有巨大的紀念雕塑品，不過有精細的小神像及印章。其他文化，像是古埃及和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="復活節島歷史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Easter Island"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%A9%E6%B4%BB%E7%AF%80%E5%B3%B6%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="復活節島歷史（页面不存在）">復活節文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Easter_Island" class="extiw" title="en:History of Easter Island"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Easter Island</span></a></span>）</span></span>，很早期就會將大量的資源放在大型的紀念雕塑品上。中國的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%85%B5%E9%A6%AC%E4%BF%91" class="mw-redirect" title="秦始皇兵馬俑">秦始皇兵馬俑</a>則是在秦始皇陵墓中的大量真人大小陶製人俑。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ioannes_VIII_Palaiologos_Bodemuseum_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ioannes_VIII_Palaiologos_Bodemuseum_Berlin.jpg/260px-Ioannes_VIII_Palaiologos_Bodemuseum_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ioannes_VIII_Palaiologos_Bodemuseum_Berlin.jpg/390px-Ioannes_VIII_Palaiologos_Bodemuseum_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ioannes_VIII_Palaiologos_Bodemuseum_Berlin.jpg/520px-Ioannes_VIII_Palaiologos_Bodemuseum_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="2658" /></a><figcaption><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Pisanello" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pisanello"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pisanello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pisanello（页面不存在）">Pisanello</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisanello" class="extiw" title="en:Pisanello"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pisanello</span></a></span>）</span></span>在大約1435年所做的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Medal of John VIII Palaeologus" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medal of John VIII Palaeologus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medal_of_John_VIII_Palaeologus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medal of John VIII Palaeologus（页面不存在）">Medal of John VIII Palaeologus</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_John_VIII_Palaeologus" class="extiw" title="en:Medal of John VIII Palaeologus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medal of John VIII Palaeologus</span></a></span>）</span></span>，是第一個有人像的獎章，主要是用來收藏用</figcaption></figure> <p>對於雕塑品的收集，最早可以追溯到兩千年前的希臘、中國以及兩河流域，也很早就以半公開的型式展示收集的雕塑品。自二十世紀起，以往在大型雕塑上對於主題的限制已大幅放寬，開始有抽象的主題以及現今常見的任何類型主題。現在許多的雕塑品在設計時都已規劃會在博物館及藝廊展出一段時間，因此製作大型雕塑品時，如何運送以及儲存也是考量因素之一。小型裝飾用的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="小雕像" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="figurine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小雕像（页面不存在）">小雕像</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/figurine" class="extiw" title="en:figurine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">figurine</span></a></span>）</span></span>多半是陶瓷材料，現今相當流行，不過常被<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="现代艺术">现代艺术</a>及 <a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="當代藝術">當代藝術</a>忽略，以往在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%AF" title="洛可可">洛可可</a>時代時也常有這類藝術品，而在古希臘時<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塔納格拉小雕像" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tanagra figurines"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E7%B4%8D%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%8F%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔納格拉小雕像（页面不存在）">塔納格拉小雕像</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanagra_figurines" class="extiw" title="en:Tanagra figurines"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tanagra figurines</span></a></span>）</span></span>已形成產業，在東亞以及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前哥倫布時期藝術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pre-Columbian art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前哥倫布時期藝術（页面不存在）">前哥倫布時期藝術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" class="extiw" title="en:Pre-Columbian art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pre-Columbian art</span></a></span>）</span></span>中也有許多類似的雕塑品。用在家具以及其他物品的小型雕塑品在古代時就有，例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼姆魯德象牙製品" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nimrud ivories"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%A7%86%E9%AD%AF%E5%BE%B7%E8%B1%A1%E7%89%99%E8%A3%BD%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼姆魯德象牙製品（页面不存在）">尼姆魯德象牙製品</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrud_ivories" class="extiw" title="en:Nimrud ivories"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nimrud ivories</span></a></span>）</span></span>、, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴格拉姆象牙製品" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Begram ivories"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E8%B1%A1%E7%89%99%E8%A3%BD%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴格拉姆象牙製品（页面不存在）">巴格拉姆象牙製品</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begram_ivories" class="extiw" title="en:Begram ivories"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Begram ivories</span></a></span>）</span></span>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%9D%A6%E5%8D%A1%E8%92%99" title="图坦卡蒙">图坦卡蒙</a>墳墓中的陪葬品。 </p><p>雕塑的肖像是從埃及開始的，在<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E5%B0%94%E8%BF%88%E8%B0%83%E8%89%B2%E6%9D%BF" title="那尔迈调色板">那尔迈调色板</a>上有公元前32世紀的統治者，而在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="美索不达米亚">美索不达米亚</a>還保存有27個<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古底亞雕像" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="statues of Gudea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古底亞雕像（页面不存在）">古底亞雕像</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/statues_of_Gudea" class="extiw" title="en:statues of Gudea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">statues of Gudea</span></a></span>）</span></span>，是西元前2144–2124<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E4%BB%80" title="拉格什">拉格什</a>統治者的像。在古希臘及羅馬，可以在公眾場所豎立肖像幾乎可以說是最高榮譽的標記，也是精英份子的心願所在，若已有公開雕像，其像也可能會出現在硬幣上<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在像埃及及近東國家，公開場所的雕像幾乎都是統治者的特權，其他有錢人的的雕像只會出現在其墓地。在美洲的前哥倫布時期，一般也只會為統治者豎立雕塑的肖像，最早的可能是約三千年前的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奧爾梅克巨大頭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Olmec colossal heads"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%A8%E5%A4%A7%E9%A0%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧爾梅克巨大頭（页面不存在）">奧爾梅克巨大頭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec_colossal_heads" class="extiw" title="en:Olmec colossal heads"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Olmec colossal heads</span></a></span>）</span></span>。東亞有許多的雕像是宗教崇拜用的。地中海時期的雕塑傳統在中古時代再次復興，一開始只是出現在墓葬雕像及硬幣，後來在文藝復興時期大幅開展，並且出現新的型式，例如個人的肖像<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0" title="獎章">獎章</a>。 </p><p>動物是人類雕塑品中很早期就有的主題之一，有些是寫實的，不過也有些是虛構動物或是怪獸，在中式的墳墓及廟宇外，會用動物的石雕作為裝飾。植物的雕塑常見於珠寶以及一些裝飾品，不過在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="拜占庭艺术">拜占庭艺术</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="伊斯蘭藝術">伊斯蘭藝術</a>中的大型雕塑品也是以植物為主題，而在歐亞傳統中也有植物雕塑品，像<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E5%8F%B6%E9%A5%B0" title="棕叶饰">棕叶饰</a>及藤蔓等藝術模式在二千年前就已使用。 </p><p>另一種史前文化中常見的雕塑是加大版的日用品、武器或是容器，材質是不實用的貴重材料，可能是用於禮儀或是展示用。像中國、墨西哥<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="奥尔梅克文明">奥尔梅克文明</a>或是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新石器時代歐洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neolithic Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新石器時代歐洲（页面不存在）">新石器時代歐洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Neolithic Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neolithic Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span>會使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89" title="玉">玉</a>，美索不達米亞早期的大型陶器是用石頭作的。歐洲及中國也會使用青銅製作大型的斧頭及劍，例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奧克斯伯勒德克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Oxborough Dirk"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E5%8B%92%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧克斯伯勒德克（页面不存在）">奧克斯伯勒德克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxborough_Dirk" class="extiw" title="en:Oxborough Dirk"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Oxborough Dirk</span></a></span>）</span></span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="材料和技術"><span id=".E6.9D.90.E6.96.99.E5.92.8C.E6.8A.80.E8.A1.93"></span>材料和技術</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：材料和技術"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由於雕塑的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="材料">材料</a>相當多種，有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%98%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="粘土">粘土</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="岩石">石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="木">木</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="金属">金属</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%86%8F" title="石膏">石膏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%91%E8%84%82" title="树脂">树脂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E7%89%99" title="象牙">象牙</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英国复合土" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Milliput"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英国复合土（页面不存在）">英国复合土</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliput" class="extiw" title="en:Milliput"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Milliput</span></a></span>）</span></span>等。遂發展出幾種類別： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95" title="木雕">木雕</a>：木雕的歷史相當悠久，早期的主題多半以宗教為核心，除雕塑<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>偶像之外，也用於祭壇、宗教場所的裝飾。在木造建築興盛的國家，木雕是隨著建築一同發展的。現代的木雕則有相當多元化的風貌，藝術家喜用抽象形來表現。此外，木雕也是印刷術發明的重要功臣，詳細請看<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%88%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="木刻">木刻版畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95" title="石雕">石雕</a>：石雕發展的地區跟適合雕刻的石頭產地是很有關係性的，產石發達的地區，石雕的歷史也相當悠久。過去石雕的作品常被用來當做花園擺飾、門口標誌、或是<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B5%E5%AF%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="陵寢">陵寢</a>建築裝飾等，基於石頭厚重（不易被偷竊）、雕刻細節不易因風吹雨打而破壞，石雕作品多以戶外環境為主。常見的石雕材料是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="大理石">大理石</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E5%A1%91" title="泥塑">泥塑</a>：材料會使用天然粘土或者現代的人工合成雕塑泥，可以作為獨立的藝術形式存在，也可以輔助其它的雕塑形式。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E9%9B%95" title="冰雕">冰雕</a>：是一種以冰為主要材料來雕刻的藝術形式，源自於法國，因為材料的可變性及其容易熔化，冰雕表現出了許多難點。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%9B%95" title="沙雕">沙雕</a>：起源於美國，利用沙灘上的沙進行雕塑，最常見的是小朋友在堆沙堡，但也有藝術家以沙雕為其創作的題材。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金属雕塑（页面不存在）">金属雕塑</a>：大型的雕塑多半會以<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85" class="mw-redirect" title="青銅">青銅</a>或其他銅合金為其材質．利用鑄造的方式製作。有些金属雕塑需要用到金屬的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E5%B1%95%E6%80%A7" title="延展性">延展性</a>進行加工，其中又以金的延展性最好，有時會用在首飾上。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E8%89%BA" title="陶艺">陶艺</a>：是最早的雕塑之一，以<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%98%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="粘土">粘土</a>為其原料。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="雕刻手法"><span id=".E9.9B.95.E5.88.BB.E6.89.8B.E6.B3.95"></span>雕刻手法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：雕刻手法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>雕塑的制作方式有雕刻、塑、堆、贴、焊、敲、编等。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%95" class="mw-disambig" title="雕">雕</a>：即通过减除材料来造型。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塑（页面不存在）">塑</a>：即通过叠加材料来造型。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="維護"><span id=".E7.B6.AD.E8.AD.B7"></span>維護</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：維護"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg/220px-Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg/330px-Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg/440px-Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>酸雨對於石雕的影響</figcaption></figure> <p>有些雕塑對於環境的條件相當敏感，像<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="濕度">濕度</a>、暴露在光線及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紫外線">紫外線</a>下等。<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E9%9B%A8" title="酸雨">酸雨</a>也可能破壞特定的建築材料和石雕，其原因是因為雨中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8" title="硫酸">硫酸</a>和石頭（石灰石、砂岩、大理石和花岗岩）中的鈣質反應，形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%86%8F" title="石膏">石膏</a>而剥落。 </p><p>許多當代的雕塑品會在公開場合展示，若雕塑品可以立刻被認出來，一般也不太容易被偷走。不過在二十世紀初期，金屬的價值高到一個程度，因此大型的青銅雕塑品可能會因為其金屬的價值因引來窃賊的注意，價值數百萬的雕塑品被偷走，融化成金屬後再賣出。賣出金屬的售價可能只佔原雕塑品價值中很小的比例<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E5%85%B7" title="面具">面具</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E5%88%BB" title="岩刻">岩刻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="城市雕塑">城市雕塑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E8%B2%BC%E7%95%AB" title="拼貼畫">拼貼畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="亚洲艺术史">亚洲艺术史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%81%AF%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1" title="全息摄影">全息摄影</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%BA%E7%B4%99" title="摺紙">摺紙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="視覺藝術">視覺藝術</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collection.sina.com.cn/jczs/20130221/1553104125.shtml">米开朗基罗的雕塑《大卫》</a>. 艺术中国网. 新浪收藏. 2013-02-21 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-07-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410203033/http://collection.sina.com.cn/jczs/20130221/1553104125.shtml">存档</a>于2021-04-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&rft.atitle=%E7%B1%B3%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2013-02-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollection.sina.com.cn%2Fjczs%2F20130221%2F1553104125.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-artmuseums.harvard.edu-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-artmuseums.harvard.edu_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colourlovers.com/blog/2008/06/16/gods-in-color-painted-sculpture-of-classical-antiquity">Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity</a>. The Arthur M. Sackler Museum. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-07-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410203027/https://www.colourlovers.com/blog/2008/06/16/gods-in-color-painted-sculpture-of-classical-antiquity">存档</a>于2021-04-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&rft.btitle=Gods+in+Color%3A+Painted+Sculpture+of+Classical+Antiquity&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Arthur+M.+Sackler+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colourlovers.com%2Fblog%2F2008%2F06%2F16%2Fgods-in-color-painted-sculpture-of-classical-antiquity&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vr.theatre.ntu.edu.tw/fineart/chap12/chap12-02.htm">浮雕與圆雕</a>. 視覺素養學習網. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-07-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501074555/http://vr.theatre.ntu.edu.tw/fineart/chap12/chap12-02.htm">存档</a>于2021-05-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&rft.btitle=%E6%B5%AE%E9%9B%95%E8%88%87%E5%9C%86%E9%9B%95&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E7%B4%A0%E9%A4%8A%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvr.theatre.ntu.edu.tw%2Ffineart%2Fchap12%2Fchap12-02.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110712151757/http://www.mudiao5000.com/fu-diao/zs-fudiao.htm">什么是浮雕</a>. 上海胜佰杰木雕厂. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-07-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mudiao5000.com/fu-diao/zs-fudiao.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2011-07-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&rft.btitle=%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%B5%AE%E9%9B%95&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%83%9C%E4%BD%B0%E6%9D%B0%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E5%8E%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mudiao5000.com%2Ffu-diao%2Fzs-fudiao.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aditya_Thakur-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aditya_Thakur_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ashwani Sharma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topyaps.com/sardar-patel-the-ironman">14 Things You Did Not Know about Sardar Patel, the Man Who United India</a>. Topyaps. 2014-11-01 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-05-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104031758/http://topyaps.com/sardar-patel-the-ironman">存档</a>于2015-01-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&rft.atitle=14+Things+You+Did+Not+Know+about+Sardar+Patel%2C+the+Man+Who+United+India&rft.au=Ashwani+Sharma&rft.date=2014-11-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topyaps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopyaps.com%2Fsardar-patel-the-ironman&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/statue-of-unity-expected-to-attract-10000-tourists-daily/articleshow/66448638.cms">Gujarat: Statue of Unity expected to attract 10,000 tourists daily</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-03-08</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508170627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/statue-of-unity-expected-to-attract-10000-tourists-daily/articleshow/66448638.cms">存档</a>于2019-05-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&rft.btitle=Gujarat%3A+Statue+of+Unity+expected+to+attract+10%2C000+tourists+daily&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fvadodara%2Fstatue-of-unity-expected-to-attract-10000-tourists-daily%2Farticleshow%2F66448638.cms&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Google_books-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Google_books_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example Martin Robertson, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoUsvD1_VNQC&pg=PA9">A shorter history of Greek art</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210518031235/https://books.google.com/books?id=BoUsvD1_VNQC&pg=PA9">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i>, p. 9, Cambridge University Press, 1981, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-28084-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-28084-6">978-0-521-28084-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_san.shtm">NGA, Washington</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130215195511/http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_san.shtm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） feature on exhibition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="托勒密王朝">托勒密王朝</a>開始了將統治者的像放在硬幣上的希臘傳統，羅馬時代從西元前第一世紀起，會在上面放已過世的政治人物，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E6%92%92" title="尤利烏斯·凱撒">尤利烏斯·凱撒</a>是第一個還在世時其肖像就放在硬幣上的人物，後來硬幣上放皇帝的像就成為了標準。參見Burnett, 34–35; Howgego, 63–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-16266378">Scrap fear over £500k art theft</a>. 2011-12-20 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-11-21</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518031311/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-16266378">存档</a>于2021-05-18） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英国英语网页">（英国英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&rft.atitle=Scrap+fear+over+%C2%A3500k+art+theft&rft.date=2011-12-20&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-16266378&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相关的多媒体资源：<b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sculpture?uselang=zh">雕塑</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/s/sculpture/">Sculpture "hub"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170915031952/http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/s/sculpture/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） at the Victoria and Albert Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://khacdaumocvn.com/">Khắc dấu</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210518031259/https://khacdaumocvn.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） at the vietnam</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmog.org/">Corning Museum of Glass</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090723062641/http://www.cmog.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sculpture.org.uk/">Cass Sculpture Foundation</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090831102511/http://www.sculpture.org.uk/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, a charity dedicated to commissioning monumental sculpture.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri24chisrich#page/488/mode/2up">Archive.org The <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> Eleventh Edition, Sculpture</a>, pp. 488–517</li> <li>Current research on polychromy on ancient sculpture at the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.trackingcolour.com">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171209145611/http://www.trackingcolour.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="美术史">藝術史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E6%9D%91" title="藝術村">藝術村</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" title="藝術類型">藝術類型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="設計">設計</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">分類</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="視覺藝術">視覺藝術</a><br />（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="美术">美术</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB" title="绘画">绘画</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E7%95%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="油畫">油畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BD%A9%E7%94%BB" title="水彩画">水彩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%A2%A8%E7%95%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="水墨畫">水墨畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%89%E5%BD%A9_(%E9%A2%9C%E6%96%99)" title="粉彩 (颜料)">粉彩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E6%8F%8F" title="素描">素描</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%88%E7%94%BB" title="版画">版画</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%92%E7%95%AB" title="插畫">插畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%AF%AB" title="速寫">速寫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB" title="漫画">漫画</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">雕塑</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95" title="石雕">石雕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95" title="木雕">木雕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E9%9B%95" title="浮雕">浮雕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E9%9B%95" title="冰雕">冰雕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%9B%95" title="沙雕">沙雕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B8%E9%9B%95" title="纸雕">紙雕</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AF%E9%9B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="软雕（页面不存在）">软雕</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金屬雕塑（页面不存在）">金屬雕塑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E5%A1%91" title="泥塑">泥塑</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%89%BA%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF" title="工艺美术">工艺</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E8%97%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="陶藝">陶藝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="玉器">玉器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%86%E5%99%A8" title="漆器">漆器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E7%B9%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="刺繡">刺繡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%92%E8%8A%B1" title="插花">插花</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E7%BA%B8" title="剪纸">剪纸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E7%BA%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="折纸">折纸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%93" class="mw-redirect" title="中国结">中国结</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%87%88" title="花燈">花燈</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="建筑">建筑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1" title="摄影">摄影</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="设计">设计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="書法">書法</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%86%E5%88%BB" title="篆刻">篆刻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9D%E7%BD%AE%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="裝置藝術">裝置</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%9F%B3%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="聲音藝術">聲音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="行為藝術">行為</a></li> <li>多媒體（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="电影">电影</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%BB" title="动画">动画</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="電子遊戲">遊戲</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="表演艺术">表演艺术</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="音乐">音乐</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E6%A8%82" title="器樂">器樂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E6%A8%82" title="聲樂">聲樂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="古典音樂">古典音樂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="流行音樂">流行音樂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" class="mw-redirect" title="民族音乐">民族音樂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88" title="舞蹈">舞蹈</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AD%E8%95%BE%E8%88%9E" title="芭蕾舞">芭蕾舞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88" title="民族舞蹈">民族舞蹈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E8%88%9E" title="現代舞">現代舞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E8%88%9E" title="当代舞">当代舞</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B2%E5%8A%87" title="戲劇">戲劇</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%8A%87" title="音樂劇">音樂劇</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87" class="mw-redirect" title="歌劇">歌劇</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B2%E6%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="戲曲">戲曲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%9D%E5%89%A7" title="话剧">话剧</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E5%89%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%93%81" title="喜剧小品">小品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="电影">电影</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96%E5%8A%87" class="mw-redirect" title="電視劇">電視劇</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%89%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="广播剧">广播剧</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E6%8A%80" class="mw-redirect" title="杂技">杂技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="魔术">魔术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%A3%B0" title="相声">相声</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%84%E4%B9%A6" title="评书">评书</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E6%8A%80" title="口技">口技</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="文学">文学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="诗">诗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87" title="散文">散文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" title="小说">小说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%A7%E6%9C%AC" title="剧本">剧本</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">生活方式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%B9%E9%A5%AA" title="烹饪">烹饪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%8C%B6%E8%97%9D" title="中國茶藝">茶艺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E9%85%92" class="mw-redirect" title="調酒">调酒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B0%B4" title="香水">香水</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">歷史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="中国美术史">中国美术史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="西方美术史">西方美术史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%8F%B2" title="建筑史">建筑史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="文学史">文学史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="音樂歷史">音樂史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E5%8F%B2" title="电影史">电影史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88%E5%8F%B2" title="設計史">設計史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="藝術教育">藝術教育</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="艺术心理学">艺术心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="藝術百科全書">藝術百科全書</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%89%B5%E4%BD%9C%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB" title="藝術創作碩士">藝術創作碩士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0%E5%8A%9B" title="創造力">創造力</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>參看: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Art" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Art">Commons</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%83%E8%A7%80%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B8%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%9A%E7%9A%84%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E9%A4%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="世界參觀人數最多的美術館列表">世界參觀人數最多的藝術博物館列表</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Art">Wikibooks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Art" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Art">Wikinews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Art" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Art">Wikiquote</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Art" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Art">Wikisource</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Art" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Art">Wiktionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11634#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11634#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11634#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Escultura"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\S\C\Sculpture">乌克兰互联网百科全书</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642810">NARA</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=雕塑&oldid=84332993">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=雕塑&oldid=84332993</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="Category:雕塑">雕塑</a></li><li><a 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