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id="toc-Language_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Language and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_departments_and_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_departments_and_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>List of departments and districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_departments_and_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Decline and fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Italien_(1805%E2%80%931814)" title="Königreich Italien (1805–1814) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Königreich Italien (1805–1814)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مملكة إيطاليا النابوليونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة إيطاليا النابوليونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1805-1814)" title="Кралство Италия (1805-1814) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Италия (1805-1814)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Italia_(1805-1814)" title="Rouantelezh Italia (1805-1814) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Italia (1805-1814)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_napole%C3%B2nic_d%27It%C3%A0lia" title="Regne napoleònic d'Itàlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne napoleònic d'Itàlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingharian_sa_Italya_(Napoleoniko)" title="Gingharian sa Italya (Napoleoniko) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gingharian sa Italya (Napoleoniko)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD_(1805%E2%80%931814)" title="Italské království (1805–1814) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Italské království (1805–1814)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_Italien_(1805-1814)" title="Kongeriget Italien (1805-1814) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Italien (1805-1814)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Italien_(1805%E2%80%931814)" title="Königreich Italien (1805–1814) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Italien (1805–1814)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalia_kuningriik_(Napoleoni)" title="Itaalia kuningriik (Napoleoni) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Itaalia kuningriik (Napoleoni)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(1805-1814)" title="Βασίλειο της Ιταλίας (1805-1814) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Ιταλίας (1805-1814)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Italia_(1805-1814)" title="Reino de Italia (1805-1814) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Italia (1805-1814)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Italio_(1805%E2%80%931814)" title="Reĝlando Italio (1805–1814) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Italio (1805–1814)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_d%27Italie_(1805-1814)" title="Royaume d'Italie (1805-1814) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume d'Italie (1805-1814)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Italia_(1805-1814)" title="Reino de Italia (1805-1814) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Italia (1805-1814)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD_(1805%EB%85%84~1814%EB%85%84)" title="이탈리아 왕국 (1805년~1814년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아 왕국 (1805년~1814년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իտալական թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իտալական թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevstvo_Italija_(1805._%E2%80%93_1814.)" title="Kraljevstvo Italija (1805. – 1814.) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevstvo Italija (1805. – 1814.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Italia_(Napoleon)" title="Kerajaan Italia (Napoleon) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Italia (Napoleon)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_d%27Italia_(1805-1814)" title="Regno d'Italia (1805-1814) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno d'Italia (1805-1814)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ממלכת איטליה הנפוליאונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת איטליה הנפוליאונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A_(1805%E2%80%941814)" title="Италия короллукъ (1805—1814) – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Италия короллукъ (1805—1814)" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Italicum_(1805-1814)" title="Regnum Italicum (1805-1814) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Italicum (1805-1814)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C4%81lijas_Karaliste_(1805%E2%80%941814)" title="Itālijas Karaliste (1805—1814) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Itālijas Karaliste (1805—1814)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijos_karalyst%C4%97_(1805%E2%80%931814)" title="Italijos karalystė (1805–1814) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Italijos karalystė (1805–1814)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1liai_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g_(1805%E2%80%931814)" title="Itáliai Királyság (1805–1814) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Itáliai Királyság (1805–1814)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Кралство Италија (Наполеонова) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Италија (Наполеонова)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Itali_(1805-1814)" title="Kerajaan Itali (1805-1814) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Itali (1805-1814)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Itali%C3%AB_(1805-1814)" title="Koninkrijk Italië (1805-1814) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Italië (1805-1814)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD_(1805%E5%B9%B4-1814%E5%B9%B4)" title="イタリア王国 (1805年-1814年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリア王国 (1805年-1814年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleons_italienske_konged%C3%B8mme" title="Napoleons italienske kongedømme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Napoleons italienske kongedømme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_W%C5%82och_(1805%E2%80%931814)" title="Królestwo Włoch (1805–1814) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Włoch (1805–1814)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_It%C3%A1lia_(1805%E2%80%931814)" title="Reino de Itália (1805–1814) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Itália (1805–1814)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Italiei_(napoleonian)" title="Regatul Italiei (napoleonian) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Italiei (napoleonian)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1805%E2%80%941814)" title="Королевство Италия (1805—1814) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевство Италия (1805—1814)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijansko_kraljestvo" title="Italijansko kraljestvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Italijansko kraljestvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Краљевина Италија (Наполеонска) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Италија (Наполеонска)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Italija_(1805%E2%80%931814)" title="Kraljevina Italija (1805–1814) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevina Italija (1805–1814)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_kuningaskunta_(Napoleon)" title="Italian kuningaskunta (Napoleon) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Italian kuningaskunta (Napoleon)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Italien_(Napoleontiden)" title="Kungariket Italien (Napoleontiden) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Italien (Napoleontiden)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5_(%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99)" title="ราชอาณาจักรอิตาลี (นโปเลียน) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรอิตาลี (นโปเลียน)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talya_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_(1805-1814)" title="İtalya Krallığı (1805-1814) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İtalya Krallığı (1805-1814)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5)" title="Італійське королівство (Наполеонівське) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Італійське королівство (Наполеонівське)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81_(%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86)" title="مملکت اطالیہ (نیپولین) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت اطالیہ (نیپولین)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_d%27Ita%C5%82ia_(1805-1814)" title="Regno d'Itałia (1805-1814) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Regno d'Itałia (1805-1814)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_%C3%9D_(Napol%C3%A9on)" title="Vương quốc Ý (Napoléon) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Ý (Napoléon)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3)" title="義大利王國 (拿破崙時代) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="義大利王國 (拿破崙時代)" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other kingdoms of Italy, see <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Italy (disambiguation)">Kingdom of Italy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Italy</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Regno d'Italia</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Royaume d'Italie</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1805–1814</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Napoleonic_Italy" title="Flags of Napoleonic Italy">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1805-1814).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Italy"><img alt="Coat of arms of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281805-1814%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281805-1814%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281805-1814%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281805-1814%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281805-1814%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281805-1814%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Napoleonic_Italy" title="Coat of arms of Napoleonic Italy"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Italy in 1812"><img alt="The Kingdom of Italy in 1812" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Kingdom of Italy in 1812</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialects">Romagnol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1805–1814 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Italy">Viceroy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1805–1814 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Consultant_Senate" title="Consultant Senate">Consultant Senate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">Proclamation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 1805</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Statute_of_Italy" title="Constitutional Statute of Italy">Constitution adopted</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 1805</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Coronations_in_Europe#Italy" title="Coronations in Europe">Coronation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 May 1805</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Peace of Pressburg</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1805</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Battle of the Mincio River</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 February 1814</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 April 1814</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 May 1814</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_the_Italian_Republic_%281802%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Republic_%281802%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_the_Italian_Republic_%281802%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Republic_%281802%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_the_Italian_Republic_%281802%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Republic_%281802%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italian Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/CoA_of_Venetian_Province_%28Wiki_Style%29.svg/20px-CoA_of_Venetian_Province_%28Wiki_Style%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/CoA_of_Venetian_Province_%28Wiki_Style%29.svg/30px-CoA_of_Venetian_Province_%28Wiki_Style%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/CoA_of_Venetian_Province_%28Wiki_Style%29.svg/40px-CoA_of_Venetian_Province_%28Wiki_Style%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="561" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Province" title="Venetian Province">Venetian Province</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281803-1825%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281803-1825%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281803-1825%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281803-1825%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281803-1825%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281803-1825%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="582" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/St._Blaise_-_State_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.svg/20px-St._Blaise_-_State_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/St._Blaise_-_State_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.svg/30px-St._Blaise_-_State_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/St._Blaise_-_State_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.svg/40px-St._Blaise_-_State_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/20px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/30px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/40px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/20px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/30px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/40px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Italy" title="Category:History of Italy">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of <span class="fn org label">Italy</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old map of Italian peninsula"><img alt="Old map of Italian peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/150px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/225px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/300px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="6272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistoric Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a> (18th–3rd c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> (12th–6th c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> (8th–3rd c. BC)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">Populares</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">Optimates</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> (27 BC–286 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> (286 AD–476 AD) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture of Italy</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer's</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 476–493</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 493–553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 435–534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 568–774</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Frankish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 774–962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Imperial_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 962–1801</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantine reconquest of Italy</a> (6th–8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a> in southern Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> (14th–16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> (1494–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic revival</a> (1545–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> Italy (1801–1814)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Risorgimento</a></i> (1815–1871)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy</a> (1861–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy in World War I</a> (1914–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascism</a> (1922–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy in World War II</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li>Fascist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Partisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> (1946–<i>present</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> (1970s–1980s) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a> (1986–1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></i> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020–<i>present</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railway</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline</a><br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Italy" title="Template:History of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Italy" title="Template talk:History of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Italy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Regno d'Italia</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Royaume d'Italie</i>) was a kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italian Republic</a>) that was a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>. It was fully influenced by <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars">revolutionary France</a> and ended with Napoleon's defeat and fall. Its government was assumed by Napoleon as King of Italy and the viceroyalty delegated to his stepson <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a>. It covered some of <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and the modern regions of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a>. Napoleon I also ruled the rest of northern and central Italy in the form of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, but directly as part of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a> (as <a href="/wiki/130_departments_of_the_First_French_Empire" title="130 departments of the First French Empire">departments</a>), rather than as part of a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_statutes">Constitutional statutes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Constitutional statutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Crown.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/280px-Iron_Crown.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/420px-Iron_Crown.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/560px-Iron_Crown.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown of Lombardy</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Statute_of_Italy" title="Constitutional Statute of Italy">Constitutional Statute of Italy</a></div> <p>The Kingdom of Italy was born on 17 March 1805, when the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italian Republic</a>, whose president was Napoleon Bonaparte, became the Kingdom of Italy, with the same man (now styled Napoleon I) as the new <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> and his 24-year-old stepson <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a> as his <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a>. Napoleon I was crowned at the <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> on 23 May, with the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown of Lombardy</a>. His title was "Emperor of the French and King of Italy" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Empereur des Français et Roi d'Italie</i>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Imperatore dei Francesi e Re d'Italia</i>), showing the importance of this Italian kingdom to him.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though the republican constitution was never formally abolished, a series of Constitutional Statutes completely altered it. The first one was proclaimed two days after the birth of the kingdom, on 19 March,<sup id="cite_ref-dircost_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dircost-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the Consulta declared Napoleon I as king and established that one of his natural or adopted sons would succeed him once the Napoleonic Wars were over, and once separated the two thrones were to remain separate. The second one, dating from 29 March, regulated the regency, the Great Officials of the kingdom, and the oaths. </p><p>The most important was the third, proclaimed on 5 June, being the real constitution of the kingdom: Napoleon I was the head of state and had the full powers of government; in his absence, he was represented by the Viceroy, Eugène de Beauharnais. The Consulta, Legislative Council, and Speakers were all merged into a Council of State, whose opinions became only optional and not binding for the king. The Legislative Body, the old parliament, remained in theory, but it was never summoned after 1805; the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a> was introduced on 21 March 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_B._Holtman_1981_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_B._Holtman_1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fourth Statute, decided on 16 February 1806, indicated Beauharnais as the heir to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-dircost_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dircost-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fifth and the sixth Statutes, on 21 March 1808, separated the Consulta from the Council of State, and renamed it the Senate, with the duty of informing the king about the wishes of his most important subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-dircost_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dircost-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seventh Statute, on 21 September, created a new nobility of dukes, counts and barons; the eighth and the ninth, on 15 March 1810, established the annuity for the members of the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-dircost_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dircost-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1812, a <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Accounts">Court of Accounts</a> was added. </p><p>The government had seven ministers: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of War">Minister of War</a> was at first General <a href="/wiki/Marie-Fran%C3%A7ois_Auguste_de_Caffarelli_du_Falga" title="Marie-François Auguste de Caffarelli du Falga">Augusto Caffarelli</a>, later General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Danna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Danna (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Danna</a> for a year, and then, from 1811, General <a href="/wiki/Achille_Fontanelli" title="Achille Fontanelli">Achille Fontanelli</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Interior">Minister of Interior</a> was at first <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Arborio_di_Breme" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludovico Arborio di Breme">Ludovico Arborio di Breme</a> and then, from 1809, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Vaccari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Vaccari (page does not exist)">Luigi Vaccari</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a> was <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Marescalchi" title="Ferdinando Marescalchi">Ferdinando Marescalchi</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice">Minister of Justice</a> and Great Judge was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Luosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Luosi (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Luosi</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Treasury">Minister of the Treasury</a> was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Veneri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Veneri (page does not exist)">Antonio Veneri</a> and then, from 1811, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrogio_Birago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambrogio Birago (page does not exist)">Ambrogio Birago</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Finance">Minister of Finance</a> was <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Prina" title="Giuseppe Prina">Giuseppe Prina</a>;</li> <li>The Minister of Religion was <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bovara" title="Giovanni Bovara">Giovanni Bovara</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Napoleon I, King of Italy (1805–1814)"><img alt="Napoleon I, King of Italy (1805–1814)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani.jpg/89px-Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani.jpg/134px-Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani.jpg/178px-Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Napoleon I,<br />King of Italy<br />(1805–1814)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais,_vice-roi_d%27Italie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eugène de Beauharnais, Viceroy of Italy (1805–1814)"><img alt="Eugène de Beauharnais, Viceroy of Italy (1805–1814)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais%2C_vice-roi_d%27Italie.jpg/93px-Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais%2C_vice-roi_d%27Italie.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais%2C_vice-roi_d%27Italie.jpg/139px-Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais%2C_vice-roi_d%27Italie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais%2C_vice-roi_d%27Italie.jpg/185px-Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais%2C_vice-roi_d%27Italie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eugène de Beauharnais,<br />Viceroy of Italy<br />(1805–1814)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbaye-%C3%A9cole_de_Sor%C3%A8ze_-_Auguste_de_Caffarelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Augusto Caffarelli, Minister of War (1806–1810)"><img alt="Augusto Caffarelli, Minister of War (1806–1810)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abbaye-%C3%A9cole_de_Sor%C3%A8ze_-_Auguste_de_Caffarelli.jpg/106px-Abbaye-%C3%A9cole_de_Sor%C3%A8ze_-_Auguste_de_Caffarelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abbaye-%C3%A9cole_de_Sor%C3%A8ze_-_Auguste_de_Caffarelli.jpg/160px-Abbaye-%C3%A9cole_de_Sor%C3%A8ze_-_Auguste_de_Caffarelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abbaye-%C3%A9cole_de_Sor%C3%A8ze_-_Auguste_de_Caffarelli.jpg/213px-Abbaye-%C3%A9cole_de_Sor%C3%A8ze_-_Auguste_de_Caffarelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2345" data-file-height="2641" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Augusto Caffarelli,<br />Minister of War<br />(1806–1810)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PORTRAIT_OF_ACHILLE_FONTANELLI.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Achille Fontanelli, Minister of War (1811–1813)"><img alt="Achille Fontanelli, Minister of War (1811–1813)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/PORTRAIT_OF_ACHILLE_FONTANELLI.PNG/91px-PORTRAIT_OF_ACHILLE_FONTANELLI.PNG" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/PORTRAIT_OF_ACHILLE_FONTANELLI.PNG/136px-PORTRAIT_OF_ACHILLE_FONTANELLI.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/PORTRAIT_OF_ACHILLE_FONTANELLI.PNG/182px-PORTRAIT_OF_ACHILLE_FONTANELLI.PNG 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="934" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Achille Fontanelli,<br />Minister of War<br />(1811–1813)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinando_Marescalchi_(Guttenbrunn).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferdinando Marescalchi, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1805–1814)"><img alt="Ferdinando Marescalchi, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1805–1814)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ferdinando_Marescalchi_%28Guttenbrunn%29.jpg/91px-Ferdinando_Marescalchi_%28Guttenbrunn%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ferdinando_Marescalchi_%28Guttenbrunn%29.jpg/137px-Ferdinando_Marescalchi_%28Guttenbrunn%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ferdinando_Marescalchi_%28Guttenbrunn%29.jpg/183px-Ferdinando_Marescalchi_%28Guttenbrunn%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ferdinando Marescalchi,<br />Minister of Foreign Affairs<br />(1805–1814)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Luosi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giuseppe Luosi, Minister of Justice (1805–1814)"><img alt="Giuseppe Luosi, Minister of Justice (1805–1814)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Giuseppe_Luosi.jpg/93px-Giuseppe_Luosi.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Giuseppe_Luosi.jpg/139px-Giuseppe_Luosi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Giuseppe_Luosi.jpg/186px-Giuseppe_Luosi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Giuseppe Luosi,<br />Minister of Justice<br />(1805–1814)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territory">Territory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1807KingdomItaly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1807KingdomItaly.jpg/350px-1807KingdomItaly.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1807KingdomItaly.jpg/525px-1807KingdomItaly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1807KingdomItaly.jpg/700px-1807KingdomItaly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Italy in 1807, with Istria and Dalmatia, shown in yellow</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1french-empire1811.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/1french-empire1811.jpg/150px-1french-empire1811.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/1french-empire1811.jpg/225px-1french-empire1811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/1french-empire1811.jpg/300px-1french-empire1811.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2247" data-file-height="1798" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Italy in 1811, shown in pink</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally, the Kingdom consisted of the territories of the Italian Republic: the former <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Modena">Duchy of Modena</a>, the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Agogna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Agogna (page does not exist)">Department of Agogna</a> (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_dell%27Agogna" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento dell'Agogna">it</a>) centred on <a href="/wiki/Novara" title="Novara">Novara</a>. </p><p>After the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a> and the consequent <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Treaty of Pressburg</a>, on 1 May 1806, the Kingdom gained from <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> the eastern and remaining part of the Venetian territories, including <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> down to <a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Kotor</a> (then called Cattaro), though it lost <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massa-Carrara" title="Province of Massa-Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a> to <a href="/wiki/Elisa_Bonaparte" title="Elisa Bonaparte">Elisa Bonaparte</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Principality of Lucca and Piombino</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a> was annexed on 24 May. </p><p>With the Convention of Fontainebleau with Austria of 10 October 1807, Italy ceded <a href="/wiki/Monfalcone" title="Monfalcone">Monfalcone</a> to Austria and gained <a href="/wiki/Gradisca" class="mw-redirect" title="Gradisca">Gradisca</a>, putting the new border on the <a href="/wiki/So%C4%8Da" title="Soča">Isonzo</a> river. </p><p>The conquered <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a> was annexed in spring 1808 by General <a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a>. On 2 April 1808, following the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, the Kingdom annexed the present-day <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marches</a>. At its maximum extent, the Kingdom had 6,700,000 inhabitants and was composed by 2,155 comunes. </p><p>The final arrangement arrived after the defeat of Austria in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a>: Emperor Napoleon and King <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Treaty of Paris</a> on 28 February 1810, deciding an exchange of territories involving Italy too. </p><p>On rewards in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> ceded southern <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a> to the Kingdom of Italy, which in turn ceded Istria and Dalmatia (with Ragusa) to France, incorporating the Adriatic territories into newly created the French <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a>. Small changes to the borders between Italy and France in <a href="/wiki/Garfagnana" title="Garfagnana">Garfagnana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a> came in act on 5 August 1811. </p><p>In practice, the Kingdom was a dependency of the French Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kingdom served as a theater in Napoleon's operations against Austria during the wars of the various <a href="/wiki/Coalitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalitions">coalitions</a>. Trading with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> was forbidden under the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Currency">Currency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:40_lire_1808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/40_lire_1808.jpg/140px-40_lire_1808.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/40_lire_1808.jpg/210px-40_lire_1808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/40_lire_1808.jpg/280px-40_lire_1808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption><i>40 lire</i> coin of the<br /><i>Regno d'Italia</i> (1808)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleone_5_lire_76001838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Napoleone_5_lire_76001838.jpg/140px-Napoleone_5_lire_76001838.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Napoleone_5_lire_76001838.jpg/210px-Napoleone_5_lire_76001838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Napoleone_5_lire_76001838.jpg/280px-Napoleone_5_lire_76001838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption><i>5 lire</i> coin of the<br /><i>Regno d'Italia</i> (1812)</figcaption></figure> <p>The kingdom was given a new national currency, replacing the local coins circulating in the country: the <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a>, of the same size, weight, and metal of the <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mintage being decided by Napoleon with an imperial decree on 21 March 1806, the production of the new coins began in 1807. The monetary unit was the <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> lira, which was 5 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a> heavy. There were multiples of £2 (10 grams of silver) and £5 (25 grams of silver), and precious coins of £20 (6.45 grams of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>) and £40 (12.9 grams of gold). The lira was basically divided in 100 cents, and there were coins of 1 cent (2.1 grams of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>), 3 cents (6.3 grams of copper), and 10 cents (2 grams of poor silver), but following the tradition, there was a division in 20 <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">soldi</a>, with coins of 1 soldo (10.5 grams of copper, in practice 5 cents), 5 soldi (1.25 grams of silver), 10 soldi (2.5 grams of silver), and 15 soldi (3.75 grams of silver). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Army">Army</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The army of the kingdom, inserted into the <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a></i>, took part in all of <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleon's campaigns</a>. In the course of its existence from 1805 to 1814 the <i>Kingdom of Italy</i> provided Napoleon I with roughly around 200,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-SAR_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DES_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DES-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1805 Italian troops served on garrison duty along the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, during 1806–07 they took part in the sieges of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a> and fought in Dalmatia.<sup id="cite_ref-JRE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1808 to 1813 whole Italian divisions served in <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Spain</a>, especially distinguishing themselves under <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gabriel_Suchet" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Gabriel Suchet">Suchet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum_(1811)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saguntum (1811)">Saguntum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SWS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ATH_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATH-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1809, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène</a>'s <i>Army of Italy</i> formed the right wing of Napoleon I's invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, winning a considerable victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raab">Raab</a> and having a respectable share in the victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JRE_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JRA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1812, Eugène de Beauharnais marched 27,000 troops of the <i>Kingdom of Italy</i> into <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SPA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian contingent distinguished themselves at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ENC_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GFB_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFB-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> receiving the recognition:<sup id="cite_ref-RTW_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTW-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>"The Italian army had displayed qualities which entitled it evermore to take rank amongst the bravest troops of Europe."</i></p></blockquote> <p>Only 1,000–2,000 Italians survived the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">Russian campaign</a>, but they returned with most of their banners secured.<sup id="cite_ref-SPA_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MON_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MON-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1813, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a> held out as long as possible against the onslaught of the Austrians<sup id="cite_ref-ENC_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Battle of the Mincio</a>)</i> and was later forced to sign an armistice in February 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-TJA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TJA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NapItal0a.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Troop uniforms of the Kingdom of Italy, 1805–14"><img alt="Troop uniforms of the Kingdom of Italy, 1805–14" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NapItal0a.png/88px-NapItal0a.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NapItal0a.png/132px-NapItal0a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NapItal0a.png/176px-NapItal0a.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="945" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Troop uniforms of the Kingdom of Italy, 1805–14</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NapItal0b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NapItal0b.png/88px-NapItal0b.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NapItal0b.png/131px-NapItal0b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NapItal0b.png/175px-NapItal0b.png 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="945" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NapoleonicMilitaryParadeMilan1812.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Military parade in 1812"><img alt="Military parade in 1812" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/NapoleonicMilitaryParadeMilan1812.png/120px-NapoleonicMilitaryParadeMilan1812.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/NapoleonicMilitaryParadeMilan1812.png/180px-NapoleonicMilitaryParadeMilan1812.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/NapoleonicMilitaryParadeMilan1812.png/240px-NapoleonicMilitaryParadeMilan1812.png 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Military parade in 1812</div> </li> </ul> <p><b>Infantry:</b> </p> <ul><li>Line infantry: five regiments from the Italian Republic, with two more later raised, in 1805 and 1808.</li> <li>Light infantry: three regiments from the Italian Republic, plus another one raised in 1811.</li> <li>Royal Guard: two battalions from the Italian Republic (<i>Granatieri</i> and <i>Cacciatori</i>), plus other two (<i>Velites</i>) raised in 1806, plus two battalions of young guard raised in 1810, and another two raised in 1811.</li></ul> <p><b>Cavalry:</b> </p> <ul><li>Dragoons: two regiments from the Italian Republic.</li> <li><i>Cacciatori a Cavallo</i> (light horse): one regiment from the Italian Republic, plus three others, raised in 1808, 1810, and 1811.</li> <li>Royal Guard: two squadrons of dragoons, five companies of Guards of Honour.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_administration">Local administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Local administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3428_-_Milano_-_Ex_palazzo_del_Senato_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_23-June-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/3428_-_Milano_-_Ex_palazzo_del_Senato_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_23-June-2007.jpg/215px-3428_-_Milano_-_Ex_palazzo_del_Senato_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_23-June-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/3428_-_Milano_-_Ex_palazzo_del_Senato_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_23-June-2007.jpg/323px-3428_-_Milano_-_Ex_palazzo_del_Senato_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_23-June-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/3428_-_Milano_-_Ex_palazzo_del_Senato_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_23-June-2007.jpg/430px-3428_-_Milano_-_Ex_palazzo_del_Senato_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_23-June-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Palace of the Senate, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MonsiauConsultaRepubliqueCsalpine1808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/MonsiauConsultaRepubliqueCsalpine1808.jpg/215px-MonsiauConsultaRepubliqueCsalpine1808.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/MonsiauConsultaRepubliqueCsalpine1808.jpg/323px-MonsiauConsultaRepubliqueCsalpine1808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/MonsiauConsultaRepubliqueCsalpine1808.jpg/430px-MonsiauConsultaRepubliqueCsalpine1808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <i><a href="/wiki/Consulte_de_Lyon" title="Consulte de Lyon">Consulte de Lyon</a></i> meeting in 1802, which gave birth to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italian Republic</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The administrative system of the Kingdom was firstly drawn by a law on 8 June 1805. The state was divided, following the French system, in 14 <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partements" class="mw-redirect" title="Départements">départements</a></i>, the twelve ones inherited from the republican era plus Adda (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sondrio" title="Province of Sondrio">Sondrio</a>) and Adige (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Verona" title="Province of Verona">Verona</a>). The chief of the department, the <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefect</a>, was the State's representative in each province, improved the administrative decisions of the central government, controlled the local authorities, led of the police and, differently from the republican era, had all the executive powers in its territory. The local legislative body was the <a href="/wiki/General_councils_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="General councils (France)">General Council</a>, composed by the representatives of the comunes. </p><p>The departments were divided in districts, equivalent to the French <i><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrondissements">arrondissements</a></i>. The chief of the district was the vice-prefect, which had similar powers to the prefect, but over a smaller area. The local legislative body was the District Council, composed by eleven members. The districts were divided, as in France, in <i><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_France" title="Cantons of France">cantons</a></i>, seats of Tax collectors and <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justices of the peace</a>. </p><p>The cantons were divided in <i><a href="/wiki/Comunes_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Comunes of Italy">comunes</a></i>. The comunes had a City Council (<i>Consiglio Comunale</i>) of fifteen, thirty or forty members, chosen by the king or the prefect depending by the comune size. The Council elected two, four or six Elders for the ordinary administration, helped by a City Secretary. The chief of biggest comunes was the royal <i><a href="/wiki/Podest%C3%A0" title="Podestà">Podestà</a></i>, when in smaller comunes there was a prefectoral <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a>. All the city offices were held only by owners and traders, and the leadership of the owners was assured. </p><p>During the kingdom's life, the administrative system of the State changed for domestic and international reasons. Following the defeat of Austria and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pressburg_(1805)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Pressburg (1805)">Treaty of Pressburg</a>, Napoleon annexed to Italy the territory of former <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, as announced on 30 March 1806, and ratified on 1 May. Seven new departments were created, six in the Venetian mainland, and one in Istria (<a href="/wiki/Istria_County" title="Istria County">Capodistria</a>), whereas <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> received special institutions led by the General Provider Mr. Dandolo, and maintained its own laws. On 14 July 1807, the government passed a decree that reduced the number of the comunes. Following the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, the kingdom was extended along the Adriatic coast, and on 20 April 1808, three new departments were established. The final territorial change came in action on 10 June 1810, when, as announced by Napoleon on previous 28 May, Italy lost Istria and the never fully incorporated Dalmatia, gaining as reward all the southern <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tirol</a> up to the city of <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a>, creating the 24th and last department: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alto_Adige" title="Department of Alto Adige">Haut Adige</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_education">Language and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language used officially in the Kingdom of Italy was <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>. The French language was used for ceremonies and in all relationships with France. </p><p>Education was made universal for all children, which was also conducted in Italian. By decree of the governor <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Dandolo" title="Vincenzo Dandolo">Vincenzo Dandolo</a>, this was so even in Istria and Dalmatia, where local populations were more heterogeneous.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_departments_and_districts">List of departments and districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List of departments and districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_administrative_divisions_of_the_First_French_Empire_1812-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_administrative_divisions_of_the_First_French_Empire_1812-en.svg/310px-Map_administrative_divisions_of_the_First_French_Empire_1812-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_administrative_divisions_of_the_First_French_Empire_1812-en.svg/465px-Map_administrative_divisions_of_the_First_French_Empire_1812-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_administrative_divisions_of_the_First_French_Empire_1812-en.svg/620px-Map_administrative_divisions_of_the_First_French_Empire_1812-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Italy in 1812, when it was extended from <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a> to central Adriatic Italy (<a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a>), losing at the same time Istria and Dalmatia</figcaption></figure> <p>During its last maximum extension (from 1809 to 1814), the Kingdom lost Istria/Dalmatia but got added Bolzano/Alto Adige and consisted of 24 departments.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Adda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Adda (page does not exist)">Adda</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_dell%27Adda_(1805)" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento dell'Adda (1805)">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Sondrio" title="Sondrio">Sondrio</a>) <ul><li><i>No districts</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Adige&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Adige (page does not exist)">Adige</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_dell%27Adige" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento dell'Adige">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Agogna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Agogna (page does not exist)">Agogna</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_dell%27Agogna" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento dell'Agogna">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Novara" title="Novara">Novara</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Novara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Novara (page does not exist)">District of Novara</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Vigevano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Vigevano (page does not exist)">District of Vigevano</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Domodossola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Domodossola (page does not exist)">District of Domodossola</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Varallo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Varallo (page does not exist)">District of Varallo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Arona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Arona (page does not exist)">District of Arona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alto_Adige" title="Department of Alto Adige">Alto Adige</a> (capital <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Crostolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Crostolo (page does not exist)">Crostolo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_Crostolo" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento del Crostolo">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Lario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Lario (page does not exist)">Lario</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_Lario_(1801)" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento del Lario (1801)">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Como&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Como (page does not exist)">District of Como</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Varese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Varese (page does not exist)">District of Varese</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Menaggio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Menaggio (page does not exist)">District of Menaggio</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Lecco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Lecco (page does not exist)">District of Lecco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Lower_Po&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Lower Po (page does not exist)">Lower Po</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_Basso_Po" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento del Basso Po">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Mella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Mella (page does not exist)">Mella</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_Mella" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento del Mella">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Brescia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Brescia (page does not exist)">District of Brescia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Chiari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Chiari (page does not exist)">District of Chiari</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Verolanuova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Verolanuova (page does not exist)">District of Verolanuova</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Sal%C3%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Salò (page does not exist)">District of Salò</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Mincio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Mincio (page does not exist)">Mincio</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_Mincio" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento del Mincio">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Mantua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Mantua (page does not exist)">District of Mantua</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Revere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Revere (page does not exist)">District of Revere</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Castiglione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Castiglione (page does not exist)">District of Castiglione</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Olona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Olona (page does not exist)">Olona</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_d%27Olona" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento d'Olona">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Milan" title="District of Milan">District of Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/District_of_Pavia" title="District of Pavia">District of Pavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/District_of_Monza" title="District of Monza">District of Monza</a>, <a href="/wiki/District_of_Gallarate" title="District of Gallarate">District of Gallarate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Panaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Panaro (page does not exist)">Panaro</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_Panaro" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento del Panaro">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Reno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Reno (page does not exist)">Reno</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_Reno" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento del Reno">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Rubicone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Rubicone (page does not exist)">Rubicone</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_Rubicone" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento del Rubicone">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Cesena" title="Cesena">Cesena</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Serio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Serio (page does not exist)">Serio</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_Serio" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento del Serio">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Bergamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Bergamo (page does not exist)">District of Bergamo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Treviglio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Treviglio (page does not exist)">District of Treviglio</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Clusone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Clusone (page does not exist)">District of Clusone</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Breno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Breno (page does not exist)">District of Breno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Upper_Po&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Upper Po (page does not exist)">Upper Po</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_dell%27Alto_Po" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento dell'Alto Po">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Cremona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Cremona (page does not exist)">District of Cremona</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Crema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Crema (page does not exist)">District of Crema</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Lodi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Lodi (page does not exist)">District of Lodi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Casalmaggiore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Casalmaggiore (page does not exist)">District of Casalmaggiore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Adriatico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Adriatico (page does not exist)">Adriatico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_dell%27Adriatico" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento dell'Adriatico">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Bacchiglinoe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Bacchiglinoe (page does not exist)">Bacchiglione</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_Bacchiglione" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento del Bacchiglione">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Brenta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Brenta (page does not exist)">Brenta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_Brenta" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento del Brenta">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Istria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Istria (page does not exist)">Istria</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_dell%27Istria" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento dell'Istria">it</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Passariano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Passariano (page does not exist)">Passariano</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_di_Passariano" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento di Passariano">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Udine" title="Udine">Udine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Piave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Piave (page does not exist)">Piave</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_della_Piave" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento della Piave">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Belluno" title="Belluno">Belluno</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Tagliamento&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Tagliamento (page does not exist)">Tagliamento</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_Tagliamento" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento del Tagliamento">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Treviso" title="Treviso">Treviso</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Metauro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Metauro (page does not exist)">Metauro</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_Metauro" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento del Metauro">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Musone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Musone (page does not exist)">Musone</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_Musone" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento del Musone">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Macerata" title="Macerata">Macerata</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Tronto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Tronto (page does not exist)">Tronto</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipartimento_del_Tronto" class="extiw" title="it:Dipartimento del Tronto">it</a>]</span> (capital <a href="/wiki/Fermo" title="Fermo">Fermo</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_and_fall">Decline and fall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Decline and fall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prina_lynched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Prina_lynched.jpg/220px-Prina_lynched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Prina_lynched.jpg/330px-Prina_lynched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Prina_lynched.jpg/440px-Prina_lynched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The murder of finance minister Prina in Milan marked the effective end of the kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Napoleon abdicated both the thrones of France and Italy on 11 April 1814, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a> was lined up on the <a href="/wiki/Mincio" title="Mincio">Mincio</a> river with his army to repel any invasion from Germany or Austria, and he attempted to be crowned king. The Senate of the Kingdom was summoned on 17 April, but the senators showed themselves undecided in that chaotic situation. When a second session of the assembly took place on 20 April, the Milan insurrection foiled the Viceroy's plan. In the riots, finance minister Count <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Prina" title="Giuseppe Prina">Giuseppe Prina</a> was massacred by the crowd, and the Great Electors disbanded the Senate and called the Austrian forces to protect the city, while a <i>Provisional Regency Government</i> under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Verri" title="Carlo Verri">Carlo Verri</a> was appointed. </p><p>Eugène surrendered on 23 April, and was exiled to Bavaria by the Austrians, who occupied Milan on 28 April. On 26 April, the Empire appointed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibale_Sommariva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annibale Sommariva (page does not exist)">Annibale Sommariva</a> as <i>Imperial Commissioner</i> of Lombardy, while many taxes were abolished or reduced by the Provisional Regency. Finally, on 25 May, the Supreme Imperial Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Count_Heinrich_von_Bellegarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Heinrich von Bellegarde">Count Heinrich von Bellegarde</a> took all the powers in Lombardy, and former monarchies in Modena, <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> were gradually re-established; on 30 May, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed, and the remains of the kingdom were annexed by the Austrian Empire as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a>, which was announced by Count Bellegarde on 12 June. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy">Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Napoleonic_Italy" title="Coat of arms of Napoleonic Italy">Coat of arms of Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Emblem of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Napoleonic_Italy" title="Flags of Napoleonic Italy">Flags of Napoleonic Italy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Desmond Gregory, <i>Napoleon's Italy</i> (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dircost-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dircost_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dircost_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dircost_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dircost_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dircost.unito.it/cs/docs/regnoitali.htm">"Statuti Costituzionali del Regno d'Italia (1805 al 1810)"</a>. <i>www.dircost.unito.it</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dircost.unito.it&rft.atitle=Statuti+Costituzionali+del+Regno+d%27Italia+%281805+al+1810%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dircost.unito.it%2Fcs%2Fdocs%2Fregnoitali.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy+%28Napoleonic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_B._Holtman_1981-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_B._Holtman_1981_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert B. Holtman, <i>The Napoleonic Revolution</i> (Baton Rouge: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>, 1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Napoleon Bonaparte, "The Economy of the Empire in Italy: Instructions from Napoleon to Eugène, Viceroy of Italy," <i>Exploring the European Past: Texts & Images</i>, Second Edition, ed. Timothy E. Gregory (Mason: Thomson, 2007), pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Equal to the franc, the new Napoleonic lira had a different value face to the old, ancient <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milanese_lira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milanese lira (page does not exist)">Milanese lira</a>. Distinguishing the two different coins, people began to refer to the new coin as <i>franc</i>. So, through the years, people in north-western Italy continued to call <i>franc</i> the lira in their local dialects until the changeover with <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> in 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dialettando.com/poesie/detail_new.lasso?id=5036">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAR-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAR_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarti2004" class="citation book cs1">Sarti, Roland (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italyreferencegu0000sart"><i>Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the Present</i></a></span>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy%3A+a+reference+guide+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sarti&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitalyreferencegu0000sart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy+%28Napoleonic%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DES-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DES_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2001" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Desmond (2001). <i>Napoleon's Italy: Desmond Gregory</i>. AUP Cranbury.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Italy%3A+Desmond+Gregory&rft.place=AUP+Cranbury&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy+%28Napoleonic%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JRE-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JRE_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JRE_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElting1988" class="citation book cs1">Elting, John R. (1988). <i>Swords around a throne</i>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swords+around+a+throne&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Elting&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy+%28Napoleonic%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SWS-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SWS_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1843" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Sir Walter (1843). <i>Life of Napoleon Buonaparte: Vol.4</i>. Edinburgh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Napoleon+Buonaparte%3A+Vol.4&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Sir+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy+%28Napoleonic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATH-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ATH_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiers1856" class="citation book cs1">Thiers, Adolphe (1856). <i>History of the consulate and the empire of France under Napoleon: Vol.13</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+consulate+and+the+empire+of+France+under+Napoleon%3A+Vol.13&rft.place=London&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Thiers&rft.aufirst=Adolphe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy+%28Napoleonic%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JRA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JRA_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1995" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, James R. (1995). <i>Napoleon conquers Austria: the 1809 campaign for Vienna</i>. Westport.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+conquers+Austria%3A+the+1809+campaign+for+Vienna&rft.place=Westport&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy+%28Napoleonic%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPA-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SPA_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPA_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_A._Davis,_Paul_Ginsborg1991" class="citation book cs1">John A. Davis, Paul Ginsborg (1991). <i>Society and Politics in the Age of the Risorgimento</i>. Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+and+Politics+in+the+Age+of+the+Risorgimento&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.date=1991&rft.au=John+A.+Davis%2C+Paul+Ginsborg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy+%28Napoleonic%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENC-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ENC_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENC_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica1972" class="citation book cs1">Encyclopædia Britannica (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedi197201chic"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica: Vol.1</i></a></span>. Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852291627" title="Special:BookSources/9780852291627"><bdi>9780852291627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+Vol.1&rft.place=Chicago&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780852291627&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaedi197201chic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy+%28Napoleonic%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFB-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GFB_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremont-Barnes2006" class="citation book cs1">Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2006). <i>The encyclopedia of the French revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: Vol.1</i>. Santa Barbara.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+the+French+revolutionary+and+Napoleonic+Wars%3A+Vol.1&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fremont-Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy+%28Napoleonic%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RTW-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RTW_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1860" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeevents00goog"><i>Narrative of events during the invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+events+during+the+invasion+of+Russia+by+Napoleon+Bonaparte&rft.place=London&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Sir+Robert+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarrativeevents00goog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy+%28Napoleonic%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MON-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MON_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontagu1913" class="citation book cs1">Montagu, Violette M. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eugnedebeauharn00montgoog"><i>Eugène de Beauharnais: the adopted son of Napoleon</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eug%C3%A8ne+de+Beauharnais%3A+the+adopted+son+of+Napoleon&rft.place=London&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Montagu&rft.aufirst=Violette+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feugnedebeauharn00montgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy+%28Napoleonic%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TJA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TJA_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaques2007" class="citation book cs1">Jaques, Tony (2007). <i>Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A–E</i>. Westport.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+A%E2%80%93E&rft.place=Westport&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Jaques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy+%28Napoleonic%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonio Virgili,<i> La Tradizione napoleonica</i>, CSI, Napoli, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical name changes can create confusion: the present-day Italian province of <i><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a></i> (called in Italian Alto Adige) does not cover the same area as the Napoleonic <i>Alto Adige</i>, which mainly correspondeds to the province of <i><a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a></i> including the city of <i><a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a></i> with its Southern surroundings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sumrada, Janez. <i>Napoleon na Jadranu / Napoleon dans l'Adriatique</i>.pag.37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilpostalista.it/francesi/cartaregno1.jpg">"Map of the Kingdom of Italy in 1808, when Ragusa in Dalmatia was part of the "Albania" department"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+of+the+Kingdom+of+Italy+in+1808%2C+when+Ragusa+in+Dalmatia+was+part+of+the+%22Albania%22+department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilpostalista.it%2Ffrancesi%2Fcartaregno1.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy+%28Napoleonic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Connelly, Owen. <i> Napoleon's Satellite Kingdoms</i> (1965)</li> <li>Gregory, Desmond. <i> Napoleon's Italy</i> (2001)</li> <li>Rath, R. John. <i>The Fall of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy (1814)</i> (1941)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napitalia.org.uk/"><i>Napitalia. The Eagle in Italy</i></a> about the army of the Kingdom of Italy under Napoleon.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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client states">Client states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1792–1815)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister<br />republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mainz" title="Republic of 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href="/wiki/Republic_of_Brescia" title="Republic of Brescia">Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crema" title="Republic of Crema">Crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (18th century)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberina_Republic" title="Tiberina Republic">Tiberinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Municipality_of_Venice" title="Provisional Municipality of Venice">Venice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_L%C3%A9man" title="Canton of Léman">Lemania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauracian_Republic" title="Rauracian Republic">Rauracia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais_Republic" title="Valais Republic">Valais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_French_Empire_1812.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Europe as at 1812, highlighting France and her client states" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/First_French_Empire_1812.svg/200px-First_French_Empire_1812.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/First_French_Empire_1812.svg/300px-First_French_Empire_1812.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/First_French_Empire_1812.svg/400px-First_French_Empire_1812.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a><br />creations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Aschaffenburg" title="Principality of Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Berg" title="Grand Duchy of Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Erfurt" title="Principality of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Frankfurt" title="Grand Duchy of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Leyen" title="Principality of Leyen">Leyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Regensburg" title="Principality of Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salm" title="Principality of Salm">Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm-Horstmar" title="Salm-Horstmar">Salm-Horstmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck" title="Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck">Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Grand Duchy of Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_campaign_of_1798" title="Mediterranean campaign of 1798">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Malta" title="French occupation of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Napoleonic_era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Napoleonic era)">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Danzig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template talk:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">List of historic states of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Pre-Roman period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC–395 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval<br />and<br />Early Modern<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Barbarian kingdoms<br />(476–774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Odoacer's rule</a> (476–493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic rule</a> (493–553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal rule</a> (435–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard rule</a> (568–774) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Duchy of Tridentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Duchy of Tuscia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (584–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> (584–751) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (533–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Perugia" title="Duchy of Perugia">Duchy of Perugia</a> (554–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolis" title="Duchy of the Pentapolis">Duchy of the Pentapolis</a> (554–752)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> (585–698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><br />(754–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagna_e_Marittima_Province" title="Campagna e Marittima Province">Campagna e Marittima Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Castro" title="Duchy of Castro">Duchy of Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />and other<br />independent<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Bressanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">City of Fiume and its District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">County of Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Guastalla" title="County of Guastalla">County of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Santa_Fiora" title="County of Santa Fiora">County of Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Ceva" title="Marquisate of Ceva">Ceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Finale" title="Marquisate of Finale">Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli" title="Patria del Friuli">Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ivrea" title="March of Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Milan" title="Lordship of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Montferrat" title="March of Montferrat">March of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Turin" title="March of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">Verona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania" title="Duchy of Merania">Duchy of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mirandola" title="Duchy of Mirandola">Duchy of Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Principality of Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Reggio" title="Duchy of Reggio">Duchy of Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Tarentaise" title="Ancient Diocese of Tarentaise">Bishopric of Tarantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Prince-Bishopric of Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Prince of Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">County of Tenda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a><br />(697–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogado" title="Dogado">Dogado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">Domini di Terraferma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other Republics<br />(c. 1000–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Massa" title="Republic of Massa">Republic of Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_south_Italian_principalities" title="List of south Italian principalities">Southern Italy</a><br />(774–1139)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Catepanate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_(theme)" title="Lucania (theme)">Theme of Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lombard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Principality of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aversa" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Aversa">County of Aversa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <br />(from the 9th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agugliastra" title="Agugliastra">Agugliastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Logudoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic of Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1324–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a><br />(1130–1816) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a><br />(1282–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">State of the Presidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_San_Donato" title="Duke of San Donato">Duke of San Donato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sora" title="Duchy of Sora">Duchy of Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bari" title="Duchy of Bari">Duchy of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)">Neapolitan Republic</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Revolutionary</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic</a> eras<br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1798%E2%80%931799)" title="Roman Republic (1798–1799)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Post-Napoleonic<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> (1815–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> (1815–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a> (1814–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1815–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces" title="Italian United Provinces">Italian United Provinces</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Provisional Government of Milan</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1814–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> (1816–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> (1815–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_unification" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1814–1870)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Post-unification" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1861–1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1947–1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" 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