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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Trade_Organization_(WTO)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Trade_Organization_(WTO)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>World Trade Organization (WTO)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Trade_Organization_(WTO)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="অ্যামিকাস কিউরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যামিকাস কিউরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_Curiae" title="Amicus Curiae – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amicus Curiae" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%95%EC%A0%95%EC%A1%B0%EC%96%B8%EC%9E%90" title="법정조언자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="법정조언자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Դատարանի բարեկամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դատարանի բարեկամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%98" title="ידיד בית המשפט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ידיד בית המשפט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teismo_konsultantas" title="Teismo konsultantas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teismo konsultantas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="അമിക്കസ് ക്യൂറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമിക്കസ് ക്യൂറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8" title="アミカス・キュリエ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アミカス・キュリエ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Lista_de_express%C3%B5es_jur%C3%ADdicas_em_latim#A" title="Anexo:Lista de expressões jurídicas em latim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anexo:Lista de expressões jurídicas em latim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amicus curiae" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD%E4%B9%8B%E5%8F%8B" title="法庭之友 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法庭之友" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Latin legal term meaning "friend of the court"</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Litigation_friend" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigation friend">Litigation friend</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intervention_(law)" title="Intervention (law)">Intervention (law)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>An <i><b>amicus curiae</b></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">friend of the court</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; <abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr> <i><b>amici curiae</b></i>) is an individual or organization that is not a <a href="/wiki/Party_(law)" title="Party (law)">party</a> to a legal case, but that is permitted to assist a <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a> by offering information, expertise, or insight that has a bearing on the issues in the case. Whether an <i>amicus</i> brief will be considered is typically under the court's discretion. The phrase is <a href="/wiki/Legal_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal Latin">legal Latin</a> and the origin of the term has been dated to 1605–1615. The scope of <i>amici curiae</i> is generally found in the cases where broad public interests are involved and concerns regarding civil rights are in question.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/American_law" class="mw-redirect" title="American law">American law</a>, an <i>amicus curiae</i> typically refers to what in some other jurisdictions is known as an intervenor: a person or organization who requests to provide legal submissions so as to offer a relevant alternative or additional perspective regarding the matters in dispute. In the American courts, the amicus may be referred to as an <b><i>amicus</i> brief</b>. In other jurisdictions, such as <a href="/wiki/Canadian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian law">Canada</a>, an <i>amicus curiae</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a> who is asked by the court to provide legal submissions regarding issues that would otherwise not be aired properly, often because one or both of the parties is not represented by counsel.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/International_court" title="International court">international courts</a>, legal submissions by <a href="/wiki/Intervention_(law)" title="Intervention (law)">intervenors</a> are called <b>amicus curiae observations</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amicus_curiae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Direct or indirect connections between the <i>amicus curiae</i> figure and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman juridical experience</a> are still debated.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars simply explain the Latin expression with the fact that the cultural elites' (including the jurists') language of the Anglo-Saxon world was <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">Latin</a>, so that many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_legal_terms" title="List of Latin legal terms">Latin legal terms</a> first spread through <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">English law</a>, and then also in the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian academic Giovanni Criscuoli, while admitting the theoretical possibility of eventually comparing it with the Roman figure of the "<i>consiliarius</i>", concludes that: "it is a figure of exclusive Anglo-Saxon blood".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the 9th century,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was incorporated into <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, and it was later extended to most <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> systems. Later, it was introduced in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, in particular concerning <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. From there, it was integrated in some <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> systems (it has been, as at 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> integrated into <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>'s law system and <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>'s 2010 civil procedures code). Today, it is used by the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Special_Tribunal_for_Lebanon" title="Special Tribunal for Lebanon">Special Tribunal for Lebanon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presentation">Presentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amicus_curiae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Presentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of an <i>amicus</i> was described by Lord Justice of Appeal <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Salmon,_Baron_Salmon" title="Cyril Salmon, Baron Salmon">Cyril Salmon</a> in <i>Allen v Sir Alfred McAlpine & Sons Ltd</i> [1968] 2 QB 229 at p. 266 F-G: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I had always understood that the role of an <i>amicus curiae</i> was to help the court by expounding the law impartially, or if one of the parties were unrepresented, by advancing the legal arguments on his behalf.</p></blockquote> <p>The situation most often noted in the press is when an <a href="/wiki/Interest_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest group">advocacy group</a> files a brief in a case before an <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate court</a> in which it is not a <a href="/wiki/Litigant" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigant">litigant</a>. Appellate cases are normally limited to the factual record and arguments coming from the <a href="/wiki/Lower_court" title="Lower court">lower court</a> case under appeal; attorneys focus on the facts and arguments most favorable to their clients. Where a case may have broader implications, <i>amicus curiae</i> briefs are a way to articulate those concerns, so that the possibly broad legal or public policy implications of the court's anticipated decisions will not depend solely on the positions and arguments advanced by the parties directly involved in the case. </p><p>In prominent cases, <i>amici curiae</i> are generally organizations with sizable legal budgets. In the United States, for example, non-profit legal advocacy organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Landmark_Legal_Foundation" title="Landmark Legal Foundation">Landmark Legal Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Legal_Foundation" title="Pacific Legal Foundation">Pacific Legal Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">American Center for Law and Justice</a> or the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws</a> (NORML), frequently submit such briefs to advocate for or against a particular legal change or interpretation. If a decision could affect an entire industry, companies other than the litigants may wish to have their concerns heard. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">federal courts</a> often hear cases involving the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">constitutionality</a> of state laws. Hence states may file briefs as <i>amici curiae</i> when their laws or interests are likely to be affected, as in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> case <i><a href="/wiki/McDonald_v._Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonald v. Chicago">McDonald v. Chicago</a>,</i> when thirty-two states under the aegis of Texas (and California independently) filed such briefs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>De facto amici curiae</i> who do not file briefs may present in the <a href="/wiki/Print_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Print media">print media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> academic perspectives on the case. For example, if the law gives deference to a history of legislation of a certain topic, a historian may choose to evaluate the claim from their specialized expertise. Economists, statisticians, sociologists, etc. may choose to do the same. Newspaper editorials, <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a>, and other opinion pieces arguably have the capability to influence <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> decisions as <i>de facto amici curiae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are not, however, technically considered <i>amici curiae,</i> as they do not submit materials to the Court, do not need to ask for leave, and have no guarantee that they will be read. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_Supreme_Court">United States Supreme Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amicus_curiae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> has special rules for <i>amicus curiae</i> briefs sought to be filed in cases pending before it. Supreme Court Rule 37 states, in part, such a brief should cover "relevant matter" not dealt with by the parties which "may be of considerable help".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cover of an <i>amicus</i> brief must identify which party the brief is supporting, or if the brief supports only affirmance or reversal.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court also requires that all non-governmental amici identify those providing a monetary contribution to the preparation or submission of the brief.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Briefs must be prepared in booklet format, and 40 copies must be served with the Court.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States Supreme Court, unless the <i>amicus</i> brief is being filed by the federal government (or one of its officers or agents) or a U.S. state, permission of the court (by means of <a href="/wiki/Motion_for_leave" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion for leave">motion for leave</a>) or mutual consent of the parties is generally required. Allowing an <i>amicus curiae</i> to present <a href="/wiki/Oral_argument_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral argument in the United States">oral argument</a> is considered "extraordinary".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court can also appoint its own <i>amicus curiae</i> if neither party supports the decision of the lower court, which it has done at least 44 times.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious groups regularly file <i>amicus</i> briefs at the U.S. Supreme Court. Muslim organizations and individuals, for example, have filed <i>amicus</i> briefs on both sides of recent cases dealing with divisive cultural issues, such as same-sex marriage and expansive conceptions of gender identity.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amicus_curiae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Canadian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian law">Canadian law</a>, an <i>amicus curiae</i> is a lawyer, rather than an outside entity, who is asked by the Court to provide submissions in such a way as to make sure the legal issues affecting the interests of all parties are properly canvassed. Where one of the parties (e.g. the accused in a criminal case) is unrepresented (and is ineligible for or refuses to apply for <a href="/wiki/Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">legal aid</a>), and the judge is concerned that this will leave that party at a significant disadvantage and risk a <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">miscarriage of justice</a>, the judge may appoint a lawyer as <i>amicus curiae</i>. The lawyer is not retained by and does not represent the unrepresented party as such, but has a responsibility to ensure that points of law of importance to the party's case are brought to the attention of the court. For example, in the case of a criminal trial, the <i>amicus</i> will have the responsibility to ensure that the accused's right to make full answer and defence is upheld. Examples of situations that could call for the appointment of <i>amicus</i> could include a highly complex or technical trial, an unsophisticated accused or one with cognitive or psychiatric challenges, or an unruly and disruptive accused.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, when an accused has retained counsel for part of the trial but then fires that counsel, and if the judge finds that <i>amicus</i> is needed, the former counsel may be asked to remain as <i>amicus</i>, given their familiarity with the case. </p><p>Canadian courts may also appoint <i>amici</i> in situations in which a party is represented by counsel, but issues emerge in a highly specialized or technical area of the law, on which the judge wants submissions from a lawyer with special expertise in that area. For example, in <i>R. v. Warren,</i> 2022 ONSC 542, the judge appointed <i>amicus</i> to provide detailed submissions on the intersection between constitutional rights and prison law, explaining why this was normally outside the ken even of experienced criminal defence counsel.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another situation in which <i>amicus</i> may be appointed is when an accused is self-represented in a trial for offences such as sexual assault or assault in a domestic violence context. An unrepresented accused has the right to cross-examine Crown witnesses, but it may be undesirable to permit him or her to personally cross-examine, for example, the complainant. As a result, the <i><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a></i> permits the judge to order that the accused will not personally cross-examine the witness, and to name an uninvolved lawyer to conduct the cross-examination in place of the accused.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The role commonly described as <i>amicus curiae</i> in the United States is known as an "intervener" in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italy">Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amicus_curiae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Italian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian law">Italian law</a>, <i>amici curiae</i> are "nonprofit organizations and the institutional subjects, bearers of collective or diffuse interests related to the issue of constitutionality" who "may submit a written opinion to the constitutional Court".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_Trade_Organization_(WTO)"><span id="World_Trade_Organization_.28WTO.29"></span>World Trade Organization (WTO)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amicus_curiae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World Trade Organization (WTO)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of <i>amicus curiae</i> briefs in the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) dispute settlement system is controversial. The controversy arises due to the governmental nature of WTO disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As only WTO members have access to the system, any non-members such as <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organizations">non-governmental organizations</a> (NGOs) are excluded and have no right to be heard.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_den_Bossche_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_den_Bossche-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the only way for them to contribute to a WTO decision is through <i>amicus curiae</i> briefs. To date<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> there is a divergence in approaches in the WTO as to the admissibility of such briefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_den_Bossche_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_den_Bossche-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first WTO case to comprehensively examine the admissibility of <i>amicus curiae</i> briefs was US – Shrimp.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case concerned a ban by the US on imports of all shrimp and shrimp products not caught with turtle excluder devices. The panel at first instance rejected the two <i>amicus curiae</i> briefs that were submitted by environmental groups, on the basis they were not expressly solicited by the panel under Article 13 of the <a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Understanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispute Settlement Understanding">Dispute Settlement Understanding</a> of the WTO.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was overturned by the <a href="/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">Appellate Body</a> who held a panel had authority to accept, consider or reject briefs under Articles 12 and 13 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding regardless of whether they were expressly solicited.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The issue was re-examined in US – Lead and Bismuth II which concerned the imposition of duties by the US on certain imported hot rolled lead and bismuth carbon steel from the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Panel at first instance affirmed the position in the US – Shrimp case and accepted two <i>amicus curiae</i> briefs that were submitted.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On appeal, the Appellate Body relied on Article 17.9 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding and Rule 16(1) of the Working Procedures for Appellate Review to create rules to accept <i>amicus curiae</i> briefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Appellate_Body_Report_2000_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appellate_Body_Report_2000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was deemed as the source of legal authority to accept such briefs by an Appellate Body.<sup id="cite_ref-Appellate_Body_Report_2000_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appellate_Body_Report_2000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next significant case to deal with <i>amicus curiae</i> briefs was EC – Asbestos, where the French government banned domestically produced and imported <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> products.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the five <i>amicus curiae</i> briefs received by the Panel, only two that were submitted by the European Community, were accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panel did not provide any explanation as to why they were accepted or rejected. On appeal, the Appellate Body relied on Rule 16(1) of the <i>Working Procedures for Appellate Review</i> to create additional procedures to deal with the <i>amicus curiae</i> briefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Appellate_Body_Report_2001_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appellate_Body_Report_2001-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 11 briefs submitted, the Appellate Body accepted none on the basis they failed to comply with these additional procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-Appellate_Body_Report_2001_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appellate_Body_Report_2001-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amicus_curiae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intervention_(law)" title="Intervention (law)">Intervention (law)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amicus_curiae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardcrcl.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Zapana.pdf">"The Statement of Interest as a Tool in Federal Civil Rights Enforcement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Civil+Rights-Civil+Liberties+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Statement+of+Interest+as+a+Tool+in+Federal+Civil+Rights+Enforcement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardcrcl.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F10%2F2017%2F02%2FZapana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmicus+curiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scc-csc.ca/case-dossier/cb/2023/40044-eng.aspx"><i>R v Kahsai</i>, 2023 SCC 20.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124230410/https://justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/other-autre/lrc-rje/p5.html">"Legal Representation of Children in Canada. 5. Amicus Curiae"</a>. <i>justice.gc.ca</i>. Department of Justice Canada. Government of Canada. 3 February 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/other-autre/lrc-rje/p5.html">the original</a> on 24 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>In some cases, the court may appoint amicus curiae in a case that involves children, so as to help the court in determining what is in the best interests of the children.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=justice.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Legal+Representation+of+Children+in+Canada.+5.+Amicus+Curiae&rft.date=2023-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjustice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Frp-pr%2Fother-autre%2Flrc-rje%2Fp5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmicus+curiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudithanne_Scourfield_McLauchlan2005" class="citation book cs1">Judithanne Scourfield McLauchlan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120517005634/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/mclauchlan1005.htm"><i>Congressional Participation As Amicus Curiae Before the U.S. Supreme Court</i></a>. LFB Scholarly Publishing. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59332-088-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59332-088-4"><bdi>1-59332-088-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/mclauchlan1005.htm">the original</a> on 17 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Participation+As+Amicus+Curiae+Before+the+U.S.+Supreme+Court&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=LFB+Scholarly+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59332-088-4&rft.au=Judithanne+Scourfield+McLauchlan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsos.umd.edu%2Fgvpt%2Flpbr%2Fsubpages%2Freviews%2Fmclauchlan1005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmicus+curiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krislov, S., <i>The Amicus Curiae Brief</i>, in 72 YLJ. 1962, 694 ss.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angell, E., <i>The Amicus Curiae: American Developments of English Institutions</i>, in 16 ICLQ, 1967, 1017 ss.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmund Ruffin Beckwith and Rudolf Sobernheim, <i>Amicus Curiae—Minister of Justice</i>, 17 Fordham L. Rev. 38 (1948).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Friends of the Supreme Court: Interest Groups and Judicial Decision Making</i>, Paul M. Collins.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2052/60/1/article-p18.xml">"<i>Amicus Curiae</i>: Origin, Worldwide Experience and Suggestions for East European Countries", Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies (2019)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan,_S._Chandra2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mohan, S. Chandra (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24870502">"The Amicus Curiae: Friends No More?"</a>. <i>Singapore Journal of Legal Studies</i>: 352–374. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24870502">24870502</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Journal+of+Legal+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Amicus+Curiae%3A+Friends+No+More%3F&rft.pages=352-374&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24870502%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Mohan%2C+S.+Chandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24870502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmicus+curiae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiik2018" class="citation book cs1">Wiik, Astrid (26 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/43984"><i>Amicus Curiae before International Courts and Tribunals</i></a>. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F9783845275925">10.5771/9783845275925</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F43984">20.500.12657/43984</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8452-7592-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8452-7592-5"><bdi>978-3-8452-7592-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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WT/DS135/R (18 September 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panel Report, European Community – Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos, WTO Doc WT/DS135/R (18 September 2000), [8.12].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appellate_Body_Report_2001-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Appellate_Body_Report_2001_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appellate_Body_Report_2001_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Appellate Body Report, European Community – Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos, WTO Doc WT/DS135/AB/R, AB-2000-11 (12 March 2001), [50]–[51].</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amicus_curiae" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:amicus curiae">amicus curiae</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amicus_curiae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Amicus curiae">Amicus curiae</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m-w.com/dictionary/Amicus%20curiae">Amicus curiae</a> at 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Lists of United States Supreme Court cases">Lists of cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States">Court demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_leanings_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" title="Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices">Ideological leanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States">Nomination and confirmation</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States">Procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#United_States_Supreme_Court_rules"><i>Amicus curiae</i> brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certiorari#United_States" title="Certiorari"><i>Certiorari</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certiorari_before_judgment" title="Certiorari before judgment">Cert. before judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissed_as_improvidently_granted" title="Dismissed as improvidently granted">Cert. dismissed as improvidently granted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant,_vacate,_remand" title="Grant, vacate, remand">Grant, vacate, remand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_docket" title="Shadow docket">Shadow docket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-chambers_opinion" title="In-chambers opinion">In-chambers opinion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justice</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#Retired_justices" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Retired justices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="History of the Supreme Court of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">Jay Court</a> (1789–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">Rutledge Court</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">Ellsworth Court</a> (1796–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">Marshall Court</a> (1801–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">Taney Court</a> (1836–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">Chase Court</a> (1864–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">Waite Court</a> (1874–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">Fuller Court</a> (1888–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Court_(judges)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Court (judges)">White Court</a> (1910–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">Taft Court</a> (1921–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">Hughes Court</a> (1930–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">Stone Court</a> (1941–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">Vinson Court</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a> (1953–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">Burger Court</a> (1969–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">Rehnquist Court</a> (1986–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">Roberts Court</a> (2005–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of justices<br />and nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States#List_of_chief_justices" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#list_of_associate_justices" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">All justices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_by_court_composition" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition">court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_attended_by_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" title="List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court justices">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_by_seat" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat">seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">time in office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">All nominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">unsuccessful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._Supreme_Court_justices_who_also_served_in_the_U.S._Congress" title="List of U.S. Supreme Court justices who also served in the U.S. Congress">Justices who served in Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of burial places of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">Burial places of justices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes affecting<br />court size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789" title="Judiciary Act of 1789">Judiciary Act of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Judges_Act" title="Midnight Judges Act">Judiciary Act of 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1802" title="Judiciary Act of 1802">Judiciary Act of 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Circuit_Act_of_1807" title="Seventh Circuit Act of 1807">Seventh Circuit Act of 1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_and_Ninth_Circuits_Act_of_1837" title="Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837">Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Circuit_Act_of_1863" title="Tenth Circuit Act of 1863">Tenth Circuit Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Circuits_Act" title="Judicial Circuits Act">Judicial Circuits Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1869" title="Judiciary Act of 1869">Judiciary Act of 1869</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court" title="Marshal of the United States Supreme Court">Marshal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Police" title="Supreme Court Police">Supreme Court Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reporter_of_Decisions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States">Reporter of Decisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_clerk_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Law clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States">Law clerk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States">lists</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Chief_Justice)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_1)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 1)">Seat 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_2)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)">Seat 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_3)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 3)">Seat 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_4)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)">Seat 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_6)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)">Seat 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_8)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)">Seat 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_9)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9)">Seat 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_10)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 10)">Seat 10</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Supreme Court Building</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Former: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange_(New_York_City)" title="Royal Exchange (New York City)">Royal Exchange, New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Old City Hall (Philadelphia)">Old City Hall, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber" title="Old Supreme Court Chamber">Old Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III, U.S. Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States">original jurisdiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameras_in_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Cameras in the Supreme Court of the United States">Camera policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Conduct_for_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Code of Conduct for Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">Code of Conduct for Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochner_era" title="Lochner era"><i>Lochner</i> era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Samuel_Chase" title="Impeachment of Samuel Chase">Impeachment of Samuel Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States">Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_in_fiction" title="Supreme Court of the United States in fiction">Supreme Court in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_leaks" title="List of United States Supreme Court leaks">Supreme Court leaks</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">United States Reports</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawyers%27_Edition" title="Lawyers' Edition">Lawyers' Edition</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" 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