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data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-商朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#商朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>商朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-商朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-周朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#周朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>周朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-周朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-漢朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#漢朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>漢朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-漢朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-南北朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#南北朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>南北朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-南北朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-隋朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#隋朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>隋朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-隋朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-唐朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#唐朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>唐朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-唐朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宋朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宋朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>宋朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宋朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-元朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>元朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-明朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#明朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>明朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-明朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-清朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#清朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>清朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-清朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中华民国" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中华民国"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>中华民国</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中华民国-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中華人民共和國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中華人民共和國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>中華人民共和國</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中華人民共和國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-扩展阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#扩展阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>扩展阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-扩展阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>注釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考书目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考书目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>參考书目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考书目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="这篇条目只存在于此语言中。添加其他语言的条目" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">添加语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10874606#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="添加跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">添加链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="关于此页面的讨论（页面不存在）[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&oldid=60503041" title="中國旱災史">2020年7月9日 (四) 10:22的版本</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&oldid=60503041" title="中國旱災史">编辑</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2020-07-09T10:22:20Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/2402:1980:82E1:3D89:50E9:16C6:6EAC:5E35" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:用户贡献/2402:1980:82E1:3D89:50E9:16C6:6EAC:5E35" data-mw-revid="60503041"><bdi>2402:1980:82e1:3d89:50e9:16c6:6eac:5e35</bdi></a><span class="mw-usertoollinks">（<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2402:1980:82E1:3D89:50E9:16C6:6EAC:5E35&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:2402:1980:82E1:3D89:50E9:16C6:6EAC:5E35（页面不存在）">留言</a>）</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"><span class="comment mw-comment-none">无编辑摘要</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE" title="Special:标签">标签</a>：<span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_edit"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%98%E5%8F%96" title="Wikipedia:行動存取">移动版</a>编辑</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_web_edit"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%98%E5%8F%96" title="Wikipedia:行動存取">移动版网页</a>编辑</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&diff=prev&oldid=60503041" title="中國旱災史" id="differences-prevlink">←上一版本</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&oldid=60793532" title="中國旱災史">2020年7月27日 (一) 06:44的版本</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&oldid=60793532" title="中國旱災史">编辑</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2020-07-27T06:44:23Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&undoafter=60503041&undo=60793532" title="“撤销”可以恢复该编辑并在预览模式下打开编辑表单。它允许在摘要中加入原因。">撤销</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/2402:1980:243:DD0D:95EE:CD9E:EF6E:7FA6" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:用户贡献/2402:1980:243:DD0D:95EE:CD9E:EF6E:7FA6" data-mw-revid="60793532"><bdi>2402:1980:243:dd0d:95ee:cd9e:ef6e:7fa6</bdi></a><span class="mw-usertoollinks">（<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2402:1980:243:DD0D:95EE:CD9E:EF6E:7FA6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:2402:1980:243:DD0D:95EE:CD9E:EF6E:7FA6（页面不存在）">留言</a>）</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><span class="comment mw-comment-none">无编辑摘要</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE" title="Special:标签">标签</a>：<span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-visualeditor"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E5%99%A8" title="Wikipedia:可视化编辑器">可视化编辑</a></span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_edit"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%98%E5%8F%96" title="Wikipedia:行動存取">移动版</a>编辑</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_web_edit"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%98%E5%8F%96" title="Wikipedia:行動存取">移动版网页</a>编辑</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&diff=next&oldid=60793532" title="中國旱災史" id="differences-nextlink">下一版本→</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第110行：</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第110行：</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== 中华民国 ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== 中华民国 ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>民國成立至抗戰前的二十六年之間，至少有十五年的</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>民國成立至抗戰前的二十六年之間，至少有十五年的<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">時間發生水、旱等災荒。<ref>鄧雲特：《中國救荒史》（1937年，初版；北京：商務印書館，一九九三年影印第一版），頁四○～四八。</ref></ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>時間發生水、旱等災荒。<ref>鄧雲特：《中國救荒史》（1937年，初版；北京：商務印書館，一九九三年影印第一版），頁四○～四八。</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>1929年，[[1929年陕西旱灾|陕西大旱]]，80%的县受灾，估计死亡加逃亡人数达300万。</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>《河南省志》记载1942年：“安阳苦旱，二麦未收，秋禾盈尺又未结实；淇县山丘颗粒未收；洛宁二麦收成不佳，早秋旱死，晚秋未出土。”河南《巩县县志》也记载：“民国三十一年，大旱，几近绝收，加之日军侵略酿成大灾，农民多以树皮、雁屎、观音土充饥。”</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>《河南省志》记载1942年：“安阳苦旱，二麦未收，秋禾盈尺又未结实；淇县山丘颗粒未收；洛宁二麦收成不佳，早秋旱死，晚秋未出土。”河南《巩县县志》也记载：“民国三十一年，大旱，几近绝收，加之日军侵略酿成大灾，农民多以树皮、雁屎、观音土充饥。”</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1942年河南爆發[[1942年河南饥荒|重大旱災]]</del>，<ref>据《宋任穷回忆錄》提到晋冀鲁豫根据地冀南军区：“一九四二年春，天旱无雨，夏粮收成无几。春旱持续发展，旱情波及十几个县，许多地方大秋作物无法下种，致使秋收所获甚微。一九四三年灾情更为严重。先是旱灾，自春到秋久旱无雨长达八个月。许多水井干涸，河水断流，甚至人畜的饮水都成了问题。”河南《前锋报》记者李蕤写道：“旱灾烧死了他们的麦子，蝗虫吃光了他们的高粱，冰雹打死了他们的荞麦，到秋天，最后的希望，又随着一棵棵的垂毙的秋苗枯焦。”</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">據當時的國民政府統計，這一年總共造成了360萬老百姓餓死。</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>，<ref>据《宋任穷回忆錄》提到晋冀鲁豫根据地冀南军区：“一九四二年春，天旱无雨，夏粮收成无几。春旱持续发展，旱情波及十几个县，许多地方大秋作物无法下种，致使秋收所获甚微。一九四三年灾情更为严重。先是旱灾，自春到秋久旱无雨长达八个月。许多水井干涸，河水断流，甚至人畜的饮水都成了问题。”河南《前锋报》记者李蕤写道：“旱灾烧死了他们的麦子，蝗虫吃光了他们的高粱，冰雹打死了他们的荞麦，到秋天，最后的希望，又随着一棵棵的垂毙的秋苗枯焦。”</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==中華人民共和國==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==中華人民共和國==</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>2020年7月27日 (一) 06:44的版本</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>自古經常飽受<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%81%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="天災">天災</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="旱災">旱災</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="水災">水災</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a>襲擾。<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E6%8B%93" class="mw-redirect" title="鄧拓">鄧拓</a>（邓云特）編著的《中國救荒史》中介绍：“中国历史上水、旱、蝗、雹、風、疫、地震、霜、雪等災害，自商湯十八年（前1766年）至紀元後1937年止，計3703年間，共達5258次，平均約每6個月強便有災荒一次。”其中，旱災共1074次，平均約每3年4個月便有1次。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>袁林在《西北灾荒史》中统计出隋至民国（581—1949年）期间<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="陕西">陕西</a>发生旱灾652次，甘宁青地区有601次。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F" title="李约瑟">李约瑟</a>统计，在过去的2100多年间，中国共有1600多次大水灾和1300多次大旱灾。陈达在《人口问题》中统计，自汉初到1936年的2142年间，水灾年份达1031年，旱灾年份达1060年。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>旱災（drought）其實即是缺乏水，農產品因此而枯萎，導致饑荒。乾旱大部分發生在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="中國北方">中國北方</a>地區。水災則多在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97" title="江南">江南</a>地區。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="商朝"><span id=".E5.95.86.E6.9C.9D"></span>商朝</h2></div> <p>商朝建國不久便发生罕见旱灾，旱情持续长达數年之久。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%B0%8F%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="呂氏春秋">呂氏春秋</a>·季秋紀·順民篇》記載：“昔者，湯克夏而正天下，天大旱，五年不收。湯乃以身禱於桑林曰：‘余一人有罪無及萬夫；萬夫有罪在余一人。無以一人之不敏，使上帝鬼神傷民之命。’於是翦其髮，其手，以身為犧牲，用祈福於上帝。民乃甚說，雨乃大至”。 </p><p>成湯十八年至二十四年（前1766－1760年間），曾有連續七年的大旱，《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%A6" title="汉书">汉书</a>·食货志》载：“尧、禹有九年之水，汤有七年之旱。”《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%AD%90" class="mw-disambig" title="管子">管子</a>·輕重篇》亦載：“湯七年旱，民有無子者。”<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E4%BB%B2" title="管仲">管仲</a>還認為：“善为国者，必先除其五害。”<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%BE%A1%E8%A7%88" title="太平御览">太平御览</a>》八十三引《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B9%E4%B9%A6%E7%BA%AA%E5%B9%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="竹书纪年">竹书纪年</a>》:“文丁五年，洹水一日三绝”。 </p><p>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E5%8D%97%E5%AD%90" title="淮南子">淮南子</a>·俶真訓》載：“殷紂時，嶢山崩，三川涸。”《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="國語">國語</a>·周語》載：“昔伊、洛竭而夏亡，河竭而商亡。” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="周朝"><span id=".E5.91.A8.E6.9C.9D"></span>周朝</h2></div> <p>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="詩經">詩經</a>》有“旱既大甚，涤涤山川，旱魃為虐，如惔如焚”，<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>以及“浩浩昊天，不駿其德；降喪饑饉，斬伐四國。”<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>的描述。《诗经·大雅·云汉》二章：“后稷不克，上帝不临。”《集传》：“言后稷欲救此旱灾而不能胜也。” </p><p>厲王二十一年至二十六年（前858－853年），連續六年大旱。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>周幽王二年（前780年），史載“三川竭，岐山崩”，<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>三川即<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%BE%E6%B2%B3" title="泾河">泾河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AD%E6%B2%B3" title="渭河">渭河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-disambig" title="洛河">洛河</a>。當時的哲人<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E9%98%B3%E7%88%B6" title="伯阳父">伯阳父</a>认为：“山崩川竭，亡之徵也。”<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>《史记·货殖列传》记载：“六岁穰，六岁旱，十二岁大饥。” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="漢朝"><span id=".E6.BC.A2.E6.9C.9D"></span>漢朝</h2></div> <p>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E9%93%81%E8%AE%BA" title="盐铁论">盐铁论</a>·水旱》：“六岁一饥，十二岁一荒。” </p><p>《史记·孝景本纪》载<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="后元">后元</a>二年“大旱。衡山国、河东、云中郡民疫”。 </p><p>《前漢書·武帝本紀》載，（前114年），“四月，關東旱，郡國四十餘饑，人相食”。 </p><p>平帝元始二年（公元2年），郡国大旱，“赐田宅什器，假与犁、牛、种、食。”<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>王莽建平四年（前3年）發生大旱災。《汉书·王莽传》载：王莽时，“连年久旱，亡有平岁，北边及青徐地，人相食……饥民死者十七八。” </p><p>东汉安帝初，“连年水旱灾异，郡国多被饥困……时饥荒之余，人庶流迸，家户且尽。”<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>桓帝延熹九年（166年），“青、徐炎旱，五谷损伤，民物流迁。”<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>《后汉书·杨终传》載<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E7%B5%82" title="楊終">杨终</a>上疏：“今以比年久旱，灾疫未息。” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="南北朝"><span id=".E5.8D.97.E5.8C.97.E6.9C.9D"></span>南北朝</h2></div> <p>太安四年十二月，文成帝下诏说：“六镇、云中、高平、二雍、秦州，遍遇灾旱，年谷不收。其遣开仓廪以赈之。”<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>北魏太和十一年（488年），“大旱，京都民饥，加以牛疫，公私阙乏，时有以马驴及橐驼供驾挽耕载。诏听民就丰。行者十五六，道路给粮禀，至所在，三长赡养之。遣使者时省察焉。”<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>太和十二年，“是岁，两雍及豫州旱饥。明年，州镇十五大馑。”<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>南朝宋<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="大明">大明</a>年间有旱災。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E7%BA%A6" title="沈约">沈约</a>在《史臣曰》说，“大明之末，积旱成灾，虽敝同往困，而救非昔主，所以病未半古，死已倍之。并命比室，口减过半”。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>南朝梁天监元年（502年）“吴越，是岁大旱，斗米五千，人多饥死。”<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>正光二年八月，“今春夏阳旱，谷籴稍贵，穷窘之家，时有菜色。”<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%94%E5%85%89" class="mw-disambig" title="崔光">崔光</a>上表：“秋末久旱，尘壤委深，风霾一起，红埃四塞。……霜旱为灾，所在不稔，饥馑荐臻，方成俭弊。”<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="隋朝"><span id=".E9.9A.8B.E6.9C.9D"></span>隋朝</h2></div> <p>大業八年（612年）大旱，“時發四海兵，帝親征高麗，六軍凍餒，死者十八九。”<sup id="cite_ref-《隋書》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，頁636。_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-《隋書》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，頁636。-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>大業十三年（617年）大旱，“時郡縣鄉邑，悉遣築城，發男女，無少長，皆就役。”<sup id="cite_ref-《隋書》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，頁636。_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-《隋書》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，頁636。-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="唐朝"><span id=".E5.94.90.E6.9C.9D"></span>唐朝</h2></div> <p>贞观二十三年（649年）“冬旱，至是（六月）雨 ”。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>《旧唐书·德宗本纪》载贞元六年夏“福建等道旱，井泉多涸，人渴乏，疫死者众”。 </p><p>德宗贞元十九年（803年）：“自正月不雨至于秋七月”。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>元和三年（808年），<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%A8%B9" title="元稹">元稹</a>曾任监察御史，负责赈灾，他寫有《旱灾自咎，贻七县宰》：“吾闻上帝心，降命明且仁。臣稹苟有罪，胡不灾我身。胡为旱一州，祸此千万人。一旱犹可忍，其旱亦已频。”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="宋朝"><span id=".E5.AE.8B.E6.9C.9D"></span>宋朝</h2></div> <p>《文献通考》卷301记载，北宋明道二年（1033年）“南方大旱，种粒皆绝，人多流亡，因饥成疫，死者十二三。” </p><p>南宋隆兴元年（1163年）平江主簿<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%A2%E9%9B%B7" title="王夢雷">王夢雷</a>在湖南大旱饥荒，写下一首《勘灾诗》，“散吏驰驱踏旱丘，沙尘泥土掩双眸。山中树木减颜色，涧畔泉源绝细流。处处桑麻增太息，家家老幼哭无收。下官虽有忧民泪，一担难肩万姓忧。”。 </p><p>绍兴二十九年（1159年）江浙郡国，秋旱。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>开禧三年（1207年）夏秋，久旱，大蝗。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="元朝"><span id=".E5.85.83.E6.9C.9D"></span>元朝</h2></div> <p>元世祖至元七年（1270年），“诸路旱蝗，告饥者令就食他所。”<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="明朝"><span id=".E6.98.8E.E6.9C.9D"></span>明朝</h2></div> <p>洪武十二年（1379年）诏曰：“广平所属郡邑天久不雨，致民艰于树艺，衣食不给。……今年夏秋税粮悉行蠲免，以苏民力。”<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>洪武三十年（1397年），“鬰林州旱，庄稼失收，次年乃饥。” </p><p>《明英宗实录》载：天顺三年，“辰州、永州、常德、衡州、岳州、铜鼓、五开等府卫自五月至七月不雨，民之饥殍者不可胜记。” </p><p>嘉靖元年、十年、十一年、十七年、二十四年、二十九年、三十四年陕西连年大旱。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>《烈皇小识》：“先是天启丁卯，陕西大旱。澄城知县张耀采催科甚酷，民不堪其毒。有王二者，阴纠数百人聚集山上，皆以墨涂面。王二高喝曰：‘谁敢杀张知县？’众齐声应曰：‘我敢杀！’如是者三，遂闯入城。守门者不敢御，直入县杀耀采。众遂团聚山中。” </p><p>《鹿樵纪闻》说：“崇祯改元之岁，秦中大饥，赤地千里。白水王二者，鸠众墨其面，闯入澄城，杀知县。” </p><p>崇祯四年，“冬，延安、庆阳大雪，民饥”。 </p><p>崇祯十年，“是夏，两畿、山西大旱。秋七月，山东、河南蝗，民大饥”。 </p><p>崇祯十二年，“六月，畿内、山东、河南、山西旱蝗”。 </p><p>崇禎十三年（1640年），<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="河南">河南</a>“大旱遍及全省，禾草皆枯，洛水深不盈尺，草木獸皮蟲蠅皆食盡，人多饑死，餓殍載道，地大荒”。河南<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E9%BB%84%E5%8E%BF" title="内黄县">內黃縣</a>蘇王尉村發現的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%92%E5%B9%B4%E5%BF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荒年志（页面不存在）">荒年志</a>》碑記崇禎十三年時“斗麥價錢六百文，斗米價七百文，斗豆價四百文”。 </p><p>崇祯十四年，“六月，两畿、山东、河南、浙江、湖广旱蝗”。 </p><p>有專家統計明朝旱灾次數一共有174次。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>当时旱灾之总数各世纪之冠。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="清朝"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E6.9C.9D"></span>清朝</h2></div> <p>《济南府志》记载康熙四年，“春饥，免顺治十八年以前民欠赋粮并发帑分赈。六月大旱，飞虫蔽天，坠地如蜣螂”。 </p><p>乾隆二十年（1755年），“绍兴秋收大歉。次年春夏之交，米价斗三百钱，丐殍载道。”<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>乾隆五十年（<a href="/wiki/1785%E5%B9%B4" title="1785年">1785年</a>）有十三個省受旱，“草根樹皮，搜拾殆盡，流民載道，餓殍盈野，死者枕藉”。 </p><p>清光緒元年至四年间发生<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%88%8A%E5%A5%87%E8%8D%92" title="丁戊奇荒">丁戊奇荒</a>，尤以光绪三年（1877年）四年（1878年）为重，“河南全省大旱，夏秋全無收，赤地千里，大饑，人相食。”又山西境內“無處不旱”，“河東兩熟之地，災者八十余區，饑口入冊者不下四五百萬。”<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>是年8月1日，山西巡撫<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BE%E5%9C%8B%E8%8D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="曾國荃">曾國荃</a>奏折曰：晉省報災州已有57處，饑民200余萬，後來“赤地千有餘里，饑民至五六百萬之眾。”<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>據12月10日奏報統計，全省被旱10分（顆粒無收）者16個州縣；被旱9分者13個縣；被旱8分者30個縣；被旱7分至5分以下者還有9個縣。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="中华民国"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.8D.8E.E6.B0.91.E5.9B.BD"></span>中华民国</h2></div> <p>民國成立至抗戰前的二十六年之間，至少有十五年的時間發生水、旱等災荒。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> 《河南省志》记载1942年：“安阳苦旱，二麦未收，秋禾盈尺又未结实；淇县山丘颗粒未收；洛宁二麦收成不佳，早秋旱死，晚秋未出土。”河南《巩县县志》也记载：“民国三十一年，大旱，几近绝收，加之日军侵略酿成大灾，农民多以树皮、雁屎、观音土充饥。” </p><p>，<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="中華人民共和國"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E8.8F.AF.E4.BA.BA.E6.B0.91.E5.85.B1.E5.92.8C.E5.9C.8B"></span>中華人民共和國</h2></div> <p>至今中國依舊是旱災频发，幾乎是無年不荒，缺水成為中國全國境內最迫切的問題。2006年內蒙古蘇尼特草原持續旱災，受災草場面積23186.7平方公里<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。2006年5月中旬以來，重慶市遭遇大旱災。2009春，干旱波及中国12个省份，河北南部、山西东南部、河南西南部等地一度达到特旱。2010年初，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="雲南省">雲南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E5%B7%9E%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="貴州省">貴州</a>為中心的五個省份已達到特旱。2019年，中國多地出現嚴重乾旱<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="扩展阅读"><span id=".E6.89.A9.E5.B1.95.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>扩展阅读</h2></div> <ul><li>中国灾害查询系统<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注釋"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8B"></span>注釋</h2></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《鄧拓文集》第二卷第41頁，北京出版社1986年版。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">周德钧：《乞丐的历史》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《管子·度地》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《诗经·大雅·云汉》：“旱魁为虐，如惔如焚。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《诗经·小雅·雨无正》：“浩浩昊天，不骏其德。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《史記·周本紀》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《国语》卷1《周语》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《史記·卷四·周本紀》：“夫國必依山川，山崩川竭，亡國之徵也。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《汉书·平帝纪》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《后汉书·樊宏列传》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《后汉书·陈王列传》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《魏书》卷五《高宗纪》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《魏书·食货志》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《魏书》卷一百五之三《天象志三》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《宋书·孔季恭、羊玄保、沈昙庆传论》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《隋书·天文志》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《魏书》卷六十七《崔光传》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-《隋書》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，頁636。-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-《隋書》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，頁636。_18-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-《隋書》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，頁636。_18-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="隋書">隋書</a>》卷二十二，〈五行志上〉，頁636。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《資治通鑑》卷199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《資治通鑑》卷236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《宋史》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《宋史》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527001206/http://202.127.42.157/moazzys/zaihai/chaxun.asp">中国灾害查询系统（公元前205年-1839年；1840年-1948年；1949年之后）</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://202.127.42.157/moazzys/zaihai/chaxun.asp">原始内容</a>存档于2017-05-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%A2%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D205%E5%B9%B4-1839%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9B1840%E5%B9%B4-1948%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9B1949%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F202.127.42.157%2Fmoazzys%2Fzaihai%2Fchaxun.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考书目"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E4.B9.A6.E7.9B.AE"></span>參考书目</h2></div> <ul><li>李文梅等《中國近代十大災荒》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%91%E5%8F%B2" title="中國流民史">中國流民史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中国地震列表">中国地震史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="中國水災史">中國水災史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%9D%97%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="中國蝗災史">中國蝗災史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB%E5%8F%B2" title="中國瘟疫史">中国瘟疫史</a></li></ul></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=中國旱災史&oldid=60793532">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=中國旱災史&oldid=60793532</a>”</div></div> 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