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class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Asosiy menyu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Qatnovi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bosh_Sahifa" title="Bosh sahifaga oʻtish [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Bosh Sahifa</span></a></li><li id="n-Tanlangan-maqolalar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Tanlangan_maqolalar"><span>Tanlangan maqolalar</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:NewPages"><span>Yangi sahifalar</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:Random" title="Tasodifiy sahifaga oʻtish [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Tasodifiy maqola</span></a></li><li id="n-Maqolalar-indeksi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Maqolalar_indeksi"><span>Maqolalar indeksi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Ishtirok" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Ishtirok" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ishtirok </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Xatolar_haqida_xabarlar" title="Ushbu sahifadagi xato haqida xabar berish"><span>Xato haqida xabar berish</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:RecentChanges" title="Vikidagi eng so‘nggi o‘zgarishlar ro‘yxati [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Yangi oʻzgarishlar</span></a></li><li id="n-Jamoa-portali" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Jamoa_portali"><span>Jamoa portali</span></a></li><li id="n-Qoidalar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Qoida_va_ko%CA%BBrsatmalar"><span>Qoidalar</span></a></li><li id="n-Yordam" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Yordam"><span>Yordam</span></a></li><li id="n-Forum" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Forum"><span>Forum</span></a></li><li id="n-Aloqa" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Aloqa"><span>Aloqa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Bosh_Sahifa" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Vikipediya" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-uz.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-uz.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Vikipediyadan qidirish [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Qidiruv</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Vikipediyadan qidirish" aria-label="Vikipediyadan qidirish" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Vikipediyadan qidirish [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Maxsus:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Qidirish</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Shaxsiy uskunalar"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Qiyofa"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Qiyofa" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Qiyofa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_uz.wikipedia.org&uselang=uz" class=""><span>Loyihaga koʻmak</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CreateAccount&returnto=Genetika" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud boʻlmasa-da, hisob yaratishingiz va tizimga kirishingiz tavsiya etiladi." class=""><span>Hisob yaratish</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:UserLogin&returnto=Genetika" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud bo‘lmasa-da, kirishingiz taklif qilinadi. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Kirish</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Koʻproq opsiyalar" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Shaxsiy uskunalar" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Shaxsiy uskunalar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Foydalanuvchi menyusi" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_uz.wikipedia.org&uselang=uz"><span>Loyihaga koʻmak</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CreateAccount&returnto=Genetika" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud boʻlmasa-da, hisob yaratishingiz va tizimga kirishingiz tavsiya etiladi."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Hisob yaratish</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:UserLogin&returnto=Genetika" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud bo‘lmasa-da, kirishingiz taklif qilinadi. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Kirish</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Chiqishni amalga oshirgan tahrirchilar uchun sahifalar <a href="/wiki/Yordam:Mundarija" aria-label="Tahrirlash haqida batafsil maʼlumot"><span>batafsil maʼlumot</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:MyContributions" title="Bu IP-manzildan amalga oshirilgan tahrirlar roʻyxati [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Qoʻshilgan hissa</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:MyTalk" title="Bu IP-manzildan amalga oshirilgan tahrirlar munozarasi [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Munozara</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mundarija" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mundarija</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Kirish</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etmologiyasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etmologiyasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etmologiyasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etmologiyasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarixi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarixi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tarixi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarixi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetika_fanlari_sistemasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetika_fanlari_sistemasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genetika fanlari sistemasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetika_fanlari_sistemasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasldorlik_xossalari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasldorlik_xossalari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nasldorlik xossalari</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nasldorlik_xossalari-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nasldorlik xossalari subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nasldorlik_xossalari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diskret_nasldorlik_va_Mendel_qonunlari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diskret_nasldorlik_va_Mendel_qonunlari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diskret nasldorlik va Mendel qonunlari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diskret_nasldorlik_va_Mendel_qonunlari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manbalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manbalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Manbalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manbalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adabiyotlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adabiyotlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adabiyotlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adabiyotlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oʻqish_uchun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oʻqish_uchun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Oʻqish uchun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oʻqish_uchun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Havolalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havolalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Havolalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havolalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mundarija" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Boshqa tildagi maqolaga oʻting. 131 ta tilda mavjud" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">131 ta til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – nemis (Shveytsariya)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemis (Shveytsariya)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%AD" title="ሥነ ባህርይ – amxar" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ባህርይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amxar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenetica" title="Chenetica – aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chenetica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="علم الوراثة – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الوراثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen%C3%A9tica" title="Xenética – asturiy" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xenética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastopa" title="Nastopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nastopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – ozarbayjon" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ozarbayjon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ژنتیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژنتیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – boshqird" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="boshqird" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетыка – belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генетыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генэтыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Генэтыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – bolgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বংশাণুবিজ্ঞান – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বংশাণুবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – bosniy" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A8tica" title="Genètica – katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Genètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B0%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%92_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8E%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%85" title="ᎤᎾᏓᏰᎶᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ – cheroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎾᏓᏰᎶᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cheroki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جێنەتیک – sorani-kurd" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جێنەتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani-kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – chex" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chex" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneteg" title="Geneteg – valliy" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Geneteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valliy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – dan" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – nemischa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemischa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AAnetik" title="Cênetik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cênetik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γενετική – grek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενετική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – inglizcha" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetiko" title="Genetiko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genetiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética – ispancha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispancha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneetika" title="Geneetika – estoncha" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geneetika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoncha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Genética" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ژنتیک – fors" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژنتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinn%C3%B6llisyystiede" title="Perinnöllisyystiede – fincha" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perinnöllisyystiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Génétique – fransuzcha" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuzcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erflikheidslear" title="Erflikheidslear – g‘arbiy friz" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Erflikheidslear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="g‘arbiy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ineola%C3%ADocht" title="Géineolaíocht – irland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Géineolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9n%C3%A9tik" title="Jénétik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jénétik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gintinneachd" title="Gintinneachd – shotland-gel" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gintinneachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="shotland-gel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen%C3%A9tica" title="Xenética – galisiy" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xenética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – xausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="xausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="גנטיקה – ivrit" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="आनुवंशिकी – hind" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आनुवंशिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hind" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – xorvat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="xorvat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenetik" title="Jenetik – gaityan" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jenetik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="gaityan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – venger" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="venger" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Գենետիկա – arman" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գենետիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – indonez" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonez" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetiko" title="Genetiko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Genetiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erf%C3%B0afr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Erfðafræði – island" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Erfðafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="island" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%AD%A6" title="遺伝学 – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遺伝学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinetix" title="Jinetix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jinetix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ginske" title="ginske – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ginske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – yavan" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="yavan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გენეტიკა – gruzincha" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გენეტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A9th%C4%A9_(genetics)" title="Maũthĩ (genetics) – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Maũthĩ (genetics)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – qozoqcha" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="qozoqcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="ពន្ធុវិទ្យា – xmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពន្ធុវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="xmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ತಳಿವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಳಿವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%ED%95%99" title="유전학 – koreyscha" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유전학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genet%C3%AEk" title="Genetîk – kurdcha" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Genetîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – qirgʻizcha" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="qirgʻizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – lotincha" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneetik" title="Geneetik – lyuksemburgcha" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geneetik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lyuksemburgcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenetica" title="Jenetica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jenetica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomabuzaale" title="Essomabuzaale – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomabuzaale" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ພັນທຸສາດ – laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພັນທຸສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2en%C4%93tika" title="Ģenētika – latishcha" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģenētika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latishcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – madur" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Генетике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Генетике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – makedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജനിതകശാസ്ത്രം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജനിതകശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Генетик – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Генетик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="မျိုးရိုးဗီဇပညာ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျိုးရိုးဗီဇပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – niderland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetikk" title="Genetikk – norveg-nyunorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Genetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveg-nyunorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetikk" title="Genetikk – norveg-bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Genetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveg-bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetike" title="Genetike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Genetike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – oksitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeneetiik" title="Jeneetiik – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jeneetiik" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Генетикæ – osetin" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Генетикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetyka" title="Genetyka – polyakcha" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Genetyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polyakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="جینیٹکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جینیٹکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جنتیک – pushtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جنتیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pushtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética – portugalcha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinitika" title="Hinitika – kechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hinitika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%C4%83" title="Genetică – rumincha" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Genetică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – ruscha" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – saxa" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="saxa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – shotland" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="shotland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جينيات – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جينيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රවේණි විද්‍යාව – singal" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රවේණි විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – slovakcha" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – slovencha" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovencha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambamabari" title="Ruambamabari – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambamabari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjenetika" title="Gjenetika – alban" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjenetika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – serbcha" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9tika" title="Génétika – sundan" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Génétika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – shved" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="shved" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenetikia" title="Jenetikia – suaxili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jenetikia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaxili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மரபியல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரபியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="జన్యుశాస్త్రం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జన్యుశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Офаринишшиносӣ – tojik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Офаринишшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tojik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="พันธุศาสตร์ – tay" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พันธุศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henetika" title="Henetika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Henetika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – turk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – tuva" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – ukrain" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جینیات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جینیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_truy%E1%BB%81n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Di truyền học – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Di truyền học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henetika" title="Henetika – varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Henetika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学 – vu xitoy" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="遗传学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გენეტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გენეტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="גענעטיק – idish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גענעטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3i%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%C3%A0b%C3%ADnim%E1%BB%8D%CC%81" title="Ìṣiṣẹ́àbínimọ́ – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣiṣẹ́àbínimọ́" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学 – xitoy" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="遗传学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Bi-tho%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Ûi-thoân-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ûi-thoân-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="遺傳學 – kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="遺傳學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7162#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Tillararo ishoratlarni tahrirlash" class="wbc-editpage">Ishoratlarni tahrirla</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomfazolar"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Sahifani ko‘rish [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Maqola</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Munozara:Genetika" rel="discussion" title="Sahifa matni borasida munozara [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Munozara</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/180px-ADN_static.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/270px-ADN_static.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/360px-ADN_static.png 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/DNK" class="mw-redirect" title="DNK">DNK</a>, nasldorlikning molekulyar asosi.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Genetika</b> jonli <a href="/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm">organizmlardagi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasldorlik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasldorlik (sahifa yaratilmagan)">nasldorlik</a> va <a href="/wiki/Turlanish" title="Turlanish">turlanishni</a> oʻrganuvchi <a href="/wiki/Fan" title="Fan">fandir</a>. Hayvon va oʻsimliklarning baʼzi xususiyatlari nasldan naslga oʻtishi mumkinligi <a href="/wiki/Ibtidoiy_jamiyat" title="Ibtidoiy jamiyat">ibtidoiy jamiyat</a> davridayoq maʼlum edi va bu bilimdan <a href="/wiki/Chorvachilik" title="Chorvachilik">chorvachilik</a> va <a href="/wiki/Dehqonchilik" title="Dehqonchilik">dehqonchilikda</a> tanlanma koʻpaytirish orqali qoʻllanilar edi. Biroq, zamonaviy genetika nasldorlik mexanizmlarini tushunadigan fan sifatida <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> (19-asr) mehnatlaridan keyingina rivojlana boshladi. </p><p>Mendel nasldorlik mustaqil funksiyalarga ega fundamental diskret jarayon ekanligini kashf etdi. Nasldorlikning ushbu asosiy birliklari hozirda <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">„genlar“</a> deb ataladi. Organizm <a href="/wiki/Hujayra" title="Hujayra">hujayralarida</a> genlar jisman <a href="/wiki/DNK" class="mw-redirect" title="DNK">DNK</a> <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekulalarida</a> joylashgan boʻlib, oʻzida hujayra komponentlarini qurish va boshqarish uchun kerakli axborot tashiydi. Genetika organizmning koʻrinishi va xatti-harakatini belgilashda katta rol oʻynasa ham, umumiy natija nafaqat genlarga, balki organizmni oʻrab turgan atrof-muhitga ham bogʻliq boʻladi. Masalan, <a href="/wiki/Inson" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Inson">inson</a> boʻyini faqatgina genlar emas, balki uning bolaligida olgan <a href="/wiki/Ozuqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozuqa">ozuqa</a> va sogʻligʻi ham belgilaydi. </p><p>Genetikaning asosiy vazifasi irsiyatning moddiy asoslari hisoblanadigan xromosoma, genlar va nuklein kislotalar (<a href="/wiki/DNK" class="mw-redirect" title="DNK">DNK</a>, <a href="/wiki/RNK" class="mw-redirect" title="RNK">RNK</a>) tuzilishi hamda funksiyalarini tadqiq qilish orqali organizmlar. Eeee shuncha malumot yetarrr... Ozing yoz </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etmologiyasi">Etmologiyasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Etmologiyasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etmologiyasi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Genetika</i> atamasi <a href="/wiki/Qadimgi_yunon_tili" title="Qadimgi yunon tili">qadimgi yunonchacha</a> <span lang="grc">γένεσις</span> (<i><span lang="grc-Latn">genesis</span></i>) soʻzidan olingan boʻlib, „kelib chiqish“, „paydo boʻlish“ maʼnosini anglatadi.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tarixi">Tarixi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tarixi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Tarixi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genetikaning mustaqil fan sifatida shakllanishida chex olimi <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> tomonidan 1865-yilda irsiyat qonunlarining ochilishi katta ahamiyatga ega boʻldi. <a href="/wiki/No%CA%BBxat" title="Noʻxat">Noʻxat</a> ustida olib borgan tajribalari asosida Mendel genetikaning asosiy metodi hisoblangan <a href="/wiki/Duragaylash" title="Duragaylash">duragaylash</a> orqali irsiyatni oʻrganish metodiga asos soldi. U organizmlar belgi va xususiyatlarini kelgusi avlodga berishi irsiyat omillari (hoz. tushunchaga koʻra genlar) bilan bogʻliqligini taʼkidlaydi. Mendel ochgan qonunlar uzoq vaqt eʼtibordan chetda qoldi. Faqat 1900-yilda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_de_Vries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo de Vries (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Hugo de Vries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niderlandiya" title="Niderlandiya">Niderlandiya</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Correns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Correns (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Carl Correns</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya">Germaniy</a> Eng muhim gap: Agar genetikaga amal qimasangiz o'lasiz. O'lishingiz bilam tabriklaymiz.<a href="/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya">a</a>) va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_von_Tschermak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich von Tschermak (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Erich von Tschermak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avstriya" title="Avstriya">Avstriya</a>) tadqiqotlari tufayli bu qonunlar qayta kashf qilinib, Mendel nomi bilan ataladigan boʻldi.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukherjee_ch5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherjee_ch5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shu sababdan 1900-yil genetikaning mustaqil fan sifatida tashkil topgan yili hisoblanadi. Biroq genetika termini 1906-yil ingliz olimi <a href="/wiki/William_Bateson" title="William Bateson">William Batesonning</a> taklifi bilan berildi. Genetikaning keyingi rivojlanishi natijasida Mendel kashf etgan qonunlarning universalligi uni barcha organizmlarga, jumladan odamga ham taalluqli ekanligi isbot qilindi. Keyinchalik organizmdagi aksariyat belgilarning irsiylanishida ikki va undan ortiq genlar ishtirok etishi bilan bogʻliq boʻlgan komplementarlik, epistaz, polimeriya, pleyotropiya hodisalari hamda belgilar irsiylanishida allel bulmagan genlarning murakkab o'zaro taʼsiridan iborat kombinirlangan tip kashf etildi. Genetikaning Mendel asos solgan ushbu yoʻnalishi hozirgi davrda yanada tez rivojlanmoqda. Bu yoʻnalish klassik genetika, yaʼni mendelizm deb ataladi. Mendel yaratgan irsiyat qonunlarini isbotlashda sitologiya fani erishgan yutuqlar ham katta ahamiyatga ega. Sitologik tadqiqotlar tufayli irsiyatning moddiy asosi hisoblangan xromosomalar mavjudligi, ular soni har bir turning barcha individlari uchun bir xil boʻlishi aniqlandi. Genetika tarixida amerikalik genetik <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1911) va uning xodimlari (K. Brijes, Alfred Sturtevant va Gregor Meller) tomonidan asoslab berilgan irsiyatning xromosoma nazariyasi alohida oʻrin tutadi. Bu nazariyaning ochilishida Morgan va xodimlarining jins genetikasi va belgilarning jins bilan bogʻliq holda hamda ularning birikkan holda irsiylanishini oʻrganish natijalari katta ahamiyat kasb etdi. Mazkur nazariyaga binoan organizmlar belgi va xususiyatlarining irsiylanishi irsiyat birligi — genlar orqali amalga oshadi; genlar xromosomalarda koʻp miqdorda hamda tegishli tarkibda chiziq-chiziq boʻlib joylashadi. Bitta xromosomada joylashgan genlar birgalikda irsiylanadi va ular birikkan genlar deb ataladi. Irsiylanishning bu xili birikkan holda irsiylanish deyiladi. Birikkan genlarning irsiylanishi Mendelning uchinchi qonuniga mos kelmaydi. Bitta xromosomada joylashgan genlarning birikkan holda irsiylanishi haqidagi Morgan kashf etgan qonuniyat genetikaning toʻrtinchi fundamental qonuni hisoblanadi. Biroq birikkan holda irsiylanish mutlaq boʻlmasdan, bir qancha hollarda avlodda ota-ona belgilariga nisbatan ajralish roʻy beradi. Bu hodisa gomologik xromosomalarning chalkashuvi (krossingover), yaʼni ikkita xromosoma ayrim qismlarining oʻzaro oʻrin almashinishi natijasida sodir boʻladi. Bu sohadagi ilmiy tadqiqotlar tufayli xromosomalarda genlarning joylashish tartiblari aniqlandi, yaʼni xromosomalarning genetik haritalari tuzildi. Morgan va xodimlarining tadqiqotlari genetikaning bir tarmogʻi boʻlgan sitogenetikaning paydo boʻlishiga asos soldi. Genlarning tuzilishi va faoliyatining molekulyar asoslarini kimyoviy, fizik, kibernetik metodlar va matematik modellashtirish orqali tadqiq qilish molekulyar genetikaning rivojlanishiga olib keldi. <a href="/wiki/Molekulyar_genetika" title="Molekulyar genetika">Molekulyar genetika</a> sohasida erishilgan muvaffaqiyatlar DNK kodining kashf etilishi (<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Watson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James D. Watson (sahifa yaratilmagan)">James D. Watson</a> va <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, 1953); oqsil molekulalari tarkibiga kiruvchi aminokislotalarning biosintez jarayonida oqsil hosil boʻlishidagi ishtirokini taʼmin etuvchi irsiy axborot (kod) birligi boʻlgan nukleotidlar tripletining aniqlanishi (Marshall Nirenberg, G. Mattey, <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> va Francis Crick, 1961—62); genning molekulyar-genetik taʼrifi izohlanishi (<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wells_Beadle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Wells Beadle (sahifa yaratilmagan)">George Wells Beadle</a> va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Lawrie_Tatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Lawrie Tatum (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Edward Lawrie Tatum</a>); laboratoriya sharoitida DNK molekulasining sunʼiy sintez kilinishi (A. Kornberg, 1958); gen funksiyasi, yaʼni oqsil sintez qilinishi regulyatsiyasi molekulyar mexanizmining ochib berilishi (Francois Jacob, J. Mono, 1961-62) bilan bogʻliq. Bu sohada nazariy tadqiqotlarning rivojlanishi natijasida genetikaning amaliy sohasi — gen injeneriyasi va biotexnologiya paydo boʻldi. </p><p>Irsiyatning mutatsiya nazariyasi kashf etilishi (de Vries, 1903) genetika tarixidagi muhim voqealardan biri boʻldi. Bu nazariyaga binoan kuchli taʼsir etuvchi omillar (mutagenlar) taʼsirida organizmlarning genlari tubdan oʻzgarib, yangi turgʻun xolatda nasldan-naslga beriladigan oʻzgaruvchanlik paydo boʻladi. Bu jarayon mutagenez, irsiy oʻzgargan belgi esa mutatsiya; mutatsiyaga ega boʻlgan organizm oʻz navbatida mutant deb ataladi. Ushbu nazariya dastlab rus olimi S. I. Korjinskiy tomonidan yangi dalillar bilan tasdiklandi. Nemis olimi Gregor Meller 1927-yilda drozofila pashshasiga radiatsiya nurlarini taʼsir ettirib, sunʼiy sharoitda koʻplab mutatsiya olish mumkin ekanligini isbotladi. U tajribada hosil boʻlayotgan mutatsiyalarni hisobga olish, ularning tabiatini oʻrganish metodini ishlab chikdi. Rus olimlari genetika A. Nadson va genetika S. Filippov (1925) rentgen nurlari taʼsir ettirib, madaniy oʻsimliklarning har xil mutatsiyalarini olishdi. Ingliz olimi Sh. Auerbax, rus olimi I. A. Rapoport ayrim kuchli taʼsir etuvchi kimyoviy moddalar taʼsirida mutatsiya olish metodini ishlab chikdi. Bu tadqiqotlar mutatsion genetika yoʻnalishining paydo bulishiga olib keldi. Evolyutsion genetika organizmlardagi genetik qonuniyatlarni populyatsiya darajasida tekshiradi. Bunday maʼlumotlar evolyutsion taʼlimotni genetik asoslashga imkon berdi. Evolyutsion genetika duragaylash, mutagenez, alohidalanish (izolyatsiya), kuchish (migratsiya), tanlash, genlar dreyfi, populyatsiya toʻlqini kabi omillarning evolyutsiyadagi ahamiyatini tushunib olishga imkon beradi. Turlar evolyutsiyasi, hayvonlar zoti va oʻsimlik navlari yaratishning genetik asoslarini urganish imkonini beruvchi genetikmatematik metodlar ishlab chiqildi (ingliz olimlari R. Fisher, J. Xoldeyn, amerikalik olim S. Rayt, 1920—30; rus olimlari S. S. Chetverikov, N. P. Dubinin va boshqalar) Vavilovning irsiy oʻzgaruvchanlikning gomologik qatorlar qonuni, madaniy oʻsimliklarning kelib chiqish genotsentrlari haqidagi taʼlimoti hamda geografik jihatdan uzoq formalarni chatishtirish va immunlik toʻgʻrisidagi nazariyalari oʻsimliklar seleksiyasi samaradorligini oshirishda katta ahamiyatga ega boʻldi. Bu gʻoyalar mevali daraxtlarning bir qancha serhosil va sovuqqa chidamli navlarini yetishtirish uchun asos boʻldi. Soʻnggi yillarda radiatsiya va kimyoviy mutagenlar yordamida mutatsiya vujudga keltirish usuli tobora keng qoʻllanilmoqda. Bir qator antibiotiklar, aminokislotalar va biologik faol moddalarning mutant shtammlari vujudga keltirilgan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzbekiston" title="Oʻzbekiston">Oʻzbekistonda</a> madaniy oʻsimliklar genetikasi va seleksiyasi sohasidagi ilmiy tadqiqot ishlari boshlangʻich material hisoblangan oʻsimliklar genofondini yaratish bilan bogʻliq. Oʻsimliklar genofondi oʻsimliklarning ikki kolleksiyasini oʻz ichiga oladi. Ulardan biri oʻsimliklarning madaniy navlari, chala yovvoyi va yovvoyi ajdodlarining dunyo kolleksiyasidir. </p><p>Oʻzbekistonlik olimlar genetika S. Zaysev, F. M. Mauyer, A. A. Abdullayev va boshqalarning saʼy harakatlari tufayli mamlakatimizda madaniy oʻsimliklarning boy kolleksiyasi barpo etildi. Soʻnggi yillarda gʻoʻzaning sof gomozigotali izogen, mutant, monosomik va translokatsion liniyalar genetik kolleksiyasini yaratish ustida tadqiqotlar olib borildi (J. A. Musayev). Toshkent davlat universiteti (hozirgi <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzbekiston_milliy_universiteti" title="Oʻzbekiston milliy universiteti">Oʻzbekiston milliy universiteti</a>)ning bir guruh olimlari tomonidan gʻoʻzaning muhim morfologik, biologik, xoʻjalik ahamiyatiga ega belgilarning genetik asoslari oʻrganib chiqildi va genetik kolleksiyasi yaratildi. Kolleksiyaning asosiy qismi izogen liniyalar majmuasidan iborat boʻlib, oʻzining sifati va soni jihatidan mamlakatlar ichida yagona hisoblanadi. Bunday kolleksiyalar gʻoʻzaning monosom va translokatsion liniyalari boʻyicha ham barpo etilgan. Keyingi yillarda genetika sohasidagi tadqiqotlar Genetika va oʻsimliklar eksperimental biologiyasi institutit ham olib borildi. Gʻoʻza sitogenetikasi va seleksiyasi sohalaridagi tadqiqotlarning rivojlanishiga S. S. Kanash, L. Genetika Arutyunova, F. M. Mauyer, A. A. Abdullayev, A. I. Avtonomov, L. V. Rumshevich, S. M. Mirahmedov, S. S. Sodiqov, B. P. Straumal va boshqalar katta hissa qoʻshdi. N. N. Nazirov, O. J. Jalilov olib borgan tadqiqotlar asosida radiobiologiya, radiatsion seleksiyaning nazariy va amaliy asoslari ishlab chiqildi. Gʻoʻza mutagenezi sohasida bir qancha muhim tadqiqotlar olib borildi (Sh. I. Ibrohimov, A. E. Egamberdiyev va boshqalar). Genetika sohasidagi tadqiqotlar bogʻdorchilik va tokchilik, donchilik, sholichilik, sabzavotchilik, botanika intlarida hamda bir qancha oliy oʻquv yurtlari kafedralarida olib boriladi. </p><p>Hayvonlar genetikasi va seleksiyasi sohasidagi tadqiqotlar chorvachilik, qorakoʻlchilik va ipakchilik ilmiy tadqiqot intlarida amalga oshiriladi. S. I. Shodmonov ishlab chiqqan immunogenetik metod krramollar seleksiyasi samaradorligini oshirish imkonini berdi. S. A. Azimov olib borgan genetik va seleksion tadqiqotlar natijasida sermahsul tovuq zotlari yetishtirildi. V. A. Strunnikov, U. N. Nasrullayev va boshqalar olib borgan izlanishlar tufayli ipak qurtining kelgusida erkak kapalaklar rivojlanib chiqadigan tuxumlarini tuxumlik davridan ajratib olish imkoniyati tugʻildi. Odam genetikasi va molekulyar biologiyaga oid ilmiy tadqiqot ishlari tibbiyot va pediatriya oliy oʻquv yurtlari kafedralarida hamda endokrinologiya, <a href="/wiki/Biokimyo" title="Biokimyo">biokimyo</a>, immunologiya, virusologiya, onkologiya va radiologiya ilmiy tadqiqot institutlarida amalga oshiriladi. Molekulyar genetika, biokimyo, gen injeneriyasi va biotexnologiya sohasidagi ilmiy izlanishlar genetika va oʻsimliklar eksperimental biologiyasi, bioorganik kimyo, mikrobiologiya kabi ilmiy tadqiqot intlari va OʻzMUda olib boriladi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetika_fanlari_sistemasi">Genetika fanlari sistemasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Genetika fanlari sistemasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Genetika fanlari sistemasi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tekshiradigan obʼyektiga binoan genetika odam genetikasi, hayvonlar genetikasi, oʻsimliklar genetikasi, mikroorganizmlar genetikasi, viruslar genetikasi kabi bir qancha fanlarga boʻlinadi. Bu fanlar ham oʻz navbatida bir qancha xususiy fanlarga (masalan: <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBsimliklar" title="Oʻsimliklar">oʻsimliklar</a> genetikasi, <a href="/wiki/G%CA%BBo%CA%BBza" title="Gʻoʻza">gʻoʻza</a> genetikasi, <a href="/wiki/Bug%CA%BBdoy" title="Bugʻdoy">bugʻdoy</a> genetikasi, <a href="/wiki/Sholi" title="Sholi">sholi</a> genetikasiga) ajratiladi. Qoʻllaniladigan ilmiy metodlariga binoan klassik genetikani (Mendel), sitogenetika, biokimyo, molekulyar, fiziologik, ekologik genetika kabi tarmoklarga boʻlish mumkin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nasldorlik_xossalari">Nasldorlik xossalari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Nasldorlik xossalari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Nasldorlik xossalari"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diskret_nasldorlik_va_Mendel_qonunlari">Diskret nasldorlik va Mendel qonunlari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Diskret nasldorlik va Mendel qonunlari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Diskret nasldorlik va Mendel qonunlari"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendel_nasldorligi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendel nasldorligi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Mendel nasldorligi</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/200px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/300px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/400px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Punnett kvadratida ikki noʻxat oʻsimligining pushti (B) va oq (b) gʻunchalari geterozigotik bogʻlanganligi koʻrsatilgan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Organizmlardagi nasldorlikning fundamental birligi <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">„gen“</a> deb ataluvchi diskret vositalardir. Bu fundamentallikni ilk bor <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> kuzatdi; u <a href="/wiki/No%CA%BBxat" title="Noʻxat">noʻxat</a> oʻsimligidagi nasldorlikni oʻrganayotgan edi. U oʻz tajribalarida noʻxat gullari doimo yo pushti, yoki oq boʻlishini va hech qachon aralash rangli boʻlmasligini aniqladi. Genning ushbu farqli shakllari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allel (sahifa yaratilmagan)">„allellar“</a> deb ataladi. </p><p>Noʻxat gullari bilan bogʻliq vaziyatda har bir organizm har bir gendan ikkitadan allelga ega va bir oʻsimlikka bir ajdoddan bitta allel oʻtgan. Aksar organizmlar, shu jumladan odamlar ham, <a href="/wiki/Diploid" title="Diploid">diploiddirlar</a>, yaʼni bir gendan ikki dona allelga egalar. Bir allelning ikki nusxasiga ega organizmlar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gomozigota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gomozigota (sahifa yaratilmagan)">„gomozigota“</a>, ikki turli allelga ega organizmlar esa <a href="/wiki/Geterozigota" title="Geterozigota">„geterozigota“</a> deyiladi. </p><p>Berilgan organizm uchun mavjud allellar toʻplami <a href="/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip">„genotip“</a>, oʻsha allellar tufayli paydo boʻluvchi xususiyatlar (masalan, noʻxat gʻunchasi rangi) <a href="/wiki/Fenotip" title="Fenotip">„fenotip“</a> deyiladi. Geterozigotik organizmlarda bir allel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominant_allel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominant allel (sahifa yaratilmagan)">„dominant“</a> deb nomlanadi, dominant allel fenotipni belgilaydi; boshqa allel esa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retsessiv_allel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retsessiv allel (sahifa yaratilmagan)">„retsessiv“</a> deyiladi, uning taʼsiri fenotipda kuzatilmaydi. Dominant allelni biror bosh <a href="/wiki/Harf" title="Harf">harf</a> bilan, retsessiv allelni esa oʻsha harfning kichigi bilan belgilash qabul qilingan. Baʼzi allellar mutlaq dominant boʻlmay, fenotipga toʻliq taʼsir etmaydi. </p><p>Organizmlar nasl qoldirganda, avlod organizmlar ajdodlardan tasodifiy allellarni saqlab qolishadi. Shunday tasodifiy nasldorlik kombinatsiyasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Punnett_kvadrati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Punnett kvadrati (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Punnett kvadrati</a> deb ataluvchi sxemada koʻrsatilishi mumkin. Allellar segregatsiyasi orqali kechuvchi diskret nasldorlikning bunday kuzatuv natijalari „Mendel’ning birinchi qonuni“ yoki „Segregatsiya qonuni“ deyiladi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manbalar">Manbalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Manbalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Manbalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3605845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321880&redirect=true">„Genetikos (γενετ-ικός)“</a></span>. <i>Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon</i>.  Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University. 15-iyun 2010-yilda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100615000649/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=#1980&redirect=true">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 20-fevral 2012-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321873&redirect=true">„Genesis (γένεσις)“</a></span>. <i>Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon</i>.  Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University. 15-iyun 2010-yilda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100615000649/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=#1980&redirect=true">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 20-fevral 2012-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Genetic&searchmode=none">"Genetic"</a>. <i>Genetic</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Genetic&searchmode=none">http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Genetic&searchmode=none</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Genetic&rft.atitle=Genetic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3DGenetic%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genetika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>   </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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