CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-67a19b13b1208ee00aa",applicationID:"511463069"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.281.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},217:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>b,xN:()=>v});r(860).K7.genericEvents;const n="experimental.marks",i="experimental.measures",o="experimental.resources";var a=r(993);const s=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var c=r(614),u=r(944),l=r(384),d=r(122);const f="[data-nr-mask]",g=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0,level:a.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(i)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(o)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:c.wk,inactiveMs:c.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){s(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(f):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=f:(0,u.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){s(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,u.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,u.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},p={},m="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(m);if(!p[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return p[e]}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(m);p[e]=(0,d.a)(t,g());const r=(0,l.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=p[e])}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(m);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>d});var n=r(122),i=r(384),o=r(154),a=r(324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},l={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(l[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(l[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=l[e])}},324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.281.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>l,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>d,x3:()=>u});var n=r(836),i=r(606),o=r(860),a=r(646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};l(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function d(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(l(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(990),o=r(371),a=r(646),s=r(607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},l={},d=!1;try{d=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=m(e),l=c.length,d=0;d<l;d++)c[d].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:h,listeners:m,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:d?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:d};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=m(e).concat(t)}function m(e){return n[e]||[]}function h(t){return l[t]=l[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),l=(0,n.Zm)();l.ee||(l.ee=u)},646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(566).bz)()},566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(836),i=r(154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>l,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>d});var n=r(154),i=r(863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function l(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(836),i=r(607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];l(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return l(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,l,d;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],l="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],l],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],l,c);try{return d=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],l,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,d],l,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function l(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(836),i=r(687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>K});var n=r(860),i=r(555),o=r(371),a=r(908),s=r(836),c=r(687),u=r(289),l=r(154),d=r(944),f=r(969),g=r(384),p=r(344);const m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(863),b=r(614),y=r(993);var w=r(646),A=r(434);const R=new Map;function _(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,d.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[A.Jt]||t[r];return R.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>R.get(c))),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();m.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,d.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function N(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const m={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var R="api-",E=R+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(R,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function k(){}m.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,v.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},m.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),_(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},h.forEach((e=>{m[e]=j(R,e,!0,"api")})),m.addPageAction=j(R,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.recordCustomEvent=j(R,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(R,"setPageViewName",!0)()},m.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,d.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,d.R)(39,typeof e)},m.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,d.R)(41,typeof e)},m.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,d.R)(42,typeof e)},m.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,d.R)(23,e)}},m[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m.interaction=function(e){return(new k).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const T=k.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(E+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function I(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,d.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{T[e]=j(E,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),m.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(E,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(R,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),m.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},l.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>I()),!0):I(),m}var k=r(217),T=r(122);const j={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},I={};var S=r(284);const O=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function K(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:d={},exposed:f=!0}=t;d.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,k.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");I[e]=(0,T.a)(t,j);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=I[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},l.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const m=(0,k.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),h=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];P||(m.proxy.assets&&(O(m.proxy.assets),h.push(m.proxy.assets)),m.proxy.beacon&&h.push(m.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",S.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===m.soft_navigations.enabled&&m.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),d.denyList=[...m.ajax.deny_list||[],...m.ajax.block_internal?h:[]],d.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,d),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=N(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),P=!0}},374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.281.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.281.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),l=0;l<u.length;l++){var d=u[l];if(d.getAttribute("src")==r||d.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=d;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-zqOtfbjYsGTkQScey1O8Hh9fA1+m2RFxLpfv7BWqqTivgQ6iM13v6QJ4d5xykyDwx1GoMFmngC4SKpFn6VciYg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={374:0,840:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(374);var e=i(944),t=i(344),r=i(566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(217);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var l=i(603);var d=i(687),f=i(234),g=i(289),p=i(154),m=i(384);const h=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function v(e){return!!(0,m.dV)().o.MO&&h(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(h(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return v(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(908),_=i(843),E=i(878),x=i(782),N=i(863);class k extends y{static featureName=x.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,x.T,t),p.RI&&((0,_.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,E.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var T=i(969);class j extends y{static featureName=T.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,m.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,l.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,m.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,k,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer> var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer"; var dataLayer = dataLayer || []; </script>  <link rel="preload" href="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/logo.svg" as="image">  <title>Translation Committee - PEN America</title> <meta name="description" content="The PEN America Translation Committee advocates on behalf of literary translators, working to foster a wider understanding of their art." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pen.org/translation-committee/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Translation Committee - PEN America" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The PEN America Translation Committee advocates on behalf of literary translators, working to foster a wider understanding of their art." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://pen.org/translation-committee/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="PEN America" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/PENamerica/" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2025-01-27T21:06:17+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/translation-manifesto-horizontal-jpg-1-e1723758487952.avif" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="960" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@PENamerica" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="12 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://pen.org/translation-committee/","url":"https://pen.org/translation-committee/","name":"Translation Committee - PEN America","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://pen.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://pen.org/translation-committee/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://pen.org/translation-committee/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/translation-manifesto-horizontal-jpg-1-e1723758487952.avif","datePublished":"2016-09-20T21:32:52+00:00","dateModified":"2025-01-27T21:06:17+00:00","description":"The PEN America Translation Committee advocates on behalf of literary translators, working to foster a wider understanding of their art.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://pen.org/translation-committee/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://pen.org/translation-committee/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://pen.org/translation-committee/#primaryimage","url":"https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/translation-manifesto-horizontal-jpg-1-e1723758487952.avif","contentUrl":"https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/translation-manifesto-horizontal-jpg-1-e1723758487952.avif","width":960,"height":640},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://pen.org/translation-committee/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://pen.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Translation Committee"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://pen.org/#website","url":"https://pen.org/","name":"PEN America","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://pen.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://pen.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://pen.org/#organization","name":"PEN America","url":"https://pen.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://pen.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cropped-PEN-Logo-Featured-Image.png","contentUrl":"https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cropped-PEN-Logo-Featured-Image.png","width":512,"height":512,"caption":"PEN America"},"image":{"@id":"https://pen.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/PENamerica/","https://x.com/PENamerica","https://www.instagram.com/penamerica/","https://www.youtube.com/penamericancenter"]}]}</script>  <title>Translation Committee - PEN America</title> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//pen.org' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="PEN America » Feed" href="https://pen.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="PEN America » Comments Feed" href="https://pen.org/comments/feed/" /> <style id='wp-block-site-logo-inline-css'> .wp-block-site-logo{box-sizing:border-box;line-height:0}.wp-block-site-logo a{display:inline-block;line-height:0}.wp-block-site-logo.is-default-size img{height:auto;width:120px}.wp-block-site-logo img{height:auto;max-width:100%}.wp-block-site-logo a,.wp-block-site-logo img{border-radius:inherit}.wp-block-site-logo.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:center}:root :where(.wp-block-site-logo.is-style-rounded){border-radius:9999px} </style> <style id='wp-block-paragraph-inline-css'> .is-small-text{font-size:.875em}.is-regular-text{font-size:1em}.is-large-text{font-size:2.25em}.is-larger-text{font-size:3em}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;font-style:normal;font-weight:100;line-height:.68;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase}body.rtl .has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:none;margin-left:.1em}p.has-drop-cap.has-background{overflow:hidden}:root :where(p.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit}p.has-text-align-left[style*="writing-mode:vertical-lr"],p.has-text-align-right[style*="writing-mode:vertical-rl"]{rotate:180deg} </style> <style id='wp-block-group-inline-css'> .wp-block-group{box-sizing:border-box}:where(.wp-block-group.wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained){position:relative} </style> <style id='wp-block-columns-inline-css'> .wp-block-columns{align-items:normal!important;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap!important}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-columns{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}}.wp-block-columns.are-vertically-aligned-top{align-items:flex-start}.wp-block-columns.are-vertically-aligned-center{align-items:center}.wp-block-columns.are-vertically-aligned-bottom{align-items:flex-end}@media (max-width:781px){.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:100%!important}}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:0;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column[style*=flex-basis]{flex-grow:0}}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:0;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile>.wp-block-column[style*=flex-basis]{flex-grow:0}:where(.wp-block-columns){margin-bottom:1.75em}:where(.wp-block-columns.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-column{flex-grow:1;min-width:0;overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-top{align-self:flex-start}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-center{align-self:center}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-bottom{align-self:flex-end}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-stretch{align-self:stretch}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-bottom,.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-center,.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-top{width:100%} </style> <style id='wp-block-search-inline-css'> .wp-block-search__button{margin-left:10px;word-break:normal}.wp-block-search__button.has-icon{line-height:0}.wp-block-search__button svg{height:1.25em;min-height:24px;min-width:24px;width:1.25em;fill:currentColor;vertical-align:text-bottom}:where(.wp-block-search__button){border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px 10px}.wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{display:flex;flex:auto;flex-wrap:nowrap;max-width:100%}.wp-block-search__label{width:100%}.wp-block-search__input{appearance:none;border:1px solid #949494;flex-grow:1;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;min-width:3rem;padding:8px;text-decoration:unset!important}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__button{flex-shrink:0;margin-left:0;max-width:100%}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__button[aria-expanded=true]{max-width:calc(100% - 100px)}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{min-width:0!important;transition-property:width}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__input{flex-basis:100%;transition-duration:.3s}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden,.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{overflow:hidden}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__input{border-left-width:0!important;border-right-width:0!important;flex-basis:0;flex-grow:0;margin:0;min-width:0!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important;width:0!important}:where(.wp-block-search__input){font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-transform:inherit}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper){border:1px solid #949494;box-sizing:border-box;padding:4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input{border:none;border-radius:0;padding:0 4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input:focus{outline:none}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) :where(.wp-block-search__button){padding:4px 8px}.wp-block-search.aligncenter .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{margin:auto}.wp-block[data-align=right] .wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{float:right} </style> <style id='wp-block-post-title-inline-css'> .wp-block-post-title{box-sizing:border-box;word-break:break-word}.wp-block-post-title :where(a){display:inline-block;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-decoration:inherit} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-image-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-includes/blocks/image/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-heading-inline-css'> h1.has-background,h2.has-background,h3.has-background,h4.has-background,h5.has-background,h6.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em}h1.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h1.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h2.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h2.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h3.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h3.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h4.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h4.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h5.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h5.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h6.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h6.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]){rotate:180deg} </style> <style id='wp-block-post-featured-image-inline-css'> .wp-block-post-featured-image{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.wp-block-post-featured-image a{display:block;height:100%}.wp-block-post-featured-image :where(img){box-sizing:border-box;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%}.wp-block-post-featured-image.alignfull img,.wp-block-post-featured-image.alignwide img{width:100%}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim{background-color:#000;inset:0;position:absolute}.wp-block-post-featured-image{position:relative}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-gradient{background-color:initial}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-0{opacity:0}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-10{opacity:.1}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-20{opacity:.2}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-30{opacity:.3}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-40{opacity:.4}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-50{opacity:.5}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-60{opacity:.6}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-70{opacity:.7}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-80{opacity:.8}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-90{opacity:.9}.wp-block-post-featured-image .wp-block-post-featured-image__overlay.has-background-dim-100{opacity:1}.wp-block-post-featured-image:where(.alignleft,.alignright){width:100%} </style> <style id='wp-block-post-template-inline-css'> .wp-block-post-template{list-style:none;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;max-width:100%;padding:0}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:1.25em}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container>li{margin:0;width:100%}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container.is-flex-container.columns-2>li{width:calc(50% - .625em)}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container.is-flex-container.columns-3>li{width:calc(33.33333% - .83333em)}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container.is-flex-container.columns-4>li{width:calc(25% - .9375em)}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container.is-flex-container.columns-5>li{width:calc(20% - 1em)}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container.is-flex-container.columns-6>li{width:calc(16.66667% - 1.04167em)}}@media (max-width:600px){.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-constrained>li>.alignright,.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow>li>.alignright{float:right;margin-inline-end:0;margin-inline-start:2em}.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-constrained>li>.alignleft,.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow>li>.alignleft{float:left;margin-inline-end:2em;margin-inline-start:0}.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-constrained>li>.aligncenter,.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow>li>.aligncenter{margin-inline-end:auto;margin-inline-start:auto} </style> <style id='wp-block-post-content-inline-css'> .wp-block-post-content{display:flow-root} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-social-links-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-includes/blocks/social-links/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css'> :root{--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,161;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px;--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color)}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}.has-text-align-center{text-align:center}.has-text-align-left{text-align:left}.has-text-align-right{text-align:right}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-wrap:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip:auto!important;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: var(--pen-color-black);--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: var(--pen-color-white);--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--purple: var(--pen-color-purple-light);--wp--preset--color--purple-medium: var(--pen-color-purple-med);--wp--preset--color--purple-dark: var(--pen-color-purple-dark);--wp--preset--color--red: var(--pen-color-red);--wp--preset--color--grey-light: var(--pen-color-gray-light);--wp--preset--color--grey-medium: var(--pen-color-gray-med);--wp--preset--color--grey-dark: var(--pen-color-gray-dark);--wp--preset--color--blue: var(--pen-color-primary);--wp--preset--color--orange: var(--pen-color-orange);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--body-small: var(--pen-font-size-6);--wp--preset--font-size--body: var(--pen-font-size-5);--wp--preset--font-size--body-large: var(--pen-font-size-4);--wp--preset--font-size--body-extra-large: var(--pen-font-size-display-2);--wp--preset--font-size--heading-3: var(--pen-font-size-3);--wp--preset--font-size--heading-2: var(--pen-font-size-2);--wp--preset--font-size--heading-1: var(--pen-font-size-1);--wp--preset--font-family--body: var(--pen-font-family-base);--wp--preset--font-family--heading: var(--pen-font-family-bold);--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--spacing--10-small: var(--pen-block-element-small-gap);--wp--preset--spacing--20-standard: var(--pen-block-element-standard-gap);--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium: var(--pen-block-element-medium-gap);--wp--preset--spacing--40-large: var(--pen-block-element-large-gap);--wp--preset--spacing--50-section: var(--pen-container-horizontal-gap);--wp--preset--spacing--80-section: var(--pen-container-extra-large);--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--custom--color--background: var(--wp--preset--color--white);--wp--custom--color--border: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-dark);--wp--custom--color--button: var(--wp--preset--color--blue);--wp--custom--color--button-secondary: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-light);--wp--custom--color--button-text: var(--wp--preset--color--snow);--wp--custom--color--text-inverted: var(--wp--preset--color--white);--wp--custom--color--text-standard: var(--wp--preset--color--black);--wp--custom--color--text-purple: var(--wp--preset--color--purple);--wp--custom--color--text-purple-dark: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark);--wp--custom--color--text-red: var(--wp--preset--color--red);--wp--custom--color--text-blue: var(--wp--preset--color--blue);--wp--custom--font-families--body: var(--pen-font-family-base);--wp--custom--font-families--heading: var(--pen-font-family-bold);--wp--custom--line-height--body: var(--pen-line-height-base);--wp--custom--line-height--heading: var(--pen-heading-line-height);--wp--custom--spacing--body-padding: var(--pen-global-padding-gap);}.wp-block-heading{--wp--preset--color--standard: var(--wp--custom--color--text-standard);--wp--preset--color--inverted: var(--wp--custom--color--text-inverted);--wp--preset--color--purple-dark: var(--wp--custom--color--text-purple-dark);--wp--preset--color--blue: var(--wp--custom--color--text-blue);--wp--preset--color--red: var(--wp--custom--color--text-red);}p{--wp--preset--color--standard: var(--wp--custom--color--text-standard);--wp--preset--color--inverted: var(--wp--custom--color--text-inverted);--wp--preset--color--purple: var(--wp--custom--color--text-purple);--wp--preset--color--purple-dark: var(--wp--custom--color--text-purple-dark);--wp--preset--color--blue: var(--wp--custom--color--text-blue);--wp--preset--color--red: var(--wp--custom--color--text-red);}.wp-block-post-title{--wp--preset--color--standard: var(--wp--custom--color--text-standard);--wp--preset--color--inverted: var(--wp--custom--color--text-inverted);--wp--preset--color--purple-dark: var(--wp--custom--color--text-purple-dark);--wp--preset--color--blue: var(--wp--custom--color--text-blue);--wp--preset--color--red: var(--wp--custom--color--text-red);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: var(--pen-max-container-width-padded);--wp--style--global--wide-size: var(--pen-wide-width-padded); }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks { padding-top: var(--wp--style--root--padding-top); padding-bottom: var(--wp--style--root--padding-bottom); }.has-global-padding { padding-right: var(--wp--style--root--padding-right); padding-left: var(--wp--style--root--padding-left); }.has-global-padding > .alignfull { margin-right: calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-right) * -1); margin-left: calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-left) * -1); }.has-global-padding :where(:not(.alignfull.is-layout-flow) > .has-global-padding:not(.wp-block-block, .alignfull)) { padding-right: 0; padding-left: 0; }.has-global-padding :where(:not(.alignfull.is-layout-flow) > .has-global-padding:not(.wp-block-block, .alignfull)) > .alignfull { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section); margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section); }:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{background-color: var(--wp--custom--color--background);color: var(--wp--custom--color--text-standard);font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--body);margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;margin-left: 0;--wp--style--root--padding-top: 0;--wp--style--root--padding-right: var(--pen-global-padding-gap);--wp--style--root--padding-bottom: 0;--wp--style--root--padding-left: var(--pen-global-padding-gap);}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}h1{font-family: var(--wp--custom--font-families--heading);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--heading-1);line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--heading);}h2{font-family: var(--wp--custom--font-families--heading);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--heading-2);line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--heading);}h3{font-family: var(--wp--custom--font-families--heading);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--heading-3);line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--heading);}h4{font-family: var(--wp--custom--font-families--heading);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body-large);line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--heading);}h5{font-family: var(--wp--custom--font-families--heading);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body);line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--heading);}h6{font-family: var(--wp--custom--font-families--heading);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body-small);line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--heading);}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple) !important;}.has-purple-medium-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-medium) !important;}.has-purple-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.has-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-grey-light-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-light) !important;}.has-grey-medium-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-medium) !important;}.has-grey-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-dark) !important;}.has-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.has-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--orange) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple) !important;}.has-purple-medium-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-medium) !important;}.has-purple-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.has-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-grey-light-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-light) !important;}.has-grey-medium-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-medium) !important;}.has-grey-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-dark) !important;}.has-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.has-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--orange) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple) !important;}.has-purple-medium-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-medium) !important;}.has-purple-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.has-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-grey-light-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-light) !important;}.has-grey-medium-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-medium) !important;}.has-grey-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-dark) !important;}.has-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.has-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--orange) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-body-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body-small) !important;}.has-body-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body) !important;}.has-body-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body-large) !important;}.has-body-extra-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body-extra-large) !important;}.has-heading-3-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--heading-3) !important;}.has-heading-2-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--heading-2) !important;}.has-heading-1-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--heading-1) !important;}.has-body-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--body) !important;}.has-heading-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--heading) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-standard-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-inverted-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-purple-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-standard-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-inverted-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-purple-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-standard-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-inverted-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-purple-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}p.has-standard-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}p.has-inverted-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}p.has-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple) !important;}p.has-purple-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}p.has-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}p.has-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}p.has-standard-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}p.has-inverted-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}p.has-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple) !important;}p.has-purple-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}p.has-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}p.has-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}p.has-standard-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}p.has-inverted-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}p.has-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple) !important;}p.has-purple-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}p.has-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}p.has-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-standard-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-inverted-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-purple-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-standard-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-inverted-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-purple-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-standard-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-inverted-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-purple-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;} :root :where(.wp-block-group){padding-top: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);padding-right: var(--pen-global-padding-gap);padding-bottom: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);padding-left: var(--pen-global-padding-gap);}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-flex){gap: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-grid){gap: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);} :root :where(.wp-block-heading){color: inherit;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: var(--pen-block-element-margin-bottom);} :root :where(.wp-block-post-title){color: inherit;font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--heading-1);margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: var(--pen-block-element-margin-bottom);} :root :where(p){font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body);line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--body);margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: var(--pen-block-element-margin-bottom);} :root :where(.wp-block-pen-america-hero){background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black);color: var(--wp--preset--color--white);padding-top: clamp(var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section), 7vw, var(--pen-hero-padding-top));padding-right: var(--pen-global-padding-gap);padding-bottom: clamp(var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section), 7vw, var(--pen-hero-padding-bottom));padding-left: var(--pen-global-padding-gap);} </style> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css'> .wp-elements-cfa128994d3ad76bf9c1edc5c4580f8c a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--white);}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2 > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:45px;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2 > .alignwide{max-width:45px;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2 .alignfull{max-width:none;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2 > .alignfull{margin-right:calc(0px * -1);margin-left:calc(0px * -1);}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4 > .alignfull{margin-right:calc(0px * -1);margin-left:calc(0px * -1);}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:0 0;}.wp-container-pen-america-hero-is-layout-1 > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:95%;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.wp-container-pen-america-hero-is-layout-1 > .alignwide{max-width:100%;}.wp-container-pen-america-hero-is-layout-1 .alignfull{max-width:none;}.wp-container-core-column-is-layout-7 > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:%;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.wp-container-core-column-is-layout-7 > .alignwide{max-width:%;}.wp-container-core-column-is-layout-7 .alignfull{max-width:none;}.wp-container-core-column-is-layout-7 > .alignfull{margin-right:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small) * -1);margin-left:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small) * -1);}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:2em var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small);}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:var(--wp--preset--spacing--45-hero) 0;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9 > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:65%;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9 > .alignwide{max-width:100%;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9 .alignfull{max-width:none;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-10 > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:90%;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-10 > .alignwide{max-width:90%;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-10 .alignfull{max-width:none;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-elements-412b5450d74fb189c1199862c76dbf3f a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--white);}.wp-container-core-social-links-is-layout-1{gap:0 var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small);justify-content:flex-end;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-6{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-elements-704e1c8a431a48f22dc4e1d9d77f8261 a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--inverted);}.wp-elements-08bf981d93d8c6959ff22e7108c50cda a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--inverted);}.wp-elements-08bf981d93d8c6959ff22e7108c50cda a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)):hover{color:var(--wp--preset--color--purple);}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:2em var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);} </style> <style id='wp-block-template-skip-link-inline-css'> .skip-link.screen-reader-text { border: 0; clip: rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } .skip-link.screen-reader-text:focus { background-color: #eee; clip: auto !important; clip-path: none; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 1em; height: auto; left: 5px; line-height: normal; padding: 15px 23px 14px; text-decoration: none; top: 5px; width: auto; z-index: 100000; } </style> <style id='dominant-color-styles-inline-css'> img[data-dominant-color]:not(.has-transparency) { background-color: var(--dominant-color); } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-smart-crop-renderer-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-smartcrop/css/image-renderer.css?ver=2.0.10' media='all' /> <style id='kanopi-pack-accordion-standard-inline-css'> .pen-america-accordion{--pen-block-element-margin-bottom:20px;display:grid;width:100%;grid-gap:var(--pen-global-spacing);gap:var(--pen-global-spacing)}.pen-america-accordion--heading{background:var(--pen-color-white);border-radius:10px;box-shadow:0 4px 14px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15);padding:var(--pen-global-spacing);position:relative}.pen-america-accordion--heading .supertitle{color:var(--pen-color-gray-dark);font-family:var(--pen-font-family-bold);font-size:1rem}.pen-america-accordion--heading .wp-block-heading{cursor:pointer;font-size:1.25rem;margin:0;padding-right:40px;transition:all var(--pen-speed) var(--pen-easing);width:100%}.pen-america-accordion--heading .wp-block-heading:after{background-color:var(--pen-color-black);content:"";height:40px;-webkit-mask-image:var(--pen-info-icon);mask-image:var(--pen-info-icon);-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-size:cover;mask-size:cover;min-width:40px;position:absolute;right:20px;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%)}.pen-america-accordion--heading .wp-block-heading[aria-expanded=true]:after{-webkit-mask-image:var(--pen-info-icon-fill);mask-image:var(--pen-info-icon-fill)}@media (min-width:768px){.pen-america-accordion--heading .wp-block-heading[aria-expanded=true]{font-size:1.75rem;margin-top:-10px}}.pen-america-accordion--content{background:var(--pen-color-white);border-radius:0 0 10px 10px;box-shadow:0 12px 14px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15);padding:0 var(--pen-global-spacing) var(--pen-global-spacing);position:relative;top:-10px;z-index:1}body .pen-america-accordion--content{margin:0}.pen-america-accordion--content:before{border-top:1px solid var(--pen-color-black);content:"";display:block;margin-bottom:10px;width:100%}.pen-america-accordion .block-list-appender{z-index:10} </style> <style id='kanopi-pack-buttons-inline-css'> .wp-block-pen-america-buttons{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:var(--pen-global-spacing);--wp--preset--spacing--50-section:25px}.wp-block-pen-america-buttons .blockHandle{width:100%}.wp-block-pen-america-buttons.is-three-up-layout .button{font-family:var(--pen-font-family-base);font-size:1.375rem;justify-content:flex-start}@media (min-width:768px){.wp-block-pen-america-buttons.is-three-up-layout .button{width:calc(50% - 1.045rem)}}@media (min-width:1300px){.wp-block-pen-america-buttons.is-three-up-layout .button{font-size:1.5rem;width:calc(33.3333% - 1.045rem)}}.wp-block-pen-america-buttons.is-layout-constrained a{margin-top:0;margin:0!important}.wp-block-pen-america-buttons.is-layout-constrained.is-content-justification-left{justify-content:flex-start}.wp-block-pen-america-buttons.is-layout-constrained.is-content-justification-center{justify-content:center}.wp-block-pen-america-buttons.is-layout-constrained.is-content-justification-right{justify-content:flex-end}.block-editor-block-list__block .wp-block-pen-america-buttons-is-layout-constrained.has-global-padding{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.block-editor-block-list__block .wp-block-pen-america-buttons-is-layout-constrained{display:flex;gap:var(--pen-global-spacing)}.block-editor-block-list__block .wp-block-pen-america-buttons-is-layout-constrained.is-content-justification-left{justify-content:flex-start}.block-editor-block-list__block .wp-block-pen-america-buttons-is-layout-constrained.is-content-justification-center{justify-content:center}.block-editor-block-list__block .wp-block-pen-america-buttons-is-layout-constrained.is-content-justification-right{justify-content:flex-end}.block-editor-block-list__block .pen-america-buttons,.block-editor-block-list__block .pen-america-buttons .block-editor-inner-blocks{width:100%}.block-editor-block-list__block .pen-america-buttons .block-editor-inner-blocks a{margin-top:0;margin:0!important} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kanopi-pack-featured-carousel-style-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/css/featured-carousel-style.49815e622f70cdc97668.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kanopi-pack-hero-style-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/css/hero-style.ae9cdf7d5e0d6d1c9e0b.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <style id='kanopi-pack-post-template-inline-css'> .wp-block-post{border:1px solid var(--pen-color-black);box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-pen-america-similar-events .wp-block-post{background-color:var(--pen-color-white)}.sponsors-grid .wp-block-post{align-items:center;border:0;display:flex;justify-content:center} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kanopi-pack-dynamic-cards-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/css/dynamic-cards.8d1efc7d678bcdd19848.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kanopi-pack-pen-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/css/pen.117cd3a0f40bf0b3ec71.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kanopi-style-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/style.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/js/accordion.026a068d97e459372987.js?ver=1.0.0" id="kanopi-pack-accordion-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/js/featured-carousel-script.86709f529b507bfc120a.js?ver=1.0.0" id="kanopi-pack-featured-carousel-script-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://pen.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://pen.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/40041" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://pen.org/?p=40041' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://pen.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpen.org%2Ftranslation-committee%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://pen.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpen.org%2Ftranslation-committee%2F&format=xml" /> <meta name="generator" content="auto-sizes 1.3.0"> <meta name="generator" content="dominant-color-images 1.1.2"> <meta name="generator" content="performance-lab 3.6.1; plugins: auto-sizes, dominant-color-images, embed-optimizer, image-prioritizer, performant-translations, speculation-rules, webp-uploads"> <meta name="generator" content="performant-translations 1.2.0"> <meta name="generator" content="webp-uploads 2.3.0">   <script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer type="text/javascript"> var dataLayer_content = {"pagePostType":"page","pagePostType2":"single-page","pagePostAuthor":"kanopi_admin"}; dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content ); </script> <script data-cfasync="false"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WWMZLR2'); </script> <meta name="generator" content="speculation-rules 1.3.1"> <meta name="generator" content="optimization-detective 0.8.0"> <meta name="generator" content="embed-optimizer 0.3.0"> <meta name="generator" content="image-prioritizer 0.2.0"> <link rel="icon" href="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cropped-pen-favicon-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cropped-pen-favicon-300x300.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cropped-pen-favicon-300x300.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cropped-pen-favicon-300x300.png" /> <link data-od-added-tag rel="preload" fetchpriority="high" as="image" href="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/translation-manifesto-horizontal-jpg-1-e1723758487952.avif" imagesrcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/translation-manifesto-horizontal-jpg-1-e1723758487952.avif 960w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/translation-manifesto-horizontal-jpg-1-e1723758487952-300x200.avif 300w" imagesizes="(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px" media="screen and (min-width: 601px)"> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-40041 page-parent wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive safari page-translation-committee group-blog no-js has-hidden-h1 pen-america">   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WWMZLR2" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>  <div class="wp-site-blocks"><header class="site-header wp-block-template-part"> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-constrained has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-cfa128994d3ad76bf9c1edc5c4580f8c has-global-padding wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile position-relative desktop pen--main-nav is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column logo-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:150px"><div class="wp-block-site-logo"><a href="https://pen.org/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::HEADER]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::A]/*[1][self::IMG]" width="150" height="55" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/logo.svg" class="custom-logo" alt="PEN America" decoding="async" /></a></div></div> <div class="wp-block-column k-display--grid nav-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <button class="k--button menu-toggle" aria-label="Toggle Menu" > <span class="screen-reader-text">Menu</span> </button> <nav id="site-navigation" class="k--navbar" aria-label="Main Menu"> <div class="k--menu" id="menu"> <ul id="primary-navigation" class="k--nav main-menu"> <li class="has-children section-title-type"> <button id="70" class="k--toggle k--anchor section-title" aria-controls="submenu-70" aria-expanded="false" >Issues<span></span> </button> <ul id="submenu-70" class="k--sub-menu"> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="299" href="https://pen.org/us-issues/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >U.S. Free Expression </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-299" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48457" href="https://pen.org/book-bans/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Book Bans </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48458" href="https://pen.org/campus-free-speech/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Campus Free Speech </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48459" href="https://pen.org/disinformation/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Disinformation </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48460" href="https://pen.org/educational-censorship/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Educational Censorship </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48461" href="https://pen.org/online-abuse-digital-safety/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Online Abuse & Digital Safety </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48712" href="https://pen.org/supporting-journalists/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Supporting Journalists </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="306" href="https://pen.org/global-advocacy/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Global Free Expression </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-306" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="44941" href="https://pen.org/russian-independent-media-archive/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Preserving Russian Independent Media </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48463" href="https://pen.org/writers-at-risk-advocacy/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Writers at Risk Advocacy </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="49295" href="https://pen.org/global-advocacy/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Countries </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-speaker"> <div class="featured-content"> <img data-od-added-fetchpriority data-od-removed-loading="lazy" data-od-replaced-sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::HEADER]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::NAV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::UL]/*[1][self::LI]/*[2][self::UL]/*[3][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::IMG]" fetchpriority="low" width="640" height="427" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-2023-2024-Beyond-the-Shelves-Featured-Image.jpg" class="k--image not-transparent" alt="A collection of book spines are fanned out at the bottom against a chalkboard background. The text reads: Banned in the USA 2023-2024 Beyond the Shelves." decoding="async" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-2023-2024-Beyond-the-Shelves-Featured-Image.jpg 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-2023-2024-Beyond-the-Shelves-Featured-Image-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-has-transparency="false" data-dominant-color="53494a" style="--dominant-color: #53494a;" /><strong>More than 10K Books Banned in the Last School Year</strong><p>Our latest report shows a troubling explosion of book bans with the largest numbers of bans in Florida and Iowa.</p> </div> <a id="55384" href="https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor speaker" >Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-children default-type"> <button id="291" class="k--toggle k--anchor default" aria-controls="submenu-291" aria-expanded="false" >Events<span></span> </button> <ul id="submenu-291" class="k--sub-menu"> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38065" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Signature Events </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38065" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48312" href="https://pen.org/authors-evenings" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default">Authors' Evenings </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="38062" href="https://pen.org/banned-books-week-2024/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Banned Books Week </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48464" href="https://pen.org/annual-literary-awards-ceremony/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Literary Awards Ceremony </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48465" href="https://pen.org/gala/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Literary Gala </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48273" href="https://pen.org/world-voices-festival/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >World Voices Festival </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="44451" href="https://pen.org/events/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Upcoming Events </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-44451" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default-arrow"> <a id="38821" href="https://pen.org/events/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default-arrow" >View All Events </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-children default-type"> <button id="60335" class="k--toggle k--anchor default" aria-controls="submenu-60335" aria-expanded="false" >Literary Programs & Grants<span></span> </button> <ul id="submenu-60335" class="k--sub-menu"> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38067" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Literary Programs </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38067" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="60338" href="https://pen.org/fellowships/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Fellowships, Workshops & Trainings </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="60339" href="https://pen.org/prison-and-justice-writing/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Prison and Justice Writing </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="49296" href="https://pen.org/translation-committee/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Translation </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48466" href="https://pen.org/the-writers-room/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >The Writers Room </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38068" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Grants & Awards </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38068" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48467" href="https://pen.org/literary-awards/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Literary Awards </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48469" href="https://pen.org/literary-grants/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Literary Grants </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="46849" href="https://pen.org/us-writers-aid-initiative/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >U.S. Writers Aid Initiative </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-children default-type"> <button id="293" class="k--toggle k--anchor default" aria-controls="submenu-293" aria-expanded="false" >News & Resources<span></span> </button> <ul id="submenu-293" class="k--sub-menu"> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="46761" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Resources </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-46761" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="46763" href="https://campusfreespeechguide.pen.org/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Campus Free Speech Guide </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="46767" href="https://pen.org/facts-forward" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default">Facts Forward: Helping Journalists Combat Disinformation </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="46762" href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Online Harassment Field Manual </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="46768" href="https://pen.org/book-ban-resources" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default">Ways to Fight Book Bans </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default-arrow"> <a id="46769" href="https://pen.org/resources" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default-arrow">See All </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38101" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Browse by Type </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38101" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48471" href="https://pen.org/blog-posts/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Blogs & Commentary </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48480" href="https://pen.org/interviews/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Interviews </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="44450" href="https://pen.org/press-releases/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Press Releases </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="44452" href="https://pen.org/reports/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Reports </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48703" href="https://pen.org/blog-series/pen-america-speaks/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Weekly Roundup </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38102" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Latest Topics </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38102" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="54840" href="https://pen.org/article-type/blog-post/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >All Latest Articles </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="47302" href="https://pen.org/topic/banned-books/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Book Bans </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="47303" href="https://pen.org/topic/disinformation/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Disinformation </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="47335" href="https://pen.org/free-expression-amidst-the-war-between-israel-and-hamas/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Free Expression & the Israel-Hamas War </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48317" href="https://pen.org/topic/global-free-expression/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Global Free Expression </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-speaker"> <div class="featured-content"> <img data-od-added-fetchpriority data-od-removed-loading="lazy" data-od-replaced-sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::HEADER]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::NAV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::UL]/*[4][self::LI]/*[2][self::UL]/*[4][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::IMG]" fetchpriority="low" width="640" height="427" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/The-Censorship-Horizon-Refining-the-Art-of-Censorship-Featured-Image-2.jpg" class="k--image not-transparent" alt="An art museum gallery with empty picture frames on the walls. A wooden bench sits on the wooden floor. Overlaid text reads, The Censorship Horizon: A Survey of Art Museum Directors." decoding="async" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/The-Censorship-Horizon-Refining-the-Art-of-Censorship-Featured-Image-2.jpg 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/The-Censorship-Horizon-Refining-the-Art-of-Censorship-Featured-Image-2-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-has-transparency="false" data-dominant-color="716b63" style="--dominant-color: #716b63;" /><strong>Our Latest Report</strong><p>Learn how the creation and display of art is entwined with the U.S.’s most fraught cultural and political debates.</p> </div> <a id="38445" href="https://pen.org/report/the-censorship-horizon/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor speaker" >Museum Directors Weigh In on the Impacts of Censorship </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-children default-type"> <button id="294" class="k--toggle k--anchor default" aria-controls="submenu-294" aria-expanded="false" >About<span></span> </button> <ul id="submenu-294" class="k--sub-menu"> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38129" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Who We Are </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38129" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="38128" href="https://pen.org/about-us/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >About </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48482" href="https://pen.org/board-of-trustees/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Board of Trustees </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48483" href="https://pen.org/careers/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Careers </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="47741" href="https://archive.pen.org/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Digital Archive </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="38127" href="https://pen.org/the-history-of-pen/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >History of PEN </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="56856" href="https://pen.org/membership/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Membership </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48481" href="https://pen.org/staff/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Staff </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38454" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Offices & Chapters </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38454" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48488" href="https://pen.org/florida-office/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Florida </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48487" href="https://pen.org/los-angeles-office/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Los Angeles </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48485" href="https://pen.org/new-york-office/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >New York Office </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="60341" href="https://pen.org/pen-across-america/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >PEN Across America </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48486" href="https://pen.org/washington-dc-office/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Washington, D.C. </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-children default-type"> <button id="295" class="k--toggle k--anchor default" aria-controls="submenu-295" aria-expanded="false" >Get Involved<span></span> </button> <ul id="submenu-295" class="k--sub-menu"> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="46732" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Membership </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-46732" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="56858" href="https://pen.org/membership/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Become a Member </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="49122" href="https://pen.org/membership/gifting-pen-membership/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Gift a PEN America Membership </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="49468" href="https://pen.org/childrens-and-young-adult-books/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Children’s and Young Adult Books Committee </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="49465" href="https://pen.org/translation-committee/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Translation Committee </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="49466" href="https://pen.org/old-membership/pen-america-writers-schools-committee/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Writers in the Schools Committee </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="46733" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Support Free Expression </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-46733" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="46478" href="https://pen.org/youngpatrons/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Become a PEN America Young Patron </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48713" href="https://pen.org/2025-support-pen-america-web/?ms=mainwebsitemenudropdown" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Donate Now </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48491" href="https://pen.org/shop-pen-america-originals/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Shop PEN America Originals </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38455" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Newsletters </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38455" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="38492" href="https://pen.org/pen-america-news/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Subscribe to PEN America News </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48887" href="https://pen.org/subscribe-to-works-of-justice/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Subscribe to Works of Justice </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-speaker"> <div class="featured-content"> <img data-od-added-fetchpriority data-od-removed-loading="lazy" data-od-replaced-sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::HEADER]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::NAV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::UL]/*[6][self::LI]/*[2][self::UL]/*[4][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::IMG]" fetchpriority="low" width="640" height="640" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-Trump-Wins-Join-US-1024x1024.png" class="k--image has-transparency" alt="The Freedom to Read Write Learn Speak" decoding="async" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-Trump-Wins-Join-US-1024x1024.png 1024w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-Trump-Wins-Join-US-300x300.png 300w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-Trump-Wins-Join-US-150x150.png 150w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-Trump-Wins-Join-US.png 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-has-transparency="true" data-dominant-color="e8d2d5" style="--dominant-color: #e8d2d5;" /><strong>Join the Fight for Free Expression</strong><p>The next four years could reshape the United States for decades to come. Join us in fighting every day to protect the freedom to write and the freedom to read. </p> </div> <a id="56166" href="https://pen.org/membership" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor speaker" >Join Us! </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="main-nav-ctas mobile"> <a href="https://pen.org/membership/?ms=joinbuttonmainmenu" class="k--anchor cta-button"> Join </a> <a href="https://pen.org/2025-support-pen-america-web/?ms=mainwebsitemenubutton" class="k--anchor cta-button"> Donate Now </a> </div> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://pen.org/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" /> </form> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="wp-block-column cta-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:300px"> <div class="wp-block-group is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-group main-nav-ctas is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow" style="padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <p> <a href="https://pen.org/membership/?ms=joinbuttonmainmenu" class="k--anchor cta-button"> Join </a> <a href="https://pen.org/2025-support-pen-america-web/?ms=mainwebsitemenubutton" class="k--anchor cta-button"> Donate Now </a> </p> </div> <div class="wp-block-group pen--trigger-search has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-buttons pen-america-buttons is-layout-flow wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flow"> <a class="wp-block-pen-america-button button" href="#" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self"><span class="before-text screen-reader-text">Open </span><span class="text"></span><span class="after-text screen-reader-text"> search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-constrained pen--main-search has-background has-global-padding wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="background-color:#212529"> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><form role="search" method="get" action="https://pen.org/" class="wp-block-search__button-outside wp-block-search__text-button wp-block-search" ><label class="wp-block-search__label" for="wp-block-search__input-1" >Search:</label><div class="wp-block-search__inside-wrapper " ><input class="wp-block-search__input" id="wp-block-search__input-1" placeholder="Search by topic or person" value="" type="search" name="s" required /><button aria-label="Search" class="wp-block-search__button wp-element-button" type="submit" >Search</button></div></form></div> </div> </header> <section class="wp-block-group alignfull breadcrumbs has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><div class="yoast-breadcrumbs"><span><span><a href="https://pen.org/">Home</a></span> / <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Translation Committee</span></span></div></section> <main class="wp-block-group is-layout-constrained has-global-padding wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0"> <h1 class="wp-block-post-title">Translation Committee</h1> <div class="entry-content alignfull wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-hero alignfull hero__home speech-arrow-color--black is-layout-constrained" style="margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section)"><div class="hero__home-content has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-pen-america-hero-is-layout-1 wp-block-hero-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:55%"><h1 class="wp-block-post-title has-body-extra-large-font-size">Translation Committee</h1> <p class="has-body-large-font-size"></p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:45%"> <figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized is-style-bracketed-red"><img data-od-removed-fetchpriority="high" data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[3][self::MAIN]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::IMG]" data-dominant-color="5e5fc5" data-has-transparency="false" decoding="async" width="960" height="640" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/translation-manifesto-horizontal-jpg-1-e1723758487952.avif" alt="" class="wp-image-46305 not-transparent" style="--dominant-color: #5e5fc5; object-fit:contain;width:380px;height:auto" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/translation-manifesto-horizontal-jpg-1-e1723758487952.avif 960w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/translation-manifesto-horizontal-jpg-1-e1723758487952-300x200.avif 300w" sizes="(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px" /></figure> </div> </div> </div></div> <p style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium)">The PEN America Translation Committee advocates on behalf of literary translators, working to foster a wider understanding of their art and offering professional resources for translators, publishers, critics, bloggers, and others with an interest in international literature. The committee is currently co-chaired by <strong>Sandra Smith</strong> and <strong>Michael Eskin</strong>. <strong>Allison Markin Powell</strong> is the Translation Committee Board Representative.</p> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-buttons pen-america-buttons has-global-padding is-content-justification-center is-layout-constrained wp-block-buttons-is-layout-constrained" style="margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small)"> <a class="wp-block-pen-america-button is-style-solid-blue-arrow button" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#384c4a59564b54594c5157565b575555514c4c5d5d78485d5616574a5f" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self"><span class="before-text screen-reader-text"></span><span class="text">Contact us</span><span class="after-text screen-reader-text"></span></a> </div> <p>“Translators are faced with a choice. Either they can continue to do nothing to improve their lot or they can join together to ensure that at long last they will receive their due. The choice between apathy and active engagement in a struggle for recognition between silence and the living voice. The world of translation is still largely undiscovered and unexplored.” – from the Manifesto of the 1970 World in Translation conference.</p> <p>Today the PEN America Translation Committee brings together translators throughout the country via virtual platforms to share resources and organize events, including the groundbreaking <a href="https://pen.org/translation-committee/translating-the-future/">“Translating the Future” conference</a> that commemorates the 50th anniversary of the first translation conference held in the United States, sponsored by PEN in 1970.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-background-line-red" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20-standard);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20-standard)">The Manifesto</h2> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-right:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:25%"> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized is-style-default"><img data-od-added-loading data-od-replaced-sizes="(max-width: 321px) 100vw, 321px" data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[3][self::MAIN]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[7][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::IMG]" loading="lazy" data-dominant-color="735f88" data-has-transparency="false" decoding="async" width="720" height="480" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/The-2023-Manifesto-on-Literary-Translation-Featured-Image-jpg.avif" alt="" class="wp-image-45897 not-transparent" style="--dominant-color: #735f88; width:321px;height:auto" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/The-2023-Manifesto-on-Literary-Translation-Featured-Image-jpg.avif 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/The-2023-Manifesto-on-Literary-Translation-Featured-Image-300x200.avif 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 321px) 100vw, 321px" /></figure> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-column-is-layout-7 wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small);flex-basis:75%"> <p>The committee is proud to present the <strong><a href="https://pen.org/report/translation-manifesto/">2023 Manifesto on Literary Translation</a></strong> to the literary translation community and to readers at large. The earliest version of a translation manifesto was penned in 1963 and signed by Robert Payne, who would later serve as chair of the translation committee. In preparation for the 1970 World of Translation conference, a group of translators from the committee began drafting an update to the eight-page pamphlet, <a href="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/1969-Manifesto.pdf">Manifesto on Translation</a>, published in 1969. We hope that the updated 2023 Manifesto on Translation will galvanize and inspire the translation community to deliberate and work together toward the goals enumerated within.</p> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-buttons pen-america-buttons is-layout-flow wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flow" style="margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small);padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0"> <a class="wp-block-pen-america-button is-style-solid-blue-arrow button" href="https://pen.org/report/translation-manifesto/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self"><span class="before-text screen-reader-text"></span><span class="text">Read the manifesto</span><span class="after-text screen-reader-text"></span></a> </div> </div> </div> <p></p> <div class="wp-block-group alignfull has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section)"> <div class="wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-top columns-with-borders is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80-section);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80-section)"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top carousel--text is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-top:0;padding-right:0"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-inverted-color has-text-color has-body-large-font-size" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large)">Awards and Grants </h2> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:75%"><div class="wp-block-pen-america-featured-carousel" id="featured-carousel-6853" data-carousel-direction="left"> <div class="wp-block-query dynamic-blocks--container is-style-carousel is-layout-flow wp-block-query-is-layout-flow"><ul class="grid-three-up wp-block-post-template is-layout-flow wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow"><li class="wp-block-post post-40232 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry page-type-program topic-literary-programs topic-writer-opportunities topic-writing-as-craft"> <div class="card-issue wp-block-pen-america-dynamic-cards"> <div class="wp-block-group"> <figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"> <img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[3][self::MAIN]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[9][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::UL]/*[1][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::IMG]" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="720" height="480" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PEN_Heim-Translation-Fund-Grants.png" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail not-transparent wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PEN_Heim-Translation-Fund-Grants.png 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PEN_Heim-Translation-Fund-Grants-300x200.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" data-has-transparency="false" data-dominant-color="f4f2f0" style="--dominant-color: #f4f2f0;" /> <h2 class="wp-block-post-title">PEN/Heim Translation Fund Grants</h2> </figure> <div class="wp-block-excerpt--container"> <a class="wp-block-read-more" href="https://pen.org/literary-grants/pen-heim-grants/">Learn More</a> </div> </div></div> </li><li class="wp-block-post post-36739 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry page-type-program topic-literary-programs topic-writer-opportunities topic-writing-as-craft"> <div class="card-issue wp-block-pen-america-dynamic-cards"> <div class="wp-block-group"> <figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"> <img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[3][self::MAIN]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[9][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::UL]/*[2][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::IMG]" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="720" height="480" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/PEN-Grant-for-the-English-Translation-of-Italian-Literature.png" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail has-transparency wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/PEN-Grant-for-the-English-Translation-of-Italian-Literature.png 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/PEN-Grant-for-the-English-Translation-of-Italian-Literature-300x200.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" data-has-transparency="true" data-dominant-color="f2f0ee" style="--dominant-color: #f2f0ee;" /> <h2 class="wp-block-post-title">PEN Grant for the English Translation of Italian Literature</h2> </figure> <div class="wp-block-excerpt--container"> <a class="wp-block-read-more" href="https://pen.org/literary-grants/pen-grant-for-the-english-translation-of-italian-literature/">Learn More</a> </div> </div></div> </li><li class="wp-block-post post-37468 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry page-type-program topic-literary-awards"> <div class="card-issue wp-block-pen-america-dynamic-cards"> <div class="wp-block-group"> <figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"> <img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[3][self::MAIN]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[9][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::UL]/*[3][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::IMG]" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="720" height="480" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/PEN Translation Prize Featured Image.png" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail has-transparency wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/PEN%20Translation%20Prize%20Featured%20Image.png 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/PEN%20Translation%20Prize%20Featured%20Image-300x200.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" data-has-transparency="true" data-dominant-color="f4f3f0" style="--dominant-color: #f4f3f0;" /> <h2 class="wp-block-post-title">PEN Translation Prize</h2> </figure> <div class="wp-block-excerpt--container"> <a class="wp-block-read-more" href="https://pen.org/literary-awards/pen-translation-prize/">Learn More</a> </div> </div></div> </li><li class="wp-block-post post-37469 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry page-type-program topic-literary-awards"> <div class="card-issue wp-block-pen-america-dynamic-cards"> <div class="wp-block-group"> <figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"> <img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[3][self::MAIN]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[9][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::UL]/*[4][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::IMG]" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="720" height="480" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PEN-Award-for-Poetry-in-Translation-Featured-Image.png" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail has-transparency wp-post-image" alt="Text displays PEN America PEN Award for Poetry in Translation on a pristine white background, accentuated by a border of radiating lines, celebrating the art of translating poetry." srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PEN-Award-for-Poetry-in-Translation-Featured-Image.png 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PEN-Award-for-Poetry-in-Translation-Featured-Image-300x200.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" data-has-transparency="true" data-dominant-color="f2f1ef" style="--dominant-color: #f2f1ef;" /> <h2 class="wp-block-post-title">PEN Award for Poetry in Translation</h2> </figure> <div class="wp-block-excerpt--container"> <a class="wp-block-read-more" href="https://pen.org/literary-awards/pen-award-poetry-translation/">Learn More</a> </div> </div></div> </li><li class="wp-block-post post-37462 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry page-type-program topic-literary-awards"> <div class="card-issue wp-block-pen-america-dynamic-cards"> <div class="wp-block-group"> <figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"> <img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[3][self::MAIN]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[9][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::UL]/*[5][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::IMG]" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="720" height="480" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/PEN_Ralph Manheim Award for Translation Featured Image.png" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail has-transparency wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/PEN_Ralph%20Manheim%20Award%20for%20Translation%20Featured%20Image.png 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/PEN_Ralph%20Manheim%20Award%20for%20Translation%20Featured%20Image-300x200.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" data-has-transparency="true" data-dominant-color="f4f2f0" style="--dominant-color: #f4f2f0;" /> <h2 class="wp-block-post-title">PEN/Ralph Manheim Award for Translation</h2> </figure> <div class="wp-block-excerpt--container"> <a class="wp-block-read-more" href="https://pen.org/literary-awards/pen-ralph-manheim-medal-for-translation/">Learn More</a> </div> </div></div> </li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-background-line-red" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large)">Get Involved</h2> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Bimonthly Meetings</h3> <p>The committee convenes every two months and invite participants to take part in their many initiatives as well as to promote and receive support for their own work. If you are a PEN America Member who is interested in attending a meeting, please email the committee chairs at <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#1a6e687b7469767b6e73757479757777736e6e7f7f5a6a7f743475687d"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="e793958689948b86938e888984888a8a8e93938282a7978289c9889580">[email protected]</span></a>.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">World Literature Speakers’ Bureau</h3> <p>In order to promote an appreciation of world literature and cultivate global solidarity within the general public in the U.S., members of PEN America’s Translation Committee are offering to speak at public libraries. Our members offer presentations on various topics related to the books which they have translated or the cultures/nations in which they specialize. These presentations can be made via Zoom or in person. While donations/honoraria for speakers will be appreciated, they are not mandatory. <a href="https://pen.org/world-literature-speakers-bureau/">Learn more here.</a></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading flex-column-title is-style-background-line-red">Translator Database</h2> <p>Open to any translator who is a member of PEN America, the PEN Translator Database is a resource for publishers, editors, and professionals seeking translators for their literary and professional projects, as well as translators who are looking to connect with others in their field or region. The database can be easily sorted, searched, and filtered to find the translator(s) you’re looking for.</p> <p>If you’d like to consider joining PEN America, you can find more information <a href="https://pen.org/membership/" rel="noopener" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pen.org/membership/&source=gmail&ust=1636485969472000&usg=AOvVaw1azRWJq-2MoF98CEA7ZZKP">here</a>. </p> <p>Records in the Translator Database are maintained by the co-chairs of the PEN Translation Committee. If you are a translator who would like to be included in the Translator Database, just <a href="https://airtable.com/shrp2I4nrLQjrhuGc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fill out this form</a> and your information will be immediately included.</p> <p>**Please note that any updates/corrections to your entry must be entered manually; resubmitting the form will only result in duplicate entries. Email your updates to us at <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#0e7a7c6f607d626f7a6761606d616363677a7a6b6b4e7e6b6020617c69" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="344046555a475855405d5b5a575b59595d404051517444515a1a5b4653">[email protected]</span></a> and we will do our best to make the necessary changes as soon as possible. Updates are made every two months at minimum, following our bimonthly meetings, but we will make every attempt to implement necessary changes as requested.</p> <p>Below is a preview of the database. <a href="https://airtable.com/shrMeoVgl8NdkOfQI/tbl8dswuCBvLJggCC?backgroundColor=green&viewControls=on" target="_blank" rel="noopener">View the entire database here</a>.</p> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-10 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <iframe loading="lazy" class="airtable-embed" style="background: transparent; border: 1px solid #ccc;" src="https://airtable.com/embed/shrMeoVgl8NdkOfQI?backgroundColor=green&viewControls=on" width="100%" height="533" frameborder="0"></iframe> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-background-line-red">Other Translation Resources</h2> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p><a href="https://pen.org/world-literature-speakers-bureau-for-public-libraries/"><strong>World Literature Speakers’ Bureau for Public Libraries</strong></a><br> In order to promote an appreciation of world literature and cultivate global solidarity within the general public in the U.S., members of PEN America’s Translation Committee are offering to speak at public libraries. Our members offer presentations on various topics related to the books which they have translated or the cultures/nations in which they specialize.</p> <p><a href="https://authorsguild.org/resource/translation-model-contract/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Authors Guild Literary Translation Model Contract and Commentary</strong></a><br> The Authors Guild Literary Translation Model Contract and Commentary (or “Translation Model Contract”) is intended specifically as an aid to translators in negotiating changes to publishers’ standard contracts. If your negotiations commence before the publisher offers you a contract, this document will also guide you in identifying the key points (scope of rights, payment terms, etc.) that you need to negotiate up front. (Published April 2021)</p> <p><strong><a href="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/translation_negotiators_checklist-1.pdf">Negotiating Contracts: A Translator’s Checklist</a></strong><br> You want to translate a book. A press is ready to publish it. They send you a contract. What should you be looking for? Fee, copyright, name on the cover, royalties, final say on the text? Due date? Publication date? With so many details to keep track of, it’s easy to overlook something. Translators from the PEN America Translation Committee, the Translators Association (UK), and the Literary Translators’ Association of Canada present a checklist to help you use their model contracts to get the best terms you can get.</p> <p><strong><a href="/journals-seeking-work-in-translation">Journals</a><br> </strong>A selection of literary journals seeking works in translation.</p> <p><strong><a href="/publishers-of-works-in-translation">Publishers</a></strong><br> A list of presses, large and small, that publish works in translation.</p> <p><strong><a href="http://www.wordswithoutborders.org/dispatches/archives/category/on-reviewing-translations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to Review Translations</a></strong><br> A series of posts by critics and translators at Words Without Borders.</p> <p></p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong>Events</strong><br>The best source for literary translation events in the NYC area is the “<a href="https://arts.columbia.edu/writing/translation/upcoming_translation_events">Upcoming Translation Events</a>” page, maintained by Susan Bernofsky on the Columbia University website.</p> <p><strong>Organizations</strong><br> <a href="https://www.literarytranslators.org/">The American Literary Translators Association</a><br> “The mission of the American Literary Translators Association is to support the work of literary translators, advance the art of literary translation, and serve translators, and the students, teachers, publishers, and readers of literature in translation.” See website for information about awards, mentorships, and the annual conference.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://www.authorsguild.org/">The Authors Guild</a></strong><br> <a href="https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/glimpse-world-u-s-translators/">2017 Authors Guild Survey of Literary Translators’ Working Conditions</a></p> <p><strong>Topics</strong><br> <a href="https://womenintranslation.tumblr.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Women in Translation</a>: a Tumblr by Translation Committee members Margaret Carson and Alta L. Price</p> <p>The Business of Literary Translation: video of a four-part series co-presented by the PEN America Translation Committee and the <a href="https://thebridgeseries.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bridge Series</a>, hosted by the Center for Fiction. Part 1: <a href="http://www.centerforfiction.org/calendar/the-bridge-series-breaking-in" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Breaking In</a> | Part 2: <a href="http://www.centerforfiction.org/calendar/the-bridge-series-editing" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Editing</a> | Part 3: <a href="http://www.centerforfiction.org/calendar/the-bridge-series-contracts" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Contracts</a> | Part 4: <a href="http://www.centerforfiction.org/calendar/the-bridge-series-bookselling" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bookselling</a></p> <p>“<a href="/transcript-of-three-percent-podcast-no-91-translators-rates-money-and-unions/">Translators, Rates, Money, and Unions</a>”: Translation Committee co-chair Alex Zucker, on the Three Percent podcast, talks about the business of literary translation.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://pen.org/translation-programs/">Translation Programs</a></strong><br> A list of undergraduate and graduate translation courses, workshops, and programs.</p> </div> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-background-line-red">In Loving Memory</h2> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-accordion accordion-block"><section class="pen-america-accordion"> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-accordion-section pen-america-accordion--section"> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-accordion-heading pen-america-accordion--heading"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Obituary for Paul Sohar (1936-2023)</h3> </div> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-accordion-content pen-america-accordion--content" hidden> <p><strong>Paul Sohar</strong>, a Seretary of the American Branch of the International PEN Writers in Exile, passed away on August 20, 2023 at the age of 87. Born in 1936 in Hungary, he fled the country at the age of 20 after the 1956 revolution was crushed by the Soviets.In the US, Paul worked as a chemist at Merck for 36 years. Throughout his distinguished scientific career, he published 26 papers and secured 13 patents. In the evenings and during his free time, he dedicated himself to his literary interests, publishing numerous poems and short stories under his own name, as well as poetry he translated into English from Hungarian and other European languages. He was an active member of the Modern Language Association (MLA), the American Hungarian Educators Association (AHEA), and the American Branch of the International PEN Club Centre for Writers in Exile.His work was recognized through numerous prestigious awards, including the Wordrunner Press Chapbook Prize (2011), the Janus Pannonius Lifetime Achievement Award (2016), and the Balassi Literary Translation Grand Prize (2021). He was nominated for the Pushcart Prize on two occasions.<a href="https://obits.nj.com/us/obituaries/starledger/name/paul-sohar-obituary?id=52959603" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read this obituary on <em>The Star-Ledger</em>.</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-accordion-section pen-america-accordion--section"> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-accordion-heading pen-america-accordion--heading"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Edith Grossman (1936-2023) in Memoriam, by Jonathan Cohen</h3> </div> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-accordion-content pen-america-accordion--content" hidden> <p>The world of literature has just lost the supreme Spanish translator of our time, Edith Grossman. And I have lost a dear friend of some fifty years. She was Edie to me and to others who had a personal or professional connection with her. The genius translator of so many works from Latin America and Spain—from the fiction of García Márquez, Vargas Llosa, Mayra Montero, Carlos Rojas, and Cervantes, to the poetry of Nicanor Parra, Ariel Dorfman, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, and Góngora—to name just a few of the authors that she translated. She published nearly fifty books of translations, in addition to her brilliant critical book <em>Why Translation Matters</em>.Yes, Dan Shapiro, what a handsome woman she was—her intelligence blazing through those intense dark eyes. Yes, García Márquez, she was your voice in English. Yes, Harold Bloom, she was the Glenn Gould of translators. Yes, <em>New York Times</em>, she elevated the art of translation.One of the things I loved about Edie is that she could recite poetry from memory. Yeats was a favorite. At mention of him, she might take a deep breath and chant the opening lines of his “Under Ben Bulben”: “Swear by what the Sages spoke / Round the Mareotic Lake / That the Witch of Atlas knew, / Spoke and set the cocks a-crow.” A few years ago, after a sip of wine at a dinner she and I had together, she smiled and recited Stevenson’s famous couplet: “The world is so full of a number of things, / I’m sure we should all be as happy as kings.” Funny how she changed “I’m sure” to “I think.” She once told me she was “born to tweak.” Listen to her:Edie’s favorite toast in recent years was the Scottish “To them that’s away.” Now she’s away. And so, “To Edie who’s away / An, canna be here today.” The good news is her many books are here with us. They survive her, and her genius will continue to shine in them.The <a href="https://pen.org/edith-grossman-making-translation-matter/">tributes</a> given to Edie at PEN America’s celebration of her in 2016, in honor of her 80th birthday, offer a wonderful picture of her and her work. Mine was followed by my slideshow of her life, starting in the beginning and also including images of her book covers over time: <a href="https://pen.org/membership/current-members/translation-committee/celebrating-our-translator-supreme-edith-grossman/" target="" rel="attachment wp-att-237979 noopener">Celebrating Our Translator Supreme Edith Grossman</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-accordion-section pen-america-accordion--section"> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-accordion-heading pen-america-accordion--heading"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">John E. Woods (1942-2023) in Memoriam, by Shelley Frisch</h3> </div> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-accordion-content pen-america-accordion--content" hidden> <p>Back in 1973, when I first read, and was dazzled by, a trio of works by the German writer Arno Schmidt—<em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nobodaddys Kinder</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Das steinerne Herz</span></em>, and <em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Die Gelehrtenrepublik</span></em>—Schmidt was virtually unknown in the US, and the English-speaking world had yet to await their brilliant translations into English by John Edwin Woods. Later that decade, John decided to try his hand at translation with Schmidt’s <em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Abend mit Goldrand</span></em><em>.</em> Published by Helen Wolff at Harcourt Brace Jovanovich as <em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Evening Edged in Gold</span></em>, his translation garnered both the National Book Award and the PEN Translation Prize (then called the PEN/Book-of-the-Month Club Translation Prize). Translations of other Arno Schmidt works soon followed (including the aforementioned trio, as, respectively, <em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nobodaddy’s Children</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Stony Heart</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Egghead Republic</span></em>). John broadened his translation oeuvre to encompass novels by Patrick Süskind (<em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Perfume</span></em><em>,</em> which also won the PEN Translation Prize), Thomas Mann (<em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Joseph and His Brothers</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Magic Mountain</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Doctor Faustus</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></em>and <em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Buddenbrooks</span></em>), Christoph Ransmayr, and Ingo Schulze, among others. John’s many awards also include the inaugural Helen and Kurt Wolff Translator’s Prize, the Schlegel-Tieck Prize, the Ungar German Translations Award, and the Goethe Medal. Every one of his translations sparkles with linguistic inventiveness that reflect John’s joy and brilliance in wordplay.In a 1997 interview, John summed up his philosophy of translation in words that resonate with me as I work my way through my own translation projects: “I’ve come to believe that translation itself is an impossibility. Because what happens, of course, is that ultimately I end up creating a new text for new readers in a new context. The original and its translation are not the same. I cannot, to use a good old word … , <em><span style="font-weight: 400;">repristinate</span></em> the original experience.”As John’s final and crowning achievement as a translator, he undertook what might well be considered the ultimate untranslatable novel, namely Arno Schmidt’s gargantuan <em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Zettel’s Traum</span></em> (1970), a book so weighty—literally and semantically—that surely only John could have brought it to completion, its 1495 pages emerging from his desk as <em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bottom’s Dream</span></em> in 2016. This novel was inspired by James Joyce’s <em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Finnegans Wake</span></em>, particularly in its use of what Schmidt called the <em><span style="font-weight: 400;">SpaltenTechnik</span></em> (“column technique”), and focuses thematically on translating the works of Edgar Allan Poe into German while actually centering on an astonishingly innovative use of language and typography that makes its extraordinary medium the book’s ultimate message. John’s translation showed his amazing wordsmithery to best advantage in this final masterpiece.I first met John Woods in person shortly after we co-translated a book, Hannelore Brenner’s <em><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Girls of Room 28: Friendship, Hope, and Survival in Theresienstadt</span></em><em>,</em> published by Schocken in 2009. During my visit to Berlin about a year after that publication, we met at his apartment in Berlin-Mitte (in moving to Berlin from California, he had been adamant about selecting a home in the former East Germany of that once-divided city, as a political declaration), where I got to see for myself the mile-high piles of printouts of his evolving translation of Schmidt’s magnum opus. We then embarked on a tour of his favorite neighborhood spots. One highlight was the Dorotheenstadt Cemetery, the burial place of many famous writers, among them Hegel, Fichte, Heinrich Mann, Bertolt Brecht, and Anna Seghers; the other was the Honigmond Hotel on Tieckstrasse, John’s favorite brunch spot. In 2012, we got together again, in Binghamton, New York, for a conference called “Doppelgängers and Fraternal Twins,” where we both spoke about translation. John sketched out a flow chart for his <em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bottom’s Dream</span></em> translation-in-progress, and his merriment and excitement in recreating this work in English, neologisms and all, kept his audience spellbound.John and I arranged to meet again in Berlin, during a wintry January when the streets were covered in black ice. Unfortunately, John slipped and fractured his hip on the way to the Literarisches Colloquium Berlin, where I was directing a translation workshop, and instead of celebrating with our translation gang, he had to recuperate at home. And recuperate he did, fully and in short order. Having survived other serious ailments as spry as ever, John seemed invincible, but his last encounter with illness this year proved otherwise. Those who know his work will miss him for the beauty he brought to the world of translation, and those who knew him will also miss his kindness and generosity. Thinking of John invariably lifts my spirits; his unflagging good humor, his inspirational writing, and his enduring friendship have enriched my life.</p> </div> </div> </section></div> </div> </main> <footer class="site-footer wp-block-template-part"> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-constrained has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-412b5450d74fb189c1199862c76dbf3f has-global-padding wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> <div class="wp-block-columns footer-top is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-6 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><a href="https://pen.org"><img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[4][self::FOOTER]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::A]/*[1][self::IMG]" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="182" height="70" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/logo-reverse.svg" alt="PEN America logo and tagline" class="wp-image-322"/></a></figure> </div> <div class="wp-block-column k-display--grid is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <ul class="wp-block-social-links has-icon-color is-style-logos-only is-horizontal is-content-justification-right is-layout-flex wp-container-core-social-links-is-layout-1 wp-block-social-links-is-layout-flex"><li style="color: var(--pen-color-white); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-facebook has-White-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://facebook.com/penamerica" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Facebook</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--pen-color-white); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-instagram has-White-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://instagram.com/penamerica" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Instagram</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--pen-color-white); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-linkedin has-White-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://linkedin.com/company/penamerica" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--pen-color-white); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-threads has-White-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.threads.net/@penamerica" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M16.3 11.3c-.1 0-.2-.1-.2-.1-.1-2.6-1.5-4-3.9-4-1.4 0-2.6.6-3.3 1.7l1.3.9c.5-.8 1.4-1 2-1 .8 0 1.4.2 1.7.7.3.3.5.8.5 1.3-.7-.1-1.4-.2-2.2-.1-2.2.1-3.7 1.4-3.6 3.2 0 .9.5 1.7 1.3 2.2.7.4 1.5.6 2.4.6 1.2-.1 2.1-.5 2.7-1.3.5-.6.8-1.4.9-2.4.6.3 1 .8 1.2 1.3.4.9.4 2.4-.8 3.6-1.1 1.1-2.3 1.5-4.3 1.5-2.1 0-3.8-.7-4.8-2S5.7 14.3 5.7 12c0-2.3.5-4.1 1.5-5.4 1.1-1.3 2.7-2 4.8-2 2.2 0 3.8.7 4.9 2 .5.7.9 1.5 1.2 2.5l1.5-.4c-.3-1.2-.8-2.2-1.5-3.1-1.3-1.7-3.3-2.6-6-2.6-2.6 0-4.7.9-6 2.6C4.9 7.2 4.3 9.3 4.3 12s.6 4.8 1.9 6.4c1.4 1.7 3.4 2.6 6 2.6 2.3 0 4-.6 5.3-2 1.8-1.8 1.7-4 1.1-5.4-.4-.9-1.2-1.7-2.3-2.3zm-4 3.8c-1 .1-2-.4-2-1.3 0-.7.5-1.5 2.1-1.6h.5c.6 0 1.1.1 1.6.2-.2 2.3-1.3 2.7-2.2 2.7z"/></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Threads</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--pen-color-white); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-tiktok has-White-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://tiktok.com/@penamerica" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M16.708 0.027c1.745-0.027 3.48-0.011 5.213-0.027 0.105 2.041 0.839 4.12 2.333 5.563 1.491 1.479 3.6 2.156 5.652 2.385v5.369c-1.923-0.063-3.855-0.463-5.6-1.291-0.76-0.344-1.468-0.787-2.161-1.24-0.009 3.896 0.016 7.787-0.025 11.667-0.104 1.864-0.719 3.719-1.803 5.255-1.744 2.557-4.771 4.224-7.88 4.276-1.907 0.109-3.812-0.411-5.437-1.369-2.693-1.588-4.588-4.495-4.864-7.615-0.032-0.667-0.043-1.333-0.016-1.984 0.24-2.537 1.495-4.964 3.443-6.615 2.208-1.923 5.301-2.839 8.197-2.297 0.027 1.975-0.052 3.948-0.052 5.923-1.323-0.428-2.869-0.308-4.025 0.495-0.844 0.547-1.485 1.385-1.819 2.333-0.276 0.676-0.197 1.427-0.181 2.145 0.317 2.188 2.421 4.027 4.667 3.828 1.489-0.016 2.916-0.88 3.692-2.145 0.251-0.443 0.532-0.896 0.547-1.417 0.131-2.385 0.079-4.76 0.095-7.145 0.011-5.375-0.016-10.735 0.025-16.093z" /></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">TikTok</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--pen-color-white); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-x has-White-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://x.com/penamerica" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M13.982 10.622 20.54 3h-1.554l-5.693 6.618L8.745 3H3.5l6.876 10.007L3.5 21h1.554l6.012-6.989L15.868 21h5.245l-7.131-10.378Zm-2.128 2.474-.697-.997-5.543-7.93H8l4.474 6.4.697.996 5.815 8.318h-2.387l-4.745-6.787Z" /></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">X</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--pen-color-white); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-youtube has-White-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://youtube.com/penamerica" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">YouTube</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <nav aria-label="Footer: PEN Locations"> <h2 class="footer-heading">PEN America</h2> <ul id="footer-pen-locations-navigation" class="--nav footer"><li id="menu-item-48880" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48880"><a href="https://pen.org/new-york-office/">PEN America New York</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48552" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48552"><a href="https://pen.org/los-angeles-office/">PEN America Los Angeles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48553" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48553"><a href="https://pen.org/washington-dc-office/">PEN America Washington, DC</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48554" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48554"><a href="https://pen.org/florida-office/">PEN America Florida</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <nav aria-label="Footer"> <h2 class="footer-heading">Quick Links</h2> <ul id="footer-navigation" class="--nav footer"><li id="menu-item-48882" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48882"><a href="https://pen.org/press-releases/">Press Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48883" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48883"><a href="https://pen.org/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-66" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-66"><a href="https://pen.org/events/">Events</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <nav aria-label="Footer: Links Only"> <ul id="footer-no-header-navigation" class="--nav footer"><li id="menu-item-49167" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-49167"><a href="https://pen.org/blog-posts/">Blogs & Commentary</a></li> <li id="menu-item-49166" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-49166"><a href="https://pen.org/about-us/#financials">Financials</a></li> <li id="menu-item-49168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-49168"><a href="https://pen.org/reports/">Research & Reports</a></li> <li id="menu-item-53965" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-53965"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="https://pen.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-inverted-color has-text-color has-link-color has-body-font-size wp-elements-704e1c8a431a48f22dc4e1d9d77f8261" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.6">Support Our Work</h2> <p class="has-inverted-color has-text-color has-link-color has-body-small-font-size wp-elements-08bf981d93d8c6959ff22e7108c50cda" style="margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;line-height:1.5">Help protect the freedom to write, read, and learn by donating to PEN America today.</p> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-buttons pen-america-buttons is-layout-flow wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flow"> <a class="wp-block-pen-america-button is-style-outline-white button" href="https://pen.org/2025-support-pen-america-web/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=sitefooter&utm_campaign=donatebutton&ms=footerdonatebutton" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self"><span class="before-text screen-reader-text"></span><span class="text">Donate Now</span><span class="after-text screen-reader-text"></span></a> </div> </div> </div> <p class="k-block--copyright">Copyright © 2025 PEN America. All rights reserved | <a href="/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></p> </div> </footer> </div> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script> var relevanssi_rt_regex = /(&|\?)_(rt|rt_nonce)=(\w+)/g var newUrl = window.location.search.replace(relevanssi_rt_regex, '') history.replaceState(null, null, window.location.pathname + newUrl + window.location.hash) </script> <script type="speculationrules"> {"prerender":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/wp-login.php","\/wp-admin\/*","\/*\\?*(^|&)_wpnonce=*","\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/wp-content\/*","\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/wp-content\/themes\/custom\/pen-america\/*"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prerender"}}]},"eagerness":"moderate"}]} </script> <script id="wp-block-template-skip-link-js-after"> ( function() { var skipLinkTarget = document.querySelector( 'main' ), sibling, skipLinkTargetID, skipLink; // Early exit if a skip-link target can't be located. if ( ! skipLinkTarget ) { return; } /* * Get the site wrapper. * The skip-link will be injected in the beginning of it. */ sibling = document.querySelector( '.wp-site-blocks' ); // Early exit if the root element was not found. if ( ! sibling ) { return; } // Get the skip-link target's ID, and generate one if it doesn't exist. skipLinkTargetID = skipLinkTarget.id; if ( ! skipLinkTargetID ) { skipLinkTargetID = 'wp--skip-link--target'; skipLinkTarget.id = skipLinkTargetID; } // Create the skip link. skipLink = document.createElement( 'a' ); skipLink.classList.add( 'skip-link', 'screen-reader-text' ); skipLink.href = '#' + skipLinkTargetID; skipLink.innerHTML = 'Skip to content'; // Inject the skip link. sibling.parentElement.insertBefore( skipLink, sibling ); }() ); </script> <script id="jquery.wp-smartcrop-js-extra"> var wpsmartcrop_options = {"focus_mode":"power-lines"}; </script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-smartcrop/js/jquery.wp-smartcrop.min.js?ver=2.0.10" id="jquery.wp-smartcrop-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/js/vendor.2f7768755b022b792183.js?ver=1.0.0" id="kanopi-pack-vendor-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/lodash.min.js?ver=4.17.21" id="lodash-js"></script> <script id="lodash-js-after"> window.lodash = _.noConflict(); </script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/js/runtime.deb43d201b2599915954.js?ver=1.0.0" id="kanopi-pack-runtime-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/js/pen-site.e0b7b361cbdc3d8b983f.js?ver=1.0.0" id="kanopi-pack-pen-site-js"></script> <script type="module"> import detect from "https:\/\/pen.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/optimization-detective\/detect.min.js?ver=0.8.0"; detect( {"minViewportAspectRatio":0.4,"maxViewportAspectRatio":2.5,"isDebug":false,"extensionModuleUrls":[],"restApiEndpoint":"https:\/\/pen.org\/wp-json\/optimization-detective\/v1\/url-metrics:store","currentUrl":"https:\/\/pen.org\/translation-committee\/","urlMetricSlug":"11cc12a9726afb39aeb28cad976defc6","cachePurgePostId":40041,"urlMetricHMAC":"c0efbe4db5d021b7b474d81ab62a8989","urlMetricGroupStatuses":[{"minimumViewportWidth":0,"complete":false},{"minimumViewportWidth":481,"complete":false},{"minimumViewportWidth":601,"complete":false},{"minimumViewportWidth":783,"complete":false}],"storageLockTTL":60,"webVitalsLibrarySrc":"https:\/\/pen.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/optimization-detective\/build\/web-vitals.js?ver=4.2.4"} ); </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-67a19b13b1208ee00aa","applicationID":"511463069","transactionName":"YVZSZEJVXhZWVBBaWlgccVNEXV8LGEMBXkVaUkRVHVdRC0FWFw==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":876,"atts":"TRFREgpPTRg=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>